Class Definition for Class 73 - MEASURING AND TESTING

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CLASS 73,	MEASURING AND TESTING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

(1) This is the generic class for processes and apparatus for making a measurement of any kind or for making a test of any kind, and takes all such subject matter not provided for in other classes.

(2) The term "test" includes inspection, processes and apparatus for determining qualities by inspection being included where not provided for in other classes.

(3) This class is the generic class for sampling and takes all sampling apparatus and processes not otherwise provided for; see subclasses 863+ and the notes thereto.

SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION

(1) Note. Processes and apparatus for its practice are classified together.

(2) Note. Substantially all apparatus classes have means to automatically control the operation of the apparatus. Such automatic controls usually involve some means to measure or test a condition or change of condition, the measuring or testing means then operating to control or regulate the apparatus in accordance with the results of the measurement or test. For such subject matter, the class appropriate to the type of apparatus controlled should be investigated. No attempt has been made to search note automatic controls.

SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Measuring and testing, per se, of the following types are found in Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below:

ACOUSTICAL;

BIOLOGICAL;

CHEMICAL;

ELECTRICAL;

GEOMETRICAL INSTRUMENTS;

INSPECTING;

OPTICAL (See Radiant Energy);

RADIANT ENERGY (See Optical)

SPEED MEASURING;

SURGICAL;

TIME MEASURING;

WEIGHING SCALES;

MASS SPECTROMETRY

(1) Note. For elements, not combined with means to indicate the result of a measurement or test, and not combined with means to automatically control art devices, that respond to a condition or change of condition. Also see the reference to the Radiant Energy class.

(2) Note. Art apparatus or process significantly claimed, in combination with measuring or testing is classified in general in the class providing for the art apparatus or process. The line stated for particular classes should be consulted.

SECTION IV - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

32+,	for devices responsive to specific gravity of liquids. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1) Note, above).
54+,	for devices responsive to viscosity of liquids. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
174,	for feelers for gauges. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
227+,	for straight line light ray type and 300+ for indicator of direction of force traversing natural media. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
279+,	for pressure responsive diaphragms for volume or rate of flow meters, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
322.5,	for floats, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1) Note, above).
335+,	for humidity responsive elements. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
501+,	for feelers for gauges. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
514.01+,	for acceleration responsive elements. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
527+,	through 551, for speed responsive elements. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
649+,	for devices responsive to and for measuring vibrations of a body. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
741,	for Bourbon tubes, per se, for fluid pressure gauges. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
861.42+,	for devices responsive to differential pressures. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).

SECTION V - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

23,	Chemistry: Physical Processes, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
26,	Textiles: Cloth Finishing, subclass 70 for inspection and examination of cloth. (Inspecting).
26,	Textiles: Cloth Finishing, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
28,	Textiles: Manufacturing, subclasses 226+ especially subclass 227 for apparatus and processes of detecting knots, bunches, or slubs in threads.
33,	Geometrical Instruments, for measuring and testing involving only the determination of the characteristics and mutual relation of points, lines, angles, surfaces and solids and for mechanically guided means for describing lines. Class 73 has combinations of geometrical instruments with other measuring or testing means. (Geometrical Instruments)
33,	Geometrical Instruments, subclass 501 , for feelers for gauges 227+, for straight line light ray type and 300+, for indicator of direction of force traversing natural media. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
34,	Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclass 88 for combinations having inspecting means as a part thereof. (Inspecting).
34,	Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclasses 88 , 89 for such apparatus combined with inspecting, indicating or testing means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
47,	Plant Husbandry, subclass 14 for apparatus and processes for ascertaining the life in seeds. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
84,	Music, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclasses 285, 342+, for infusors and cooking devices combined with measuring and testing means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
60,	Power Plants, subclasses 527 through 531for heat actuated mechanisms producing force or motion and having no specified motion utilizing structure (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 29.1+ and 29.12+ for glassworking or treating processes including programming, timing, cycle control, inspecting, measuring, or testing; subclasses 158+ and 160+ for glassworking and treating apparatus with inspection, programming, timing, cycle control, inspecting, measuring, or testing means. (Inspecting)
74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, subclasses 5+ for gyroscopes. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
84,	Music, subclass 409 for tuning forks. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
92,	Expansible Chamber Devices, appropriate subclasses. For the line between Class 73 and Class 92, see References to Other Classes of the class definition of Class 92, under SEARCH CLASS 73. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
95,	Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas separation, per se. Class 73 will take the combination of gas separation and significant gas analysis. The combination of gas separation and a nominal step of "analyzing" or "detecting" without further detail of the analysis or detection is insufficient to cause a patent to be placed in Class 73; that patent will be placed in Class 95. Also, if there is feedback from the analytical apparatus to control or effect a change in the gas separating operation, then classification is in Class 95. (Chemical)
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas separation, per se. Class 73 will take the combination of gas separation apparatus and significant gas analysis means. The combination of gas separation apparatus and nominal means for "analyzing" or "detecting" without further detail of the analysis or detection means is insufficient to cause a patent to be placed in Class 73; that patent will be placed in Class 96. Also, if there is feedback means from the analytical apparatus to control or effect a change in the gas separation, then classification is in Class 96. For volume or rate of flow meters combined with gas and liquid separators, see subclass 200 in Class 73. (Chemical).
101,	Printing, subclasses 35+ , for selective printing machines in which the control of the printing element selected is by a gauge measuring the article printed upon and the article is other than a rectangular sheet. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
116,	Signals and Indicators, for devices for giving a signal or indication other than electrical of the presence or absence of a condition, and in subclasses 200+ for nonelectrical indicating means, such as dial and pointer structure, not claimed in combination with any particular measuring or testing means provided for in Class 73. Class 73 takes the combination of measuring or testing means significantly claimed combined with a signal or indicator, and devices that respond to a condition and give a series of indications which follow or vary with the variations of the condition wherein more than a mere named operator for the signal or indicator is included. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
118,	Coating Apparatus, subclasses 712+ for coating apparatus having measuring or testing features. (Inspecting)
128,	Surgery, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
128,	Surgery, subclasses 630+ for methods and apparatus for diagnosing diseased or abnormal condition of the body. (Surgical)
136,	Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, (see also Note 4), subclass 182 for batteries combined with testing or indicating means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
136,	Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, subclass 89 for electro-optical batteries and subclass 200, for thermal sensitive batteries. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
137,	Fluid Handling, subclasses 227+ , 524 and 551+ for fluid handling means combined with an indicator register, recorder, alarm or inspection means. (See also (4) Note). (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
138,	Pipes and Tubular Conduits, subclass 90 for pipe plugs having either provision for introducing a fluid into the pipe or for the attachment of a gauge. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
148,	Metal Treatment, subclasses 128+ for process of heat treating metal in the solid state; and involving also a measuring, testing or sensing operation. The operation generally, is directed to control of the heat treatment. (Chemical)
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclasses 64 and 378 for laminating processes and apparatus having measuring or testing features. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
162,	Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, subclasses 49 , 198 and 263 for measuring and testing in combination with fiber liberation or paper making. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
166,	Wells, subclasses 250+ for well processes including measuring and testing means, subclass 264 for processes of merely sampling a well fluid and appropriate subclasses for corresponding apparatus and subclasses 64, 66 and 113 for well apparatus including measuring or testing means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for a weigher, per se; for a weigher with features for making a test not specifically provided for in Class 73; and for a weigher in combination with another measuring device not provided for in Class 73. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for a weigher, per se; especially subclasses 50+ for a weigher with features for making a test not specifically provided for in Class 73; and subclass 245 for a weigher in combination with another measuring device not provided for in Class 73.
181,	Acoustics, subclass .5 for miscellaneous mechanical detectors for sound waves. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
181,	Acoustics, subclasses 101+ , 123+ and 125 for devices analogous to "sonic" or acoustical testing apparatus of this (73) class. (Acoustical)
194,	Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms, for check controlled measuring and testing devices, and subclasses 302+ for fraud preventing coin-testing devices. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
198,	Conveyors: Power-Driven, subclass 502 for a conveyor combined with load measuring means, and subclasses 504+ for a conveyor combined with a load weighing means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, for the combination of a measuring instrument and a circuit controller when specific structure of the circuit controller is claimed. Class 73 takes the combination of a class 73 measuring instrument and a circuit controller when the circuit controller is claimed broadly. In connection with Class 200, the definitions of the subclasses of Class 73 which provide for measuring instruments combined with other structure are modified by this note. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
203,	Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 1+ for a process of separatory distillation including a positive step of determining a specific characteristic for control purposes. (Chemical).
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for apparatus for performing electrolytic analysis and testing. (Chemical)
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclasses 775+ for electrolytic analysis and testing processes. (Chemical)
209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, (see also the Class 209 reference for Inspecting), for testing and assorting of solids in accordance with physical characteristics, as by sifting materials to determine the proportion of each size in the whole; attention is called particularly to assorting in subclasses 509+ which includes means for testing or measuring objects and sorting them in accordance with their characteristics. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass 702 for manual assorting involving inspecting means. (Inspecting)
221,	Article Dispensing, subclass 155 for article dispensers not otherwise provided for, having transparent inspecting or viewing means so that the articles can be dispensed and may be inspected. (Inspecting)
222,	Dispensing, subclasses 154+ , for inspecting devices combined with fluent material dispensers so that the material to be dispensed may be inspected. (Inspecting)
222,	Dispensing, (see also Class 222 reference for Inspecting), for dispensers which involve volume measuring, and see section 6 of the main class definition of Class 222, for the line with volume or rate of flow meters. The notes to Class 222 set forth the search field for apparatus for dispensing measured quantities of material.
234,	Selective Cutting (e.g., Punching), subclasses 33+ for a selective cutting device provided with stopping means responsive to detection of improper treatment of work (e.g., failure to punch in every column, or to follow a 2 - 5 code). (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
235,	Registers, subclass 61 for mechanical calculators and subclass 92 for electrical counting techniques which may include testing or measuring. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, for solid comminution combined with measuring or testing of material. See section 12 of the main class definition of that class for a statement of the line. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
248,	Supports, subclass 27 for means for supporting an instrument in a panel. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing)
250,	Radiant Energy, for measuring and testing by radiant energy and measuring radiant energy. See particularly subclass 250 for wavemeters for radiated electro-magnetic waves, 253+ for methods and apparatus to irradiate earth material above or below the ground and testing the radiation modified or emitted as a result or irradiation by the material or testing the radiation emitted by the material, 281+ for methods and apparatus for the ionic separation or analysis of materials, 306+ for methods and apparatus for the inspection of solids or liquids by charged particles, 336.1+ for methods and apparatus including invisible radiant energy responsive electric signalling having detectors sensitive to infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, radio-active rays and neutron radiation or to a radiation source modified by a tested material: and 472.1+ for methods of detecting invisible radiation by a nonelectrical detector or invisible radiation nonelectrical detectors, per se. (Radiant Energy--also see Optical references).
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 336+ for speed responsive devices using an invisible radiation source and an electric signalling device and, subclasses 459+ for speed responsive stroboscopes using invisible radiation and a luminous screen.
250,	Radiant Energy, subclass 71 for fluorescent detectors of ray energy, subclasses 83+ for miscellaneous detectors of ray energy. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 281+ for methods and apparatus for the ionic separation or analysis of ionic material by the mass to charge ratio of the ionic material (e.g., mass spectrometry). (Electrical)
252,	Compositions, subclass 408 for chemical indicating compositions. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above)
252,	Compositions, subclass 299.01 for liquid crystal compositions and subclass 408.1 for analytical, testing or indicating compositions involved in a physical test procedure. (Chemical).
290,	Prime-Mover Dynamo Plants, for electric generating means driven by a prime mover (a motor other than an electric motor) having prime-mover controls (e.g., throttle, fuel valve, etc.) which are characteristic of controls used on prime movers. The line between Class 290 and Class 73 is as follows: Where the claimed subject matter is clearly limited to testing the prime mover, or where the generating means is designated specifically as a "dynamometer", or a generator having an absorption circuit (such as, for example, an induction disk, or a resistor across the armature circuit of the generator), original classification is in Class 73. Where the generating means is claimed merely as a "generator" or a "dynamo-electric machine" and the claim is not otherwise limited to testing, original classification is in Class 290, regardless of the specific disclosure. (Electrical)
292,	Closure Fasteners, subclasses 307+ for miscellaneous seals and sealing devices, which may be employed in connection with measuring and testing devices. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, appropriate subclasses, for the structure of electrical generators. The line between testing means which generate electricity in Class 73 and generating means in Class 310 is as follows: Where the claimed subject matter is limited to structural details only of a dynamoelectric machine or a generator of a dynamometer, original classification is in Class 310 regardless of the title or function assigned to the structure (for example, a "dynamometer" having detailed structure set forth which pertains only to the structure of the generating mechanism, per se, is classifiable in class (310).
310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, subclass 306 for pyromagnetic devices and subclass 311 for piezoelectric devices. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, see Note 3C.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclasses 364+ , for processes and apparatus for testing such devices. (Electrical)
320,	Electricity: Battery and Capacitor Charging and Discharging, subclass 48 . (Electrical)
322,	Electricity: Single Generator Systems, appropriate subclasses, for systems of control of electric generators of general application. The line between testing means which generate electricity in Class 73 and generating systems in Class 322 is as follows: Where the claimed subject matter is limited (either positively or by necessary inference) to a system which includes a "dynamometer" or to a dynamoelectric machine having an absorption circuit (such as for example a dynamoelectric machine or generator having an eddy current disk or an induction disk or having a resistor connected across the output circuit thereof), original classification is in Class 73. Where the claimed subject matter is limited merely to an electric "generator" or to a "dynamoelectric machine" in combination with control means therefor, original classification is in Class 322, regardless of the disclosure, except as noted herein above in the reference to Class 290. (Electrical)
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for testing to determine electrical properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values are derived from the electrical values determined. Note particularly subclasses 323+ for ore detection by determination of electrical properties, subclass 71.5 for the determination of nonelectric properties by measuring electric properties, and subclasses 76.11+ for the measurement of electricity, per se. (Electrical)
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 68+ for electrical speed measurement. (Speed Measuring).
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 2+ for strain gauge type resistors and subclasses 13+ for resistors whose value changes in response to a condition or conditions. Also see the Electrical reference to Class 338. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 2+ includes resistors of the strain gauge type together with the device which is subject to deformation when not otherwise classifiable or with structure securing the resistor to such a device. When the meter, Wheatstone bridge connection, or other current measuring device is claimed with the resistor in the above combination, classification is in Class 73, especially subclasses 763+ and 133+. Class 338, subclasses 13+, includes resistors, per se, responsive in resistance value to a change in condition, or resistors combined with a condition sensing actuator which modifies the resistance value of the resistor, such as indented subclasses 25+ for resistors responsive to ambient temperature, subclass 33 for resistors with a float actuator, subclasses 34+ for resistors with gas, vapor, or moisture absorbing or collecting, subclasses 36+ for resistors which are fluid or gas pressure actuated, and subclass 47 for force actuated resistors. The inclusion of a meter, Wheatstone bridge or other current measuring device in series with the resistor in this combination would be sufficient for classification in Class 73, especially subclass 29 for moisture content or vapor pressure analysis, subclasses 453 and 308 for float actuated resistors with indicators, subclasses 133+ for dynamometers, and subclasses 398+ for fluid pressure gauges of the current modifying type. (Electrical)
338,	Electrical Resistors, see Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 670+ for electrical speed alarms. (Speed Measuring)
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 870.01+ takes telemetric signaling means useful in transmitting a measured quantity, not limited to any particular measuring instrument provided for in other classes, while Class 73 takes such telemetric signaling means in combination with a particular measuring means of the type provided for in Class 73. (Electrical)Class 340 also, in subclasses 500+ takes electrical devices permanently associated with the object or environment being monitored for giving a signal or indication of the presence or absence of a condition but wherein no quantitative measurements may be made. Devices for making a quantitative measurement of the type provided for in Class 73 in which the instrument responds to a condition and a series of indications are given which follow or vary with the variations of the condition are in Class 73, even though employing electrical signaling means, such as lamps, to indicate visually the result. The general line is that Class 73 takes particular measuring or testing means, even though claimed in combination with electric signaling means, while Class 340 takes the signaling subcombination. (Electrical).
340,	Communications: Electrical, see Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), see Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above.
342,	Communications: Directive, Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses, for those utilizing transmitted radio wave energy; see subclasses 1 through 205for those utilizing reflected or otherwise returned radio wave (radar) energy. (Speed Measuring)
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1 through 205for miscellaneous apparatus and method which involve the use of a reflected and/or otherwise returned radio wave (radar) system for detecting an object, or to measure the distance, direction and/or velocity of an object, and subclasses 350+ for directional radio. (Radiant Energy--also see Optical references).
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclasses 700+ for antennas. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
346,	Recorders, appropriate subclass. (Speed Measuring).
346,	Recorders, appropriate subclass. (Time Measuring).
346,	Recorders, (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
346,	Recorders, appropriate subclass. (Electrical)
351,	Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting, subclasses 200+ for optical eye examining and vision testing instruments such as optometers. (Optical, also see Radiant Energy References).
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus which utilize visible light to measure the optical properties of substances, test visible light for optical properties and which use visible light to test for nonoptical properties not classified elsewhere particularly subclasses 23+ for optical stroboscopes, subclasses 32+ for material strain analysis, subclasses 43+ for optical pyrometers, subclasses 124+ for lens or reflective image former testing, subclasses 213+ for photometers and subclasses 237+ for visual flaw inspection apparatus. (Optical, also see Radiant Energy References).
362,	Illumination, subclasses 2 , 138 and 139 for inspection lamps. (Inspecting).
362,	Illumination, (see also Class 362 reference for Inspecting), subclasses 23+ for measuring instrument dials combined with illuminating means. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclasses 141+ for underwater vibration detectors and subclasses 178+ for geophysical vibration transducers. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above)
368,	Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, appropriate subclasses and the classes specified under "SEARCH CLASS" in the class and subclass definitions. (Time Measuring).
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 53.1 through 53.45for an indication or test of an information storage or retrieval device or element thereof. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above.)
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, see Note 4.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, for testing to determine a thermal condition or property of a specimen. (Electrical)
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 6+ for determination of distance or position by measuring a thermal quantity related thereto. (Geometrical Instruments).
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, for the combination of a thermal test and a thermal test and a nonthermal test. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
376,	Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and Elements, subclasses 153+ for detection of radiation by an induced nuclear reaction; subclasses 207+ for means to control a nuclear reaction; subclasses 207+ for means to control a nuclear reactor which means may include measuring and testing means; and subclasses 245+ for measuring or testing means; and subclasses 245+ for measuring or testing a fission reactor condition. (Chemical)
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 50+ , 105+ and 129+ for analyzing apparatus involving means for causing, promoting, regulating, or controlling a chemical reaction. (Chemical)
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 55+ for structured visual or optical indicator, per se, such as a litmus paper or other chemical test papers. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above)
424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 1.11+ for Class 424 compositions containing a radionuclide and subclasses 9.1+ for compositions and methods for diagnosing or testing for a body condition or determining the potency of a medicine in a living being. (Biological)
424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for class defined in vivo test compositions and methods, particularly subclasses 1.11+ wherein a radionuclide or intended radionuclide is recited. (Radiant Energy--also see Optical references)
428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 616 for a bimetallic element, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes, Mass Spectrometry, (1) Note, above).
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 4+ for processes in which there is a direct or indirect qualitative or quantitative measurement or test of a material which contains an enzyme or microorganism as well as processes in which a material containing an enzyme or microorganism is used to perform a qualitative or quantitative measurement or test, and compositions therefor and the processes of making such compositions; and subclasses 287.1+ for an apparatus for performing the above processes. (Chemical)
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 35 for a test method which involves both an enzyme or microbial reaction and the use of a radioactive material and subclass 288.7 for an optical enzyme or microbial reaction measuring and testing device in combination. (Radiant Energy--also see Optical references).
436,	Chemistry: Analytical And Immunological Testing, subclasses 57+ for a test method (which involves both a chemical reaction (e.g., ion exchange) and a measurement of radioactivity or isotope distribution. (Radiant Energy--also see Optical references).
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 2.01 , 67.11-67.7, 115.1-115.4 and subclasses 226.1-226.4 for measuring and testing of modulated carrier wave communications.
494,	Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, subclass 10 , for apparatus of that class provided with means for measuring or testing. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, appropriate subclasses for data processing system or calculating computer which is utilized to effect a measuring, testing, or monitoring operation on an external device or quantity, wherein the external device or quantity is only nominally claimed. When significant structure to the measuring or testing device is claimed, classification is in Class 73. (Apparatus or Process Combined With Measuring or Testing).
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 1+ for measurement system in a specific environment, subclasses 85+ for calibrating or correction system, subclasses 108+ for testing system, and subclasses 127+ for generic measurement system. Class 73 takes the combination of register claimed broadly or specifically in combination with significant measuring or testing of the type provided for in Class 73. (Electrical)
935,	Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA Technology, Hybrid or Fused Cell Technology, and Related Manipulations of Nucleic Acids, which provides a search collection for processes of altering the genetic structure of micro-organisms; genes and methods of modifying genes and their expression; vectors and methods of modifying vectors; methods of introducing DNA into a cell; microorganisms, per se, which have had their genetic sequence altered by recombinant DNA techniques or by cell fusion or by uptake of DNA; testing; separation techniques; apparatus; and methods of use of vectors or of the genetically engineered micro-organisms; methods of gene therapy or genetic modification of living organisms. (Chemical; and Radiant Energy [and see Optical references]).

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.01]

1.01

INSTRUMENT PROVING OR CALIBRATING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a process or an apparatus for (a) ascertaining (i.e., proving) the quality of a measuring device, a testing device, or a condition responsive device by testing the respective device, or (b) checking, adjusting, or standardizing systematically (i.e., calibrating) the graduations of a quantitative measuring instrument or a condition responsive device (e.g., sensors, safety valves, etc.).

(1) Note. Where the proving or calibrating is by measuring means or testing means of a kind provided for in another measuring or testing class, the subject matter is found in the other measuring or testing class. See such measuring or testing class and the Lines With Other Classes to this class definition.

(2) Note. Where more structure of a measuring device, a testing device, or a condition responsive device is recited than that which is necessary to (a) prove or calibrate or (b) identify the measuring device, the testing device, or the condition responsive device, the subject matter goes with the analyzer or the condition responsive device.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

137,	Fluid Handling, subclasses 455+ for a line condition change responsive valve.
200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, appropriate subclasses for mechanical switches with adjustment means.
250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for measuring invisible light combined with calibration, particularly subclass 252.1 for (a) a method for establishing a reference indication of invisible radiation or (b) a method of error determination or correction using a reference indication of invisible radiation level; and subclass 363.09 for a method of invisible radiant energy responsive electrical signalling with a radiant energy source and with calibration.
257,	Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes), subclass 48 for test or calibration structure for an active solid-state device.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 74 for testing or calibrating electric meters by purely electrical means; subclass 130 for systems for measuring, testing, or sensing electricity, per se, with self calibration; subclass 202 for calibration of magnetic measuring or testing systems; and subclass 601 for calibration of impedance, admittance, or other electrically stimulated response measuring or testing systems.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 501 for an apparatus for providing a humanly perceptible signal in response to a predetermined condition (e.g., alarms) combined with calibration or compensation means and subclass 870.04 for a telemetry system combined with calibration means.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 165+ for testing or calibrating of a radar system.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for an apparatus for measuring or testing by measuring visible light combined with proving or testing means, especially subclass 6 for testing or indicating the condition of a range finder with regards to its adjustment, alignment, or calibration by measuring visible light; subclass 46 for an electric light utilizing a lamp as a standard for photometry or optical pyrometry measuring; subclass 124 for lens or reflective image former testing in general; and subclass 243 for an apparatus for measuring or testing visible light including structure for a basis for comparison with a specimen or a portion thereof under test.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 1+ for calibration or testing of a thermally responsive device.
377,	Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 29 for calibrating or testing an electrical counter.
378,	X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclass 207 for a testing or calibration accessory of an X-ray or gamma ray system.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 967 for a cross-reference art collection of standards, controls, materials (e.g., validation studies, buffer systems, etc.).
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, appropriate subclasses for the use of an electronic calculator to adjust a measurement device.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.02]

1.02

Gas or liquid analyzer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device which is being proven or calibrated either (1) detects or measures the composition of, or some constituent or an identifying characteristic of a gas or gaseous mixture or (2) detects or determines the composition of, a constituent of, or a property of a liquid or a liquid suspension of a solid.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23.2+,	for a gas analyzer or sensor, per se, in particular subclasses 23.21+ for a gas analyzer including means for making a correction for an undesirable variation in a condition within an apparatus or in a test result due to such condition.
53.01+,	for liquid testing (e.g., liquid chromatography), per se.
73+,	for detecting the moisture content of a material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 401 for fault testing of a sensor or a component of an electrolytic analysis and testing apparatus and subclass 408 for such an analysis or testing apparatus with means for temperature or pressure compensation.
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 253+ for the detection of a gas either within or emanating from the earth by invisible radiation emanating from the gas naturally or as a result of irradiation by invisible radiation; and subclasses 336.1+ for testing of a gas by utilizing an electric signalling device detecting radiation induced or emitted naturally or detecting infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma radiation or neutrons modified by the gas.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for testing an electrical property of a gas, in particular subclasses 464+ for analyzing gas using ionization effects.
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 34+ for a resistor, per se, which is responsive to the condition of a gas wherein no quantitative measurements of the gas are disclosed.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 632+ for an electrical indicator providing a humanly perceptible signal representing a predetermined condition of a gas.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 402+ for gas analysis utilizing a colorimeter to determine the shade or color of the gas.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze gas.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclass 68 for a process which utilizes a chemical reaction to analyze gas.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.03]

1.03

Reference standard:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.02. Subject matter including a means for providing a reference criterion and wherein the apparatus for proving or calibrating uses the reference criterion for comparison purposes for proving or calibrating the device.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 427+ for an electrolytic gas sample sensor, per se, combined with a gas reference material; and subclass 435 for a standard reference electrode in an electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 243 for an apparatus for measuring or testing visible light including structure forming a basis for comparison with a specimen or a portion thereof under test.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, particularly subclasses 8+ for a composition for standardization, calibration, simulation, or processes of use in preparation for chemical testing.

1.04	Permeable outlet or flawed element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.03. Subject matter wherein the reference standard comprises (a) a barrier having interstices, pores, or micropores through which the liquid or gas diffuses or (b) a solid body having a known imperfection which is detected by the gas or liquid.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.05]

1.05

Piston, sprayer, nozzle, or orifice:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.03. Subject matter wherein the reference standard comprises either (a) a solid cylinder or disk that fits snugly into a large cylinder and moves back and forth under fluid pressure (i.e., a piston), (b) a means for discharging a fine jet of liquid from a pressurized container (i.e., a sprayer), (c) a tube having a taper or constriction (i.e., a nozzle), or (d) an opening (i.e., an orifice).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.16+,	for either (a) proving or calibrating a flowmeter having a nozzle or (b) using a flowmeter having a nozzle to prove or calibrate a device.
216,	for a Weir type flowmeter having a constriction in the form of a submerged orifice or discharge nozzle.
294,	for a liquid level or depth gauge having a funnel or hose nozzle.
861.61+,	for a flowmeter having a pressure differential type (a) orifice or (b) flow nozzle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

239,	Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, appropriate subclasses for a sprayer or a nozzle, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.06]

1.06

Gas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.02. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device which is being proven or calibrated is an apparatus for detecting or measuring the composition of or some constituent of a gas or gaseous mixture.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23.2+,

for a gas analyzer or sensor, per se, in particular subclasses 23.21+ for a gas analyzer including means for making a correction for an undesirable variation in a condition within an apparatus or in a test result due to such condition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for an electrochemical gas sensor, per se.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, particularly subclasses 464+ for analyzing gas using ionization effects and appropriate subclasses for testing gas by measuring impedance, admittance, and related quantities.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze a gas, particularly subclass 89 for gas chromatography.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, particularly subclass 68 for a process utilizing a chemical reaction for determining the gases in the blood and subclasses 161+ for chromatography.

1.07	Span or zero:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.06. Subject matter wherein the measuring, testing, or condition responsive device produces an output signal in response to a condition being sensed and wherein the device is proven or calibrated by setting a range of values or a base value for the output signal.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.08]

1.08

Dynamometer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated measures or determines force, torque, work, or mechanical power.

(1) Note. For purposes of this subclass, a dynamometer may either be employed to measure an applied load or to apply a measured load (e.g., for test purposes).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

54.39,	for a viscometer measuring shearing torque between parallel surfaces wherein more structure of the force measuring device is recited than is necessary to describe the calibrating apparatus.
862+,	for a dynamometer, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses, in particular subclass 50 for a weighing scale combined with testing wherein more structure of the force measuring device is recited than is necessary to describe the calibrating apparatus.
310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, subclass 338 for a force responsive piezoelectric sensor combined with mechanical energy coupling means.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, appropriate subclasses for a dynamometer controlling a motor, in particular subclass 646 for a positional servo system with force or weight measuring.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 727 for piezoelectric crystal testing.
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 2 through 6for strain gauges, per se, in particular subclass 5 for a dynamometer type strain gauge, and subclass 47 for a force actuated electrical resistor.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 665+ for an electrical indicating system providing a humanly perceptible signal in response to a predetermined force or stress.

GLOSSARY

FORCE:

The strength or energy exerted upon or brought to bear or the cause of motion or change in motion or a state of rest.

POWER:

The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.

TORQUE:

A turning or twisting force or a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion.

WORK:

The transference of energy that is produced by motion at the point of application of force which is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point of application in the line of action.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.09]

1.09

Torque:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.08. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated is responsive to a force couple or moment of force that induces or resists rotation of a body about a point or an axis (i.e., torque).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

862.041+,	for dynamometers comprising means responsive to plural torques wherein more structure of the force measuring device is recited than is necessary to describe the calibrating apparatus.
862.08+,	for a device for measuring torque, work, or power comprising sensing means responsive to a force couple or moment of force that induces or resists rotation of a body about a point or axis combined with a calibrating apparatus wherein more structure of the force measuring device is recited than is necessary to describe the calibrating apparatus.

1.11	Electrical:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.09. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated comprises means for having an effect resulting from the existence of stationary or moving electric charges.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.12]

1.12

Wrench:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.09. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated is a hand or power tool with fixed or adjustable jaws for twisting or turning an object.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

862.21+,

for torque measuring wrench.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.13]

1.13

Weight:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.08. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated measures, tests, or is responsive to a measure of the heaviness of an object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses, in particular subclass 50 for a weighing scale combined with testing wherein more structure of the force measuring device is recited than is necessary to describe the calibrating apparatus.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.14]

1.14

Rotor unbalance or a roller having a smooth surface:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.08. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated either (1) determines the amount of or the location of a mass or force causing unbalance in a rotatable body or (2) tests or measures a physical characteristic of or is responsive to a rotating cylindrical shaped body having a surface free of roughness, irregularities, or projections.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

66+,	for rotor unbalance measuring or testing, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.15]

1.15

Load cell (e.g., strain gauge or piezoelectric sensor):

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.08. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated comprises a means which produces a signal in response to a force being applied thereto.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

760,	for measuring a specimen stress or strain or for testing by stress or strain application.
862+,	for dynamometers where strain in a part of the measuring apparatus itself is utilized as an index of power applied thereto or transmitted thereby.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

411,	Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-Deformed, or Locked-Threaded Fastener, subclasses 8+ for fastener devices having means functioning to facilitate measuring or to denote the attainment of a desired stress or strain in a fastener device in situ.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.16]

1.16

Volume of flow, speed of flow, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated determines (1) a size or extent of flow of a fluent material, (2) a rate of flow of a fluent material, (3) a rate of motion of a specific dimensional amount of a fluent material, or (4) a response of a fluent material due to an acceleration other than in the normal direction of flow of the fluent material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

170.01+,	for fluid flow direction determination, in particular subclasses 170.11+ for fluid flow velocity determination.
861+,	for volume of flowmeters or rate of flowmeters and combinations of which they are a part.

1.17	Plug with leak detector:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter including a movable barrier for the introduction of a known flow volume combined with a means sensing an undesirable escape of a fluent material through an opening wherein the proving or the calibrating is performed by utilizing the movement of the barrier for the introduction of a known flow volume.

1.18	Sphere:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein the movement of a three-dimensional surface, having all points of which are equidistant from a fixed point (e.g., a ball), is used for introducing a known flow volume.

1.19	Piston:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein the movement of a solid cylinder or disk that fits snugly into a large cylinder and moves back and forth under fluid pressure or displaces or compresses fluid is utilized for introducing a known flow volume.

1.21	With plural pistons:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.19. Subject matter wherein the movement of more than one piston in a cylinder is utilized for introducing a known flow volume.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.22]

1.22

With magnetic or optical sensor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.19. Subject matter including either (a) a body having properties of attracting materials, as iron, by virtue of a surrounding field of force created by motion of its atomic electrons and the alignment of its atoms which change in response to the movement of the piston or (b) a body whose response to light changes in response to the movement of the piston.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, for a photocell circuit generating positional information.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 200+ for measuring using a magnetic sensor, per se, especially subclasses 207.11+ for determination of a displacement using a magnetic sensor, per se.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 372+ for optical measuring and testing by mensuration.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.23]

1.23

With position sensing switch:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.19. Subject matter including a means for opening or closing an electrical circuit or for diverting current from one conductor to another conductor in response to a change in position of the piston.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclasses 61.04+ for a liquid level responsive switch.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.24]

1.24

Tracer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter comprising either (a) an identification substance that can be followed through the course of a process, providing information on the pattern of events in the process or on the redistribution of parts or elements involved (i.e., a tracer substance) and a detector means wherein (1) the tracer substance is introduced into the fluid at a fixed rate and (2) the detector means is placed downstream of the fluid flow and is responsive to a concentration of a tracer substance or (b) a fixed concentration of an identification substance that can be followed through the course of a process, providing information on the pattern of events in the process or on the redistribution of parts or elements involved (i.e., a tracer substance) and a detector means wherein (1) the fixed concentration of the tracer substance is introduced into the fluid and (2) the detector means is placed downstream of the fluid flow and is responsive to the rate of introduction of the fixed concentration of the substance.

(1) Note. For the purpose of this subclass, a body or substance that moves along with the fluid flow without impeding the fluid flow is a tracer.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

170.04,	for determining the direction of fluid flow by use of a tracer.
861.05+,	for determining a fluid flow rate by measuring the time required for a tracer placed in the fluid to travel from one position to another.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,

Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for an invisible radiation tracer for measuring fluent flow, especially subclasses 259+ for the use of tracer material in a well to test for leakage into or out of a well, subclasses 302+ for flow metering using invisible radiation type tracer methods, subclasses 306+ for rate of flow testing using charge particles, subclass 356.2 for flow metering using a radioactive tracer, and subclass 359.1 for use of invisible radio tracers for fluent material level tests.

378,

X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclass 51 for X-ray devices which may include flow metering.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.25]

1.25

Orifice or restriction:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein either (a) the proving or calibrating apparatus or (b) the device being proven or calibrated either comprises (1) an opening sending out a controlled amount of flow of the fluent material or (2) a structure allowing a controlled amount of flow of the fluent material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

861.52+,

for utilizing an apparatus for measuring a differential device having a restriction to make a volume or rate of flow determination, especially subclasses 861.61+ for utilizing an apparatus for measuring a differential device having a restriction or orifice to make a volume or rate of flow determination.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.26]

1.26

Nozzle or venturi:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.25. Subject matter wherein the proving or calibrating apparatus or the device being proven or calibrated comprises (a) a tube having a taper or a constriction through which the fluent material passes or (b) a means having flared ends connected by a constricted middle through which the fluent material passes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

861.62+,

for utilizing an apparatus for measuring a differential device having a restriction and a flow nozzle to make a volume or rate of flow determination.

1.27	Turbine, geared meter, pulse activated or counter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated comprises either (1) a motor operated by water, steam, or air directed against cups, blades, or vanes on the rim of a wheel (i.e., turbine), (2) an instrument that measures fluent material passing through it via the use of rotary driven indicating members (i.e., geared meter), (3) a means having a property which changes in response to regularly occurring stimuli (i.e., pulse activated), or (4) a meter for totaling a parameter related to flow (i.e., counter).

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.28]

1.28

Turbine or geared meter:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.27. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated includes either (1) a motor operated by water, steam, or air directed against cups, blades, or vanes on the rim of a wheel or (2) an instrument that measures fluent material passing through it via the use of rotary driven indicating members (i.e., geared meter).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

861.79+,

for utilizing a turbine to make a volume or rate of flow determination.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.29]

1.29

Anemometer or pitot tube:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated includes either (1) a means for measuring speed of wind or (2) a means that includes a tube which is placed in a moving body of fluid and is used to measure a kinetic head.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

861.84,

for utilizing anemometer to make a volume or rate of flow determination.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.31]

1.31

With liquid level monitor or timer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter including (a) an apparatus for determining a predetermined level or depth of a body of liquid or sensing a predetermined level or depth of body of liquid or (b) an apparatus for measuring the time for travel of a fluid from one point to another.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.73+,	for calibrating liquid level measuring devices.
290+,	for liquid level measuring, per se.

1.32	Prover bell:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.31. Subject matter which includes a bell-shaped object for introducing a known volume into (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated.

1.33	With floating element or weighing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated includes either (1) an element which lies in a liquid without sinking or which is suspended in a gas or (2) an element for measuring the heaviness of the fluent material.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.34]

1.34

With signal processing, span or set point adjustment (e.g., zero correction):

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein the apparatus for calibrating or proving comprises means for (a) performing a significant operation on an electrical signal in accordance with an algorithm or electronic circuitry, (b) performing an arithmetical or some limited logic operation to adjust a multiplier or scale, or (c) adjusting a base value (span) or an offset (e.g., zero correction).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.88,	for a proving or calibrating apparatus or a device being proven or calibrated other than a volume of flow, speed of flow, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow involving span or zero setting.
861.01+,	for a flowmeter with indirect temperature or density compensation.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.35]

1.35

With pressure measurement or plural flowmeters:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated comprises (1) means for determining a force per unit area exerted by the fluid or (2) more than one means for measuring a flow of a fluent material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.57+,	for a proving or calibrating apparatus or a device being proven or calibrated other than a volume of flow, speed of flow, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow type and utilizing fluent pressure measurement.
700+,	for a fluid pressure gauge, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.36]

1.36

Metering dispenser:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.16. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating a device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated is a measuring means which issues out fluent material in portions.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

168,	for the testing of pumps or hydraulic equipment.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.37]

1.37

Speed, velocity, or acceleration:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating or (b) the device being proven or calibrated detects or determines either (1) a time rate of change of position of a body (i.e., speed), (2) or a time rate of change of position of a body in a given direction (i.e., or velocity), or (3) a time rate of change of speed or velocity of a body (i.e., acceleration).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

121+,	for other than purely electrically or purely optically measuring speed, velocity, or acceleration in testing a vehicle brake.
167+,	for other than purely electrically or purely optically measuring speed, velocity, or acceleration in testing a projectile.
178+,	for other than a purely electrically or a purely optically measuring speed, velocity, or acceleration to test navigational instrument.
488+,	for utilizing an inertial element for mechanical speed, velocity, or acceleration measuring and electrical speed, velocity, or acceleration measuring other than a purely electrical or purely optical measuring type utilizing an inertial element; in particular, subclasses 514.01+ for an acceleration measuring apparatus utilizing an inertial element.
507,	for comparing the speed of one device with another by measuring speed by means being other than purely electrical or purely optical.
652+,	for apparatus for sensing vibrations by an inertial element.
861+,	for fluid flow rate measuring other than by a purely electrical or a purely optical measuring means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

33,	Geometrical Instruments, subclasses 231 and 232 for straight-line-light ray sighting instruments involving speed; subclasses 300+ for direction sensing and indicating instruments which may involve speed measuring of a non-purely electrical or non-purely optical measuring type, particularly subclasses 318+ wherein a gyroscope is utilized for controlling or stabilizing purposes; and subclasses 391+ for pendulums which may respond to and be calibrated in terms of acceleration.
250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for measuring invisible light to measure speed where no manual manipulation is involved.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 160+ for purely electrical speed measuring.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for measuring visible light to determine speed.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.38]

1.38

Accelerometer utilizing an inertial element:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.37. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated comprises an inertial member having an intrinsic or relational property which changes in response to a time rate of change of speed or velocity of a body which can be used to measure acceleration.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

491+,	for an acceleration measuring apparatus or method including means retaining a reading of maximum acceleration.
503.3,	for determining speed by utilizing a gyroscope for combining acceleration and time.
504.03,	for using gyroscopic or Coriolis effect on an inertial element to determine both angular rate and linear acceleration.
652+,	for an apparatus sensing vibrations by use of an inertial member.
866.2,	for a process or an apparatus for measuring a time rate of change in a sensed condition not provided for elsewhere.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, subclasses 28+ for a mechanical indicator, per se, which provides a humanly perceptible signal in response to acceleration and includes no quantitative measuring means.
310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, subclass 329 for an inertia operated mechanical energy coupling means for a piezoelectric element or device.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 162 for a purely electrical speed measuring means including an electrical accelerometer which senses acceleration by means other than an inertial element.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 669 for an electrical indicator or alarm which provides a humanly perceptible signal in response to a predetermined acceleration and provides no indication of a quantitative measurement.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, for an apparatus or a process for determining acceleration by measuring visible light and involving no mechanical manipulation.
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 280+ for an acceleration responsive capacitor.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.39]

1.39

Involving pendulum or impact:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.38. Subject matter wherein either (a) the inertial member either comprises or is supported by an object suspended from a fixed support so that it is free to swing back and forth or (b) the device is responsive to a force resulting from collision of one body with another.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

504.04,	for a multi-sensor for determination of angular rate using gyroscopic or Coriolis effect combined with a determination of linear acceleration and including a vibratory inertial body.
504.12+,	for measuring angular velocity using gyroscopic or Coriolis effect on a vibratory inertial body.
514.15,	for acceleration measuring by means of a vibratory inertial mass.
514.29,	for measuring acceleration by means of a vibrating sensor.
514.36,	for acceleration measuring by means of a pendulum type inertial element wherein no rebalance is recited.
570+,	for a vibrator, per se, used in testing or the testing of a vibrator.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.41]

1.41

Optical or magnetic sensing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.37. Subject matter comprising a sensing means whose characteristic changes in response to a light beam being modified in accordance with the change in the property of an inertial member due to the speed or velocity of the body or the sensing means comprising a body whose magnetic characteristic changes in response to the change in the property of the inertial member due to the speed or velocity of the body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

653,	for an inertial type vibration sensing means having a light beam indicator.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 227.14+ for a condition responsive light guide and subclasses 231.1+ for a light valve actuated by an external dynamic physical quantity.
335,	Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches, Magnets, and Electromagnets, for a magnet or an electromagnet, per se.
336,	Inductor Devices, subclass 30 for an inductor device having an acceleration responsive inductance adjusting means.

1.42	Timing apparatus (e.g., fuse, camera, or shutter):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated measures passage of time.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.43]

1.43

Chronometer (e.g., clock, watch, or watch unbalance):

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.42. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated includes means providing a humanly perceptible indication of a passage of time.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

368,	Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, appropriate subclasses for a timer, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.44]

1.44

Using antenna or radio frequency (RF):

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.43. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated either (1) includes a metallic device for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic waves (i.e., an antenna) or (2) utilizes a frequency lying in the range of frequencies, between about 3 kilohertz and 300 gigahertz, over which electromagnetic radiation is used in radio transmission (i.e., radio frequency).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses for an antenna, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.45]

1.45

Using optical sensor or element:

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for an optical sensor, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.46]

1.46

With sound sensor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.45. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the chronometer or (b) the chronometer being proven or calibrated includes a means whose characteristic changes in response to sound.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

649+,

for a vibration or sound testing sensor.

1.47	Resilient element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.45. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the chronometer or (b) the chronometer being proven or calibrated includes a means having the capacity of returning to an original form immediately upon the withdrawal of a force which causes compression or distortion.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.48]

1.48

Using sound sensor or piezoelectric vibration sensor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.43. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the chronometer or (b) the chronometer being proven or calibrated includes either (1) a means having a characteristic which changes in response to sound or (2) an element which produces electricity in response to pressure being applied thereto by a detection of vibration.

(1) Note. A tick detector, unless otherwise set forth, is found here.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

649+,

for a vibration or sound testing sensor.

1.49	Plural watches or plural sensors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.48. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated includes at least two chronometers or transducers.

1.51	Resilient element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.48. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the chronometer or (b) the chronometer being proven or calibrated includes a means having a capacity of returning to an original form immediately upon the withdrawal of a force which causes compression or distortion.

1.52	Plural watches:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.43. Subject matter wherein the devices being proven or calibrated includes at least two chronometers.

1.53	With resilient element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.43. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the chronometer or (b) the chronometer being proven or calibrated includes a means having a capacity of returning to an original form immediately upon the withdrawal of a force which causes compression or distortion.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.54]

1.54

Coil spring:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.53. Subject matter wherein the resilient element is a spirally wound elastic member.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

267,	Spring Devices, subclasses 166+ for coil springs, per se.

1.55	Plural coil springs:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.54. Subject matter wherein the resilient element comprises at least two spirally wound elastic members.

1.56	Optical instrument (e.g., camera shutter) or optical sensor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.42. Subject matter wherein the timer being proven or calibrated is either (a) an instrument which is operated by light or (b) an element whose characteristic changes in response to light.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.57]

1.57

Fluid pressure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated either (a) measures fluid pressure or (b) is responsive to fluid pressure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

700+,

for a fluid pressure gauge.

1.58	Vacuum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the fluid pressure measuring device uses subatmospheric pressure or (b) the device being proven or calibrated is responsive to or measures a subatmospheric pressure.

1.59	With signal correction or processing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter including either (a) a means for (1) performing an operation on an electrical signal to or from the fluid pressure measuring device in accordance with a set of rules which result in a significant change in the signal or (2) performing an arithmetical or some limited logic operation upon or with a signal to or from the fluid pressure responsive or measuring device in a systematic manner or (b) a means for adjusting an electrical signal either from the fluid pressure responsive device or the fluid pressure measuring device to a desired value.

1.61	Span:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.59. Subject matter wherein the pressure responsive device is tested or calibrated for accuracy at least two pressures.

1.62	Zero:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.59. Subject matter wherein the pressure responsive device is adjusted or checked for accuracy by checking its response to a reference pressure.

1.63	With reference source or attachment therefor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.59. Subject matter including (a) a means for providing a standard or a known pressure during the proving or calibration of either the device which (1) measures fluid pressure or (2) is responsive to fluid pressure or (b) an element adapted to be affixed to a means for providing a standard or a known pressure during the proving or calibrating of the device which either (1) measures pressure or (2) is responsive to fluid pressure.

1.64	Varying:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.63. Subject matter wherein the provided standard or the known pressure varies during the proving or calibrating of the fluid pressure measuring or the fluid pressure responsive device.

1.65	Dead weight type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter including a reference pressure source comprising a known weight acting as a sole force or pressure on a known area.

1.66	Varying:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter including means providing a standard or the known pressure which varies during the proving or calibrating of either the fluid pressure measuring device or the fluid pressure responsive device.

1.67	Using or containing liquid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.66. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus proving or calibrating the fluid pressure measuring device or the fluid pressure responsive device, (b) the pressure measuring means, or (c) the fluid pressure responsive means uses or includes a liquid.

1.68	With piston and cylinder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter including a cylindrical solid element movable in and snugly fitted in a cylindrical housing and wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the fluid pressure measuring device or the fluid pressure responsive device, (b) the device for measuring the fluid pressure, or (c) the device responsive to the fluid pressure includes the solid element and the cylindrical housing.

1.69	Using or containing liquid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus proving or calibrating the fluid pressure measuring device or the fluid pressure responsive device, (b) the pressure measuring means, or (c) the fluid pressure responsive means uses or includes a liquid.

1.71	Pressure activated device:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.57. Subject matter wherein the pressure responsive device which is being proven or calibrated performs a nonpressure function in response to pressure.

1.72	Valve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.71. Subject matter wherein the pressure activated device comprises a body that regulates the flow of gases, liquids, or loose materials through structure, as a pipe, or through an aperture by opening, closing, or obstructing a port or a passageway or movable control element of such body.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.73]

1.73

Liquid level or volume measuring apparatus:

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

149,	for volume measuring, per se.
290+,	for liquid level measuring or testing, per se.

1.74	Volumetric dispenser (e.g., pipette):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.73. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated deals out a fixed amount of a content of a body in portions.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.75]

1.75

Angle, direction, or inclination:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated (1) measures the figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point (i.e., angle), (2) a position to which motion or another position is referred (i.e., direction), or (3) a deviation from a horizontal or vertical reference point (i.e., inclination).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

33,	Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses for instruments for measuring an angle, a direction, or an inclination.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.76]

1.76

Compass:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.75. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated indicates direction (north, south, east or west or combinations thereof).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

33,	Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses for instruments for measuring an angle, a direction, or an inclination.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.77]

1.77

Gyroscope:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.75. Subject matter including a spinning mass, usually a disk or wheel, the spin axis of which turns between two low friction supports and maintains its angular orientation with respect to inertial coordinates when not subjected to external torques wherein the spinning mass is either (a) a part of the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, subclasses 5+ for special features of gyroscope, per se, and especially subclass 5.22 as the generic place for gyroscopes combined with other structure.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.78]

1.78

Aircraft, inertial navigation, or attitude:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.75. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device includes an aircraft or (b) the device being proven or calibrated either (1) is used in inertial navigation (e.g., monitoring aircraft angle, direction, or navigation), (2) is responsive to inertial navigation, or (3) is responsive to attitude.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

178+,

for navigation testing.

1.79	Displacement, motion, distance, or position:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated measures a vector or magnitude of a vector, the act or process of changing location, the length of a line segment joining two points, or where an object is placed.

1.81	Length, width, or height:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.79. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated measures a spatial extent.

1.82	Apparatus for measuring by use of vibration or apparatus for measuring vibration (e.g., acoustic or ultrasonic):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus being proven or calibrated undergoes a rapid linear motion about an equilibrium position or (b) the apparatus being proven or calibrated, tested, or adjusted measures a rapid linear motion of a body about an equilibrium position.

1.83	Liquid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.82. Subject matter wherein either the (a) apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated uses or includes a fluid exhibiting a readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse, or relatively high incompressibility.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.84]

1.84

Rotary or rotor unbalance:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.82. Subject matter wherein either the (a) apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated includes either (1) a device undergoing angular motion or (2) an apparatus for determining the amount and/or location of masses or force causing unbalance in rotatable bodies.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

66+,	for measuring rotor unbalance, per se.
455+,	for a propeller rotor unbalance test.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.85]

1.85

Seismic (e.g., geophone) or with optical sensor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.82. Subject matter wherein either (a) the apparatus for proving or calibrating the device or (b) the device being proven or calibrated includes either (1) a device relating to an earthquake or earth tremor or (2) a device whose optical characteristic changes in response to sensing vibration.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

653,	for a sensing apparatus having an inertial element with a light beam indicator.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclass 13 for testing, monitoring, or calibrating acoustic wave systems or devices used for electrical communications.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.86]

1.86

Reference standard detail:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.82. Subject matter including a means for providing reference criterion which is used for or intended to be used for comparison purposes in order to prove, calibrate, test, or adjust the measuring, testing, or condition responsive device and wherein significance is attributed to the means for providing the reference criterion.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 427+ for an electrolytic gas sample sensor, per se, combined with a gas reference material; and subclass 435 for a standard reference electrode in an electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 243 for an apparatus for measuring or testing visible light including structure forming a basis for comparison with a specimen or a portion thereof under test.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, particularly subclasses 8+ for a composition for standardization, calibration, simulation, or processes of use in preparation for chemical testing.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.87]

1.87

Centrifuge:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated includes a sample holding device designed to rapidly rotate.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.02+,	for (a) an apparatus for proving or calibrating a device for measuring or testing a liquid or a liquid suspension of a solid by use of a centrifuge or (b) proving or calibrating a device using a centrifuge for measuring or testing a liquid or a liquid suspension of a solid.
53.01+,	for an analysis of a liquid or a liquid suspension of a solid by use of a centrifuge.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.88]

1.88

Span or set point adjustment (e.g., zero correction):

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated produces an output signal in response to a condition being sensed and wherein the proving, the calibrating, the testing, or the adjustment of the device is made by setting a range of values or a base value for the output.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.34,

for volume of flow, speed of flow, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow apparatus which proves or calibrates the device by establishing a span or a zero or a volume of flow, speed of flow, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow device being proven or calibrated has a span or a zero value.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 1.89]

1.89

Roughness or hardness:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1.01. Subject matter wherein the device being proven or calibrated produces an output signal in response to a condition being sensed and wherein the proving, the calibrating, the testing or the adjustment of the device measures (a) the amount of unevenness of a surface or (b) the amount of resistance of a surface to penetration of an indentor into the surface or the amount of resistance of a surface to scratching.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

84+,	for measuring or testing hardness, per se.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 7]

BY ABRASION, MILLING, RUBBING, OR SCUFFING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a measurement or test is made involving any one or any combination of the operations of abrasion, milling, rubbing, or scuffing, even though the test is employed as an index of another property, e.g., hardness. These are, in general, "wear" tests.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

9+,	for analogous testing or measuring of frictional resistance, coefficient or characteristic.
862.12+,	for torque absorption dynamometers of the frictional drag type.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

277,	Seal for a Joint or Juncture, for a generic sealing means or process, subclass 321 for a seal combined with means to indicate wear, proper seating, or presence.
434,	Education and Demonstration, for the demonstration of wear characteristics of materials not involving a measurement or a test feature.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 8]

Wheel tread, tire, track, or roadway:

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter in which any one of the following is the device tested: a wheel tread, tire, vehicle track or roadway.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

146+,

for testing the same devices in other ways.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 9]

FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE, COEFFICIENT OR CHARACTERISTICS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for measuring or determining the frictional drag or resistance between solid bodies when moved relative to one another.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

7+,	for testing or measuring by abrasion, milling, rubbing, or scuffing, i.e., "wear" tests.
862.11,	through 862.18, for torque measuring dynamometers e.g., pony brakes.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 10]

Lubricant testing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter in which the effect of a lubricant upon the frictional drag between relatively movable solid bodies is determined, there being means for applying or maintaining the supply of lubricant.

(1) Note. These tests are usually termed tests of the lubricant.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

7+,	for "wear" tests involving application of a lubricant.
32+,	for determination of specific gravity or density of lubricants.
53.01,	for determination of viscosity of lubricants and other miscellaneous tests of lubricants.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

434,	Education and Demonstration, subclass 388 , for lubricant demonstration devices not involving measuring or testing features.

11.01

TESTING IMPACT DELIVERING DEVICE (E.G., A HAMMER):

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising an apparatus or method for testing a device which delivers an impact while in use.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.08+,	for proving or calibrating a device responsive to force, torque, work, or mechanical power.
12.01+,	for testing by impact.
167,	for projectile testing, per se.
488+,	for speed or acceleration measuring, per se.
862.381+,	for force measuring, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

346,	Recorders, subclasses 7 and 129 for a record tracer movement responsive to inertial or mass inclination.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 31+ for calorimetry, per se.

11.02

Shot peener:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.01. Subject matter wherein the device being tested is a means for providing an acceleration to a pellet for the purpose of impacting.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

7+,	for testing by abrasion, milling, rubbing, or scuffing, per se.
37.5,	for measuring dimension, size, and shape using fluid pressure.
104,	for surface testing or measuring, per se.
760+,	for testing for specimen stress or strain, or testing by stress or strain application.

11.03

Pile driving hammer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.01. Subject matter wherein the device being tested comprises an impact hammer for driving a columnar structure into the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

12.01+,	for testing by impact, per se.
82,	for an impactor for testing hardness.
84,	for testing soil hardness by driving a pile into soil.
488+,	for speed and acceleration measuring, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

72,	Metal Deforming, subclass 53 for metal deforming by shot blasting.
405,	Hydraulic and Earth Engineering, subclasses 232+ for a process or an apparatus for installing a pile.

11.04

TESTING OF SHOCK ABSORBING DEVICE (E.G., AUTOMOBILE SHOCK ABSORBER, GUN RECOIL APPARATUS, ETC.):

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising an apparatus or method for testing a device whose function while it is in use is to absorb shock.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

12.01+,	for testing by shock.
79,	for testing for hardness by observing rebound.
117.03,	for measuring or testing the suspension system of a vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

105,	Railway Rolling Stock, subclass 392.5 for a shock absorber for a railway vehicle.
188,	Brakes, subclasses 266+ for a fluid-type shock absorber for a railway vehicle.
213,	Railway Draft Appliances, subclass 1 for a one-shot shock absorber and subclass 32 for a draft gear assembly, per se.
248,	Supports, appropriate subclass for support-type shock absorbers.
267,	Spring Devices, appropriate subclass for spring-type shock absorbers.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 500+ for an electrical indicator which produces a humanly perceptible signal in response to the attainment of a predetermined condition; particularly, subclass 665 for a predetermined mechanical force.

11.05

Torsional vibration damper:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.04. Subject matter wherein the device being tested is used to lessen or reduce the amplitude of torsional vibration.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

574,	for using vibration for testing for mechanical impedance, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, appropriate subclass for subject matter of that class type combined with vibration dampers.
188,	Brakes, subclasses 378+ for vibration dampers, per se.

11.06

Railway draft gear:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.04. Subject matter wherein the device being tested transmits pull from one railway car to another railway car.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

213,	Railway Draft Appliances, subclass 1 for a one-shot shock absorber and subclass 32 for a draft gear assembly, per se.

11.07

In situ vehicle suspension:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.04. Subject matter wherein the device being tested is a structure which suspends a vehicle body on its running gear.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

280,	Land Vehicles, subclass 784 for a vehicle frame having an impact shock absorber.

11.08

By applying reciprocating or oscillating motion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.07. Subject matter wherein the testing is done by applying a periodic motion to the device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

570+,

for vibration testing, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

280,	Land Vehicles, subclass 784 for a vehicle frame having an impact shock absorber.

11.09

By applying reciprocating or oscillating motion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11.04. Subject matter wherein the testing is done by applying a back-and-forth periodic motion to the device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

570+,

for vibration testing, per se.

12.01

TESTING BY IMPACT OR SHOCK:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising an apparatus or method for testing a specimen by subjecting it to one or more sudden blows.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

11.01,	for testing an impact delivering device.
11.04,	for the testing of a shock absorbing apparatus.
35.14+,	for testing a body by measuring the effect of an explosion on the body.
78+,	for hardness testing.
161,	for spring testing, per se.
167,	for testing ordnance or projectile.
570+,	for testing by vibration, per se.
788+,	for loading a specimen to determine shear or strain.
862+,	for measuring a force or a force component.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, subclass 32 for a collision released identification tag, per se, and subclass 203 for a mechanical indicator, per se, which provides a humanly perceptible signal in response to the presence or absence of an impact.
173,	Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclasses for an impacting device, per se.
188,	Brakes, appropriate subclasses for an internal resistance motion retarder, per se.
251,	Valves and Valve Actuation, appropriate subclasses for a fluid actuated valve, per se.
267,	Spring Devices, subclasses 136+ for a resilient shock or vibration absorber, per se.
340,	Communications: Electrical, for an electrical indicator or alarm which provides a humanly perceptible signal in response to a predetermined force.

12.02

Resilient ball (e.g., golf ball, baseball, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.01. Subject matter wherein the specimen being tested is an elastic spherical body usually used in games or sports.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

79,	for hardness testing by measuring rebound.
167,	for projectile testing, per se.
865.3,	for the testing of a body by subjecting it to motion, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

124,	Mechanical Guns and Projectors, appropriate subclass for mechanical guns and projectors.

12.03

Typewriting ribbon or carbon paper:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.01. Subject matter wherein the specimen being tested is either a typewriter ribbon or carbon paper.

(1) Note. Carbon paper is used in the popular sense of the word to mean that type of paper which transfers a surface coating when pressed against a surface, as by a typewriter key.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

150,	for testing of a coating, per se.
159,	for a filament testing, per se.

12.04

Accelerated or decelerated specimen (e.g., propelled or dropped specimen support carriage):

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.01. Subject matter wherein either the specimen or the specimen and its support is subjected to a sudden change in velocity.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

167,	for projectile testing, per se.
788,	for applying a load to a specimen in order to test for stress or strain.
865.3,	for testing by imparting motion to a specimen.

12.05

Particle or projectile specimen:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.04. Subject matter wherein the specimen is either a particle or a projectile.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

167,	for other types of testing of projectiles.
570+,	for applying a load to a specimen in order to test for stress or strain.
865.3,	for testing by imparting motion to a specimen.

12.06

Dropped:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.04. Subject matter wherein the change in velocity of the specimen is caused by dropping the specimen or the specimen and its support onto a fixed surface.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

79,	for testing for hardness using rebound.
760+,	for applying a load to a specimen in order to test for stress or strain.
865.3,	for testing by imparting motion to a specimen.

12.07

By hydraulic or pneumatic forces:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.04. Subject matter wherein the change in velocity of the specimen is caused by either (a) liquid pressure or (b) air pressure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

82,	for hydraulically driven impact-type hardness testing.
167,	for other types of testing of projectiles.
760+,	for applying a load to a specimen by hydraulic or pneumatic loading means in order to test for stress or strain.
865.3,	for testing by imparting motion to a specimen.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

124,	Mechanical Guns and Projectors, subclass 73 for fluid pressure actuated guns and projectors.
251,	Valves and Valve Actuation, appropriate subclass for valve and fluid actuated valves, per se.
406,	Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclass for a fluid current conveyor, per se.

12.08

Specimen directly subjected to a fluid pressure pulse or wave:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.01. Subject matter wherein the source of the blow to the specimen is a fluid pressure pulse or wave.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

406,	Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclass for a fluid current conveyor, per se.

12.09	Specimen impactor detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the device which subjects a specimen to a blow.

12.11	Particle or projectile:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.09. Subject matter wherein the impactor is either a particle or a projectile.

12.12

Reciprocating or oscillating:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12.09. Subject matter wherein the impactor moves towards and away from the specimen in such a fashion so as to apply periodic blows to the specimen.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

570+,

for vibration testing, per se.

12.13	Dropped:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.09. Subject matter wherein the impactor is released above the specimen and accelerated by gravity until it strikes the specimen.

12.14	Pivoted:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.13. Subject matter wherein the impactor swings about a fixed axis.

19.01

GAS CONTENT OF A LIQUID OR A SOLID:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a process or an apparatus for determining the nature or amount of gas in a substance other than gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23.2+,	for a process or apparatus for analyzing gas.
73+,	for a process or apparatus for determining the moisture content of materials.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps).
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means).
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for an apparatus which utilizes electrolytic action for analysis or testing.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 68+ for an apparatus which utilizes a chemical reaction to determine the gas content of a liquid or solid.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for a process which utilizes a chemical reaction to determine the gas content of a liquid or a solid, particularly subclass 68 for determining the gas content of blood.
516,	Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

19.02

By gas chromatography:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the effluent of a mixture of gases, which has contacted a solvent or sorbent which separates the mixture into fractional components, is successively tested to determine the quantity, quality or identity of a component of the effluent.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23.35+,	for gas analysis using gas chromatography, and particularly subclass 23.4 for a gas detector which uses gas chromatography to analyze gas.
53.01+,	for liquid testing, (e.g., liquid chromatography).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, subclasses 82+ for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps), using chromatography.
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, subclasses 101+ for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means), of the chromatographic type.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for electrochemical gas sensors, per se.
210,	Liquid Purification or Separation, subclasses 660+ for a process of removing a constituent from a liquid by sorption, particularly subclasses 656+ for selective sorptions (e.g., chromatography) subclasses 85+ for a liquid separator with recorder or register and subclasses 263+ for a liquid separator utilizing a bed of particulate material.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, particularly subclasses 464+ for analyzing gas using ionization effects, and appropriate subclasses for testing gas by measuring impedance, admittance, and related quantities.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze a gas, particularly subclass 89 for gas chromatography.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for a process of gas analysis which utilizes a chemical reaction to determine the gas content of a liquid or a solid, and particularly subclass 68 for determining the gas content of blood, and subclasses 161+ for chromatography.

19.03

By vibration:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the liquid or solid is subjected to vibratory forces to determine its gas content.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

24.01+,	for detection of gas, per se, by measuring the effect of the gas being tested on vibration.
570+,	for testing, per se, using vibration.
861.18,	for measuring the volume or rate of flow of fluent material by sensing vibration.

19.04

By rate of flow of the gas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the gas content of the liquid or solid is determined by measuring the rate of flow of the gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1.16+,	for calibration of flow meters.
155,	for determining fluid flow in bore holes.
170.07,	and 170.11, for determining the rate of flow and direction of flow of fluid in meteorology and oceanology.
181+,	for determining the speed of a craft with respect to a fluid.
861+,	for measuring the flow of fluent material, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

48,	Gas: Heating and Illuminating, subclasses 180.1+ for metering and mixing two gases where one is a fuel.
116,	Signals and Indicators, for nonelectrical means for giving an alarm upon occurrence of fluid flow.
128,	Surgery, subclasses 630+ for flow-measuring means with structure particularly adapted for placement on or in a living body.
137,	Fluid Handling, subclasses 98+ for a self-proportioning flow system; and subclasses 624.11+ for a programmed or timed valve which meters fluid merely by timing the interval between opening and closing of the valve.
175,	Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclass 48 for measuring the rate of flow drilling fluid.
222,	Dispensing, particularly subclasses 14+ , 59+ and 71+ for volume or rate of flow-measuring means having dispensing features or which are used in dispensing combinations.
250,	Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 258 , 259+, 302+, 356.1, and 432+ for miscellaneous radiant energy responsive devices.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 306 for flow-measuring means responsive to nuclear induction.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 606+ for electric means for giving a humanly perceptible indication or signal in response to a predetermined condition, such as flow of a fluid.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 27+ for flow-measuring means employing lasers.
377,	Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 21 for a system utilizing a pulse counter to measure fluid flow.
700,	Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications, subclasses 282 through 285for flow control.

19.05

By pressure of the gas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the gas content of the liquid is determined by measuring the pressure of the gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

24.04,	for measuring vapor pressure of gas by vibration.
25.04,	for measuring vapor pressure of gas by measuring a thermal property of the gas.
29.01+,	for determining the vapor pressure of gas being tested.
31.04,	for analyzing gas by pressure measurement, per se.
37+,	for a testing apparatus or process for subjecting a specimen directly to fluid pressure (positive or negative) to determine a property of the specimen.
78+,	for a device for measuring hardness as an index of fluid pressure, particularly subclass 80 for a tonometer and subclass 81 for a tire hardness gauge.
299+,	for a hydrostatic pressure type of liquid level or depth gauge.
384,	for a barometer.
700+,	for measurement of the pressure of fluent material.
861.42+,	for a pressure differential measuring device for determining volume or rate of flow.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

128,	Surgery, subclasses 672+ for a blood pressure measuring device.
138,	Pipes and Tubular Conduits, subclasses 26+ , for a device of that class type combined with pressure compensator.
200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclasses 81+ for a fluid pressure operated switch.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 201+ for an expanding fluid type thermometer.

19.06	Of a beverage:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.05. Subject matter wherein the gas content of a potable liquid (i.e., a liquid suitable for consumption by a human being) is determined.

19.07	Of metal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the substance whose gas content is being determined is a metal.

19.08	Of concrete, mortar, or plastic while in a fluent state:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the substance whose gas content is being determined is concrete, mortar, or plastic while capable of flowing.

19.09	Of mud:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the substance whose gas content is being determined is a mixture of soil with a liquid.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 19.1]

19.1

Of a liquid:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein the substance whose gas content is being determined is a substance which exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse, and relatively high incompressibility.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

19.06,	for determining the gas content of a beverage by measuring the pressure of the gas.
53.01+,	for testing of a liquid or liquid suspension of solids.

19.11	Lubricant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.1. Subject matter wherein the liquid whose gas content is being determined is a substance capable of reducing friction, heat and wear when introduced as a film between solid surfaces.

19.12

Particular separator:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to means for separating the gas from the liquid or solid.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31.07,	for a particular separator used in gas analysis, per se.
863.21+,	for a sampler, per se, which separates constituents of the sample.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps).
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means).

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 23.2]

23.2

GAS ANALYSIS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a process or an apparatus for detecting or measuring the composition of, or some constituent of, a gas or gaseous mixture.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 253+ for the detection of a gas within or emanating from the earth by invisible radiation emanating from the gas naturally or as a result of irradiation by invisible radiation, subclasses 336.1+ for testing of a gas by utilizing an electric signalling device detecting radiation induced or emitted naturally, or detecting infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma radiation or neutrons modified by the gas.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for testing and electrical property of a gas.
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 34+ for a resistor, per se, which is responsive to the condition of a gas wherein no quantitative measurements of the gas are disclosed.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 632+ for an electrical indicator providing a humanly perceptible signal representing a predetermined condition of a gas.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 402+ for gas analysis utilizing a colorimeter to determine the shade or color of the gas.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze gas.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclass 68 for a process which utilizes a chemical reaction to analyze gas.

23.21	With compensation detail (for error or drift correction, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter including means for making a correction for an undesirable variation in a condition within an apparatus or in a test result due to such condition.

23.22

For gas chromatography:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.21. Subject matter in which the effluent of a mixture of gases, which has contacted a solvent or sorbent which separates the mixture into fractional components, is successively tested to determine the quantity, quality or identify of a component of the effluent.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23.35,	through 23.4, for a gas analysis detector, per se, which may be used in gas chromatography.
53.01+,	for liquid testing (e.g., liquid chromatography).
863+,	for sample preparation or sampling, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, subclasses 82+ for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps), using chromatography.
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, subclasses 101+ for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means), of the chromatographic type.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for an electrochemical gas sensor, per se.
210,	Liquid Purification or Separation, subclasses 660+ for a process of removing a constituent from a liquid by sorption, particularly subclasses 656+ for selective sorptions (e.g., chromatography), subclasses 85 for a liquid separator with recorder or register, and subclasses 263+ for a liquid separator utilizing a bed of particulate material.
324,	Electricity: Measuring, and Testing, particularly subclasses 464+ for analyzing gas using ionization effects, and appropriate subclasses for testing gas by measuring impedance, admittance, and related quantities.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze a gas, particularly subclass 89 for gas chromatography.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, particularly subclass 68 for a process utilizing a chemical reaction for determining the gases in the blood, and subclasses 161+ for chromatography.

23.23	Baseline drift correction circuitry:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.22. Subject matter which includes circuitry for correcting a systematic shift in the spectra of the chromatogram.

23.24	Rate of flow:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.22. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted is the rate of flow of the gas being tested or of the carrier gas.

23.25

Temperature:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.22. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted is the temperature of the gas or the chromatography.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 100+ for temperature measurement, per se.

23.26	Gradient:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.25. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted is the temperature variations along the column or columns of the chromatography.

23.27	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.22. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted is the pressure of the gas effluent or of the carrier gas.

23.28	For density or specific gravity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.21. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted affects the determination of the mass per unit volume of the gas or the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of some substance taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air.

23.29	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.28. Subject matter wherein the condition being corrected or adjusted is the pressure of the gas being measured or tested, which pressure is used to determine the density or specific gravity of the gas.

[List of Patents for class 73 subclass 23.3]

23.3

Breath analysis:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the gas being tested is exhaled by a human being or other animal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

128,	Surgery, subclasses 717+ for breath analyzing inside the body.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 632+ for a humanly perceptible indication of a predetermined condition of the breath.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 84+ for a breath analyzer utilizing a chemical change to analyze air exhaled from a human being or other animal.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for a process of gas analysis which utilizes a chemical reaction, particularly subclass 132 for ethanol determination, and subclass 900 for a cross-reference art collection of breath testing processes.

23.31

Gas of combustion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the gas being tested is the product of a combustion process.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 632+ for a humanly perceptible indication of a predetermined condition of a gas of combustion.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 94+ for a detector, per se, of combustible gas.

23.32

Air-fuel ratio:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.31. Subject matter wherein the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel in the gas of combustion is determined.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

123,	Internal-Combustion Engines, subclasses 434+ and particularly subclasses 672+ for measuring the composition of exhaust gas and utilizing the measurement to control the air-fuel ratio.

23.33	Solid content:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.32. Subject matter wherein the nature or amount of particulate matter in the gas of combustion is determined.

23.34	Odor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein stimulation of the olfactory organ of an animal is used to detect or measure the gas.

23.35

Gas chromatography:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Process or apparatus in which the effluent of a mixture of gases, which has contacted a solvent or sorbent which separates the mixture into fractional components, is successively tested to determine the quantity, quality or identity of a component of the effluent.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

19.02,	for a gas chromatography process or apparatus for determining the presence of, or the amount of, gas in a liquid or a solid.
35.05+,	for a gas detector, per se, which may be used in gas chromatography.
53.01+,	for liquid testing (e.g., liquid chromatography).
863+,	for a sampling device, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, subclasses 82+ for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps), using chromatography.
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, subclasses 101+ for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means), of the chromatographic type.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 400+ for electrochemical gas sensors, per se.
210,	Liquid Purification or Separation, subclasses 660+ for a process of removing a constituent from a liquid by sorption, particularly subclasses 656+ for selective sorptions (e.g., chromatography), subclasses 85+ for a liquid separator with recorder or register and subclasses 263+ for a liquid separator utilizing a bed of particulate material.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, particularly subclasses 464+ for gas analysis using ionization effects, and appropriate subclasses for testing gas by measuring impedance, admittance, and related quantities.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ for an apparatus utilizing a chemical reaction to analyze a gas, particularly subclass 89 for gas chromatography.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for a process of gas analysis which utilizes a chemical reaction, particularly subclasses 161+ for chromatography.

23.36	With electrical computer or data processor control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter including a programmable electronic device which can store, retrieve and process data, which device controls the chromatography.

23.37	With spectrometer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter combined with an instrument used to measure the spectral characteristics of light.

23.38	Petrochemical:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter in which the gas being tested is a derivative of petroleum.

23.39	Column detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter comprising detail of a tubular structure which is either packed with a material having a known absorption characteristic and/or is coated with a liquid of a high molecular weight and having known properties.

23.4	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the sensing means.

23.41

Including sample preparation or sampling:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter wherein the sample is treated or modified before being tested, or a predetermined portion of a mass of material is obtained for testing, or a previously obtained sample transported or handled in preparation for analysis, or a previously obtained sample is introduced into an analyzer.

(1) Note. Included here is a liquid sample which is gasified prior to injection into the column.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

863+,

for sample preparation or sampling, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 89 for a sample undergoing a chemical reaction.

23.42	Detail of gas handling means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.35. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the means for confining, directing, or controlling the flow of gaseous material.

24.01	By vibration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter in which the composition of a gas or a constituent of a gas is determined by detecting or measuring the transmission of vibration through the gas being tested.

24.02	Produced by radiant energy:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.01. Subject matter wherein the vibration is produced by energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or traveling subatomic, atomic or molecular particles.

24.03	Solid content of gas:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.01. Subject matter wherein the nature or amount of particulate matter in gas is determined.

24.04	Moisture content or vapor pressure of gas:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.01. Subject matter wherein the amount of moisture in the gas being analyzed or the pressure of the vapor in the gas is determined.

24.05	Density or specific gravity of gas:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.01. Subject matter for determining the mass per unit volume of the gas or the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of some substance taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air.

24.06	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the means for sensing the vibration.

25.01

By thermal property:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter in which the composition of a gas or a constituent of a gas is determined by detecting or measuring the heat transmitting or heat related properties of the gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29.02,

for hygrometers utilizing temperature measuring.

25.02	With magnetic property (e.g., paramagnetic gas):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01. Subject matter wherein the gas being analyzed produces a modification of the magnetic field of a measuring device.

25.03	Thermoconductivity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01. Subject matter wherein the heat transmitting property of a gas is determined.

25.04	Moisture content or vapor pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01. Subject matter wherein the amount of moisture in the gas or the pressure of the vapor in the gas is measured or detected.

25.05	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the sensing means.

28.01

Solid content of gas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the nature or amount of particulate matter in gas is determined.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31.01,	for measuring other impurities in the air.
170.25,	for measuring solid particles originating in the outer space surrounding the Earth.
863.21+,	for sampling involving separation of constituents where no testing device is claimed.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

516,

Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aersol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents subclass 114 for processes of or compositions for or subcombination compositions for the breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems of conitinuous gas or vapor phase (e.g., fog dispelling, dust suppressing, contrail suppressing); in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

28.02	Particle charging:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28.01. Subject matter wherein the determination is made by measuring a parameter related to electrically charged particles (e.g., the total electrical field produced by the particles being charged).

28.03	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28.01. Subject matter wherein the force per unit area applied over a surface by the gas is measured in order to determine the solid content of the gas.

28.04	Separator detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the means separating the solid from the gas.

28.05

Impactor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 28.04. Subject matter wherein separation is accomplished by directing a fluid current of gas containing solid particles toward a solid surface wherein the isolated particles remain on the surface.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

863.21+,

for subject matter under the class definition for obtaining a predetermined portion of a mass of material being tested including isolation of individual components of the source or sample.

28.06

Fractionalizing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 28.05. Subject matter wherein the particles are distributed on the surface according to size.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

863.22,

for sampling, per se, including isolation of individual components of a source or sample by directing a fluid current containing particles toward a solid surface wherein the isolated particles remain on the surface.

29.01

Moisture content or vapor pressure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter including means for determining the amount of liquid diffused in the gas or the pressure exerted by liquid diffused into the gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

24.04,	for determining the moisture content or vapor pressure of a gas by measuring the transmission of vibration through the gas.
25.04,	for determining the moisture content or vapor pressure of a gas by measuring a thermal property of the gas.

29.02

Hygrometer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 29.01. Subject matter wherein the amount of the liquid is the actual amount of water vapor in a unit volume of air (e.g., the absolute humidity) or the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor which the air would hold if it were saturated at that temperature (e.g., the relative humidity).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29.01,	for other thermal testing of a gas.
73+,	for humidity determining means combined with additional apparatus for testing or determining the moisture content of a substance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclasses 61.06+ for humidity controlled electric switches.
236,	Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, principally subclass 44 for humidity responsive devices combined with regulating means.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for devices wherein the atmosphere or gas changes in electrical conductance, in response to humidity and such property, is taken as a measure of humidity. Where no electrical property of the material under test is measured, but an additional element is exposed to the material to have its electrical properties affected by a physical property of the separate element measured, the art is in Class 73, Measuring and Testing.
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclass 35 for electrical resistors whose resistance value is responsive to humidity or changes in humidity.
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclass 178 for relays controlled by humidity.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 109 for a measuring device providing a composite indication of temperature and humidity and subclass 142 for the combination of a thermometer and another measuring device wherein the thermometer is not a subcombination of a hygrometer. In the latter case when a thermometer is merely claimed as a subcombination of a hygrometer, the device would be classified in this class (73).

29.03	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.01. Subject matter wherein the pressure of the gas is measured to determine the amount of vapor present in the gas.

29.04	With visual indication:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.01. Subject matter wherein the determination is made by directly observing the visible effect of a gas on a sensor.

29.05	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the sensing means.

30.01

Density or specific gravity:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter including means for determining the mass per unit volume of the gas or the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of some substance taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

32,	for determining the density or specific gravity of a liquid or solid.
152.05,	for determining a characteristic of a formation in a borehole by measuring density.

30.02	By pressure measurement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.01. Subject matter wherein pressure is measured in order to determine density or specific gravity of gas.

30.03

By rate of flow:

This subclass is indented under subclass 30.01. Subject matter wherein the density of specific gravity of a gas is determined by measuring the rate of the flow of the gas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

114.32,	through 114.25, for the measuring of the air intake of an auxiliary unit of an engine or a motor.
861+,	for a device determining the volume of flow, speed, volume rate of flow, or mass rate of flow of fluent material.

30.04	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.01. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the sensing means.

31.01

Ambient air:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the gas being tested is the naturally occurring mixture of gases surrounding the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

28.01+,

for measuring the solid content of air not originating in the outer space surrounding the Earth.

31.02	Impurity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.01. Subject matter wherein the mixture is being tested for undesirable content.

31.03	Impurity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the gas is being tested for undesirable content.

31.04	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein the force per unit area exerted by the gas on a surface is measured.

31.05	Detector detail:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the sensing means.

31.06	Semiconductor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.05. Subject matter wherein the detector includes semiconductor material.

31.07

Particular separator:

This subclass is indented under subclass 23.2. Subject matter wherein significance is attributed to the means for isolating a constituent of a gaseous mixture.

(1) Note. This subclass does not include chromatographic separation of gases, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

19.02,	for chromatographic separation of gases whose content in a solid or a liquid is being measured.
19.12,	for a particular separator of a gas from a liquid or a solid.
23.35,	for chromatographic separation of gases whose composition or constituent is being detected or measured.
863+,	for gas sampling, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95,	Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis steps).
96,	Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas separation, per se (i.e., not combined with analysis means).
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 83+ for an apparatus for gas sampling involving the use of sorbents or chemicals wherein a chemical reaction is utilized to analyze the gas.

32	SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR DENSITY OF LIQUID OR SOLID:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining the density and/or specific gravity of liquids or solids.