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CLASS 408,	CUTTING BY USE OF ROTATING AXIALLY MOVING TOOL
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

Class 408 is the residual locus of methods and machines for penetrating material, without substantial reshaping flow of such material, by means of a solid tool that turns about an axis, and moves relative to a workpiece, along that axis during operation.

SECTION II - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION III - GLOSSARY

Terms in the definition of this class followed by an asterisk (*) will be found to be defined in this section. Certain very frequently appearing terms such as Work, Tool, Product and Tool Axis are accompanied by the asterisk only where the exact meaning of the term is deemed particularly important.

CUTTING EDGE

A marginal portion of a tool comprising a line or point on the surface of the tool formed by the intersection of a plurality of planar surfaces, specifically adapted to perform a cutting function.

INFEED

The relative movement of the tool and work along the tool-axis* during the cutting operation. (Compare work-infeed* and tool-infeed*).

MACHINE-FRAME

Structure relative to which a tool moves during operation, which structure is of particular utility due to its physical configuration for supporting the weight of a tool or for counteracting the thrust of the tool, wherein the tool to be supported or the force of which is to be counteracted is adapted to perform an operation of this class type.

PRODUCT

Material which has been treated by the cutting tool; the result of a cutting operation. (Note: Material which is "product" for one cutting operation may be "work" for an ensuing operation).

TOOL

The instrumentality that contacts the work for effecting directly the operation of the class, either by itself or by cooperation with another tool.

TOOL-CYCLE

The elapsed time between and all of the motions traced by the tool between the time the tool leaves any particular datum point in its approach to (or recession from) the work until it again leaves that point in its next succeeding approach to (or recession from) the work, the location of such datum point for a series of recurring cycles being determined without giving significance to mere positioning movements of the tool with respect to the work. (Note: Positioning movements of the tool are considered to be part of the cycle of motions constituting the tool-cycle, and the time they occupy is part of the span of the cycle. They are disregarded only for the purpose of establishing the datum point of one cycle with respect to that of a preceding or succeeding cycle).

TOOL-INFEED

the motion of a tool relative to work and relative to the base of the cutting machine along the tool-axis toward the work during the cutting operation.

TOOL-SUPPORT

An element connected to the tool for supporting it against gravity and that partakes of all the movement of the tool and has no relative movement with respect to the tool except for purpose of adjustment.

TOOL-AXIS

The longitudinal center about which the cutting tool of this class rotates relative to the work and relative to the machine-frame structure during the cutting operation.

WORK (n)

Article, material, or stuff to be treated (cut). (Compare "product").

WORK-INFEED

The motion of work relative to the tool and relative to the base of the cutting machine along the tool-axis toward the tool during the cutting operation.

SUBCLASSES

1	PROCESSES
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Method which includes a step of cutting.

2	WITH MEANS TO WEIGH OR TEST WORK OR PRODUCT
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device combined with means to determine the weight or other characteristics of the material.

3	WITH MEANS TO REGULATE OPERATION BY USE OF TEMPLET, TAPE, CARD, OR OTHER REPLACEABLE INFORMATION SUPPLY
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device including structure for utilizing the characteristics (e.g., physical or electrical) of an element, that is separate from the work and is separate from the organized structure of the device, to influence the operation of the device. (1) Note. This subclass includes machines for utilizing a prepared information supply that is to be removably placed in the machine. This subclass does not include structure for utilizing the characteristics of a "permanent" part if the machine, such as a cam or gear to influence the operation of other parts of the machine. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 72+, for a "templet", which merely guides the tool and does not otherwise influence the operation of the device. 124+, for a "permanent" cam or gear used to regulate the operation of the device.

4	WITH INTERLOCK BETWEEN MACHINE ELEMENTS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device wherein two movable parts of the machine are related such that in at least one position of one of the parts movement of the other part is restricted by the first part. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 148+, for releasable locking structure adapted to secure together two elements of a tool-holder.

5	WITH RANDOMLY-ACTUATED STOPPING MEANS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device provided with means to bring any or all of the moving parts of the device to a halt, the halting effect being accomplished in response to a signal or impulse caused by an abnormal occurrence during the operation of the device. (1) Note. A machine capable of stopping will not be placed here unless the stopping means operates as a result of an unplanned or unpredictable occurrence. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 14+, for stopping means effective on completion of a predictable or planned operation.

6	Responsive to condition of tool or tool-drive
	This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Device in which the signal or impulse is generated by a detector sensing a characteristic of the tool* or the tool-driving means. (1) Note. The detector may contact the tool or tool-driving means during the normal operation of the device in which case the stopping signal is generated by failure of the detector to make such contact. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 11, for a similar device including control means that serves to influence the operation of the device in a manner other than by stopping the device randomly.

7	Responsive to condition of work or product
	This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Device in which the signal or impulse is generated by a detector sensing a characteristic of the work* or product*. (1) Note. The sensed characteristic of the work or product may be shape, presence, absence or attitude. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 12, for a similar device including control means that serves to influence the operation in a manner other than by randomly stopping the device.

8	WITH CONTROL MEANS ENERGIZED IN RESPONSE TO ACTIVATOR STIMULATED BY CONDITION SENSOR
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device including means for: (a.) detecting any of the following characteristics: a state or property, a change in a state or property, or the occurrence of a predetermined event, in any of the following: the work, the product of a machine, the machine itself, or the environment of the machine affecting the operation thereof; (b) initiating (as a direct result of such detection) a force or impulse other than that generated or transmitted by the detecting means; and (c) regulating or modifying (as a direct result of such initiation) the operation of said machine. (1) Note. The control systems of this and indented subclasses are similar in concept to control systems of other classes; particularly, Class 72, Metal Deforming, especially subclasses 6+; Class 83, Cutting; Class 173, Tool Driving or Impacting, especially subclasses 2+, and Class 226, Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, especially subclasses 10+. The total operations and the claimed combinations are, of course, different; but, the control systems, per se, found in these other classes are usually analogous to those herein and may be applicable to the machines of this class (Class 408). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for a templet responsive control means. 5+, for control structure adapted to stop the operation of the cutting machine. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 700,  Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications,   subclasses 1 through 89for data processing control systems wherein the control system is claimed generically, and subclasses 159-195 for the application of a computer in the manufacturing of a product which includes cutting or punching.

9	To control tool rotation
	This subclass is indented under subclass 8.  Device provided with a mechanism to govern the angular velocity of the tool* about the tool-axis*. (1) Note. The structure for governing the angular velocity of the tool includes structure for; (a) increasing and/or decreasing the speed of rotation, (b) reversing the direction of rotation,(c) stopping the rotation or, (d) maintaining the speed of rotation constant.

10	To control infeed
	This subclass is indented under subclass 8.  Device provided with mechanism to regulate or modify the infeed*. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 49, for a device including work-infeed* means for one of a plurality of tools. 62+, for work-infeed* means for a single tool. 99+, for tool-infeed* means adapted to move a tool toward an opposing, work-engaging surface. 129+, for other tool-infeed means.

11	Responsive to tool
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Device wherein the detector senses a characteristic of a tool* or of a machine element normally connected to the tool for movement therewith. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 6, for similar device including structure to sense a tool and bring the device to a halt in an abnormal condition thereof.

12	Responsive to work
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Device wherein the detector senses a characteristic of the material subjected to the cutting operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7, for similar structure adapted to sense the work or product and bring the device to a halt in response to an abnormal condition thereof.

13	To control relative positioning of tool and work
	This subclass is indented under subclass 8.  Device including a mechanism to cause relative movement between the tool* and work*, wherein the operation regulated or modified is that of a mechanism for causing relative movement. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10+, for a device including control structure for regulating positioning of the work and the tool along the tool-axis.

14	WITH STOPPING UPON COMPLETION OF PRESCRIBED OPERATION
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device including means to bring one or more parts of a machine to a halt after the machine or a part thereof has completed an intended operation. (1) Note. Only a device including structure of particular utility to bring about stoppage after the completion of an intended operation is placed herein. (2) Note. Included in this subclass are those devices sometimes described as a unicyclic.

15	Responsive to condition of work or product
	This subclass is indented under subclass 14.  Device wherein when the intended operation is complete, the halting is effected by a characteristic of the work* or product*. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7, for similar structure adapted to stop the device, which structure acts in response to the detection of an abnormal occurrence.

16	WITH SIGNAL, INDICATOR, ILLUMINATOR OR OPTICAL MEANS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device including, in addition to structure for performing a class-type operation, either (1) means to produce a perceptible (e.g., audible or visual) manifestation of a condition of a part (or all) of the machine or of the work; (2) means to designate a characteristic of the device, the work or the product; (3) means to increase the lighting intensity in the vicinity of the device or the work; or; (4) means to modify light waves to make characteristics of the device, the work or the product more readily discernable to the view of the operative. (1) Note. The additional structure may be calibrated quantitatively; however, mere calibration of a machine element, not in addition to structure for performing an operation of the class, is not considered proper for this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 116, for a device of this class having provision to receive means for determining and designating a characteristic of the device, work or product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 433,  Dentistry,   subclass 29 for dental drilling apparatus provided with means to illuminate the work.

17	INCLUDING MEANS TO CAUSE TOOL TO PROGRESSIVELY VIBRATE TOWARD WORK
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Machines having structure for causing the tool or the tool-support to be fed intermittently or to be fed and withdrawn respectively in its approach relative to the work along the axis of tool rotation. (1) Note. Included in this subclass are devices known as "chip breakers" and devices with special provision to withdraw the tool to discharge chips. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 124+, for structure for causing a tool to move along the tool-axis during the cutting operation. 143, for means to impart, to the tool, a vibration characteristic different from the vibration characteristic imparted by the reaction of the tool and work to damp the energy of a vibrating tool.

18	WITH MEANS TO CONDITION TOOL
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device in combination with means to treat the tool* and make that tool more suitable to perform its intended function. (1) Note. Included herein is means to remove foreign matter from (e.g., clean), and means to prepare the tool by modifying or maintaining characteristics of the tool (e.g., sharpen). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 56+, for a tool of the class type combined with means to apply fluid to work to carry loose chips away from the tool. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   appropriate subclasses for cleaning means adapted to remove foreign material from a tool. 451,  Abrading,   for abrading means adapted to sharpen a tool of this class type, particularly subclass 420 for an abrading device adapted to be attached to a machine of this class type.

19	WITH MEANS TO DEFORM WORK TEMPORARILY
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus including means to impart an impermanent change of shape (i.e., within the elastic limit) to work and to hold the work in that shape during the cutting operation. (1) Note. This subclass includes devices which deform the work, as above defined, wherein such deformation is prerequisite to effect predetermined line of cut; that is to say, the desired cut could not be effected in the absence of the deformation while operating the machine in the intended manner. (2) Note. Means for compressing, or stretching, a resilient workpiece and subsequently cutting a circular opening in same to impart an elliptical product surface configuration thereto upon release of the deforming forces would be properly placed in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclass 176 , for cutting means of general utility combined with means to temporarily deform the work. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   subclass 88 , for means to deform material of indeterminate-length to facilitate feeding of the material.

20	CONVERTIBLE CUTTING MEANS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device which, by relative rearrangement of its parts or by the addition or omission of a part is so changed as to perform a cutting operation of a different type. (1) Note. The different type cutting function to which the structure of this subclass is convertible includes any means for cutting by a sharp edge except (1) another cutting device under the definition of this class; or, (2) a cutting device that utilizes the same tool used in the first modification to cut while rotating and moving radially of the tool-axis relative to the work. (See the search class notes below). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 30,  Cutlery,   for a handheld-implement for cutting material by a rotating axially moving tool convertible to an implement for using that same tool for cutting while rotating and moving radially or laterally of the tool-axis. 144,  Woodworking,   for a machine for cutting wood by a rotating axially moving tool convertible to a device for using that same tool for cutting wood while rotating and moving radially or laterally of the tool-axis. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   for a device for cutting of material not provided for elsewhere by a rotating axially moving tool for cutting such material while rotating and moving radially or laterally of the tool-axis.

21	Utilizing common cutting tool
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20.  Device including a single cutting tool that, depending on the arrangement of the parts of the device, can selectively be used to perform a cutting operation under the class definition or to performs a cutting operation of a different type.

22	COMBINED CUTTING MEANS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device combined with additional structure capable of performing a cutting operation of a different type. (1) Note. The different type cutting function with which the structure of this subclass is combined includes any means for cutting by a sharp edge except another cutting device under the definition of this class. (2) Note. A cutting tool or tool with support (see tool-support*) will be found in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder if it includes a portion operable to cut in the manner of this class and a portion operable to cut in a different manner. Such tools are referred to as "compound". (3) Note. Generally, the combination of cutting of this class (408) with noncutting work treatment will not be found in this class; but rather, will be found in the class of the other treatment or in a class providing for the combination. (See References to Other Classes, of this Class Definition and the search class notes hereunder for specific class lines. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools,   for a randomly manipulated implement including a cutting edge for performing an operation of this class and including provision for performing a noncutting material treatment function. 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 26 , for a machine including structure for performing a cutting function by a rotating, axially moving tool and including additional structure for performing another function, which other function is a material treatment other than cutting.

23	Including tool operating on rotating work
	This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Device wherein the additional cutting device is adapted to operate on work turning about an axis. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for a rotating or a nonrotating cutting tool acting on rotating work.

24	Plural other type cutting means
	This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Device including more than one additional structure capable of performing a cutting operation of a type other than provided for in this class.

25	Including plural rotating tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Device wherein each of at least two of the additional structures includes a cutting instrumentality that turns about an axis and acts to engage work with its surface(s) farthest from the axis about which it turns.

26	Including rotating cutter other than rotating, axially moving tool
	This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Device wherein the additional cutting structure include a cutting tool that turns about an axis and acts to engage work with its surface(s) farthest from the axis about which it turns.

27	Crystalline cutter
	This subclass is indented under subclass 26.  Device wherein the work-engaging surface(s) of the additional cutting tool is at least in part of material that is either a natural crystal or is of the character of a natural crystal. (1) Note. The "natural crystal" of this subclass definition is not intended to include a stone shaped as a cutting tooth. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 145, for a crystalline cutting (or abrading) tool adapted to operate in the manner of this class (408). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 451,  Abrading,   for a machine including a crystalline cutting instrumentality combined with additional work cutting or abrading structure, provided no tool operates in the manner of this class, or for a single abrading instrumentality that moves in a manner than about an axis and along that axis relative to a workpiece. (Note that Class 451 has not been screened for art proper for Class 408.)

28	Utilized in cutting work or product to length
	This subclass is indented under subclass 26.  Device wherein the additional cutting instrumentality serves to cut all the way through a section of material to subdivide the material.

29	Adapted to cut entire thickness of work at one pass
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28.  Device including a carriage for supporting the additional cutting instrumentality or including a work-supporting, advancing carriage, wherein the additional cutting instrumentality is adapted to slice through an entire cross-section of material at one stroke of the carriage supporting the instrumentality or of the work-supporting, advancing carriage.

30	Including plunging (single stroke) cutter
	This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Device wherein the additional cutting structure includes a cutting instrumentality that moves in a straight line toward the material to be cut and cuts that material in a single movement of the instrumentality by use of a cutting edge facing in the direction of tool movement.

31	MACHINE INCLUDING PLURAL TOOLS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Device including a first and second tool, each tool being for the purpose of performing an operation of the class type, wherein the tools are separate from each other (i.e., they are not fixed together) during the cutting operation(s), and including a work-contacting structure which moves relative to the tools along their axes-of-rotation during operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 117+, for a similar device lacking work-contacting structure.

32	Axes of tools moving with work during operation
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Device wherein the work-engaging structure serves to move the work in a direction lateral of at least one tool-axis and wherein the tool-supporting structure serves to move that tool such that there is not relative lateral motion of that tool and the work during the cutting operation thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 55, for similar structure including the use of a single tool. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 284+ , for a cutter of that class, having a component of motion in the direction of moving work.

33	Including means to infeed tool and means to infeed work or including coaxial tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Device either (1) including means to move the tool along the tool-axis toward the work and including means to move the work along the tool-axis toward the tool during the cutting operation; or, (2) wherein the first and second tools turn about a common tool-axis* during operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 36, for coaxial tools that do not move with work during operation.

34	Plural work stations
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Device including a plurality of work-supporting, work-engaging means for presenting independent portions of work to the tools. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 43+, for plural simultaneously operational tools adapted to successively engage plural workpieces.

35	Turret of tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Device including a turnable tool-carrying structure for a first and a second tool (or tool group) wherein the carrying structure about an axis to selectively present one or the other tool to operate on the workpiece. (1) Note. The first tool (or group of tools) of this subclass is not operational simultaneously with the second tool. (2) Note. Included herein are tools supported by a flexible belt or chain. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 483,  Tool Changing,   subclass 18 and 30+ for a rotary spindle machine tool combined with a tool transfer means for bodily transferring a tool to or from the spindle.

36	Coaxial tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Device wherein the first and second tools turn about a common tool-axis during operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33, for similar structure, wherein the tool-axis travels laterally with moving work.

37	Coaxial, opposed tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.  Device wherein the tools are adapted to be positioned on opposite sides of the work along the common axis and, during the cutting operation, move relative to the work and toward each other along the axis.

38	With additional, converging tool
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Device including another tool that moves during its operation toward a point on the axis of the coaxial tools, which point is within the work, during the cutting operation of the tools.

39	Plural pairs of coaxial, opposed tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Device including another plurality of tools that are also adapted to be positioned on opposite sides of work, along a second common axis which additional plurality of tools move along the second common axis to engage the work and perform a cutting operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, for structure meeting this definition, wherein the second common axis intersects the first.

40	With means to sequentially feed tools toward work
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Device including provision to relatively move first one, then the other of the opposing tools toward the work. (1) Note. This subclass is intended to include a pair of tools, both of which are fixed against axial motion and a work-supporting infeed means adapted to move the work, first toward one then toward the other of the tools.

41	With interconnected means to simultaneously feed tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Device including structure constructed to feed both of the tools toward the work at the same time.

42	Plural, simultaneously operational tools
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Device including structure causing the relative approach of more than one tool and the work to occur at the same time so that a plurality of cutting operations takes place concurrently.

43	With plural simultaneously operational work stations
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.  Device including more than one work-supporting surface for presenting more than one piece of work to different tools at the same time.