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 [Search a list of Patent Appplications for class 435]   CLASS 435,CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER

This class provides for the following subject matter when not provided for elsewhere:

A. A process of using a microorganism or enzyme to synthesize a chemical product.

B. A process of treating a material with a microorganism or enzyme to separate, liberate, or purify a preexisting substance.

C. An in vitro process of measuring and testing in which: (1) A microorganism or enzyme is used to determine the presence or identity of a compound or composition in a sample; (2) A microorganism is identified by propagation; (3) An enzyme is identified by its catalytic activity; (4) The presence of microorganisms is detected; (5) A live microorganism is used in an antigen antibody test as an antigen; (6) Fixed or stabilized nonliving microorganisms, cells, or tissues are involved.

D. A process of propagating a microorganism.

E. A process in which the genetic structure of a microorganism or extrachromosomal genetic structure is altered.

F. A process of organ or tissue maintenance.

G.A process of mashing or malting.

H. Apparatus claimed or solely disclosed as for A-G.

I. Microorganisms, per se, or the subcellular parts thereof.

J. Enzymes, immobilized enzymes or enzyme containing compositions not otherwise provided for and the processes for purifying enzymes or forming immobilized enzymes.

K. Compositions claimed or solely disclosed as for the propagation of microorganisms or for measuring and testing processes in C above.

L. Using microorganisms to destroy hazardous or toxic waste.

CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES FOR THIS CLASS

APPARATUS

This class takes only apparatus claimed or solely disclosed as for fermentation or enzymology, organ, and tissue maintenance or genetic engineering not otherwise provided for. Apparatus by name only which is claimed as a collection of compounds or compositions in a kit without structure is classified as described below in Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class.

COMPOSITIONS

In general, this class will not provide for compositions other than an immobilized or insolubilized enzyme or a test or culture media.

COMPOUNDS

In general, this class does not provide for compounds other than an immobilized or insolubilized enzyme or an enzyme, per se. Production of metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified with the production of that compound.

AMINO ACID RESIDUES

If upon hydrolysis of an unidentified product the only residues are amino acids, it should be presumed that the product is a protein or peptide. If other organic moieties are present after hydrolysis of the product then placement should be made upon the basis of the presence of such structure in the product.

PRESUMPTION

In the absence of a clearly claimed step of killing or inactivating a microorganism in an antigen-antibody test the microorganism should be treated as a living antigen.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

See References to Other Classes, below, for lines with classes providing for the use of a microorganism, an enzyme and the apparatus therefor and the composition classes providing for the products of a microorganism or enzyme and for lines with other related classes.

The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

4+,Apparatus by name only which is claimed as a collection of compounds or compositions in a kit without structure is classified on the basis of the compositions into the subclasses 4+ area.
84+,and indented subclasses 95, 96, 98, and 99 for compounds produced by hydrolysis of larger structures with subclasses
94,reserved for the enzymatic interconversion of isomers.
97,100 - 105 provide for building up from smaller saccharide units.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   provides for processes of (a) dyeing employing a microorganism or enzyme (b) treating hides or skins by use of a microorganism or enzyme with subsequent tanning of the hides or skins or subsequent operations that are preliminary and peculiar to tanning of hides or skins or peculiar to making leather.
  • Class 435 provides for a process of using an enzyme or microorganism to treat a hide or skin particularly depilating or bating as well as treating feathers or animal tissue with a microorganism or enzyme not otherwise provided for.
8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   provides for compositions for dyeing materials of any kind which may contain a microorganism or enzyme.
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   provides for dust cloths, mops, or other cleaning devices which include detergents which may contain enzymes.
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   provides for processes and apparatus for drying of a solid which may include a microorganism enzyme or media composition.
  • Class 435 provides for processes of culture or propagation of microorganisms including the production of enzymes and media and provides for the combination of culture or production with drying or another Class 34 operation.
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating,   for gaseous compositions for heating or illuminating by combustion which may be the result of a process using a microorganism or enzyme.
47, Plant Husbandry,   which provides for mushrooms or processes of or apparatus for cultivating or culturing mushrooms; sprouting or germinating seeds for planting, or testing the sprouting or germinating power of seeds; articles or compositions that include seeds and either a microorganism or enzyme and process of making such articles or compositions; processes of cultivating or culturing seed plants, or other nonfungal plants that include the use of a microorganism or enzyme, articles, compositions, or apparatus, for use in the above processes, or in making articles or compositions, that include seeds and microorganism or enzymes or processes of making articles or compositions for use in the above noted processes.
  • Class 435 provides for materials that contain germinated seeds, for processes that include germinating seeds or for apparatus for use therein, e.g., malting grain and malting apparatus, etc., as well as processes involving propagation of unicellular algae or undifferentiated plant cells where there is no plant propagation and for the extraction of enzymes from plants or plant products. Class 435 also provides for the production of starter culture for mushrooms or for the propagation of undifferentiated plant cells as well as the culture of unicellular algae.
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating,   for fuel gas compositions when the processes of making such compositions involve a microorganism; processes of producing fuel gas compositions that include a microorganism; articles, compositions, or apparatus, for uses in such processes; or processes of making such articles or compositions for such uses.
  • Class 435 provides for the production or purification of a gas by the use of microorganisms or enzymes if such process is not ancillary to the production of fertilizer or a Class 210 liquid purification by living organisms or directed to the production of a fuel gas by living organisms.
62, Refrigeration,   for processes or apparatus for preserving an organ, microorganism, or enzyme by the removal of heat and the cooled or frozen product resulting. The process may involve the use of a composition to eliminate or minimize cooling or freezing damage, e.g., sperm preservation, etc.
  • Class 435 provides for methods and apparatus of maintaining the viability of an animal organ tissue including blood and sperm or cells as well as the process and apparatus for the treatment or propagation of animal cells or tissue.
71, Chemistry: Fertilizers,   provides for processes of producing a composition or article having utility as a fertilizer by use of a microorganism or enzyme as well as the composition containing a microorganism or enzyme.
  • Class 435 provides for the production of microorganisms having utility for fertilizer production and microorganism containing starter compositions useful in a Class 71 process.
73, Measuring and Testing,   provides for processes and apparatus for determining the physical properties of the product of fermentation or enzymology and include process and apparatus for measuring the rate of sedimentation of elements in blood.
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   provides for processes and compositions containing a microorganism or enzyme for use in processes of obtaining free metals from metal compounds or ores. Class 75, in particular, provides for processes of hydrometallurgy processes of beneficiating ores or recovery of elemental metal from waste in which a microorganism or enzyme is used when the reduction to elemental metal is claimed.
  • Class 435 provides for the process of producing a microorganism or enzyme useful in ore treating and for processes of cultivating microorganisms on sulfur containing media.
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   for apparatus adapted for the preparation of a beverage or beverage intermediate by carrying out primary ethyl alcoholic fermentations and apparatus for the aging, refining, and purification of alcoholic beverages.
  • Class 435 provides for apparatus claimed or solely disclosed as used for propagating a microorganism or for use of an enzyme.
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   provides for processes which use an enzyme or microorganism to produce a coating or plastic composition.
  • Class 435 provides for the use of a microorganism or enzyme to produce a product which may be a composition not otherwise provided for.
127, Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates,   provides for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates including their conversion to sugar by chemical means or process using an enzyme or microorganism only where the hydrolysis by microorganism or enzyme is followed by steps of concentration purification or treatment (such as crystallization) to make a sugar or syrup. Additionally, Class 127 provides for the products of such processes.
  • Class 435 provides for hydrolysis of a carbohydrate by a microorganism or enzyme when not followed by steps of concentration, purification, or treatment to make a sugar or syrup. Class 435 also provides for hydrolysis by any method when followed by treatment with a microorganism or enzyme to produce alcohol.
128, Surgery,   appropriate subclasses provide for methods of blood transfusion and insemination by artificial means as well as for methods of treatment of the living body or a test which involves contact with a body and apparatus used in the inspection and treatment of diseases of the bodies of men and animals which apparatus is provided with means for connection to the living body.
  • Class 435 provides for the maintenance of blood or sperm and viable tissue and virus cultures and the media for such processes.
131, Tobacco,   for tobacco-containing articles, or compositions, or articles or compositions when tobacco is used in the making thereof, when the processes of making such articles or compositions involve the use of a microorganism or enzyme; processes of making such articles or compositions, or treating tobacco, that include the use of a microorganism or enzyme; or articles, compositions, or apparatus, for uses in such processes, or processes of making the latter articles or compositions for uses in above noted processes.
  • Class 435 provides for processes of growing a microorganism or using an enzyme the media for which may comprise plant material.
137, Fluid Handling,   is the residual place for processes, systems, combinations, and subcombinations for fluid material handling. Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Automatic Contro, in the class definition of Class 137 provide a guide to the automatic control provided for therein.
  • Class 435 will provide for condition responsive control of a process with a step of microbial growth or enzymology and for condition responsive control apparatus when claimed or solely disclosed as involving a microorganism or enzyme.
159, Concentrating Evaporators,   provides for the concentration of solids held in solution or suspension by evaporation of liquid and the recovery of a concentrate or a dry solid which include the treatment of a feed stream to or the treatment of a product of a microorganism or enzyme.
  • Class 435 is superior to Class 159 and will provide for the concentration of a solid by the evaporation of liquid when combined with process or apparatus involving a microorganism or enzyme.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   provides for processes and apparatus which includes use of a microorganism or enzyme when combined with a step peculiar to Class 162 as well as the use of a microorganism or enzyme as a component of a paper or fiber pulp.
  • Class 435 provides for fiber paper pulping and textile treatment by a microorganism or enzyme, per se. For an exhaustive listing of fiber treatment classes, see the notes immediately following the class definition of Class 162.
166, Wells,   provides for processes and apparatus for treating oil or an oil bearing mineral with a microorganism or enzyme while in the ground.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   provides for processes and apparatus involving electrical or wave energy. Class 204 provides for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic separation and purification of a compound or element and for other electrical separation or purification of a liquid when not provided for elsewhere, for the use of electrophoretic or electro-osmotic techniques to immobilize a compound or element where not provided for elsewhere, and for processes for use of an electrode containing a microorganism or enzyme for measuring or testing.
  • Class 435 provides for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing in which a microorganism is cultured or an enzyme functions catalytically when a nonelectrical or nonwave energy property is measured, or when an electrical or wave energy property is measured separate and apart, but in combination with Class 435 subject matter; and for processes and apparatus for electrical or wave energy treatment of microorganisms or enzymes when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with viable microorganisms or catalytically active enzymes.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   appropriate subclasses for processes of measuring and testing in which the activity of a microorganism or enzyme is measured by change in electrolytic action, for electrolytic separation and purification of a compound or element when not provided for elsewhere, for the use of electrolytic techniques to immobilize a compound or element where not provided for elsewhere, and for processes of use of an electrode containing a microorganism or enzyme for measuring or testing.
  • Class 435 provides for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing in which a microorganism is cultured or an enzyme functions catalytically when a nonelectrolytic property is measured, or when an electrolytic property is measured separate and apart, but in combination with Class 435 subject matter; and for processes and apparatus for electrical or wave energy treatment of microorganisms or enzymes when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with viable microorganisms or catalytically active enzymes.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation,   provides for processes of treating impure liquids by processes including a microorganism, e.g., bacteriological digestion of sewage including the use of an immobilized microorganism and the apparatus for such processes, as well as methods of physical separation of microorganisms and viruses from liquid media.
  • Class 435, provides for the growth of a microorganism on a liquid media and the apparatus therefor as well as providing for process utilizing an immobilized microorganism, per se.
241, Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   provides for processes and apparatus for the comminution or disintegration of solids which includes the comminution of the feed material to or the product of a microorganism or enzyme.
  • Class 435, provides for the combination of comminution or disintegration with a process or apparatus for microorganism use or enzymology.
250, Radiant Energy,   provides for all methods and apparatus for using, generating, controlling, or detecting radiant energy including radioactivity not elsewhere provided for. Class 250 provides a comprehensive guide in References to Other Classes for classes providing for similar subject matter.
  • Class 435, provides for the use of radiant energy to alter the genetic structure of a microorganism as part of a measuring and testing process or in combination with microbial growth or enzymology.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   provides for the synthesis and liberation and purification by chemical or physical means of compounds and extracts falling within the class definition of Class 260 where such processes do not include a step of treatment by a microorganism or enzyme. Processes of making chemical compounds that include the use of a microorganism or enzyme are controlling for classification over other processes of making chemical compounds.
  • Class 435, provides for a process of synthesis or liberation, separation, or purification of a compound utilizing a microorganism or enzyme, per se. Class 435, provides for an enzyme, per se, and the process of recovering the enzyme from a natural source or immobilizing or insolubilizing an enzyme. Class 435, provides for a process utilizing a microorganism or enzyme combined with a physical separation or purification. Class 435, will provide for preliminary chemical treatment to produce a starting material which is subjected to the action of a microorganism or enzyme or a chemical reaction simultaneously with or subsequent to the action of a microorganism or enzyme which perfects or improves the action of the microorganism or enzyme.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   provides for organic compounds, per se, and methods of synthesizing them by means other than a microorganism or enzymes.
366, Agitating,   provides for apparatus and processes restricted to causing fluid or particulate material to move irregularly and commingle.
  • Class 435, provides for apparatus with agitators claimed or solely disclosed as useful for microorganism propagation or enzymology and for processes of microorganism propagation or enzymology which may include an agitation step.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   provides for processes of purification of fermentation off gas by chemical means as well as the recovery of metal values by means other than microorganisms or enzymes.
  • Class 435, provides for processes of synthesis of organic or inorganic compounds involving a microorganism or enzyme.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   for: compositions (A) for preventing, alleviating, treating, or curing abnormal and pathological conditions of the living body, for maintaining, increasing, decreasing, limiting, or destroying a physiologic body function, for diagnosing a physiological condition or state by an in vivo test, for controlling or protecting an environment or living body by attracting, disabling, inhibiting, killing, modifying, repelling, or retarding an animal or microorganism, (B) for deodorizing, protecting, adorning, or grooming a body, (C) for fermentates and extracts for use in A or B and not elsewhere provided for, and (D) such compositions defined in terms of specific structure; methods of making the above compositions; methods of using the class defined compositions for purposes in A and B; and methods of using compounds, per se, for purposes in A and B; subclasses 85.1+ for a lymphokine composition; subclasses 130.1+ for a bioaffecting or body-treating composition of an immunoglobulin, antiserum, antibody, or antibody fragment and for methods of immunizing to produce antibodies for recovery, which antibodies are characterized as being useful as bioaffecting or body-treating agents (e.g., to provide passive immunity); subclasses 184.1+ for a bio-affecting or body-treating composition comprising an antigen, an epitope, or another immunospecific immunoeffector, such as an immunospecific vaccine, an immunospecific stimulator of cell-mediated immunity, an immunospecific tolerogen, or an immunospecific immunosuppressor, and for methods of immunizing to produce protective immunity in vivo (i.e., for vaccination purposes); subclasses 93.1+ for a composition including whole live microorganism or virus; and subclass 94 for a composition containing an enzyme or co-enzyme.
  • Class 435, provides for a process of propagating a microorganism or using an enzyme to produce a drug or bio-affecting composition. Class 435 provides for virus culture and attenuation, for the virus or microorganism, per se, and their culture and propagation and for in vitro diagnostic tests involving a microorganism or enzyme and antigen antibody tests which involve a living microorganism or use of an enzyme label.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   provides for fermentation processes that are solely disclosed or claimed as preparing an edible, and for mixtures of enzymes or ferments solely disclosed or claimed as edible or used in the preparation of an edible. Class 426 provides for compositions and processes of preparation relating to compositions which have the capacity to ferment and produce an edible, but which are claimed as being in an inactive state, and also provides for compositions which are undergoing a fermentation to produce an edible product. See especially subclasses 11+ for alcoholic beverages, or other beverages, milk or other alimentary articles or compositions, when the beverage or other alimentary articles contain bacteria or enzymes; processes of making the same which include microorganisms or enzymes. Processes of autolysis or microbial or enzymic destruction of yeasts or other living organisms are in Class 435, subclasses 262+, but processes of preparing foods including such autolysis are in Class 426. Processes of making vinegar by methods including use of a microorganism or enzyme are in Class 426.
  • Class 435, provides for processes and apparatus of production of nonpotable ethanol and acetic acid and for processes and apparatus for diastatic mashing as well as fermentation other than primary fermentations. Class 435 also provides for compositions and processes of producing a microorganism containing starter culture useful in the production of an edible product. Class 435, will provide for production of protein from a single source by fermentation or enzymology even if the product is claimed as having a Class 426 utility. For an elaboration of the line regarding the placement of yeast patents, see (1) Note in subclass 255 of this class.
427, Coating Processes,   provides for significant coating or impregnating processes when not involving subject matter proper for Class 435.
  • Class 435 provides for processes having a significant or nonsignificant coating (or impregnating) step and otherwise proper for the class.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   provides for a current producing device having a microorganism as an integral part and the process of operating the device and a process involving the device.
  • Class 435, provides for processes of producing microorganisms in bulk, i.e., propagation of microorganisms. Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, provides for a photo imaging process in which an enzyme whose activity is altered upon exposure to light is used and the material therefor.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   provides for a measurement or test in which an enzyme reacts chemically, i.e., noncatalytically and antigen antibody tests for the identification of chemical species that are nondiagnostic and do not involve a living antigen.
  • Class 435, provides for a test or measurement involving a microorganism or enzyme which functions catalytically as well as antigen antibody tests involving a living microorganism.
(1) Note. The burden of showing an enzyme is functioning noncatalytically is on Class 436, i.e., the presumption, as between Class 435 and Class 436, is that an enzyme in a test functions catalytically until rebutted.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   provides for testing compositions (a) which contain an enzyme if the enzyme participates in a chemical reaction in a noncatalytic manner; and (b) which are of use in an antigen-antibody test and do not involve a microorganism or enzyme and are not diagnostic.
  • Class 435 provides for in vitro testing by or for a microorganism or enzyme or tests involving the propagation of a microorganism or catalytic use of an enzyme. Class 435 provides for antigen-antibody tests wherein a living antigen, i.e., a microorganism is involved or an enzyme label is present. Class 435, provides for processes and apparatus and material for measuring and testing blood which involve the propagation of a microorganism or catalytic functioning of an enzyme.
(1) Note. The burden of showing an enzyme is functioning noncatalytically is on Class 436, i.e., the presumption, as between Class 435 and Class 436, is that an enzyme in a testing composition functions catalytically until rebutted.
504, Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions,   provides for processes of producing a composition or article having plant stimulating or eradicating utility by using a microorganism or enzyme as well as the composition containing a microorganism or enzyme.
  • Class 435, provides for the production of microorganisms having utility for plant growth regulator production and microorganism containing starter compositions useful in a Class 504 process.
Class 510, Cleaning Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions, provides for detergent compositions containing enzymes.Class 435, provides for process of production of enzymes and enzymes, per se, and enzyme compositions not otherwise provided for.Class 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. Nominal recitation of a Class 435 process (e.g., fermentation or fermentation step) combined with a process otherwise classifiable in Class 516 is proper for Class 516, while recitation of a significant Class 435 step combined with a step or composition otherwise classifiable in Class 516 is proper for Class 435 with a discretionary cross-reference to Class 516.Class 435, provides for processes of making chemical compounds which involve micro-organisms or enzymes, other processes relating to cell, organ, or tissue growth or maintenance, compositions for use in such processes, in vitro processes of testing or measuring, certain apparatus for class provided for processes.
506, Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a chemical or biological library, a process of creating said library, a process of testing involving said library, or an apparatus specially adapted for creating or testing involving said library.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   provides for the storage to contain pathogenic organisms, e.g., virus, bacteria and medical waste, see subclass 258 .

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ACTIVITY

Rate of metabolic or anabolic action, speed or efficiency. Mere suppression of competing strains is not viewed as increasing the activity.

BIOCHEMICAL

By means of a bacteria, yeast, animal or plant cell, or virus, or the parts thereof.

CONDENSED

Bridged or fused.

DERIVATIVE

For purposes of this class derivatives included with the production of a named compound are only the inorganic anion or inorganic cation salts thereof, e.g., metal, ammonium, halogen, carbonate, etc.

DIASTACE

For purposes of this class classified as an amylase.

FERMENTATION

The use of a microorganism or enzyme to carry a molecular transformation.

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Material that when present in the environment produces for man and other living organisms a dangerous, risky, or perilous environmental situation in so for as the physiological well being of the organism is concerned (e.g., all caustic chemicals, irritants, cancer causing agents, and other tumor producing materials).

HETERO

Containing only O, N, S, Se, or Te in addition to carbon in a ring.

MEDIA

Material which supports or sustains growth of microorganisms which material may contain substances which will not support or may inhibit the growth of selected microorganisms.

MICROORGANISM

For purposes of this class, bacteria, actinomycetales, cyanobacteria (unicellular algae), fungi, protozoa, animal cells or plant cells or virus.

NUCLEIC ACID

A polynucleotide or more than two nucleotides.

TEST MEDIA

Distinguished from (propagation) media by the presence of an indicator, e.g., chromophore, etc.

TOXIC WASTE

Materials that are direct physiological poisons to living organisms (e.g., pesticides, heavy metal ion solutions, and other materials that are poisonous to life.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 1.1]    1.1DIFFERENTIATED TISSUE OR ORGAN OTHER THAN BLOOD, PER SE, OR DIFFERENTIATED TISSUE OR ORGAN MAINTAINING; COMPOSITION THEREFOR:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes or compositions for the maintenance of a differentiated tissue or organ, or the differentiated tissue or organ, per se.
(1) Note. Maintenance includes keeping an organ under conditions in which it produces a product (e.g., hormone, etc.) which is later recovered.
(2) Note. Tissue is presumed to be undifferentiated in the absence of a clear showing to the contrary. The fact that a tissue continues to produce hormones, etc., is to be taken as an indication that the tissue retains its differentiation.
(3) Note. For a process to be classified in this subclass, the organ must be maintained in a viable state (e.g., in a nutrient or life sustaining media) and the tissue must contain an integral membrane. Thus, the preservation of blood plasma provided for in subclass 2 is excluded from this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

235.1+,for virus culture and treatment.
325+,for animal cells, per se, and compositions thereof; processes of propagating, maintaining, preserving, isolating, etc. animal cells or compositions; culture media therefore.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   for methods of preserving by freeze drying.
62, Refrigeration,   for methods of cooling.
623, Prosthesis (i.e., Artificial Body Members), Parts Thereof, or Aids and Accessories Therefor,   appropriate subclasses for implantable living glands encapsulated in a porous membrane.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 1.2]    1.2Including perfusion; composition therefor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Processes for the maintenance of differentiated tissue or organs by continuously perfusing with a fluid, or compositions useful in such processes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

284.1,for differentiated tissue (e.g., organ) perfusion or preservation apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 1.3]    1.3Including freezing; composition therefor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Processes for the maintenance of differentiated tissue or organs by freezing, or compositions useful in such processes
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 2]    2MAINTAINING BLOOD OR SPERM IN A PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE STATE OR COMPOSITIONS THEREOF OR THEREFOR OR METHODS OF IN VITRO BLOOD CELL SEPARATION OR TREATMENT:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes or compositions for the maintenance of blood or sperm in a physiologically active state or for the in vitro separation or treatment of blood cells.
(1) Note. This subclass includes methods for preserving the viability of sperm by chemical means.
(2) Note. This subclass provides for compositions for artificial insemination.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

235.1+,where the tissue or cell culture is concomitant with virus propagation.
243+,for culture media for propagating microorganism.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

62, Refrigeration,   for methods of maintaining the viability of living tissue and cells including sperm under refrigeration or in a frozen state. These processes may include the addition of chemical agents to prevent or minimize cellular damage from the refrigeration.
128, Surgery,   appropriate subclasses for a method of blood transfusion or artificial insemination.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 184.1+ for therapeutic compositions containing a living cell which functions as an antigen; and subclass 529 for therapeutic compositions containing viable blood cells and a therapeutically active ingredient. See subclass 1.17 for compositions comprising a radiolabeled cell or sub-cellular structure, including red blood cells, intended for class defined uses such as in vivo diagnosing (e.g., imaging), methods of making such compositions, and nominal methods of using such compositions.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 3]    3CONDITION RESPONSIVE CONTROL PROCESS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process in which a process parameter is measured and that or another process parameter is varied responsive to such measurement.
(1) Note. The measurement should be by a nonsubjective means, i.e., mere observation by an operator is not sufficient to constitute measurement for purposes of this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

289,and 290, for condition or time responsive control apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications,   subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring system.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,   subclasses 19+ for data processing in biological or biochemical applications, and subclasses 22+ for chemical analysis data processing.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 4]    4Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or microorganisms; composition or test strip therefore; processes of forming such composition or test strip:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which there is a direct or indirect qualitative or quantitative measurement or test of a material which contains an enzyme or microorganism or processes in which a material containing an enzyme or microorganism is used to perform a qualitative or quantitative measurement or test and compositions therefor and the processes of making such compositions.
(1) Note. "Involving" in this and the indented subclasses includes (a) the use of a known microorganism or enzyme to detect or identify a chemical compound or composition, (b) the use of a chemical compound or composition to detect or identify a microorganism or enzyme, (c) a composition containing a microorganism or enzyme for use as in (a), and (d) a composition distinguished by the presence of an indicator for use as in (b). Thus, "involving" in this and the indented subclasses means that the steps in the measurement or test either use the designated chemical compound, microorganism, or individual plant or animal cells or enzyme or the steps in the measurement or test indicate the presence or absence of the designated chemical compound, microorganism, plant or animal cell or enzyme.
(2) Note. The enzyme herein can be free or immobilized or present in a cell, tissue, or organ.
(3) Note. Compositions herein may include inert carriers that have either a single or multiple zones or chemical agents. Included as carriers are bibilous or absorbent materials and films.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

174+,for immobilized enzymes, per se.
183+,for enzymes.
188,for stabilized enzymes, enzyme conjugates or compositions thereof.
235.1+,for viruses, per se.
287+,for apparatus for measuring and testing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73, Measuring and Testing,   for processes and apparatus for making a test or measurement of any kind not provided for in other classes. In general, the classes superior to 73 are 435, 422, 424, 204, 350, and 356.
128, Surgery,   for methods of treatment of the living body or a test which involves contact with a body and apparatus used in the inspection and treatment of diseases of the bodies of men and animals which apparatus is provided with means for connection to the living body.
137, Fluid Handling,   subclasses 2+ for processes of controlling the flow of a fluid in response to the sensing of a condition or characteristic of a fluid.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   subclasses 400 through 435for electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus, especially subclasses 403.01-403.15 for electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus including biological material or analyzing or testing for biological material (e.g., microbe, enzyme, antigen, etc.).
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 775+ for electrolytic analysis or testing processes, especially subclasses 777.5+ for electrolytic analysis or testing involving an enzyme or microorganism (e.g., animal or plant cells, bacteria, virus, etc.).
208, Minerals Oils: Processes and Products,   for chemical tests claimed in association with processes for recovery or treatment of naturally occurring mineral oil.
252, Compositions,   subclass 408 for testing compositions.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for chemical tests claimed in association with processes for the treatment or modification of carbon compounds.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus for testing an electrical property or condition of a material by electrical means, even though the result of the test may be used as an indication of some other physical or chemical property or condition.
346, Recorders,   subclasses 2+ for phenomenal apparatus and processes recording.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing,   especially subclasses 28 , 139.04 through 139.08, 141.1 through 141.5 and 152.1 through 152.3, 205+, and 218 for methods and apparatus for optical testing with a photoelectric light detector with either an indicator or structure to support or contain the specimen or sample under test. Class 356 provides for methods and apparatus for visual counting of bacteria colonies, etc., with a scale or spacer to aid the eye without an optical element or statistical analysis procedures for the sizing and counting of particles, such as bacteria colonies by visible light and the counting of particles one by one with a microscope having a graticule rather than a cross hair or reticle.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   subclasses 396+ for transparent microscope slides with means to contain and support the life functions of a microorganism.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems,   subclass 10 for sizing or counting of discrete particles such as bacteria colonies one at a time by numerical counting apparatus which registers the counts.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 1.11+ for class defined compositions and methods comprising a radionuclide or intended radionuclide, including those for in vivo diagnosing, and subclasses 9.1+ for a composition or method of in vivo testing (diagnosing) a living body or for an in vivo method of testing or analyzing a composition of that class (424).
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   subclasses 1+ for processes for analysis involving steps for causing or promoting a chemical reaction, regulating or controlling a chemical reaction. This includes tests dependent upon the chemical, i.e., proteinaceous reactivity of an enzyme as opposed to its catalytic functioning provided for in Class 435. Measurements and tests when claimed in association with chemical processes provided for in other Classes, e.g., 435, 208, 260, 423, etc., are classified in the class providing for the chemical process.
506, Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a process of testing involving a chemical or biological library or an apparatus specially adapted for testing involving said library.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications,   subclasses 266 through 274for significant data processing system for chemical process control.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,   subclasses 19 through 21for significant data processing system for biological or biochemical measurement and subclasses 22-32 for significant data processing system for chemical analysis to analyze the results of a chemical reaction which is only nominally claimed.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 5]    5Involving virus or bacteriophage:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a virus or bacteriophage or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a virus or bacteriophage.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 6]    6Involving nucleic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be tested or the composition in which the test is conducted contains nucleic acid or the agent used for the measurement or test contains nucleic acid.
(1) Note. The tests provided for in this subclass may involve the determination of the mutagenic effect of drugs on nucleic acid containing genetic materials such as genes and chromosomes.
(2) Note. Nucleic acids for the purpose of this subclass are defined as polynucleotides of three or more nucleotides.
(3) Note. Proper for this subclass is subject matter involving the staining of microorganisms, cells, or tissues specifically for and only for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.) with stains such as Feulgen stain or acridine orange.

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40.5+,for subject matter involving microorganisms, cells, or tissues stained with a composition providing contrasting stains for the cell nucleus and cytoplasm (e.g., hematoxylin, eosin, etc.).

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506, Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a process of testing involving a chemical or biological library or an apparatus specially adapted for testing involving said library.
536, Organic Compounds,   appropriate subclasses for saccharides, polysaccharides, nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides like RNA or DNA compounds as well as chemical methods of synthesizing such compounds. Search specifically subclasses 23.1+ for fragments of RNA or DNA which could have utility as genes in recombinant processes and subclass 24.3 for probes.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.1]    7.1Involving antigen-antibody binding, specific binding protein assay, or specific ligand-receptor binding assay:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter in which a measurement or test utilizes an enzyme or microorganism or plant or animal cells in an antibody binding, specific binding protein or other specific ligand-receptor binding test or assay.
(1) Note. Cross-Reference Art Collections 960 through 975 provide for different aspects of the subject matter of this and the indented subclasses.
(2) Note. The enzyme or microorganism may function for example, as an antigen, separating agent or detection label in a test or assay.
(3) Note. Subject matter directed to identifying a specific enzyme in a microorganism or tissue is appropriate for subclass 7.4 below, however, determining an enzyme as an indirect indication of a specific microorganism being present is appropriate for the microorganism subclass.
(4) Note. Subject matter directed to determining the presence of a specific microorganism is appropriate for the specific microbial subclass below. For example, an assay for determining a bacteria in an animal tissue sample is appropriate for the bacteria subclass rather than the animal cell subclass.
(5) Note. An indirect microbial determination, such as a determination of a microbial product as an indication of the presence of the microbe, is appropriate for the microbial subclasses below. However, it is strongly suggested that a patent containing such an indirect microbial determination be cross-referenced to the subclass appropriate for the assay of the product of the microbe.
(6) Note. Terminology used in this and the indented subclasses is found at the end of this subclass definition.

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5,for processes in which a virus is involved, as for example, as an antigen.
174+,for immobilized enzymes.
183+,for enzymes, per se, and methods of isolating enzymes.
188,for enzyme conjugates.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 184.1+ for methods of immunizing with an antigen to induce protective immunity in vivo. Class 424 provides for in vivo antigen-antibody tests.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for a measurement or test involving antigen-antibody tests and other ligand-receptor binding tests for the identification of chemical species that do not involve a microorganism or enzyme.
506, Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a process of testing involving a chemical or biological library or an apparatus specially adapted for testing involving said library.
530, Chemistry, Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 387+ for antibodies, per se, subclasses 403+ for protein antigens or the use of antigenic proteins as an immunogenic carrier for a hapten, subclass 413 for immunological separation and affinity chromatography, cross-reference art collections 806 for antigenic peptides or protein, and 807 for hapten conjugated with peptide or protein, and 808 for monoclonal antibodies.
600, and 604, Surgery,   provides for methods including the use of claimed specific structure adapted to be placed on or in the living body and further include diagnostic or therapeutic methods and apparatus when the only disclosed utility is for diagnosis or treatment of a living body.
 
 GLOSSARY
 ANALYTE
 

The compound or composition to be measured.

 SPECIFIC LIGAND-RECEPTOR BINDING ASSAY
 

The interaction between a ligand material and a receptor which is specific to a class of compounds or a single compound.

 EPITOPE
 

A single antigenic determinant portion of the antigen which combines with the antibody site.

 LABEL
 

A member of a signal producing system which is usually bound to or incorporated in the ligand. Measurement of the label activity is an indication of the amount of unknown in the sample.

 LIGAND
 

Any organic compound for which a receptor naturally exists or can be prepared; a linking or binding molecule.

 RECEPTOR
 

Any compound or composition capable of recognizing a particular spatial and polar organization of a molecule, i.e., epitopic site on an antigen. The receptor material can be isolated from a cellular material from a living body such as a membrane or organ and exhibits great specificity to the species to be tested for. A cell surface molecule which binds specifically to particular proteins or peptides in the fluid phase.

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.2]    7.2Involving a microorganism or cell membrane bound antigen or cell membrane bound receptor or cell membrane bound antibody or microbial lysate:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter involving a microorganism or cell membrane bound antigen, or cell membrane bound receptor or cell membrane bound antibody, or lysate of a microorganism.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.21]    7.21Animal cell:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.2.  Subject matter involving animal cells.
(1) Note. Though "whole blood" contains animal cells, the mere presence of a "whole blood sample" in an assay or test is not sufficient for placement in this and the indented subclasses. Since "whole blood" is a complex mixture of cells and liquid, classifying based on its presence might be inconsistent. Furthermore, the "whole blood" aspect is rarely of main importance, therefore, patents using whole blood samples are more appropriately placed based on the analyte of interest or on a reagent which is more specific, i.e., cancer cell, lymphocyte, red blood cell, enzyme label, etc., to one of the subclasses below.
(2) Note. "Animal cell" in this and the indented subclasses is also intended to include tissue.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.22]    7.22Parasite or protozoa:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.21.  Subject matter involving a parasite or protozoa.
(1) Note. Parasite is intended to include those animals which live in or on and at the expense of a host such as certain nematodes, cestodes, trematodes (e.g., tapeworm, heartworm, Trichinella, etc.).
(2) Note. A protozoa is a single-celled animal.

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7.32+,for bacteria which may be parasitic.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.23]    7.23Tumor cell or cancer cell:
 Subject matter under 7.21 involving tumor or cancer cells.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.24]    7.24Leukocyte (e.g., lymphocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.21.  Subject matter involving leukocytes such as lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, etc.
(1) Note. The subject matter intended for this subclass includes, for example, a test wherein the leukocyte is a reagent, the leukocyte type is determined, a leukocyte surface antigen is determined, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.25]    7.25Erythrocyte:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.21.  Subject matter involving red blood cells or reticulocytes.
(1) Note. Examples of subject matter in this subclass are red blood cell carriers, red cell surface antigen testing, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.3]    7.3Flagellar-antigen or pili-antigen:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.2.  Subject matter involving flagellar-antigen (e.g., (H)-antigen, etc.) or pili-antigen, (e.g., (K)-antigen, etc.).
(1) Note. Flagellar - or pili-antigens are those which are or are part of the flagella or pili of certain motile microorganisms.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.31]    7.31Fungi (e.g., yeast, mold, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.2.  Subject matter involving fungi such as yeast or mold.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.32]    7.32Bacteria or actinomycetales:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.2.  Subject matter involving bacteria or actinomycetales.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.33]    7.33Staphylococcus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.32.  Subject matter involving bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.34]    7.34Streptococcus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.32.  Subject matter involving bacteria of the genus Streptococcus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.35]    7.35Salmonella:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.32.  Subject matter involving bacteria of the genus Salmonella.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.36]    7.36Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.32.  Subject matter involving a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria.
(1) Note. Common bacteria involved include Chlamydiae, Treponema pallidum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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5,for a sexually transmitted disease involving a virus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.37]    7.37Escherichia coli:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.32.  Subject matter involving Escherichia coli (E. coli.).
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.4]    7.4To identify an enzyme or isoenzyme:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which the measurement or test determines the identity or quantity of an enzyme or group of isoenzymes.
(1) Note. Immunological identification of enzymatic coagulation factors is proper for this subclass.
(2) Note. Determination of complement or complement components is proper for this subclass.

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7.6,for an assay or test involving a modified enzyme in a capacity other than that of being identified or quantified.
7.7,through 7.8, for an assay or test in which an enzyme is involved as a reagent.
7.8,through 7.95, for an assay or test in which an enzyme is involved as a detection label.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.5]    7.5Involving avidin-biotin binding:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter involving the binding of avidin to biotin.
(1) Note. The binding of avidin and biotin derivatives such as streptavidin or iminobiotin is also included in this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.6]    7.6Involving a modified enzyme (e.g., abzyme, recombinant, chemically altered, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter involving a modified enzyme which has been functionally changed through recombinant DNA techniques, chemical treatment, etc.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to include a mere conjugation of an enzyme to an antigen or antibody, since the function of the enzyme has not been changed.
(2) Note. An abzyme is an antibody with enzymatic activity.

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7.4,for a test or assay for determining the identity or quantity of a modified enzyme.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.7]    7.7Assay in which a label present is an apoenzyme, prosthetic group, or enzyme cofactor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which a label is present in the assay and is an apoenzyme, prosthetic group or enzyme cofactor.
(1) Note. See subclass 7.1 for the definition of label.
(2) Note. An enzyme cofactor is a nonprotein substance whose presence is required for an enzyme to exhibit its catalytic activity and which undergoes a chemical change during the catalytic cycle of the enzyme involved. A coenzyme is a type of enzyme cofactor which is chemically modified in the course of the reaction catalyzed by the parent enzyme. Regeneration of the original form of the cofactor requires its participation in a separate reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme other than the parent enzyme. A prosthetic group is an enzyme cofactor which is chemically modified in the course of the reaction catalyzed by the parent enzyme and is regenerated by a second reaction catalyzed by the parent enzyme. Prosthetic groups are bound to the protein portion of the parent enzyme, such protein portion being known as the apoenzyme and the catalytically active parent enzyme being known as the holoenzyme.
(3) Note. Prosthetic groups and Holoenzymes. In the list below, the prosthetic group (underlined) is first, follwed by the conjugated enzyme.
(a) flavine adenine, glutathione;
(b) dinucleotide (FAD), reductase (human erythrocytes);
(c) flavin mononucleotide (FMN), cytochrome reductase (yeast);
(d) FMN, NADPH: oxidoreductase ("old yellow enzyme");
(e) FAD, glucose oxidase (Aspergillus niger);
(f) FAD, lipoamide dehydrogenase;
(g) FMN , pyridoxine phosphate oxidase;
(h) heme, peroxidase (horseradish);
(i) heme , cytochrome C.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.71]    7.71Assay in which a label present is an enzyme inhibitor or functions to alter enzyme activity:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which a label is present in the assay and is an enzyme inhibitor or otherwise functions to alter the function of the enzyme present in the analysis.

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7.1,for the definition of label.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.72]    7.72Assay in which a label present is an enzyme substrate or substrate analogue:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which a label is present in the assay and is an enzyme substrate or substrate analogue.

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7.1,for the definition of label.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.8]    7.8Involving nonmembrane bound receptor binding or protein binding other than antigen-antibody binding:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which the measurement or test includes nonmembrane bound receptor binding or ligand-receptor binding other than antigen-antibody binding.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for enzyme-inhibitor binding where the inhibitor is not a label, binding to soluble or nonmembrane bound receptors or transport proteins, etc. Specific examples include thyroxine-thyroxine binding globulin, B12-intrinsic factor, cortisol-transcortin, lectin-carbohydrate, etc.

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7.71,for an assay where an enzyme inhibitor is present as a label.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.9]    7.9Assay in which an enzyme present is a label:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Subject matter in which an enzyme present is a label in the assay.

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7.1,for the definition of label.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.91]    7.91Enzyme produces product which is part of another reaction system (e.g., cyclic reaction, cascade reaction, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.9.  Subject matter in which the enzyme label produces a product which is part of another reaction system.
(1) Note. The reaction system may be chemical or enzymatic.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.92]    7.92Heterogeneous or solid phase assay system (e.g., ELISA, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.9.  Subject matter in which the assay system requires at least one separation step which allows differentiation of reacted from unreacted material or requires that at least one of the immunochemicals in the system be bound to an insoluble support material.

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174+,for carrier-bound or immobilized enzymes.
188,for enzyme conjugates.

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436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   subclasses 518+ for immunoassays, not including Class 435 subject matter, wherein a solid phase carrier is utilized.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.93]    7.93Competitive assay:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.92.  Subject matter in which the heterogeneous or solid phase assay involves competitive binding of immunologically similar or identical compounds.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.94]    7.94Sandwich assay:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.92.  Subject matter in which the heterogeneous or solid phase assay involves the binding of polyvalent analyte antigen to an antibody and a labeled antibody to obtain a measurable antibody-antigen-antibody complex; alternatively, a second unlabeled antibody and a third labeled anti-antibody can be reacted with the antigen-antibody complex to obtain a measurable result.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 7.95]    7.95Indirect assay:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.92.  Subject matter in which the heterogeneous or solid phase assay involves the binding of antigen with analyte antibody and a labeled anti-antibody thereby forming a complex.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 8]    8Involving luciferase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains luciferase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains luciferase.
(1) Note. Firefly extract or firefly lantern extract contains luciferase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 9]    9Geomicrobiological testing (e.g., for petroleum, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the measurement or test is for the presence or absence of mineral deposits or for the presence of microorganisms which thrive in the presence of such minerals.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for detection of underground deposits of petroleum or natural gas.

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73, Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 152.02+ for well logging, per se, wherein the logging is not determined by making a purely electrical measurement or a purely magnetic measurement.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 10]    10Involving uric acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains uric acid or the agent used for the measurement or test contains uric acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 11]    11Involving cholesterol:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains cholesterol or the agent used for the measurement or test contains cholesterol.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 12]    12Involving urea or urease:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains urea or urease or the agent used for the measurement or test contains urea or urease.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 13]    13Involving blood clotting factor (e.g., involving thrombin, thromboplastin, fibrinogen, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a blood clotting factor or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a blood clotting factor.

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73, Measuring and Testing,   subclass 64.41 for apparatus used for testing the ability of blood to clot.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 14]    14Involving glucose or galactose:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains glucose or galactose or the agent used for the measurement or test contains glucose or galactose.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 15]    15Involving transferase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a transferase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a transferase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 16]    16Involving transaminase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Subject matter subclass where the material to be measured or tested contains a transaminase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a transaminase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 17]    17Involving creatine phosphokinase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains creatine phosphokinase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains creatine phosphokinase.
(1) Note. Creatine Phosphokinase is also known as creatine kinase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 18]    18Involving hydrolase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a hydrolase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a hydrolase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 19]    19Involving esterase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains an esterase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains an esterase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 20]    20Involving cholinesterase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 19.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase or the agent used for the measurement or tests contains cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 21]    21Involving phosphatase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 19.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a phosphatase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a phosphatase.
(1) Note. Phosphatase includes all of the phosphoric monoester hydrolases (ICE classification 3.1.3) including the phytases and the nucleotidases.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 22]    22Involving amylase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains amylase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains amylase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 23]    23Involving proteinase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains proteinase (endopeptidase) or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a proteinase (endopeptidase).
(1) Note. Enzymes included in this subclass are trypsin, pepsin, ficin, bromelin, papain, renin.
(2) Note. Where the hydrolytic activity of an enzyme on a protein or polypeptide is unclear it should be presumed to be an endopeptidase, classifiable in subclass 23.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 24]    24Involving peptidase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a peptidase (exopeptidase) or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a peptidase (exopeptidase).
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 25]    25Involving oxidoreductase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains an oxidoreductase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains an oxidoreductase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 26]    26Involving dehydrogenase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 25.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains a dehydrogenase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a dehydrogenase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 27]    27Involving catalase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 25.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains catalase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains catalase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 28]    28Involving peroxidase:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 25.  Subject matter where the material to be measured or tested contains peroxidase or the agent used for the measurement or test contains peroxidase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 29]    29Involving viable microorganism:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject matter where the material to be tested contains a microorganism or the agent used for the measurement or test contains a microorganism.
(1) Note. A microorganism for the purposes of this subclass includes actinomycetates, unicellular algae, bacteria, fungi (including yeast), plant cells, and animal cells.
(2) Note. If there is no clear disclosure as to whether the microorganism or cell is viable or nonliving, it shall be presumed to be viable and therefore appropriate for this or the indented subclasses. However, due to the uncertainty of the viability of the microorganism or cell, placement of a cross reference in the most appropriate place in this class, subclasses 40.5+ for nonliving microorganisms or cells is strongly recommended.

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40.5+,for measuring or testing processes involving fixed or stabilized nonliving microorganisms, cells, or tissues.

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8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclass 94.11 for reactive treatment of biological specimens as by a bleach or dye.
250, Radiant Energy,   for methods and apparatus for detecting radiant energy.
427, Coating Processes,   subclasses 2.1+ for coating a biological specimen for a medical test and when not provided for in Class 435.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 30]    30Methods of sampling or inoculating or spreading a sample; methods of physically isolating an intact microorganism:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Processes in which (a) a series of sampling steps are claimed in which a sample containing a microorganism is separated or recovered from a larger body of material before or while performing a measurement or test, or (b) a sample is brought into contact with a measuring or testing media to result in a particular geometric pattern or at a particular varying flow rate.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for sampling when claimed by a series of sampling process steps, i.e., not sampling by name only.
(2) Note. This subclass provides for applying the sample in a particularly claimed varying flow rate or pattern or path other than merely a single straight line.
(3) Note. Mere nonpattern applications such as dipping or spaying is not included herein.
(4) Note. Included in this subclass is a test or measurement which includes a swab streaking procedure or centrifugal density separation step.

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243,for sampling, inoculating, spreading a sample or physical isolation of samples which are not claimed as part of a test.
292,for inoculation and sampling apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 31]    31Testing for sterility condition:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Subject matter wherein the efficacy of a prior step intended to destroy living organisms is assessed by attempting to culture a microorganism which has been exposed to such treatment and determining subsequent growth or by exposing an enzyme to such treatment and subsequently testing for enzymatic activity.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass is the use of a living microorganism as the test agent or the use of enzymes which simulate the living microorganism"s ability to survive as a test agent.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 32]    32Testing for antimicrobial activity of a material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Subject matter where the in vitro ability of a material to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms is determined.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for (a) a determination of the sensitivity of a microorganism to known antibiotics, and (b) determining the presence or amount of an antibiotic or toxicant in a sample.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 33]    33Using multifield media:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Subject matter where the test field contains more than one zone or area.
(1) Note. Zones or areas can contain different concentrations of the same antibiotic or different antibiotics and are generally separated by an identifiable boundary.
(2) Note. Media as used in this subclass includes culture media which sustains growth and medias which kill or inhibit certain microorganisms.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 34]    34Determining presence or kind of microorganism; use of selective media:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Subject matter where the presence of or identity of a microorganism is determined.
(1) Note. Included herein are test media that contains chemicals which change or remain unchanged in color or other physical appearance due to the action of or the absence of action of the microorganisms on the test media.
(2) Note. This subclass includes but is not restricted to testing of biological samples.
(3) Note. Test media includes culture media plus a chromosphere.
(4) Note. This subclass includes determining the metabolic character of a microorganism, i.e., the production or consumption of a particular metabolite.

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32,and 33, for similar process used to test for antimicrobial sensitivity.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 35]    35Using radioactive material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Subject matter where the test media contains an assimilable radioactive labeled compound.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 36]    36Streptococcus; staphylococcus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Subject matter where the microorganisms involved are Streptococcus or Staphylococcus or the agent is specific for indicating the presence or absence of Streptococcus or Staphylococcus.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 37]    37Nitrate to nitrite reducing bacteria:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Subject matter where the microorganisms involved are nitrite forming bacteria or the agent is specific for indicating the presence or absence of nitrite forming bacteria.
(1) Note. It should be generally presumed that the presence of the nitrite is due to bacterial conversion of nitrate to nitrite.
(2) Note. Included here are detection of nitrite in materials, such as an indication of bacteria.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 38]    38Enterobacteria:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Subject matter where the microorganism involved is an enterobacteria or the agent is specific for indicating the presence or absence of enterobacteria.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 39]    39Quantitative determination:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Subject matter where the number or concentration of living microorganisms in the material is found.
(1) Note. The identity of the microorganism is not necessarily known.
(2) Note. Included herein are tests for the purity of water.

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359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   for the use of an optical element such as a lens of a microscope for magnification for counting particles such as bacteria colonies one by one.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 40]    40Using multifield media:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Subject matter which uses a test substrate that has more than one test zone or area.
(1) Note. Zones or areas can contain different concentrations of the same antibiotic or different antibiotic and are generally separated by an identifiable boundary.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 40.5]    40.5Involving fixed or stabilized, nonliving microorganism, cell, or tissue (e.g., processes of staining, stabilizing, dehydrating, etc.; compositions used therefore, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Subject where the material to be tested contains fixed or stabilized, nonliving microorganisms, cells, or tissues or the agent used for the measurement or test contains fixed or stabilized, nonliving microorganisms, cells, or tissues.
(1) Note. If there is no clear disclosure as to whether the microorganism or cell is nonliving or viable, it shall be presumed to be viable and therefore appropriate for this class, subclasses 29+. However, due to the uncertainty of the viability of the microorganism or cell, placement of a cross reference in this or the indented subclasses is strongly recommended.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclasses are intended to take compositions used to aid in the microscopic study (e.g., light, scanning or transmission electron microscopy, etc.) of microorganisms, cells, and tissues such as those used for staining, clarifying, firming, fixing, or dehydrating a microorganism, cell, or tissue for microscopic examination as well as the methods for preparing the microorganisms, cells, and tissues for examination and the processes of examining them not specifically provided for elsewhere.
(3) Note. Fixation or stabilization of the microorganisms, cells, or tissues on a slide may involve merely air drying rather than a chemical fixation process.
(4) Note. Subject matter involving the staining of microorganisms, cells, or tissues specifically and only for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA, etc.) with stains such as Feulgen stain or acridine orange is proper for this class, subclass 6. Subject matter involving microorganisms, cells, or tissues stained with a composition providing contrasting stains for the cell nucleus and cytoplasm (e.g., hematoxylin, eosin, etc.) is proper for this or the indented subclasses.

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6,for measuring or testing processes or compositions therefore involving nucleic acid, nucleotide, or nucleoside which includes processes of staining microorganisms, cells, or tissues via in situ nucleic acid hybridization.
7.1+,for test methods or compositions therefore involving the staining of microorganisms, cells, or tissue with labelled antibodies, ligands, or receptors.
14+,for test methods or compositions therefore involving the staining of microorganisms, cells, or tissues for endogenous enzyme activity.
29+,for test methods or compositions therefore involving the staining of microorganisms, cells, or tissues with vital stains; methods or compositions involving the microscopic observation of live microorganisms or cells; methods or compositions involving the counting of intact, live microorganisms or cells not provided for elsewhere.

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8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 94.1+ for treatment of hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues, e.g., tanning, particularly subclass 94.11 pertaining to treatment of subcutaneous or internal tissues of animals, e.g., the production of sutures, racket strings, etc., from gut and various subclasses for compositions for dying materials of any kind which may contain a microorganism or enzyme.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   appropriate subclass for a process of mounting a specimen by a lamination process which process may or may not include the step of staining, clarifying, firming or fixing the tissue; and subclass 57 for the combination of coating a biological specimen and then interposing the coated specimen between glass plates.
250, Radiant Energy,   for methods and apparatus for detecting radiant energy not classified elsewhere.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing,   for methods and apparatus for analyzing light, determining the optical or nonoptical properties of materials, measuring optically dimensions, determining optically spatial relations and inspecting optically for flaws and imperfections within the scope of this class and not otherwise classifiable. This includes visual counting of blood particles, etc. with a scale or spacer to aid the eye, counting and sizing particles with visible light by statistical analysis procedures rather than one by one numerical particle counting, etc.
359, Optics: Systems (Including communication) and Elements,   for microscopes and microscope slides.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems,   for a numerical counting means for counting and/or sizing discrete particles such as blood particles or bacteria colonies one at a time.
424, Drug, Bio-affecting and Body Treating Composition,   subclass 75 for an embalming and undertaking composition.
427, Coating Processes,   subclasses 2+ for coating processes wherein a medical or dental product is produced and subclass 4 for processes of coating a plant member or animal specimen.
434, Education and Demonstration,   subclasses 295+ for method, apparatus or product related to teaching and pertinent to biology and taxidermy, including models, cells, mounting and preserving means, processes and taxidermy devices.
436, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclass 10 for particle count standards or controls such as platelet count standards; subclass 521 for fixed or stabilized red blood cells used as an insoluble carrier for immunochemicals (e.g., hemagglutination, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 40.51]    40.51Involving a monolayer, smear or suspension of microorganisms or cells:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 40.5.  Subject where the fixed or stabilized, nonliving microorganisms or cells are in the form of a monolayer, smear, or a suspension.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass is subject matter in which the microorganisms or cells may be placed on a slide or other surface for histological or microscopic examination or may be automatically examined such as by flow cytometry.
(2) Note. Included in this subclass is subject matter involving blood cell smears; cells prepared for cytopathological analysis, e.g., analysis of cells that are spontaneously exfoliated, mechanically dislodged by irrigation, brushing, or scraping, or forcibly removed by needle aspiration (e.g., Pap smears, etc.); urine sediments, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 40.52]    40.52Involving tissue sections:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 40.5.  Subject matter wherein the fixed or stabilized, nonliving tissue is in the form of a tissue section.
(1) Note. Since tissues and organs are usually too thick for microscopic study, techniques have been developed which result in thin, translucent sections. Therefore, for the purpose of this subclass, tissue sections are tissues which have been sliced so that they may be microscopically observed.
(2) Note. Included in this subclass are all stages of tissue processing in the preparation for and examination of tissue sections, e.g., fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 41]    41MICROORGANISM, TISSUE CELL CULTURE, OR ENZYME USING PROCESS TO SYNTHESIZE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes wherein the product is synthesized by a biochemical transformation of matter, i.e., a transformation wherein the transforming agent is a microorganism, or an enzyme or an immobilized enzyme or an animal or plant cell culture or organelles.
(1) Note. microorganism for the purpose of this subclass includes bacteria, fungi (including yeast), virus, actinomycetales unicellular algae, plant cells, actinomycetales, and protozoa.
(2) Note. Synthesis for purposes of this subclass involves the preparation of a composition or compound which did not exist in the starting material, and does not include an ancillary operation wherein a material is chemically modified by an enzyme, cell bound free or immobilized, or microorganism or animal or plant cell so as to degrade or change the chemical structure thereof so that another material which is in initial intimate contact with the modified material can be recovered in a nonmodified form. See in particular, subclasses 262+ of this schedule for such liberation or purification processes.
(3) Note. As between Class 260 and this class (435) provide an original home for all synthesis which include action by a microorganism or enzyme.
(4) Note. Enzymes for the purpose of this subclass are polypeptides or proteins or material containing the same which are capable of chemically transforming matter, e.g., oxidation, etc., without undergoing a transformation itself.
(5) Note. Processes for producing an enzyme or microorganism are excluded herefrom and are found in subclasses 183+ and 243+.
(6) Note. Processes for the production of products in which the structure is not disclosed should be placed in this and the indented subclasses in the first appearing subclass which takes an identified constituent of the product. Should such a placement prove impossible, then placement is on the basis of the microorganism"s identity.

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204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for chemical processes including electrical or wave energy methods.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for the synthesis of carbon compounds by means not including a microorganism or enzyme.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for the synthesis of inorganic compounds or elements other than metals by means not including the use of a microorganism or enzyme.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   for fermentation processes that are solely disclosed or claimed in preparing an edible, and for mixtures of enzymes or ferments solely disclosed or claimed as edible or used in preparation of an edible. Class 426 provides for compositions and processes of preparation relating to compositions which have the capacity to ferment and produce an edible, but which are claimed as being in an inactive state, and also provides for compositions which are undergoing a fermentation to produce an edible product.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 42]    42Process involving microorganisms of different genera in the same process, simultaneously:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein microorganisms of different genera are simultaneously propagated on the same culture media.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 43]    43Preparing compound having a 1- thia- 4- aza-bicyclo (3.2.0) heptane ring system (e.g., penicillin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a 1-thia-4-aza-bicyclo (3.2.0) heptane polycyclic ring system, i.e.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 43

(1) Note. The media of the processes included in subclass 45 must contain the 1-thia-4-aza-bicyclo heptane ring system compound.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 44]    44By desacylation of the substituent in 6-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is prepared by the hydrolysis of an acetyl group in the 6-position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 45]    45By acylation of the substituent in 6-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is prepared by substituting an acyl group in the 6-position.
(1) Note. The media of the processes included herein must contain the 1-thia- 4-aza-bicyclo heptane ring system compound.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 46]    46In presence of phenyl acetic acid or phenyl acetamide or their derivatives:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Processes wherein phenyl acetic acid or substituted phenyl acetic acid or salts thereof or phenyl acetamide or substituted phenyl acetamide or salts thereof is present during the synthesis.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 47]    47Preparing compound having a 1 -thia -5- aza-bicyclo (4.2.0) octane ring system (e.g., cephalosporin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a 1-thia-5-aza-bicyclo (4.2.0) octane polycyclic ring system, i.e.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 47

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 48]    48Di-substituted in 7-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes wherein the polycyclic ring system synthesized contains two substituents other than hydrogen in the 7-position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 49]    49Cephalosporin C:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes wherein the product contains 7-(D-5-amino-5-carboxy valer-amido)-3-(hydroxy methyl)-8- oxo - 1 -thia-5-aza-bicyclo (4.2.0) -oct -3 -ene -3-carboxylic acid acetate, i.e.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 49

(1) Note. For purposes of this subclass, derivatives include only metal and ammonium salts.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 50]    50By acylation of the substituent in the 7-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is prepared by amide bond formation, present with the nitrogen attached at the 7-position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 51]    51By desacylation of the substituent in the 7-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is prepared by cleaving the amide bond with the nitrogen attached to the 7-position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 52]    52Preparing compound containing a cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene nucleus; nor-, homo-, or D-ring lactone derivatives thereof:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a cyclopentanophenanthrene ring system, i.e., or the nor or homo or D-ring lactone derivatives.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 52

(1) Note. The phenanthrene ring system contains more hydrogen than is present in phenanthrene.
(2) Note. Common atoms of two rings are considered to belong to the rightmost ring.
(3) Note. Homo derivatives wherein the D-ring is expanded to 6-carbons such as in Hellebrin are found here.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 53]    53Containing heterocyclic ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Processes wherein the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring system synthesized contains an additional ring which is a hetero ring.
(1) Note. The hetero ring may be fused or bridged with the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring system.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 54]    54Acting on D-ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is formed by biochemical transformation within the D-ring.
(1) Note. The hetero ring may be fused or bridged with the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring system.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 55]    55Acting at 17-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 54.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is formed by biochemical transformation at the 17-position.
(1) Note. This subclass includes cleavage of the 17-side chain with the formation of keto or hydroxyl groups at the cleaved position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 56]    56Hydroxylating at 17-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 55.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has a hydroxyl group at the 17-position and is formed by the addition of an oxygen atom to the pendant hydrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 57]    57Hydroxylating at 16-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 54.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has a hydroxyl group at the 16-position and is formed by the addition of oxygen to the ring pendant hydrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 58]    58Hydroxylating:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Processes wherein a carbon atom on the substrate nucleus is hydroxylated by the addition of oxygen to the ring pendant hydrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 59]    59At 11-position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 58.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has a hydroxyl group formed at the 11-position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 60]    60At 11 alpha position:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 59.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has a hydroxyl group formed at the 11 Alpha position.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 61]    61Dehydrogenating; dehydroxylating:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is produced by the removal from the nucleus of a pair of hydrogen atoms creating an unsaturated bond or the product is synthesized by removal or addition of a hydroxyl group.
(1) Note. The mere shifting of unsaturated bonds from adjacent positions such as from the 5, 6 position to the 4, 5 position is not a dehydrogenation.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 62]    62Forming an aryl ring from "A" ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 61.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains an aromatic "A" ring which is formed by dehydrogenation.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 63]    63Preparing compound containing a prostaglandin nucleus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a five membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having at least one oxygen atom directly bound to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly bound to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having at least one oxygen atom bound in position to the ring, i.e., prostaglandins having the structure,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 63

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 64]    64Preparing compound other than saccharide containing a tetracycline nucleus (e.g., naphthacene, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a naphthacene ring system (i.e., see figure below) and nonsaccharide ring unsaturated derivatives thereof.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 64

(1) Note. Tetracyclines are properly classified here.
(2) Note. Saccharide derivatives are excluded herefrom.

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78,for saccharide derivatives.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 65]    65Preparing compound other than saccharide containing a gibberellin nucleus (i.e., gibbane):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains other than the saccharide.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 65

(1) Note. Gibberellic acid and gibberellins are properly classified here.
(2) Note. Saccharide derivatives are excluded herefrom.

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78,for saccharide derivatives.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 66]    66Preparing compound other than saccharide containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains an alloxazine or isoalloxazine ring system, e.g., and is not a saccharide.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 66

(1) Note. Riboflavin is not considered a saccharide derivative for the purpose of this subclass and is therefore provided for here.
(2) Note. Saccharide derivatives are excluded herefrom.

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72+,for saccharide derivatives of these compounds.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 67]    67Preparing compound containing a carotene nucleus (i.e., carotene):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains either the first or second structures below.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 67

Image 2 for class 435 subclass 67

(1) Note. Carotenoids having a cyclic group are properly classified here.
(2) Note. Structures above can be partially hydrogenated such as Phytofluene.

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166,for the acyclic carotenoid, lycopene.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 68.1]    68.1Enzymatic production of a protein or polypeptide (e.g., enzymatic hydrolysis, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the enzymatically produced product is a high molecular weight polypeptide of alpha amino acids or consists of two or more amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for peptones which are the result of partial protein hydrolysis.
(2) Note. A peptide bond is defined as an amide linkage between two amino acid residues.

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106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for protein containing coating or plastic compositions, particularly subclasses 4 , 31.24, 31.57, 31.82, 31.94, 124+, 645+ and indented subclasses.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 63 , 92, 105, 211, and 212 for edible protein compositions or products and related process involving the same.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 474.4+ for a nonstructural stock material product in the form of a composite web or sheet including a layer comprising protein, and other appropriately titled subclasses (e.g., subclasses 435 and 458).
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins, Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 300 and 345 for peptides and reaction products thereof; subclasses 350 to 427 for proteins and the reaction products thereof; and cross-reference art collections 800 through 859 for antigenic peptides or proteins, methods of immobilizing peptides or proteins, and the source materials from which peptides or proteins are isolated.
536, Organic Compounds,   appropriate subclasses, for nucleic acids and processes of chemical synthesis thereof.
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence,   subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequence of four or more amino acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.1]    69.1Recombinant DNA technique included in method of making a protein or polypeptide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes which involve the use of recombinant DNA techniques in a process of synthesis of a protein or polypeptide.
(1) Note. An example of the subject matter in this subclass is a process of producing a polypeptide which includes the alteration of the genetic structure of a cell by use of recombinant DNA techniques.
(2) Note. See this class, subclass 68.1 for the definition of polypeptide or protein.

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440+,for processes using recombinant DNA techniques to alter the genetic structure of a living microorganism.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 808 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
800, Multicellular Living Organisms and Unmodified Parts Thereof and Related Processes,   subclasses 4+ for a method of using a living transgenic nonhuman animal to manufacture a protein which is to be isolated or extracted from the animal.
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence,   subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequence of four or more amino acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.2]    69.2Enzyme inhibitors or activators:
 Processes under subclasses 69.1 wherein the product synthesized is an enzyme inhibitor or activator which is a protein or polypeptide.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are the cloning and expression of antagonists to enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis.

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106,through 116 and 183-234, for enzyme inhibitors employed in the production of amino acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.3]    69.3Antigens:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is claimed or solely disclosed as functioning as an antigen.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are cloning and expression of all polypeptide antigens (e.g., viral subunit antigens).

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7.1+,for antigens involved in an enzyme immunoassay.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 184.1+ for compositions of that class which contain antigens.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   subclasses 543 through 546for antigens used as a testing material in an in vitro test.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides, or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 806 and 807 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.4]    69.4Hormones or fragments thereof:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a hormone or a part of a hormone.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are cloning and expression of polypeptide hormones (e.g., mammalion growth stimulating hormones).

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 399 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.5]    69.5Lymphokines or monokines:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a lymphokine or monokine.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are cloning and expression of interferon, interleukin, lymphotoxin, or tumor necrosis factor.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 85 for bioactive compositions containing interferon.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 351 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.51]    69.51Interferons:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.5.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an interferon.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 85 for compositions of that class containing interferon.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 21 for compositions of that class containing interferon.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 351 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.52]    69.52Interleukins:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.5.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an interleukin.

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514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 21 for compositions of that class containing an interleukin.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 351 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.6]    69.6Blood proteins:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a blood protein.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are cloning and expression of polypeptide of immunoglobulin origin.

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70.4,for processes including the culture of blood cells.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 85.1+ for composition of that class containing a blood protein.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 2+ for compositions of that class containing a blood protein.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 380 through 394for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.7]    69.7Fusion proteins or polypeptides:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a fusion protein or fusion polypeptide.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are the cloning and expression of a fused polypeptide (e.g., tribrid protein).

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 300+ for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.8]    69.8Signal sequence (e.g., beta-galactosidase, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.1.  Process wherein the product synthesized is a protein or polypeptide with a signal sequence such as beta-galactosidase.

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183,through 234, for enzymatic signal sequences.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 300+ for the product produced by the processes of this subclass which includes fused polypeptides.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 69.9]    69.9Yeast derived:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 69.8.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a protein or polypeptide with a yeast derived signal sequence.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are cloning and expression of polypeptides attached to a yeast signal sequence (e.g., alpha-amylose).

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183,through 234, for enzymatic signal sequence of yeast.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 300+ for the product produced by the processes of this subclass which include fused polypeptides.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.1]    70.1Using tissue cell culture to make a protein or polypeptide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein an in vitro tissue cell culture is used to produce a protein or polypeptide.
(1) Note. An example of the subject matter included in this subclass is use of a plant or animal cell culture to produce polypeptides.
(2) Note. See this class, subclass 68.1 for the definition of polypeptide or protein.

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325+,for the culture of animal cells absent the production of a protein or polypeptide product.

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930, Peptide or Protein Sequence,   subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequence of four or more amino acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.2]    70.2Fused or hybrid cells:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 70.1.  Processes wherein the product is synthesized by culture of fused or hybrid cells.
(1) Note. Fused or hybrid cells include those resulting from (a) the fusion of two cells, (b) the insertion of the nucleus or chromosone of one cell into another or (c) the treatment of a cell with an immortalizing agent which results in a cell which will proliferate in long-term culture.
(2) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this and the indented subclass are use of lymphoblastoid hybridoma cells to produce peptide hormones (e.g., insulin, calcitonin, growth hormone, etc.) or monoclonal anti-bodies or use of cells transformed with a virus or oncogene to produce a cell line which will proliferate and produce proteins or polypeptides in long term culture.

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326+,for fused or hybrid animal cells, per se, which express immunoglobulin, antibody, or fragment thereof.
346,for fused or hybrid cell, per se.
373,through 403, for various processes of culturing animal cells.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 303 , 307, 399, for the product produced by the processes of this subclass which includes insulin, calcitonin, and hormones.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.21]    70.21Producing monoclonal antibody:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 70.21.  Processes wherein the product synthesized by the fused or hybrid cell is a monoclonal antibody.
(1) Note. Subject matter in this subclass includes production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma cells.

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7.1+,for use of monoclonal antibodies in testing methods involving a microorganism or enzyme.
326+,for fused or hybrid animal cells, per se, which express immunoglobulin, antibody, or fragment thereof. 373 through 403, for various processes of culturing animal cells.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 131.1+ for bio-affecting compositions containing monoclonal antibodies.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   subclass 548 for monoclonal antibodies used in a process of immunoassay.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 387.2+ for the product produced by the processes of this subclass and subclass 413 for the process of using monoclonal antibody to separate a protein.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.3]    70.3Animal tissue cell culture:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 70.2.  Processes wherein the protein or polypeptide product synthesized is derived from the culture of animal tissue cells.
(1) Note. The term tissue cells is intended to differentiate cells cultivated as a contiguous mass as opposed to individual cells or fused cells.

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326,through 372.3, for animal cells, per se.
373,through 403, for techniques of culturing animal cells.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 95+ for medicinal compositions containing animal cell extracts.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 21 for medicinal compositions produced by or extracted from animal tissue containing a peptide.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 350+ , for proteins, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.4]    70.4Blood (lymphoid) cell culture:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 70.3.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is produced by culture of blood cells.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are interleukins produced by culture of blood cells.

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69.5,for processes of producing lymphokines or monokines through use of recombinant DNA techniques.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 351 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 70.5]    70.5Producing interferons:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 70.4.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an interferon.

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69.51,for processes of producing interferon through use of recombinant DNA techniques.

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424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 85 for compositions of that class containing interferon.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclass 351 for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 71.1]    71.1Using a microorganism to make a protein or polypeptide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein a protein or peptide synthesized is produced by a culture of a microorganism.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are eucaryotic antibiotics.
(2) Note. See this class subclass 68.1 for the definition of polypeptide or protein.

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243,through 261, for process of culturing microorganisms and for microorganisms, per se.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Therefore,   subclasses 820+ for the product produced by the process of this subclass.
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence,   subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequence of four or more amino acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 71.2]    71.2Procaryotic microorganism:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1.  Processes wherein the microorganism is procaryotic.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter included in this subclass are bacterial antigens and periplasmic proteins.

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252.1+,for process of culture of bacteria and for bacteria, per se.

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530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 820+ for the product produced by the processes of this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 71.3]    71.3Antibiotic or toxin:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 71.2.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an antibiotic or toxin.
(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter in this subclass are procaryotic antibiotics (e.g., polymyxin).

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514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclasses 2+ for compositions of that class containing an antibiotic or toxin which is a protein or polypeptide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 72]    72Preparing compound containing saccharide radical:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a saccharide or polysaccharide, the monomeric units of which contain at least five-carbon atoms, or their reaction products wherein the carbon skeleton of the saccharide or polysaccharide of the unit is not destroyed.
(1) Note. Included herein is cellulose, derivatized cellulose, starch, derivatized starch, sugars, lignins, tannins, o-glycosides, n-glycosides, and s-glycosides.
(2) Note. Processes wherein the product synthesized is a degradation product which contains fewer than five-carbon atoms are not provided for in this subclass but are provided for in an appropriate subclass below.

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137,for sugar acids.
158+,for sugar alcohols.
262,for processes of liberation or purification of carbohydrates using a biochemical reaction.

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127, Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates,   for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates including their conversion to sugar by means other than a microorganism or enzyme. Class 127 will provide for such processes using an enzyme or microorganism only where the hydrolysis by microorganism or enzyme is followed by steps of concentration, purification, or treatment (such as crystallization) to make a sugar or syrup.
536, Organic Compounds,   for the chemical manufacture or synthesis of sugar or carbohydrates by a process other than hydrolysis and the rearrangement of one carbohydrate to form another carbohydrate by means other than a microorganism or enzyme. Search subclasses 22.1+ for N-glycosides (e.g., nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides) and more specifically subclasses 23.1+ for fragments of RNA or DNA which could have utility as genes in recombinant processes and subclasses 26.4+ for vitamin B-12 and its derivatives.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 73]    73Preparing S-glycoside (e.g, lincomycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a thioacetal derivative of a cyclic form of sugar in which the hydrogen atom of the hemithioacetal sulfhydryl group has been replaced by an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group.
(1) Note. An S-glycoside is a compound having a sugar moiety connected to an aglycone moiety via a sulfur.
(2) Note. The aglycone is a nonsaccharide material, e.g., benzene, indoxyl, anthracene, etc.
(3) Note. On complete hydrolysis S-glycosides yield one or more monosaccharides, and a mono or a polyhydric thiol or thiol phenol.
(4) Note. The cyclic sugars referred to in the definitions are normally pyranoses or furanoses.
(5) Note. Gyclosides derived from aldoses are referred to as aldosides, and those from ketoses are ketosides.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 74]    74Preparing O-glycoside (e.g, glucosides, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acetal derivative of a cyclic form of sugars in which the hydrogen atom of the hemiacetal hydroxyl has been replaced by an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group.
(1) Note. An O-glycoside is a compound having a sugar moiety connected to an aglycone moiety via oxygen.
(2) Note. The aglycone is a nonsaccharide material, e.g., benzene, indoxyl, anthracene, etc.
(3) Note. On complete hydrolysis O-glycosides yield one or more monosaccharides, and a mono or polyhydric alcohol or phenol.
(4) Note. The cyclic sugars referred to in the definitions are normally pyranoses or furanoses.
(5) Note. Glycosides derived from aldoses are referred to as aldosides, and those from ketoses are ketosides.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 75]    75Oxygen of the saccharide radical is directly bonded to a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring or a fused- or bridged-ring system which contains a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring (e.g., coumermycin, novobiocin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 74.  Processes wherein a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring or a fused or bridged- ring system which contains a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring is attached to an oxygen of the saccharide radical, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 75

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 76]    76The hetero ring has eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms (e.g., erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 75.  Processes wherein the nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring has eight or more ring members and only oxygen as the ring heteroatom, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 76

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 77]    77Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is directly linked through only acyclic carbon atoms to a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring (e.g., bleomycin, phleomycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 74.  Processes wherein the Heterocyclic ring is directly linked to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly through only acyclic carbon atoms, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 77

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 78]    78Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is directly bonded to a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings (e.g., dauomycin, adriamycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 74.  Processes wherein a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings is directly bonded to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 78

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 79]    79Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is bonded to a cyclohexyl radical (e.g., kasugamycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 74.  Processes wherein a cyclohexyl radical is bonded to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 79

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 80]    80Cyclohexyl radical is substituted by two or more nitrogen atoms (e.g., destomycin, neamin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 79.  Processes wherein two or more nitrogen atoms are attached to the cyclohexyl radical, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 80

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 81]    81Cyclohexyl radical is attached directly to a nitrogen atom of two or more N-C(=N)-N radicals (e.g., streptomycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 80.  Processes wherein nitrogen atoms of two or more N-C(=N)-N radicals are bonded to the cyclohexyl radical, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 81

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 82]    82Having two saccharide radicals bonded through only oxygen to adjacent ring carbons of the cyclohexyl radical (e.g., ambutyrosin, ribostamycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 80.  Processes wherein the cyclohexyl radical is separately, independently bonded to two or more oxygen atoms of saccharide radicals at adjacent ring carbons, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 82

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 83]    83Containing three or more saccharide radicals (e.g., liquidomycin, neomycin, lividomycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 82.  Processes wherein the cyclohexyl radical is bonded directly or indirectly to three or more saccharide radicals, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 83

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 84]    84Preparing nitrogen-containing saccharide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has a nitrogen-containing group bonded to a chain carbon of the saccharide or polysaccharide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 85]    85N-glycoside:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a glycosidic derivative of the cyclic forms of saccharides or polysaccharides in which the aglycone portion is attached through nitrogen to the saccharide moiety by substituting it for the hemiacetal hydroxyl of the sugar.
(1) Note. The aglycone can be noncyclic.
(2) Note. N-glycosides in which the aglycone is purine or pyrimidine in which the ring structure is intact are provided for in subclasses 87 and 89. Compounds such as those below are not considered to be within this meaning and thus, are here in subclass 85

6-azauracil riboside

6-azauracil riboside

or 8-azaguanine riboside

or 8-azaguanine riboside

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 86]    86Cobalamin (i.e., vitamin B12,LLD factor):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 85.  Processes wherein the product synthesized has the following structure:

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 86

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 87]    87Nucleoside:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 85.  Processes wherein the nitrogen is part of a purine or pyrimidine or a substituted purine or pyrimidine ring and the product synthesized does not contain phosphorus.
(1) Note. Substituted purine or pyrimidine includes only those derivatives which are substituted on rather than in the respective ring positions, (i.e., the structures below) is present in the structure. The internal ring bonding may be altered by tautomerism or by the addition of substituents without excluding a compound from this subclass.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 87

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 88]    88Having a fused ring containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same ring (e.g., purine nucleosides, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 87.  Processes wherein the nitrogen is part of a purine or substituted purine ring.
(1) Note. See subclass 17, Note (1) for a definition of substituted.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 89]    89Nucleotide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 85.  Processes wherein the nitrogen is part of a purine or pyrimidine or a substituted purine or pyrimidine ring and the compound additionally contains a phosphoric acid residue esterified to one of the hydroxyl groups of a saccharide moiety.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 90]    90Dinucleotide (e.g., NAD, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 89.  Processes wherein the product contains only two nucleotides joined through esterified phosphoric acid residues.
(1) Note. See subclass 87, Note (1) for definition of the term substituted.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.1]    91.1Polynucleotide (e.g., nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 89.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is (see image below) where "n" is a whole number greater than 2, R" is H or OH, and R is purine or pyrimidine or a substituted purine or pyrimidine.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 91.1

(1) Note. The two purines, adenine and guanine, are found in both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The pyrimidine cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA while the pyrimidine thymine is found only in DNA and the pyrimidine uracil appears only in RNA.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclasses are intended to include processes wherein the polynucleotide synthesized did not exist as such in the starting material. The synthesized material may be entirely different from the starting material, or it may have a substituted, deleted, or added nucleotide or nucleotides.
(3) Note. Substituted purine or pyrimidine includes only those derivatives which are substituted on, rather than in the respective ring positions.
(4) Note. If the disclosure is unclear as to what kind of polynucleotide is being made (i.e., RNA or DNA) the subject matter should be classified in the first appearing appropriate subclass for either RNA or DNA and cross-referenced to other appropriate subclasses for RNA or DNA. Unless the subject matter is directed to an acellular amplification process, synthesis of RNA is intended for subclasses 91.3+.

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91.3+,for processes wherein the product synthesized contains only ribonucleotide monomers.
270,for methods of removing nucleic acid from intact or disrupted cells by the use of an enzyme or microorganism.

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536, Organic Compounds,   subclasses 22.1+ for nucleic acids, per se, and for methods of making nucleic acids which do not involve use of an enzyme or microorganism in the process.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.2]    91.2Acellular exponential or geometric amplification (e.g., PCR, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.1.  Processes which result in a geometric or exponential increase in the number of copies of a nucleotide sequence or sequences, rather than an arithmetic increase which occurs in the making of a single complementary copy of a nucleotide, wherein such processes take place without the involvement of viruses, eukaryotic cells, or prokaryotic cells.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is an in vitro DNA amplification system that uses repeated cycles of oligonucleotide-directed DNA synthesis to selectively generate multiple copies of a specific DNA segment. It involves repeated cycles of (a) denaturation or strand displacement of the DNA, (b) annealing of two oligonucleotide primers that flank the DNA segment to be amplified, and (c) extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase.
(2) Note. Processes which result in an arithmetic increase in the number of copies of a nucleotide sequence, such as occurs in the making of a single complementary copy of a nucleotide sequence, are proper for subclasses 91.3+ if the nucleotide is a ribonucleotide and either subclass 91.1 or subclasses 91.5+, depending on the process details, if the nucleotide is other than a ribonucleotide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.21]    91.21Involving the making of multiple RNA copies:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.2.  Processes which result in a geometric or exponential, rather than an arithmetic increase in the number of copies of a ribonucleotide sequence or sequences.
(1) Note. Transcription amplification is included in this subclass.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.3]    91.3Polynucleotide contains only ribonucleotide monomers:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.1.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is (see image below): where "n" is a whole number greater than 2 and R is purine or pyrimidine or a substituted purine or pyrimidine.

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 91.3

(1) Note. The two purines, adenine and guanine, and the two pyrimidines, cytosine and uracil, are used in ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis.

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91.51,for acellular synthesis of RNA-DNA hybrid polynucleotides.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.31]    91.31Involving catalytic ribonucleic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.3.  Processes wherein a ribonucleic acid (RNA) acting as an enzyme is involved as a reactant in, or as a product of, a process of synthesizing a polynucleotide containing only ribonucleotide monomers.
(1) Note. Catalytic RNA is also called enzymatic RNA or ribozyme.
(2) Note. Catalytic RNA is RNA which can serve as an enzyme acting on other RNA molecules in vitro as a (a) dephosphorylase, (b) ribonucleotidyl-transferase, or (c) sequence-specific endoribonuclease.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.32]    91.32Prepared from virus, prokaryotic cell, or eukaryotic cell culturing process:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.3.  Processes wherein the desired RNA results from the culturing of a virus, prokaryote, or eukaryote.
(1) Note. A prokaryotic cell is one that lacks a defined nucleus. Generally, the cellular DNA is in the form of a single circular molecule not bounded by a membrane. The cell wall is rigid and it has few distinct organelles. Included in this group are bacteria and blue-green algae. A eukaryotic cell is one that has a nucleus defined by a nuclear membrane, which nucleus contains chromosomes that comprise the cell"s genome. Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled and include cells from plants, animals, fungi, and algae other than blue-green algae.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclass is intended to include processes wherein the virus, prokaryote, or eukaryote is a wild type, mutant, or recombinant.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.33]    91.33Involving virus:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.32.  Processes wherein a virus is involved in the production of the polyribonucleotide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.4]    91.4Modification or preparation of a recombinant DNA vector:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.1.  Processes involving the insertion, deletion, addition, or substitution of a nucleotide or nucleotides in an already existing vector or involving the creation of a new vector.
(1) Note. A vector is a DNA sequence (e.g., a plasmid, cosmid, a viral or phage DNA, etc.) which is able to replicate autonomously in a host cell.
(2) Note. Examples of processes intended for this and the indented subclasses include cleaving a plasmid followed by adding onto the plasmid a piece of nucleic acid and then ligating the plasmid; linearizing and then ligating two plasmids together; culturing cells and isolating vectors from them, etc.

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320.1,for vectors, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.41]    91.41By insertion or addition of one or more nucleotides:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.4.  Process involving the insertion of a nucleotide or a nucleotide sequence into a vector or onto the end of a vector wherein the result is a vector different from the starting vector.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.42]    91.42Involving deletion of a nucleotide or nucleotides from a vector:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.4.  Processes involving the removal of an unwanted nucleotide or nucleotide sequence from the vector structure wherein the result is a vector different from the starting vector.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.5]    91.5Acellular preparation of polynucleotide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.1.  Processes wherein the polynucleotide is prepared enzymatically (with no virus, eukaryotic cell, or prokaryotic cell involvement in the preparation step) which results in a new polynucleotide or a polynucleotide different from the starting polynucleotide.
(1) Note. Viral or cellular involvement, prior to the actual polynucleotide preparation steps, is acceptable for this subclass as is cellular replication of the newly made polynucleotide, if said replication does not modify the structure of the polynucleotide product.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.51]    91.51Involving RNA as a starting material or intermediate:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.5.  Processes wherein RNA is involved in the preparation of a polynucleotide as a template for the polynucleotide or as an intermediate in the process which results in the polynucleotide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.52]    91.52Involving a ligase (6.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.5.  Processes wherein a ligase (6.) is involved in the preparation of the polynucleotide.
(1) Note. Although ligase is the most common name used, carboxylase, synthetase, and synthase are other names used.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 91.53]    91.53Involving a hydrolase (3.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 91.5.  Processes wherein a hydrolase (3.) is involved in the preparation of the polynucleotide.
(1) Note. While the systematic name always includes "hydrolase," the recommended name is in most cases formed by the name of the substrate plus the suffix "ase" (e.g., nuclease, phosphatase, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 92]    92Having a fused ring containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same ring (e.g., purine based mononucleotides, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 89.  Processes wherein the nitrogen atoms are part of a purine or substituted purine ring.
(1) Note. See subclass 87, Note (1) for a definition of the term substituted.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 93]    93Mashing or wort making:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product is mashed grain or wort which has been prepared by a biochemical reaction utilizing malt, or malt diastase, or a malt extract.
(1) Note. Malt, malt diastase, and malt extract are considered to include a mixture of alpha- and beta-amylases.
(2) Note. Diastase (as distinguished from malt diastase) is considered to be alpha-amylase.

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95+,for products other than mash or wort produced by malt, malt diastase, or malt extract.
99+,for producing compounds containing saccharide radials by diastase.
201,for the production of maltase.
202,for the production of diastase from microorganisms.
203,for the production of diastase from a fungal source.
204,for the production of diastase from a plant source such as barley malt.

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426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   particularly subclasses 16 , 28+, and 64 for processes of producing mash or wort when combined with steps for producing an edible, e.g., a beverage and the product of such processes.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 94]    94Produced by the action of an isomerase (e.g., frutose by the action of xylose isomerase on glucose, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an enzymatically isomerized polysaccharide or saccharide containing compound.

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174,for immobilized isomerase preparation.
233,and 234, for isomerase.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 95]    95Produced by the action of a beta-amylase (e.g., maltose by the action of beta-amylase on amylose, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product is produced by the successive hydrolysis of alpha-1, 4-glucan bonds in a polysaccharide from a terminal end.
(1) Note. Malt and malt diastase are considered to include a mixture of alpha- and beta-amylases. Products containing saccharide radicals (other than mash or wort) produced by malt, malt diastase, or malt extract are provided for here.

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174+,for immobilized beta-amylase preparations.
201,for beta-amylase type enzymes.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 96]    96Produced by the action of an exo-1.4 alpha glucosidase (e.g., dextrose by the action of glucoamylase on starch, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is produced by the hydrolysis of alpha-1, 4-glucan bonds of saccharides or polysaccharides.

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105,for the production of dextrose by other methods.
174,for immobilized glucoamylase preparations.
205,for glucoamylase enzymes.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 97]    97Produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase (e.g., alpha, beta, or gamma-cyclodextrins by the action of glycosyl transferase on starch, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is produced by the direct transfer of a glycosyl moiety from one saccharide or polysaccharide to another, e.g., cyclo-dextrins, etc.

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174+,for immobilized transferase preparations.
193+,for transferases.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 98]    98Produced by the action of an alpha-1, 6-glucosidase (e.g., amylose, debranched amylopectin by action of pullulanase, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product is produced by the hydrolysis of alpha-1, 6-glucan bonds in polysaccharides.

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174+,for immobilized enzyme preparations which may be used in this process.
210+,for the enzyme which may catalyze this process.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 99]    99Produced by the action of a carbohydrase (e.g., maltose by the action of alpha amylase on starch, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a saccharide or polysaccharide produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of a polysaccharide.

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174,for immobilized enzyme preparations which may catalyze this process.
200,for the enzyme which may catalyze this reaction.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 100]    100Disaccharide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a glycoside composed of only two glucan moieties.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 101]    101Polysaccharide of more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains five or more saccharide moieties bonded together.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 102]    102Pullulan:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Processes wherein the polysaccharide is composed of glucose units which are joined predominantly by 1, 6-glucosidic bonds.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 103]    103Dextran:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Processes wherein the polysaccharide is composed of maltotriose units which are linked by 1, 6-glucosidic bonds.
(1) Note. Dextrin and Dextrine are not variant spellings of "Dextran", instead they are respectively a starch hydrolysis product and a variant spelling of dextrin.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 104]    104Xanthan (i.e., xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Processes wherein the polysaccharide is prepared through the cultivation of a species of Xanthomonas.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 105]    105Monosaccharide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a monosaccharide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 106]    106Preparing alpha or beta amino acid or substituted amino acid or salts thereof:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an orgnaic compound that contains both a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group where a primary or secondary amino group is directly bonded to the alpha or beta carbon.
(1) Note. This subclass takes compounds such as pantothenic acid and amino acids that additionally contain heterocyclic groups.
(2) Note. This subclass provides for the salt form as well as the acid form.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 107]    107Proline; hydroxyproline; histidine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of alpha-2-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or alpha-amino-4-imidazole propionic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 108]    108Tryptophan; tyrosine; phenylalanine; 3, 4, dihydroxyphenylalanine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of alpha-amino-beta-phenyl-propionic acid or p-hydroxyphenylaminoacetic acid or 2-amino-3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid or 1-alpha-aminoindole-3-propionic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 109]    109Aspartic acid (asparaginic acid); asparagine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of amino succinic acid or alpha-amino succinamic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 110]    110Glutamic acid; glutamine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of 2-amino pentanedioic acid or alpha-amino-glutaric acid or 1-amino propane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid or 2-amino glutaramic acid or glutamic acid 5-amide.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 111]    111Utilizing biotin or its derivatives:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 110.  Processes wherein biotin or biotin derivative is present in the production media.
(1) Note. Biotin Derivatives include desthio-biotin, biotin-d-sulfoxide, biocytin.
(2) Note. Molases and various carbohydrate and protein hydrolyzates provide biotin.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 112]    112Utilizing surfactant, fatty acids, or fatty acid esters (i.e., having seven or more carbon atoms):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 110.  Processes wherein a surfactant or a fatty acid or a fatty acid ester is present in the production media.
(1) Note. A fatty acid or its ester is defined as containing seven or more carbon atoms in a single chain.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 113]    113Methionine; cysteine; cystine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of 2-amino-4-(methyl thio) butyric acid or 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid or 3, 3"-dithiobis (2-aminopropanoic acid).
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 114]    114Citrulline; arginine; ornithine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of alpha-amino-6-ureidovaleric acid or 1-amino-4-guanidovalenic acid or 2, 5 diaminopentaneic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 115]    115Lysine; diaminopimelic acid; threonine; valine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of 2, 6-diaminohexanoic acid or 2, 4 diamino-1,5-pentane dicarboxylic acid or 2-amino-3-hydroxy butanoic acid or 2-amino-3-methyl butanoic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 116]    116Alanine; leucine; isoleucine; serine; homoserine:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 106.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of 2-aminopropanoic acid or 2-amino-4-methyl pentanoic acid or 2-amino-3-methyl pentanoic acid or 2-amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid or 2-amino-4-hydroxy butanoic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 117]    117Preparing heterocyclic carbon compound having only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a carbon compound which contains a ring composed of carbon and at least one element from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or oxygen and no other atoms.
(1) Note. Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid anhydride or lactone, or lactam are properly classified herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 118]    118Containing two or more hetero rings:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 117.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains at least two hetero rings.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 119]    119Containing at least two hetero rings bridged or fused among themselves or bridged or fused with a common carbocyclic ring system (e.g., rifamycin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains at least two hetero rings which are bridged or fused among themselves or bridged or fused with a common carbocyclic ring system.
(1) Note. Ring systems containing two carbocyclic rings fused to a common heterocyclic ring where each of the carbocyclic rings share a hetero ring are included herein, e.g.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 119

(2) Note. A common carbocyclic ring system may contain three or more carbon atoms and may be bridged or fused, e.g.,

Image 2 for class 435 subclass 119

(3) Note. This subclass provides for compounds generally referred to as alkaloids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 120]    120Nitrogen or oxygen hetero atom and at least one other diverse hetero ring atom in the same ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 117.  Subject matter wherein the product synthesized contains a hetero ring which contains at least two different hetero atoms, one of which is either nitrogen or oxygen.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 121]    121Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 117.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a hetero ring having nitrogen as the only hetero atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 122]    122Containing six-membered hetero ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 117.  Processes wherein the N-containing hetero ring contains six-members.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 123]    123Oxygen as only ring hetero atom:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 117.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a hetero ring wherein oxygen is the only hetero atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 124]    124Containing a hetero ring of at least seven ring members (e.g., zearalenone, macrocyclic lactones, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains an O-containing hetero ring of seven or more ring members.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 125]    125Containing six-membered hetero ring (e.g., fluorescein, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes wherein the O-containing hetero ring has only six members.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 126]    126Containing five-membered hetero ring (e.g., griseofulvin, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes wherein the O-containing hetero ring has five members.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 127]    127Preparing compound containing at least three carbocyclic rings:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Subject matter in which the product contains three carbocyclic rings.
(1) Note. The rings need not be fused or contiguous.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 128]    128Preparing nitrogen-containing organic compound:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product is an organic compound which contains nitrogen.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 129]    129Amide (e.g., chloramphenicol, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 128.  Subject matter wherein the product has the following structural group,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 129

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 130]    130Preparing sulfur-containing organic compound:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains sulfur.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 131]    131Preparing organic compound containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, or halogen:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product contains an atom other than H, N, C, O, or halogen.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 132]    132Preparing oxygen-containing organic compound:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes wherein the product is an organic compound containing oxygen.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 133]    133Containing quinone nucleus (i.e., quinoid structure):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes wherein the product contains the following structure, i.e.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 133

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 134]    134Fat; fatty oil; ester-type wax; higher fatty acid (i.e., having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group); oxidized oil or fat:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a fat or fatty oil or ester-type wax or fatty acis, oxidized oil or fat.
(1) Note. "Fats" and "fatty oils" are the glycerides of higher fatty acids having seven or more carbon atoms.
(2) Note. "Higher fatty acid" is a monocarboxylic acid containing seven or more carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, e.g., lauric, palmitic stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, and behonolic acids. Where there are several unbroken chains of carbon atoms bonded to the carboxyl group, one of the chains must contain seven or more carbon atoms.
(3) Note. Ester-type waxes and esters of a higher fatty acid having seven or more carbon atoms and a monohydric alcohol.
(4) Note. The conversion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to fatty acids is a step in the anaerobic digestion of sewage provided for in Class 210, subclasses 2+.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 135]    135Carboxylic acid ester:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains an ester group, i.e.,O-R wherein R=alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 136]    136Containing a carboxyl group:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a carboxylic acid functional group, i.e.,-CH which is either in the acid or salt form.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 137]    137Sugar acid having five or more carbon atoms (i.e., aldonic, keto-aldonic, or saccharic acids):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is a polyhydroxy acid having five or more carbon atoms.
(1) Note. The processes of this subclass typically involve the oxidation of a carbohydrate and include the production of aldonic, keto-aldonic and saccharic acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 138]    138Alpha-ketogulonic acid (i.e., 2-ketogulonic acid):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 137.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of:

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 138

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 139]    139Lactic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid or salt form of alpha-hydroxy propanoic acid.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 140]    140Acetic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is ethanoic acid which by the nature of the process can not be readily used as a food product.

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426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclass 17 for fermentation of alcohol to produce vinegar. The oxidizing of alcohol to produce acetic acid as a chemical compound is subject matter for Class 435.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 141]    141Propionic or butyric acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is an acid with the structure:

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 141

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 142]    142Polycarboxylic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains two or more carboxylic acid groups.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 143]    143Having keto group (e.g., alpha-ketoglutaric acid, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 142.  Processes wherein the polycarboxylic acid synthesized contains a keto group.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 144]    144Tricarboxylic acid (e.g., citric acid, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 142.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains three carboxylic acid groups.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 145]    145Dicarboxylic acid having four or less carbon atoms (e.g., fumaric, maleic, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 142.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains two carboxylic acid groups and four or less carbon atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 146]    146Hydroxy carboxylic acid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 136.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains one or more hydroxy groups.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 147]    147Containing carbonyl group:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a carbonyl group, i.e.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 147

(1) Note. This subclass provides for linear carbocyclic acid anhydrides such as acetic acid anhydride.
  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 148]    148Ketone:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Processes wherein the product synthesized contains a keto group, i.e.,

Image 1 for class 435 subclass 148

  
[List of Patents for class 435 subclass 149]    149Cyclopentanone or cyclopentadione containing compound:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 148.  Processes wherein the product synthesized is cyclopentanone or cyclopentadione or a substituted cyclopentanone or cyclopentadione.