Patents > Guidance, Tools, and Manuals >> Classification >>> Class Definition

Class Numbers & Titles   | Class Numbers Only   | USPC Index   | International   | HELP

You are viewing a Class definition.

CLASS 156,	ADHESIVE BONDING AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
Click here for a printable version of this file

SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for:

1. Manufacturing processes and apparatus including a step of adhesively bonding parts together utilizing a nonmetallic cement or assembly of parts for adhesive bonding of that type.

2. The manufacture of articles of commerce in which one of the manufacturing steps includes a chemical reaction.

3. The manufacture of panels from settable inorganic compositions having adhered facing sheets (e.g., plaster board). See Subclass References To The Current Class for these processes and apparatus. The subclasses referenced therein should be examined for the precise limits of the subject matter provided for and for additional fields of search.

4. The manufacture of electrical conductors of indefinite length where not elsewhere provided for. See Subclass References To The Current Class for these processes. The subclasses referenced therein and notes thereto should be consulted for the precise limits of the subject matter there provided for.

Miscellaneous Subject Matter Also Provided For

1. This class includes several subclasses relating to the manufacture of simulations or representations, that is articles which give the appearance of being a specific object without in fact being that object. Also provided is a subclass relating to the preparation of products of nature for display in their natural form. This class also includes processes not elsewhere provided for in which is recited a step of free hand drawing or shaping to produce an ornamental form. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific cites. The subclass definitions for all the above areas should be inspected and especially the notes thereto for the lines between these specific subclasses and other classes.

2. Apparatus for performing shaping operations, per se, on dry paper or paperlike materials are provided for in this class. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific cites. The lines with various classes and analogous search fields are set out in the subclasses mentioned there.

3. Delaminating. This class provides for the separation of a bonded joint by destroying the bond and separating the parts. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for subclasses for methods for delaminating and corresponding apparatus.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

SPECIAL LINES WITH CLASS 29, METAL WORKING

Class 29 has several important relationships with this class (156). Both classes take designated single-step processes, and both are locations for multistep processes for manufacturing designated products or using certain combinations of steps.

Single-step processes provided for in Class 29 include shaping particulate metal by pressure alone, burnishing, filing, mechanical joining of parts, etc., even when used in the manufacture of a product designated for Class 156, in section I, above. Likewise, where only an adhesive bonding step is claimed, the process is assigned to Class 156, even though a product designated for Class 29 is manufactured.

Multistep processes for Class 29 are of two types: (1) Those for making specified articles, enumerated in that part of the Class 29 subclass 401.1. (2) Multistep manufacturing processes not provided for elsewhere.

Insofar as processes of type (1) are concerned, these are assigned to Class 29, even when an adhesive bonding step is claimed as part of the multistep process, except for processes classifiable in subclasses 825+, which follows the category (2) rule given in the next paragraph.

Processes of type (2) are provided for in this class (156) when they claim: (a) Adhesive bonding combined with shaping of nonmetals. (b) Adhesive bonding combined with broad or nominally claimed metal shaping steps. (c) Adhesive bonding including steps for assembling the parts to be bonded.

Processes of type (2) are classified in Class 29 when they claim: (a) Adhesive bonding combined with specified metal shaping steps. (b) Adhesive bonding combined with mechanical joining, either broad or specific.

A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor.

1. This class provides for the adhesive securing of parts utilizing nonmetallic cementing media. The adhesive may be separately applied tacky material, or it may be a nontacky material on application that is subsequently activated. The parts joined may be inherently tacky without the addition of an adhesive or may be rendered tacky by the application of an activating material or agent.

2. This class provides for process for assembling adhesive coated or tacky parts even though the step of applying the adhesive may not be claimed. Assembly or association of articles for subsequent bonding or adhesive applying where the subsequent bonding is not claimed is generally not provided for in this class. Any step in addition to the assembly, however, which might be considered to be unique to adhesive bonding is sufficient to cause the patent to be classified in this class.

3. This class provides for apparatus for assembling and joining of parts. Generally it is required that the apparatus include means to bring the parts into assembled association and that the parts have adhesive applied to them or means be claimed to apply adhesive or render the parts adhesive. This class generally does not provide for apparatus for bringing parts together for subsequent adhesive application where such application is not claimed. Appropriate classes are listed in References to Other Classes, below. Class 29, Metal Working, especially provides for such devices.

B. Laminating Combined With Other Operations

1. This class provides for the combination of laminating with other working steps, however other classes provide for laminating for the manufacture of specific articles, or particular operations combined with laminating steps. See References to Other Classes, below, referencing this section.

C. Chemical Manufactures

1. Etching apparatus in general is provided for in Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, except apparatus for (a) applying etchant to a restricted portion of a product or (b) causing the etchant to be applied differently to different areas of the product Class 156 (subclasses 345.1-345.55). Attention is directed to the search notes of these subclasses for the locus of other art relating to this subject matter. Processes and apparatus for electrolytic etching are provided for in Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy.

2. Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, Class 427, Coating Processes, and Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, generally provide for chemical reactions which take place during photos:graphic imaging, coating or molding steps, respectively. Where etching is employed merely to prepare a surface for some subsequent operation, e.g., coating, welding, etc., the patent to the combination is classified with the subsequent operation. Also, imaging or coating combined with subsequent chemical etching is provided for in Class 430 or 427, while molding combined with subsequent reactive gas or vapor treatment is provided for in Class 264.

3. Class 29, Metal Working, provides for its own operations when combined with a coating step or a molding step. See also "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor" above.

See References to Other Classes, below, referencing this section.

D. Single-crystal Growth

1. This subject matter is located in Class 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor.

E. Products

This class does not provide for products of manufacture. Class 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, in appropriate subclasses provides for the products resulting from the processes of this class where not elsewhere provided for. For the classification of other articles, attention is directed to the "Index to Classification".

LINE WITH CLASS 228 AND CLASS 219

See Class 228, Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for joining of parts by metallurgical bonding and also see Class 219, Electric Heating, for welding of metals by electric heating. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ADHESIVE BOND

The joining of parts (a) by means of a separate glue-like material or (b) by rendering contacting surfaces tacky by means of solvent and/or heat.

BENDING

Distortion of a workpiece by bodily moving a portion of it throughout its entire thickness relative to a second portion during which the thickness of the workpiece remains substantially the same and no significant plastic flow occurs.

BULK DEPOSITION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL

The fluent delivery of a stream of separate loose pieces onto a receiving surface. The relative size of the pieces is not significant, rather it is the manner in which they are handled, as a mass or stream rather than each particle being individually manipulated.

INDEFINITE LENGTH WORK

A piece of material handled at points intermediate its ends whereby the length is immaterial to the manner of handling.

LAMINA

One of the component parts or layers of an adhesively bonded sandwich. Also an element which by disclosure is to be bonded to a separate element.

SUBCLASSES

1	METHODS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Methods for the manufacture of articles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 345.1 through 345.55, for differential etching apparatus.

39	Plaster board making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which are directed to making bodies having at least three layers, at least one of whose intermediate layers is composed of an inorganic settable material of structural strength, and whose outermost layers are of a sheet-like material. (1) Note. The primary function of the inorganic settable material is to give structural strength to the multi-layered body. (2) Note. The inorganic settable material is normally referred to as the core and the outer layer as the facing sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 346+, for plaster board making type of apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 638+ for coating compositions containing an inorganic settable material. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses for processes within the class definition for casting a settable material onto a surface and stripping therefrom when not combined with the step of adhering facing sheets to the settable material. subclass 333 therein pertains to processes utilizing heat or pressure indicating, mold or die shaping of inorganic hydraulic settable materials, not classifiable above. 427,  Coating Processes,   appropriate subclass, for processes of coating a substrate. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 304.4+ for a composite stock material web or sheet including a porous or cellular layer, and the appropriate subclasses under subclasses 411+ for a nonstructural "plaster-board" plural layer product.

40	With bending or folding of facing sheet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes combined with the step of folding and/or bending at least one facing sheet. (1) Note. See subclasses 196 and 226 of this class for definitions of the scope of the terms "bending" and "folding", respectively. (2) Note. Included in this subclass are processes of bending a single facing sheet into a trough-like shape and applying the core material to the trough thus formed. (3) Note. This subclass also includes processes wherein a single facing sheet completely envelopes the core material. (4) Note. Processes wherein a facing sheet is turned about the edges of the core material and embedded therein are included in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 196+, for processes of bending or reshaping a self-sustaining lamina.

41	With water-proofing and added material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes which include the step of coating a facing sheet of, the assembled body, or adding an ingredient to the core material which coating or added ingredient renders the plasterboard impervious to the passage of water.

42	With embedding of reinforcing material during or subsequent to core formation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes which include the envelopment of an additional element by the core material which element imparts additional structural strength to the completed plasterboard. (1) Note. The additional element may be fibers, rods, tubes or any other material which adds structural strength to the core material. (2) Note. The reenforcing elements may be added during the formulation of the core material.

43	Pore forming in situ:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes which include the step of causing the core material to become cellular in nature after association of the core material with at least one of the facing sheets. (1) Note. The addition of activatable foaming agents, beating, or heating of gas generating materials are some examples of the means used to cause the core to become cellular.

44	With preliminary treatment of facing sheet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes in which at least one of the facing sheets is subjected to a mechanical and/or chemical modification prior to the association of the various layers. (1) Note. Trimming, roughening, perforating, application of adhesive, printing, and coating are some examples of the types of treatments herein included.

45	With subsequen treatment of plaster board:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Processes in which the unitary body formed by the association of the facing sheets and core material is thereafter subjected to a chemical and/or mechanical modification. (1) Note. Edge smoothing, cutting, manipulative drying techniques, coating, printing and manipulative pressure application are some examples of the type of modifications herein included.

46	Perforating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 45.  Processes in which the modification is the formation of an aperture. (1) Note. The aperture need not necessarily extend through the entire body but may stop short of penetrating the second facing sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 252, for processes of forming apertures in lamina.

47	Making electrical conductors of indefinite length:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes for making indefinite length electrical conductors or for joining, splicing or repairing the same. (1) Note. The term "conductor" as used herein, means any wire, strand, filament bar, rod, cable, cord, tube, or like element, of indefinite length, simple or compound, bare or insulated, designed and intended to provide an electrically conductive path between its end. (2) Note. This class is a residual class for miscellaneous patents pertaining to the above subject matter and which cannot be classified elsewhere. The bulk of the patents relating to this subject matter is to be found in the various manufacturing apparatus and process classes referred to in the following notes. The definitions of these classes should be consulted to determine the scope and limitations thereof, this class (156) taking only those patents which cannot be properly allocated to any other manufacturing class. The following notes refer to those classes in which conductor manufacturing and other immediately related processes and apparatus are known to exist, but are probably not exhaustive. (3) Note. METAL WORKING OPERATIONS For the making, forming, or shaping of wires, rods, tubes, cables, or other metallic elements, either simple or compound, or for the covering or sheathing of wires, rods, etc., either insulated or not, by mere metal working operations; see "SEARCH CLASS" below with reference to Metal Working Operations. (4) Note. The above classes also provide for certain subsidiary or miscellaneous operations encountered in the manufacture of electric conductors or otherwise of interest therein as set forth in (15) note. (5) Note. For mere twisting or twining of metal strands, wires, etc., or for mere coating operations with metal, see notes (9) and (12), respectively, as well as their Search Class notes below. (6) Note. In general, the above classes may be said to be restricted to metal working operations, or to such operations combined with certain subsidiary operations which are merely incidental to the metal working. However, exceptions are found in Class 29, Metal Working, in which subclasses 90.01, 400.1 and 700 and their indented subclasses are the generic places for the operations provided for therein regardless of the material worked on. Thus, for example, for the threading or assembling of beads, discs, or other spacer members, whether of metal or not, on wires, as in coaxial cables, see Class 29, subclass 729. (7) Note. Plural or combined operations, each of which is a metal working operation, are also included in the above classes, Class 29, Metal Working taking all such combined operations not provided for in the other metal working classes. Accordingly, patents relating to the manufacture of electric conductors wherein each operation involves metal working, will be classified in one of the above classes, but where, in addition to the metal working, an operation not merely subsidiary thereto is claimed, as, for example, the coating or covering of a wire insulation prior or subsequent to the metal working, such patent will be classified in Class 156. (8) Note. TEXTILE WORKING OPERATIONS For the making or forming of cords, cables, or other strands, including conductors, or for the covering or sheathing of such elements by mere textile working operations; see "SEARCH CLASS" below. (9) Note. In general, these textile classes are restricted to textile working operations, by which is meant the working, manipulating, or interengagement of fibers, filaments, strands, etc., to produce fabric structures. The filaments, strands, etc., may be of metal where no particular metal working is involved. Thus, for example, Class 57, Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining, will take the mere twisting or twining of one or more metallic strips, tapes, wires, etc., to form wire-rope, cables, etc., or to cover a core therewith. (10) Note. Textile working operations combined with subsidiary or auxiliary operations such as, for example, coating or impregnating of the fibers or strands, or of the core, or of the completed article, with fluid or plastic material are also included. (11) Note. Plural or combined operations each of which is a textile working operation (e.g., twisting or twining plus braiding or knitting) are also included, Class 28, Textiles: Manufacturing, taking such residual combined operations not provided for in the other textile classes. Accordingly, patents relating to the manufacture of electric conductors wherein each operation is a textile working operation are classifiable in one of the above classes, but where, in addition to the textile working, an operation not merely subsidiary thereto is claimed, as, for example, applying a metallic sheath by drawing or rolling prior or subsequent to the textile working operation, such patent will be classified in Class 156. (12) Note. COATING, COVERING AND SHEATHING. For coating, covering, or sheathing conductors by metal working operations or by textiles working operations, see the classes listed under these respective headings above. For other apparatus or processes for forming or applying a coating, sheathing, or other covering on a conductor, cable, or other strand; see "Search Class" below. Classes 118, 148, 204, and 427, include coating with metal, when applied by the operations provided for in these classes. (13) Note. STRUCTURE. For the structure of electric conductors or for analogous strand structures, including pipes, hose and conduits, see the Search Class notes below. (14) Note. MISCELLANEOUS For methods or apparatus for installing or laying conductors, drawing them through conduits, or placing them on poles; see "Search Class" below referencing this Note. (15) Note. MISCELLANEOUS. See the Search Class notes below to miscellaneous apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors or otherwise of interest therein. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 166+, for processes of associating flexible filamentary material of indefinite length not especially intended to provide an electrically conductive path between its ends. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 169+, for processes of winding filamentary material of indefinite length to form electric coils. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   especially subclass 145 for fiber liberation from natural sources by mechanical treatment and the assembly of fibers to form slivers or webs. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations). 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   for miscellaneous textile operations not otherwise provided for. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations). 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 400.1+ , for processes of making miscellaneous devices; particularly subclasses 402.01+ for miscellaneous processes of repairing; subclass 461 for spreading cable strands and joining the cable to another part such as a driving block or to another cable; and subclasses 505+, particularly subclasses 518 and 519 for joining wire or cable ends together by means of a deformed surrounding sleeve. Search subclass 728 for apparatus for sheathing a running-length core, e.g., a wire, not elsewhere classified. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 90.01 and 90.5 for smoothing, compacting, polishing etc., of bare or covered conductors or other strands (analogous and related operations are set forth in the notes to subclass 90.5 of Class 29), subclasses 592.1+, for processes for forming miscellaneous electrical devices. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 30,  Cutlery,   subclasses 165+ for wire cutting tools and implements. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   especially subclasses 245+ , 414, 419, 444, 466, 519, and 611+ for the drying of sheets, webs or strands including conductors and cables. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 57,  Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining,   especially subclasses 3+ , 33, 261, and 362 for the manufacture of conductors by spinning or twisting or for covering or sheathing by wrapping. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations). 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 36+ for a process of bonding glass to a formed part by a glassworking operation; and subclasses 152+ for glassworking apparatus including fusion bonding means; see the "Search Notes" under subclass 154. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 66,  Textiles: Knitting,   especially subclasses 9+ , 61, 80, and 83+ for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving a knitting apparatus. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations) 72,  Metal Deforming,   appropriate subclasses, for a method or means for making a metal conductor by a mere metal working operation, e.g., subclasses 253.1+ for die-expressing an elongated metal product, or 274+ for drawing a wire through a die. Sheathing a core, e.g., a wire by extruding a metal blanket around it is classified in subclasses 253.1+, and particularly subclass 268, this being the sole exception to the general rule that assembly is excluded from Class 72. Other sheathing, even if a metal working operation is involved, is in Class 29, Metal Working. See the note above to Class 29. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclass 40.5 for processes and apparatus for testing for leaks in fluid filled cables. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 83,  Cutting,   appropriate subclasses, for method and apparatus for cutting a wire or strand, a cable, or an object made up of strands, or for cutting insulation from a wire. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 87,  Textiles: Braiding, Netting, and Lace Making,   especially subclasses 1 , 6, 23, and 29 for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving braiding, netting or lace making. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations). 111,  Planting,   subclass 5 for apparatus and methods for planting pipe or cable. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.) 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclass 420 , and see the notes thereto for apparatus for coating strand form work. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   particularly subclasses 9 , 15, 38, 64, and 122 for cleaning strands including the removal of insulating coating. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 139,  Textiles: Weaving,   for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving a weaving operation. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations). 140,  Wireworking,   especially subclass 71 and 149 for the making of conductors involving wireworking. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 92.1 for forms and frames for forming wire coils, such as armature coils, and subclass 147 for wire straightening. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 148,  Metal Treatment,   particularly subclasses 206+ for processes of carburizing or nitriding metal, utilizing an external source of carbon or nitrogen, or subclasses 240+ for processes of reactive coating a metal surface with an externally supplied agent that combines with the metal substrate to provide a coating thereon containing at least one element from said metal substrate. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   particularly subclasses 106 and 267+ for covering operations involving paper making or fibrous pulp molding. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 462 for methods of forming conductors by a continuous metal casting operation and subclasses 418+ for corresponding apparatus. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   appropriate subclasses and notes (2) to (14) of the class definition thereof. As between this class (156) and Class 174, the article controls classification, i.e., patents claiming both conductor structure and the method or apparatus for making it will be classified in Class 174 and cross-referenced to Class 156. For a stock material product, not elsewhere provided for, in the form of a rod, strand or fiber, having some structural feature and an impregnation or core, or coated, see subclasses 364+ of Class 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles. (See Note above to "Structure"). 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for coating by electrophoresis or cathode sputtering. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   especially subclasses 138+ for coating by electrolysis. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 77 for electroforming a metallic sheet, web, wire, or filament of indeterminant length. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 219,  Electric Heating,   subclasses 603+ and 50+ for making or covering conductors involving electric heating and working of metal. Note especially indented subclasses 59.1+ and 605. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   appropriate subclasses for methods of, and apparatus for, feeding material without utilizing the leading or trailing ends to effect movement of the material. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 126+ for assembling and bonding together a metal core and sheath. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.) 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   subclasses 430+ for forming an article by winding material onto a core and subclasses 470+ for winding strand material onto a spool for storage. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclasses 134.3+ for placing cable on poles or in conduits. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.) 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, for molding or shaping plastic materials. For forming indefinite length articles by extruding or molding around strand-like or filament-like preforms, see Class 264, subclasses 171.1+ . (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 294,  Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements,   subclass 132 for hand and hoist-line implements used in placing electrical cable. (See the (14) Note in this subclass (47) above for installing or laying conductors, etc.) 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   appropriate subclasses for testing of conductors and insulation. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 405,  Hydraulic and Earth Engineering,   subclass 154.1 for subterranean or submarine pipe or cable laying, retrieving, manipulating, or treating. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.) 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 113+ for covering by apparatus extruding plastic material about preform within a shaping cavity where the external configuration of the product is diverse from that of the preform. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 58+ for processes of coating, per se, wherein an electrical product is produced. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.) 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a stock material product, especially subclasses 364+ for a structurally defined or coated rod, strand or filament which is useful as an electrode or as a filament for electric lamps or other discharge devices, and subclasses 411.1+ and 615+ for nonmetallic and metallic composites, respectively, defined in terms of the composition of their components. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.) 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   subclasses 269+ for making a paper tube; and subclasses 405+ for making a folded paper article. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)

48	With filling of void or cavity with fluent material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes which include flowing a substance to an enclosed cavity which is associated with the conductor. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 145, for encapsulating of permanently fluent material in hollow or porous lamina or the filling of the space between laminae subsequent to lamination. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   appropriate subclasses for filling receivers. 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   especially subclass 15.1 for electrical cables including means to feed or circulate a fluid therein.

49	Spicing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes for joining end-to-end of at least two conductors and/or their coverings. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 157+, for processes of joining in an end-to-end relationship of indefinite length lamina not intended to provide a conductive path between its ends. 502+, for apparatus for joining flexible indefinite length bodies end-to-end. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 592.1+ , for making of electrical devices, not elsewhere classified. 57,  Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining,   subclasses 22 , 23 and 362 for splicing strands by a twisting or twining operation. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclass 97 , for processes and apparatus for repairing leaks in pipes and hose, including electric conduits. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 111+ , for other processes and devices for joining or uniting wire. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 91+ for composite article forming by a metal casting operation and particularly subclasses 108+ for processes of uniting two preforms. 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   subclasses 21 , 22 and 84+ for the structure of conductor joints. 219,  Electric Heating,   especially subclasses 50+ , 78.01, 136+, 148, 603+, 633, and 765+ for bonding by use of electric heat. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   appropriate subclasses for joining metals by a metallurgical bond as well as joining a metal to a nonmetal and joining two nonmetals by use of a metallic filler to effect a metallurgical bond. Joining a metal to a metal, a metal to a nonmetal or a nonmetal to a nonmetal is to be found in this class if the bond is effected with a nonmetallic cement or by fusion of a nonmetal part. 249,  Static Molds,   subclasses 83+ for molds for uniting a preform with molding material. 289,  Knots and Knot Tying,   for mere tying of cords or strands.

50	With mechanical working of conductor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes which include the distortion or shaping of the conductor itself. (1) Note. Twisting, braiding and bending are some examples of the type of conductor manipulations contemplated for this subclass.

51	Covering of conductor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Processes which include the step of applying a material about or over the conductor of indeterminate-length. (1) Note. Covering materials classified herein include coatings applied as by an extrusion which may function as insulation or for mechanical protection. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 517+ for processes of joining a core to a sheath by a deforming operation, subclass 525 for processes of force fitting a core in a sheath, and subclasses 527.1+ for processes of casting and/or coating a layer on a core followed by subsequent treatment of the cast or coated base. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 126+ for encasing a core with a sheath and bonding the parts together. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 58+ for coating processes, per se, wherein an electrical product is produced. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 615+ for metallic composite defined in terms of the composition of its components.

52	With preformed material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 51.  Processes in which the cover material is self-sustaining prior to its application to the conductor.

53	Wrapping of sheet material (e.g., tape) about conductor and/o conductor assembly:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Processes which involves winding or folding the preformed material about the conductor and/or conductor assembly to cover the conductor. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 169+, for processes of winding a filament. 184, for processes of winding a web or sheet. 425+, and 443+, for apparatus for performing winding operations.

54	By longitudinally bending sheet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 53.  Processes directed to longitudinally bending the sheet material about the conductor. (1) Note. For a definition of longitudinal bending see the definition of subclass 200 of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 200+, for processes of longitudinally bending running or continuous length work.

55	Plural spaced conductors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 53.  Processes in which two or more generally parallel spaced conductors or conductor cables are wrapped or covered. (1) Note. The conductors herein included may be separated from each other merely by a covering already on one or more of the conductors prior to their being jointly wrapped.

56	Plural covering operations:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 53.  Processes directed to sequentially applying at least two separate covering materials to the conductor in which at least one covering operation is by wrapping a sheet material about the conductor. (1) Note. Included within this subclass are processes which involve the enclosing of the conductor with more than one type of cover, e.g., tape and a coating.

57	Maintaining the natural appearance of plants or animal parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which a plant or animal or part thereof is bonded to a support to maintain the natural appearance thereof. (1) Note. The combination of coating a natural plant, flower or biological specimen and then interposing the coated specimen between glass plates is classified herein. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclass 94.11 for reactive treatment of biological specimens. 47,  Plant Husbandry,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of treating living plants. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 271.1+ for processes in which a body is embedded in or surrounded by shaping material. 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   appropriate subclasses for disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing therein provided. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 4+ for coating processes for coating a plant member or animal specimen. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 15+ for an article, in the form of a three-dimensional imitation or treated natural product (e.g., fauna or flora).

58	Contour or profile photography to reproduce three-dimensional objects:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes directed to reproducing three dimensional objects by taking photographs of the lineaments of said objects and (1) employing said photographs as guides or templates to mechanically reproduce the objects in three dimensions or (2) assembling said photographs to thus reproduce the objects in three dimensions. (1) Note. The processes in this subclass generally include the surrounding of the object with cameras which take photographs of the object from the various directions and then using the resultant photographs in proper sequence to reproduce the three dimensional object. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 59, for processes of producing relief or intaglio representations of three dimensional objects which do not include the taking of a photograph of the object. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, for shaping plastic materials. 430,  Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   appropriate subclasses for radiation imagery processes, per se.

59	Relief or intaglio representations of three-dimensional objects (e.g., relief modeling of photographs):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes for making reproductions of three dimensional objects, which reproductions simulate the original object in appearance but not in function, and are shaped to approximate the contours of the objects, but not the full depth or front to back dimension. (1) Note. The articles produced for this subclass are shaped for representation on the facing surface only. Thus the reproduction effect is apparent when the article is viewed from a single plane only. (2) Note. Where the manufacturing operations are, per se, classified in some other class, the patent is there classified even though the article may be a representation. Thus, for example, Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, in appropriate subclasses provides for the shaping or molding of plastic materials to make reproductions, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 58, for processes involving the taking of photographs of three dimensional objects and the employment of said photographs to make reproductions of the objects. 196+, for processes of laminating combined with processes of permanently bending, reshaping or embossing of self-sustaining lamina. 250+, for processes of laminating combined with cutting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   appropriate subclasses for producing dyed designs on textiles and subclasses 114+ for processes for producing ornamental effects on textile materials there provided for. 29,  Metal Working,   for miscellaneous processes of mechanical manufacture which may result in the production of a representation. With respect to representation making, the line with Class 29 is as follows: Class 29 takes combined processes including metal working steps where no laminating is recited in the claims. Where adhesive bonding is present the line is that set out between the two classes in section "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor," above in the class definition of Class 156. 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   subclasses 2+ for processes for laying out patterns for apparel making. 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 616 for relief or intaglio signs. 43,  Fishing, Trapping, and Vermin Destroying,   subclass 42.53 for processes for making artificial bait. 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 66+ for a process of forming an article from molten glass. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   appropriate subclasses for processes for finishing cloth to produce ornamental effects and subclasses 21+ for leather working processes there provided for. 82,  Turning,   subclasses 11+ and 18+ for pattern controlled turning operations. 83,  Cutting,   appropriate subclasses for cutting operations, per se. 101,  Printing,   subclass 32 for embossing processes. 125,  Stone Working,   appropriate subclasses for working stone there provided for. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 329+ for a method of woodworking to produce relief or intaglio representations, particularly subclass 358 for a method of embossing wood. 164,  Metal Founding,   appropriate subclasses for procuring reproductions by casting metal. 199,  Type Casting,   appropriate subclasses for type casting. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   appropriate subclasses especially subclasses 67+ and 120+ for electrolytic methods of producing relief and intaglio surfaces. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definitions, for shaping or molding plastic materials, per se, see particularly subclasses 220+ . 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   appropriate subclasses for a pattern controlled milling, broaching, or planing operation; particularly subclasses 79+ and 289+. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 15+ for an article, in the form of a three-dimensional imitation or treated natural product (e.g., fauna or flora). 433,  Dentistry,   subclass 213 for a wax modeling in dentistry processes. 434,  Education and Demonstration,   subclasses 81+ for processes for drawing, painting or sculpturing processes in which some aid, or guide is provided for the artisan. 451,  Abrading,   for an abrading process for producing an ornamental effect.

60	Surface bonding and/or assembly therefor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes involving bonding or joining discrete juxtaposed lamina or spaced juxtaposed areas of a single lamina by adherence or coherence at the interface of the juxtaposed areas. (1) Note. The adherence is usually accomplished by application of an adhesive composition to one or both parts and the coherence by rendering the one or both parts tacky, usually by solvent, heat, externally applied or the residual heat retained by the part from a previous operation. (2) Note. The term "adhesive" is that body of material which adheres to each of the parts being secured and which has no structural or functional characteristic other than to facilitate or effect joiner of the parts. (3) Note. This and the indented subclasses include patents which claim only assembly of parts previously coated with adhesive. See sections "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor" and "B. Laminating Combined With Other Operations" of the class definition of this class for the lines with other classes. (4) Note. Processes of adhesively uniting together at least two lamina which (1) do not define by name the adhesive employed and (2) do not define a manipulative procedure of uniting provided for below are classified herein. In this subclass may be found, for example, patents distinguished only by the composition of the particular laminae joined. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   appropriate subclasses for joining parts by a metallurgical bond.

61	Simulated products of nature:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes directed to the making of artificial reproductions of naturally occurring objects. (1) Note. The processes in this subclass are generally related to making artificial reproductions of such naturally occurring objects as animals, plants, flowers, trees, pearls, etc., wherein the reproduction itself is made by a laminating step. Merely making a picture of such object and laminating said picture to a backing is not included in this subclass. (2) Note. Such items as inflatable toys in the shape of various animals are included in this subclass if a laminating step is involved in the making of said toy. (3) Note. Operations which are, per se, classifiable in other classes are there provided for even though a reproduction is made of a product of nature. Thus, for example, molding a product of nature from plastic is generally provided for in Class 264, Plastics and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 59, for processes for making relief or intaglio representations of three dimensional objects and see especially the notes thereto for the locus of other operations for shaping particular objects. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 15+ for an article, in the form of a three-dimensional imitation or treated natural product (e.g., fauna or flora).

62	With manual drawing or engraving:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with a step of (1) sketching, designing or diagraming by a hand operation on a material or (2) carving by hand operation figures, letters or devices on a material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 250+, 277 and 278+, for processes of coating or engraving other than by a hand operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclass 861 for processes of cutting other than completely through work thickness or through work presented. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 256+ for nonuniform coating processes, and note especially subclass 260 for utilizing a hand-held brush or absorbent applicator. 434,  Education and Demonstration,   subclasses 81+ for processes involving drawing, sculpturing or painting there provided for.

62.2	With formation of lamina by bulk deposition of discrete particles to form self-supporting article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which include forming a lamina by assembling individually distinct particulate material from a fluent mass and adhesively bonding the particles to each other and then uniting the lamina thus formed to itself or another lamina. (1) Note. The distinguishing characteristic of this subclass is that the material used in forming the lamina is handled as a fluent mass as differing from those processes in which each particle is individually handled or positioned. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 279+, for processes under subclass 60 combined with the step of mass application of nonadhesive fibers or particles to the surface of a lamina not including the step of forming a self-supporting batt or body. 369+, for apparatus for forming self-sustaining webs or bodies of particulate material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 109+ for processes of forming articles from particulate material when not combined with a subsequent laminating step. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   subclasses 61+ for processes for making articles from particulate metal containing materials using pressure only.

62.4	Liberation or formation of fibers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62.2.  Processes which include the step of (1) forming the discrete fibers from molten plastic material (2) cutting of filaments to produce fibers approximating in length the staple fibers of natural origin or (3) liberating bonded fibers from a fiber containing material. (1) Note. Glass is considered a plastic material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 370+, for apparatus for forming self sustaining bodies combined with means to form particles or means to liberate particles. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 376+ for processes of forming fiber or filaments from molten glass; subclasses 484+ for glass fiber or filament forming apparatus. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 115+ for formation of particles other than glass combined with a molding operation.

62.6	By joining portions of batt to itself:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62.2.  Processes which include the step of distorting and portion of the lamina with respect to another portion such that said portions are in contact and bonded together.

62.8	To similarly formed batt:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62.2.  Processes in which both lamina have been formed by bonding of individually distinct particulate material only.

63	By joining portions of batt to itself:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes directed to bonding by hand operation at least two parts of different colors or shaped to each other or to another part, which bonded parts form an ornamental pattern. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 264+, and 297+, for processes of assembling plural discrete lamina to each other or to a single face of an additional lamina.

64	With measuring, testing, or inspecting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of sampling, visually, chemically or physically determining some chemical or physical property or characteristic of the lamina a part of a lamina to be joined or of the adhesive employed to bond the laminae together. (1) Note. The sampling or determination of a property or characteristic of a lamina may be by a visual inspection or by determining the chemical or physical property by chemical test or by some mechanical testing apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 378, for laminating apparatus combined with testing, measuring and indicating means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 407 for processes which include a step of testing or of indicating combined with a step of mechanical manufacture. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   for processes of determining physical properties of a lamina to be joined or of the adhesive not combined with assembly and/or joining. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclasses 49 and 198 for processes of measuring, testing and/or inspecting combined with a paper making operation. 436,  Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   subclasses 1+ for processes of chemical testing not combined with assembly and/or joining.

65	Of multiple spaced elements between and transverse of parallel webs (e.g., Venetian blind ladders):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which involve positioning at least two laminae side by side and out of contact with each other and assembling each of the opposed sides which lie in the same plane of laminae to a face of an additional lamina such that the additional laminae are entirely out of facial contact. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 265, and 297+, for processes of joining plural discrete laminae to a single face of an additional lamina.

66	Adhesive application of fasteners to articles (e.g., slide fastener to garment):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes in which one of the lamina secured to another lamina is a securing device or a device capable of mechanically joining the assembly to another part. (1) Note. The securing devices include, for example, buttons, hooks and eyes, slide fasteners. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91+, for processes of assembling laminae by mechanical joining means in addition to utilization of an adhesive. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 2,  Apparel,   subclasses 265+ for methods of attaching buttons or other fasteners to apparel not involving use of an adhesive. 112,  Sewing,   subclasses 406+ for a web or sheet having a fastener sewn thereto, and subclasses 475.14+ for a method of attaching a fastener to a base by sewing. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 99+ for a stock material product resulting from the process of this subclass (66).

67	Utilizing phorescent or fluorescent material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which include the step of applying a phosphorescent, fluorescent and/or luminescent substance to either a lamina and/or adhesive or utilizing at least one lamina and/or adhesive containing such substance. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 250,  Radiant Energy,   subclasses 483.1+ for devices including fluorescent or phosphorescent material in layer form. 252,  Compositions,   subclasses 301.16+ - 301.6+ for compositions exhibiting fluorescent or phosphorescent effects. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclass 157 for processes of coating utilizing a fluorescent or phosphorescent coating material.

68	With fur removal from animal pelt:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of removing the hairy covering or coat from the skin of animals either prior to or subsequent to removal of the skin or pelt from the carcass of the animal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   subclass 2 for the freeing of fibers by mechanical means from the skin of animals. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   subclasses 21+ for processes of treating hides and skins. See (2) Note of subclass 21 for the line between this class (69) and Class 156.

69	Application of end closures to containers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes for bonding a cover to a receptacle. (1) Note. The receptacle for this subclass is one having utility for containing goods or other material or for shipping purposes. (2) Note. The processes in this subclass are not combined with a packaging step but relative to the formation of the package. For the combination, see the search notes below. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 476+ for processes of closing a receptacle subsequent to filling thereof with goods or materials or to a filled receptacle.

70	Encasing movable or loosely confined element between adhering lamina (e.g., drawstrings):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which involves assembling a part within or between bonded lamina the outer laminae being bonded in a manner to provide a tolerance of fit between the enclosed part and the outer laminae sufficient to permit changing the position of the enclosed part with respect to the bonded laminae. (1) Note. The enclosing of a drawstring within the space between bonded laminae is one example within the scope of this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 228, for processes of enclosing a spherical part between semi-spherical shells. 300+, for processes of enclosing a plurality of discrete laminae between plural laminae in which the discrete lamina is bonded to one of the plural laminae. 383, for laminating apparatus including means to encase a separate nonadhered part between adhered lamina. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 434+ for processes of retaining clearance for motion between assembled parts. 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 449 and 461 for processes of encasing a wrapper or wrappers about goods or materials.

71	Of lamina to building or installed structure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes in which a lamina is associated with a static building structure. (1) Note. The lamina in this subclass may be wall paper and the building structure may be a wall of a building to which the wall paper is adhesively united. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclasses 390+ for a structure having an adhered tile type and subclasses 745.01+ for a process of erection or assembly of a building or building component involving more than merely adhering a preformed sheet form member to a surface.

72	Setting or embedding tufts or discrete pile elements onto backing (e.g., rugs, brushes, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which involves bonding a cluster of flexible parts, to a sheetlike lamina by causing each cluster to penetrate within the surface of the bonding medium or lamina to maintain the cluster and sheet in assembled relationship. (1) Note. Processes of bonding tufts to a backing to form a pile fabric are classified herein. (2) Note. The flexible parts for this subclass may be hair, feathers, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 63, for processes of manually arranging different colored or shaped discrete elements on to a backing to form a design. 297+, for processes of bonding plural discrete laminae to a single face of an additional lamina. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclasses 159+ for processes for pile tufting other than by bonding. 300,  Brush, Broom, and Mop Making,   subclass 21 for processes of making a brush, broom or mop which may include a laminating operation.

73.1	With sonic or ultrasonic treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which include the step of imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles per second to at least one of the laminae or adhesive either prior, during or subsequent to formation of the laminate. (1) Note. The vibration may be effected for the purpose of spreading particulate material, elimination of air pockets in the adhesive, imparting energy to the laminae to cause softening and bonding, etc.

73.2	Rod, strand, or filament:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 73.1.  Processes wherein at least one lamina has a width and thickness of the same order of magnitude and length considerably greater than the width or thickness.

73.3	With sonic or ultrasonic cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 73.1.  Processes wherein at least one lamina is severed by use of a vibratory force of at least 10 cycles per second.

73.4	Sheet or web splicing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 73.1.  Processes wherein two laminae each having both length and width much greater than thickness are joined along an edge. (1) Note. The edges of the laminae may overlap providing the area of overlap is small compared to the area of the laminae.

73.5	Friction treatment (e.g., welding):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including a step of generating heat to effect bonding by either rapid relative motion of the contacting faces of the laminae or by the rapid relative motion of a separate part contacting the laminae. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 470.3 for processes of welding metal by friction.

73.6	Vibratory treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including a step of imparting a rapid oscillation or to and fro movement to at least one of the laminae or adhesive at a rate of less than 10 cycles per second either prior to, during or after the formation of a sandwich. (1) Note. The vibration may be effected for any purpose including the spreading of particulate material, elimination of air pockets in the adhesive, etc.

74	With application of centrifugal force:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which includes the rotation of a workpiece to cause application of centrifugal force to the bonding medium and/or a workpiece which force acts in a direction outwardly of the center of rotation. (1) Note. The force applied to the lamina may be to effect its separation from a forming surface, to distribute the bonding medium, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   particularly subclasses 8+ , 114, 270, and 311 for processes within the class definition, which employ centrifugal force in the shaping or molding of ceramic materials. 427,  Coating Processes,   for processes of coating utilizing centrifugal force.

75	With balancing of product:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including a step of regulating the weight distribution of a product about a pivot point. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 66+ for measuring or testing, per se, to determine the unbalance of a rotating body.

76	With parchmentizing or transparentizing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of treating at least one lamina composed of cellulosic material with a reagent either to alter the surface characteristic of the lamina such that it simulates the skin of an animal or alter the normally opaque quality of the lamina such that it has the property of transmitting rays of light. (1) Note. The reagent may be Zn C12, H2 SO4, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 118+ for processes of transparentizing or parchmentizing cellulosic fibers not combined with a liminating procedure. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 187 , for processes combined with the step of gelatinizing paper.

77	With pore forming in situ to form cellular lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including the step of forming pores or other type of open space in situ within a lamina during or subsequent to its formation. (1) Note. The mechanical formation of pores within a lamina, e.g., perforating, is not within the scope of this and indented subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 20 for a process of foaming of slag, and subclass 22 for a glassworking or treating process including a step of pore forming in situ. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 122 , 601+, and 672+ for processes of making coating or plastic compositions including a step forming pores in situ in the composition. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 101 for the step of pore forming combined with a paper making operation. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 304.4+ for a composition stock material web or sheet including a porous or cellular component. 501,  Compositions: Ceramic,   subclasses 39 and 80+ for pore-forming ceramic compositions. 521,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubber,   subclasses 50+ for pore-forming, per se, in a synthetic resin composition.

78	Foaming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 77.  Processes in which the step of forming the pores is effected by introducing a gas under pressure to the interior of at least one lamina or by generating a gas in-situ within such lamina. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 10+ for foam colloid systems or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

79	Subsequent to assembly of laminae:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 78.  Processes in which the step of foaming occurs after assembling of at least two laminae to form a sandwich. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 10+ for foam colloid systems or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

80	With refrigeration or freezing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes in which the work is chilled to a temperature below that of the normal working temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. (1) Note. The removal of heat usually effects a change of phase of a constituent part of the lamina and/or adhesive, e.g., solidification of a material which is normally in the liquid state under ambient conditions. (2) Note. Mere cooling of a previously heated workpiece to cause it to return to normal temperature is not included here, to be classified here the workpiece must be chilled to below normal temperatures. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 282, and 311, for other processes involving a cooling step. 498, for laminating apparatus provided with means to cool the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 62,  Refrigeration,   appropriate subclasses for refrigeration processes and apparatus. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 54 which includes the step of freezing liquid employed in the fiber liberation or treatment.

81	With melting or gasification of permanently associated solid material in situ in airtight cavity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of converting a material contained within a hollow imperforate body or lamina to a liquid or gas which is permanently retained within the hollow body in the liquid or gas state.

82	With flame contact of lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which include the step of physically contacting the surface of a lamina with a body of burning gas or vapor, e.g., flame. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 497, for laminating apparatus combined with flame contact means for the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclass 140 for processes of singling or carbonizing of textiles. 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 120 for a process for flame treating a glass preform; and see the collection of "Search Notes" thereunder. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclass 47 for apparatus for subjecting a surface to a flame. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 329+ for flame treatment of wood. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 223+ for coating processes including contacting the base or coating with a flame.

83	With swelling of material lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including a step of treating a lamina to cause it to expand or increase in volume. (1) Note. The swelling may be effected by, for example, absorption of a solvent by the material of the lamina thereby causing expansion thereof. Merely subjecting a lamina to an external force such as a compressive force in one direction to cause it to elongate in another direction is not subject matter for this subclass, nor is subjecting matter for this subclass, nor is subjecting the lamina to tension to cause it to elongate. Inflating a hollow article is also excluded in that the laminae material does not swell. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 147, for inflating a hollow core. 156, for fluid pressure used to prevent collapse of a hollow core. 229, for distorting a workpiece by stretching. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 114 , 130.1+ and 175 for processes of treating textiles with chemicals, e.g., swelling agents. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 187 for processes of hydration or gelatinization combined with a paper making operation.

84	With shrinking of material of lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of treating the material of which the lamina is composed to decrease the volume of the material. (1) Note. The shrinking of the material of the lamina usually occurs by contacting the material with a liquid agent which is either (1) a constituent of the composition of the material or (2) is from an external source followed by the step of heating of the material containing the liquid. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 76, for processes of shrinking a lamina in which parchmentizing or transparentizing also occurs. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 116+ for processes including a shrinking operation.

85	Subsequent to assembly of laminae:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Processes in which the step of shrinking of the lamina occurs after associating of at least two lamina.

86	Of lamina covering cylindrical or spherical body:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85.  Processes in which the step of shrinking a lamina occurs while the lamina is associated with a cylindrical or spherical body. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 165, 170, 186, 187+, and 212+, for processes in which one of the laminae has the shape of a cylinder or sphere.

87	Providing escapeways for gases trapped or generated between layers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of providing at least one lamina with passageways or channels to discharge gases generated or entrapped at the interface to the atmosphere.

88	Fray-prevention by bonding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes including a step of selectively bonding strands or fibers at the edges only of a textile material to prevent unraveling or fraying of the strands or fibers.

89.11	With vitrification or firing ceramic material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which include the step or heating a ceramic material of which the lamina and/or coating is composed to a temperature sufficient to vitrify or fire the material. (1) Note. The firing may be of a decorative vitreous layer subsequent to its application to another lamina in a direct transfer operation to remove the backing sheet, usually by burning SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 33.1+ for processes including the devitrification of glass or the vitrification of crystalline glass; subclasses 36+ for methods of bonding glass to glass or glass to metal involving a glass working step. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   particularly subclasses 30 , 31+, 43, 600+, and 125. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 331+ for coating processes including post-treatment of a coating and note especially subclass 376.1 for heat fusion of an inorganic coating.

89.12	Forming electrical article or component thereof:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed has disclosed utility as an electrical device or component.

89.13	Elemental carbon containing (e.g., graphite, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.12.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains carbon in elemental form; i.e., not in the form of a carbon compound.

89.14	Inorganic titanate compound containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.12.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains an inorganic titanate compound; e.g., solid solutions of titanium dioxide with other metallic oxides, etc.

89.15	Nitride compound containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.12.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains a binary compound of nitrogen; e.g., BN, etc.

89.16	Elemental metal or alloy containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.12.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains free metal or a union of two or more metals.

89.17	Silver containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.16.  Subject matter wherein the metal or alloy contains silver (Ag).

89.18	Copper containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.16.  Subject matter wherein the metal or alloy contains copper (Cu).

89.19	Tungsten containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.16.  Subject matter wherein the metal or alloy contains tungsten (W).

89.21	Molybdenum containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.16.  Subject matter wherein the metal or alloy contains molybdenum (Mo).

89.22	Honeycomb-like:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains a layer or component including either discrete elements (e.g. tubular constituents) or components which form or cooperate to form cavities the longitudinal axes of which are at an angle to the plane of the web or sheet.

89.23	With wax or wax-like processing aid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein a waxy material of natural or synthetic nature; e.g., ester type wax, hydrocarbon wax, etc. is utilized in processing or formulating the product.

89.24	Coloring agent containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains a component having tinctorial properties.

89.25	Elemental carbon containing (e.g., graphite, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains carbon in elemental form; i.e., not in the form of a carbon compound.

89.26	Carbon fibers or filaments:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.25.  Subject matter wherein the carbon has a shape such that the length is considerably greater than its width; e.g., whiskers, etc.

89.27	Nitride compound containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains a binary compound of nitrogen; e.g., BN, etc.

89.28	Elemental metal or alloy containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 89.11.  Subject matter wherein the product formed contains free metal or a union of two or more metals.

90	Utilizing layer to prevent migration or bleeding between laminae:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which includes the step of providing at least one lamina with a material to prevent exudation or flowing of an ingredient from one lamina into contact with another lamina. (1) Note. The material utilized as the barrier may be a coating, another lamina or an ingredient of one of the lamina. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 289, for processes of utilizing a parting or release material to prevent adhesion of several laminae. 323, for processes of interposing subsequently removed flexible element between lamina and pressure surface.

91	With separate permanent mechanical joining means (riveted, sewed, stapled, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of mechanically securing of the parts to be joined with a mechanical fastener which constitutes a permanent part of the final product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclass 14 for apparatus for applying an adhesive coating to workpieces to be assembled as well as a member, e.g., nail. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 135+ for the process of surface bonding at least two parts metallurgically, combined with supplemental mechanical fastening. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 223 for a plural layer web or sheet with an interlaminar fasteners.

92	With penetrating of fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes in which the step of mechanical securing of the parts is by causing elongated or thin elements to penetrate through the parts to maintain them in assembled relationship. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 432+ .

93	Sewing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 92.  Processes in which the penetrating of the parts to be assembled is by threads or other flexible strands. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 433 for processes of assembling parts by passing a narrow attenuated member through a series of parts and subclass 241 for corresponding apparatus for stringing parts. 112,  Sewing,   subclasses 475.01+ for processes of assembling parts by stitching operations not combined with the step of laminating. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 102+ for a plural layer stock material product involving a combination of sewing and coating or bonding.

94	Reclaiming, renewing or repairing articles for reuse:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which are (1) combined with the step of recovering material utilized in a previous laminating procedure and/or (2) directed to restoring or rebuilding a damaged or defective article or material by a laminating procedure. (1) Note. The recovered material may be a constituent used in a laminating procedure, e.g., lamina or constituent of an adhesive or a reject from a previous laminating operation. (2) Note. The repaired or reclaimed article may have the same or different utility than that processed by the article prior to its reclamation or repair. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 402.01+ for processes of repairing by operations provided for in this class (29). 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 28 for a glassworking or treating process which includes the step of reclaiming, renewing, repairing or crack run interruption of glass. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 36.1+ for repairing or restoring articles for use and subclass 30 for furnace lining formation or repair. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 140+ for processes of restoring or repairing by a coating operation. 429,  Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   subclass 49 for battery with repair feature. 520,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   appropriate subclasses, particularly Class 523, subclass 166 for a composition containing a synthetic resin or natural rubbers having utility as a puncture sealant for a pneumatic tire or for use in emergency repair of vehicular tires or to processes of preparing said composition.

95	Toroidal shapes (e.g., tire or tube):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 94.  Processes in which the article reclaimed, repaired or renewed is of toroidal shape. (1) Note. See subclass 110.1 of this class (156) for a definition of the scope of the expression "toroidal shape". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 15.2+ , 15.3 and 15.4 for portable tools used in repairing resilient vehicle tires.

96	Adhesively secured tire retreads
	This subclass is indented under subclass 95.  Processes which are directed to the step of cementing an entirely new tread of camelback upon the worn or damaged surface of a pneumatic tire. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 13 for processes for treating the outer surface of a tire casing by cutting, lacerating and/or rasping to prepare the surface for retreading. 451,  Abrading,   for an abrading process performed on a tire casing or for an apparatus for performing an abrading process on a tire casing.

97	Puncture repairing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 95.  Processes directed to repairing a tire or tube which has been rendered useless by accidental formation of an opening in the tire or tube. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 115, for the step of applying puncture sealing material to the casing of a pneumatic tire.

98	With removal of defective area to be repaired:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 94.  Processes combined with the step of removing a marred or imperfect portion of a material prior to repairing.

99	Optically transparent glass sandwich making (e.g., window or filter):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which are directed to joining in face to face adhesive contact at least two laminae having a glass composition by adhesive interlayer in which the lamina and interlayer have the property of transmitting rays of light so that bodies can be seen therethrough. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses is residual to treatments, per se, of laminated glass sandwiches not provided for in this or other classes, e.g., edge sealing, per se, as provided for in subclass 107 of this class (156). (2) Note. The sandwich is optically transparent through the adhered areas as distinguished from air spaced lamina adhered at the edges only of subclass 109 below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 701 through 719, for processes of delaminating, per se, not combined with a laminating procedure. 924, and 925, for processes of delaminating display screens, per se, not combined with laminating. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 36+ for a process of, and subclasses 152+ for apparatus for bonding glass to a preformed part by a glassworking operation; see the "Search Notes" thereunder. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 38 for a light transmissive mass (which could comprise plural layers) having a frame or opaque border therearound (e.g., stained glass) and subclasses 426+ for a plural layer stock material product including a layer of glass.

100	Variegated colored lamina or interlayer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes in which the glass lamina and/or interlayer have their surfaces provided with (1) at least two different colors, (2) a single color in a restricted area or (3) a single color varying in intensity or gradation. (1) Note. Utilization of at least two differently colored glass laminae is within the scope of this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 134 for processes of treating paper to provide it with a variegated color combined with a paper making procedure. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 258+ for coating processes including forming superposed diverse nonuniform coatings on a base and note especially subclasses 266 to 269 for utilizing a glass base.

101	With cutting or breaking or partial removal of interlayer and/or lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes combined with the step of (1) cutting the glass lamina and/or interlayer; (2) applying stress and/or strain to a glass lamina and/or interlayer to cause its separation thereof into parts; or (3) separating a portion of the interlayer from between the glass lamina. (1) Note. The expression "cutting" in the definition of this subclass has the same meaning as defined in the class definition of Class 83. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 247+, for processes of stripping an adhered lamina. The lamina for the purposes of subclasses 247+ may be a coating or a preform. 250+, for processes of cutting without regard to the composition of the lamina. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 56 for a process of bonding glass to a formed part by a glassworking operation combined with a step of cutting, perforating or breaking. 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 13+ and 861 for processes of cutting not provided for elsewhere; see the search notes.

102	With deformation or shaping of interlayer and/or lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes combined with the step of mechanically changing the shape, dimension or surface characteristic of the glass lamina and/or interlayer. (1) Note. Stretching, embossing and roughening of the surface of the glass lamina and/or interlayer are operations within the scope of this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 160+, 184+, 196+, and 229, for other deforming processes and the search notes appended thereto. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 54+ for a process of bonding glass to a formed part by a glassworking operation including a step of reshaping a glass preform prior to assembly or subsequent to bonding.

103	With application of plural sequential pressures:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes including the step of applying separate and distinct forces of different magnitude at separate times to a glass sandwich. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 312, for processes of applying sequential different pressures without regard to the composition of the lamina.

104	With air evacuation between laminae:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes including the step of removing air from between the contacting faces of the glass laminae. (1) Note. The air is removed usually by vacuum treatment and for the purpose of perfecting the bond between the glass lamina and interlayer. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 286, for similar processes without regard to composition of the lamina. 382, for laminating apparatus including means for enclosing work in an evacuated chamber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 34 for a process of glassworking which includes the step of sealing off of a gas evacuating opening, and subclass 270 for glassworking apparatus including means for glass envelope tipping off with or without exhausting means.

105	Directly applied fluid pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes including the step of applying an external force to the exterior faces of a glass sandwich by applying a fluid thereto under pressure. (1) Note. The fluid may be liquid or gaseous, which, if the latter, must be greater than atmospheric. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 285, for processes of applying fluid under pressure during a laminating operation. 382, for laminating apparatus including means to apply fluid pressure to the work.

106	With preformed intermediate adhesive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes in which the adhesive interlayer used to bond the glass lamina is a self-supporting film prior to association with the lamina. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 306+, for processes of autogenous bonding and/or utilizing preformed bonding agent.

107	Sandwich edge sealing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99.  Processes which are directed to filling a groove around the edges and between a pair of glass laminae with a calking or sealing material. (1) Note. Calking or sealing operations, per se, are classified herein even though not combined with step of assembly. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 48, for processes of sealing electrical conductors. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 114,  Ships,   subclass 86 for methods of filling or closing seams between planks. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 123 for composite product making by means supporting plural preforms in spaced relation in a molding cavity.

108	Mounting transparent lamina over window opening (e.g., slide-mounting):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes in which a lamina having the property of transmitting rays of light is secured over an aperture in a separate lamina. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 252, for processes of laminating including the step of forming an opening in a lamina.

109	Multipane glazing unit making (e.g., air-spaced panes):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes which are directed to bonding at least two transparent members while maintained in spaced relationship to each other. (1) Note. The product produced by the processes herein is usually a window which has an evacuated space between the transparent members. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 292, for processes of bonding of laminae having opposed facing areas out of contact. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 58 for a process of bonding glass to a formed part by a glassworking operation in which the parts have opposed facing areas out of contact. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 121 for the process of bonding nonmetals (e.g., glass panes) with molten metal cement. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 34 for a product in the form of plural, air-spaced layers of transparent or translucent materials sealed at their edges.

110.1	Making flexible or resilient toroidal shape; e.g., tire, inner tube, etc.:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Process for the manufacture of resilient or flexible ring-like body which body is uniquely adapted to be resilient without distortion from its general toroidal shape. (1) Note. The majority of the art in this subclass relates to processes for making vehicle tires and innertubes, but the subclasses are not so limited. The manufacture of other similar structures by adhesive bonding, e.g., an "O-ring" gasket, may be found here if toroidal in shape and resilient. (2) Note. As a corollary to the above, a process for adhering rubber or rubber-like materials, where achieving a toroidal shape plays no part in the process, is excluded from this and indented subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 64, for a tire-making process which involves testing, measuring or inspecting. 95+, for a process for repairing an object which has a toroidal shape. 136, for tire bead-ring making by a process of this class. 307.1, for a method of adhering together rubber materials through vulcanization, where the method is not restricted to materials having a toroidal shape. 394+, for tire building apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 26,  Textiles: Cloth Finishing,   appropriate subclasses especially subclasses 54 and 63 for methods of stretching endless bands for use in tires when not claimed in combination with an assembly step. 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclasses 165+ for treatment, e.g., shrinking, of a thread-interlaced article of fabric. 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 22 for a tire upsetting, cutting, punching, etc., process or apparatus; subclass 159.1 for a tire manufacturing process which does not include a step of adhesive bonding, molding, vulcanizing, etc. and subclass 426.1 for a disassembly process. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 863+ for a method of preparing a sample of a tire component for a test. 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   appropriate subclasses, for filling tires with a liquid which does not undergo a chemical reaction or a change in physical state. 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   appropriate subclasses for resilient tires and see especially the notes in the class definition of that class (152) for the locus of other art relating to tire structures and production. 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   subclasses 709+ for a rubber composition. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article shaping or Treating: Processes,   for making tires by molding when no adhesive bonding of self-sustaining laminae is involved. See particularly subclasses 501+ , for tire making by direct pressure application, subclass 45.1 composite article making employing a porous component and subclasses 267+ for composite article making against the inner surface of a hollow body. Subclasses 315 and 326 therein are pertinent to employing toroidal mold bags and producing toroidal bodies, respectively.

111	Moving work progressively to separate assembly stations:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes in which the toroidal shape travels to discrete work stations and different operations are performed at each station. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 429+ for other assembly processes in which the work is moved progressively to separate assembly stations.

112	Solid tire type (i.e., nonpneumatic):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes in which the resiliency of the toroidal shape is produced either by the resiliency of the material used, or the material used has entrapped gas therein, which gas is at atmospheric pressure or less when the shape is not under load. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 404, and see the notes thereto for apparatus for making solid tires.

113	Having cushioning void or cavity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 112.  Processes in which the resilient material has apertures or enclosed cavities therein to increase the cushioning effect of the toroid. (1) Note. The articles manufactured by these processes have no means for retaining fluids under compression. A disclosure that the article is a pneumatic pressure container is sufficient to keep it from this subclass.

114	Incorporation of solid nonrubber material at exposed tread surface of tire (e.g., anti-skid):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.  Processes including the incorporation of a solid material other than rubber at least a portion of the material lying on the external surface of the toroidal shape. (1) Note. In this subclass may be found, for example, the incorporation of anti-skid materials such as textile fibers, metal springs or particles, abrasive granular material, etc., to the tread surface of the tire. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 96, for adhesively securing retreads in the repairing processes. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   subclasses 167+ and 208+ for resilient tires provided with antiskid elements embedded therein. 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 13 for processes for treating the outer surface of a tire by cutting or rasping to produce a nonskid surface. 451,  Abrading,   for a process for treating the outer surface of a tire by an abrading operation.

115	Applying flowable puncture sealing material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes including the step of affixing a material capable of filling or closing apertures occurring during use of the torodial article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 97, for processes for repairing tire punctures by a laminating operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 15.5+ for portable puncture repair tools. 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   subclass 5 for processes for filling tires or tubes with nongaseous fluent material such as puncture sealants. 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   subclasses 502+ for tires provided with puncture sealing structures. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 72 for compositions with leak-stopping agents.

116	Applying differently colored material at sidewall (e.g., white wall):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes including a step of applying a material differing in color from the main toroid body to a portion only of the toroid, which portion is located on the exterior side walls thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 90, for the utilization of a barrier layer to prevent migration or bleeding of materials between layers.

117	Building tires directly from strands or cords:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes in which the toroid is formed by directly applying to the building form the material of the carcass while in the form of cords, strands or tapes. (1) Note. Conventionally the cord structure of tire bodies are applied to the drum in the form of webs. In the instant patents the cords have not been assembled or woven into webs before application, rather they are applied while still in the form of strands. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 397, for apparatus for building tires from strands or narrow tapes.

118	Tubular (airtight) torus (e.g., auto tube-making):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes for making toroidal shapes which are structurally airtight and are uniquely adapted to hold fluids under pressure. (1) Note. The articles produced by this process must be, per se, airtight, as for example, a tube for a tire. So called "tubeless" tires which require the wheel to be airtight are not considered to be subject matter for this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   subclasses 510+ for pneumatic tube structures. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 315 and 326 pertaining to employing toroidal mold bags and producing toroidal bodies, respectively.

119	Multichamber safety tube:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes in which the airtight tube has more than one airtight compartment whereby loss of pressure in a single compartment would not affect pressure in the other compartments. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   subclasses 331.1+ for multiple chamber tube constructions.

120	Valve-applying:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes including a step of applying the fitting whereby the pressure fluid is introduced into the airtight tube. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 152,  Resilient Tires and Wheels,   subclasses 429+ for valved tires or tubes.

121	Applying reinforcing material to external tube surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes including a step of applying a layer of material to the outer peripheral surface of the formed tube, which material increases the stress resistance of the tube.

122	Joining tube ends to form torus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes which include a step of securing the tube ends to each other to form a closed torus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 49, for processes for splicing indefinite length conductors. 157, for processes for splicing indefinite length laminae end-to-end. 217, for processes for bending a one piece blank and joining the edges to form an article.

123	Of plural layers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes in which the toroidal shape is built up of at least two layers or strata of material, which layers are adhesively secured together.

124	At least one layer including metal cords:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes in which at least one of the layers or a component of one of the layers includes metal in the form of strands or filaments.

125	With injection molding of outer lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes including a step of forming the outer layer of the toroid by introducing the material of the layer into a closed mold while under pressure in a fluent state. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 242+, for other laminating processes including a step of lamina formation by molding or casting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   328.1- 328.19 particularly subclasses for injection type of molding processes. subclasses 241+ therein pertain to composite, finite article making and subclasses 315 and 326 pertaining to employing toroidal mold bags and producing toroidal products, respectively.

126	Axially assembling preformed flexible endless bands:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes including a step of telescoping performed ring-like layers of material onto a shaping form. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 293, for laminating processes including the step of inserting a lamina in a hole, aperture or recess and adhering it to the walls thereof.

127	With tread-preforming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 126.  Processes in which the outer band constitutes the tread portion of a tire and have the tread configuration before assembly.

128.1	Applying tread material to fully-formed carcass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes including a step of applying the tire tread layer of material onto the outer peripheral surface of the formed toroidal tire body. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 92, for the application of adhesively-bonded tread material to a used tire.

128.6	With specified treatment of tread material before application to carcass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Process in which the material of which the tread is made is treated, as by coating, etc., before application of the tread material to the tire carcass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 127, for telescoping a preformed tread band onto a tire carcass.

129	Shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Processes in which the tread surface configuration has been shaped before application of the tread material to the tire carcass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 127, for telescoping a preformed tread band onto a tire carcass.

130	By winding or including application of inextensible lamina under tread bond:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Processes in which the tread material is applied by bending progressively around the formed carcass or in which a lamina having no stretch characteristics is applied to the carcass under the tread material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 184+, for laminating processes generally for winding a lamina about a core.

130.3	With specified procedure for interlocking of laminae or removal of air from therebetween; e.g., "stitching", etc.:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Process wherein a specific procedure is claimed for achieving an irregular interface between laminae or for removing voids from between laminae.

130.5	With specified procedure for cooling or heating; e.g., for vulcanization, etc.:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Process including a step of heating or cooling the workpiece in which the conditions for such treatment are specifically claimed. (1) Note. The conditions must include more than mere nominal "vulcanization".

130.7	With specified procedure for bead, carcass or sidewall formation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 128.1.  Process including a step of bead, carcass of sidewall formation in which one of more specific details of such procedure is claimed. (1) Note. The application of the tread in these patents usually is nominal; where tread application is more than nominal, the patent should be cross-referenced to subclass 128.1. (2) Note. Patents are not cross-referenced to this subclass on the basis of nominal recitation of tread application, but rather cross-referenced to those subclasses below which are directed more specifically to the details of manufacture recited in the patent. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 131+, for bead-applying processes. 133+, for carcass and sidewall building processes.

131	Bead-applying:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes including a step of applying wire reinforcing rings defining the inner peripheral edges of the tire. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 136, for processes for making tire bead rings, per se. 403, for apparatus for positioning tire bead rings on the peripheral surface of the tire carcass.

132	Folding fabric about bead
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131.  Processes including a step of wrapping the substance of the tire carcass about the wire bead ring to secure it in position. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 400+, for apparatus for folding the tire carcass fabric material about the bead reinforcements.

133	Applying fabric to from (e.g., carcass building):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes including a step of bending the material of the tire body around and into the configuration of the forming surface on which it is shaped.

134	Fabric splice end treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 133.  Processes including the formation of the butt end joint or splice or some manner of direct treatment peculiar to the spliced or butt end area.

135	Bead portion of carcass treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 110.1.  Processes limited to or uniquely adapted to the treatment of that portion of the tire sidewall at or adjacent the ring reinforced inner periphery.

136	Tire bead ring making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes for making ring-like articles, which articles are particularly adapted for use as reinforcement for the inner edges of pneumatic tire casings. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 131, for tire building processes including a step of applying the bead ring. 157+, for splicing indefinite length lamina end to end. 217+, for bending a one piece blank and joining the edges to form an article. 422, for apparatus for winding wire lengths to form the tire bead reinforcement structures. 460, for apparatus for folding flexible fabrics about tire bead structures to cover same.

137	Flexible endless drive belt making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes directed to making of flexible endless power transmission belts. (1) Note. Processes of making endless conveyor belts are excluded from this and indented subclasses unless the patent discloses that the belt also has utility as a power transmission belt. Appropriate manipulative subclasses below should be searched for the manufacture of other endless belts. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 525.1+ , for processes of mechanically uniting ends of a continuous element to produce an endless member which may be utilized as a drive belt. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a plural layer stock material product not elsewhere provided for. 474,  Endless Belt Power Transmission Systems or Components,   particularly subclasses 237+ for structure of a friction drive belt.

138	Forming grooves on inner surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 137.  Processes which include the step of providing the surface of the endless belt, which contacts the means to be driven, with channels, recesses or corrugations. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 257, and 268, for laminating processes combined with the step of cutting a groove in a lamina or laminated article. 510+, for laminating apparatus combined with cutting means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclass 13 for processes of cutting a groove in a material.

139	"V" or trapezoid section belt:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 137.  Processes which are directed to producing drive belts of V or trapezoid cross-section.

140	With plastic shaping or molding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 139.  Processes combined with the step of shaping an uncured or unvulcanized material to a V or trapezoid configuration by causing the material to flow to the configuration of a forming surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 196+, for processes of reshaping of a self-sustaining lamina. 242+, for processes of forming a lamina by molding or casting from a molten material.

141	Wrapping of belt prior to shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 140.  Processes combined with the step of covering of at least one lamina prior to altering the shape of the assembly to a V or trapezoid configuration. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 212+, for processes of bending a sheet to conform to the shape of a configured lamina while in contact therewith.

142	With cutting to "V" or trapezoid section:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 139.  Processes combined with the step of removing material by cutting of an assembly of laminae to a V or trapeziod shape. (1) Note. The patents in this subclass mostly involve transverse cutting of an endless body along the width thereof to form a plurality of V-belts. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 193, for processes of cutting a wound body.

143	Helical wire or plural ring reinforced flexible tube making
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes directed to making of flexible hollow conduits or hose and reinforcing the conduit or hose with either by a helical wire or by plural rings. (1) Note. The helical wire may be applied as a preformed coil (144) or may be wound with or around the tube during winding thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 169+, for processes of winding a filamentary material to form a helical coil. 184, for processes of winding of a sheet or web to form a hollow tube. 433+, for laminating apparatus including means to form a helical wire. 443+, for means to wind a sheet or web to form a hollow tube.

144	Assembling preformed helical coil or rings with separate tube:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 143.  Processes in which the helical coil or plural rings utilized as the reinforcing means is in the form of a coil or rings prior to assembly with the material forming the tube or conduit.

145	With encapsulating of permanently fluent material in hollow or porous lamina or filling of space between adhered laminae:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of enclosing a filling of the space in the interior of a hollow or porous lamina or the space between spaced adhered lamina with a gas, vapor or liquid which remains permanently associated with the lamina. (1) Note. Patents in this subclass include inflating a hollow lamina subsequent to its assembly with another lamina. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 81, for processes of gasification or a liquid in situ within a hollow body. 156, for processes of utilizing fluid pressure to prevent collapse of hollow structure during assembly and/or joining. 285, for processes of using fluid pressure in general. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 222,  Dispensing,   subclass 1 for process of gas or vapor dispensing.

146	Prior to bonding of laminae (e.g., golf balls):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 145.  Processes in which the filling step takes place prior to bonding.

147	With inflation of airtight cavity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 146.  Processes in which the filling operation is of an impervious hollow core. (1) Note. The filling may be, for example, inflation with air of a football bladder.

148	With weaving, knitting, braiding, twisting or needling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Processes combined with the step of weaving, knitting, braiding and/or needling. (1) Note. For the scope of the textile working operations provided for in this subclass, see the appropriate textile working classes, e.g., weaving, see Class 139, Textiles: Weaving, and for knitting, see Class 66, Textiles: Knitting. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91, for processes of adhesively uniting at least two laminae combined with the step of additionally securing them together by a sewing operation. 393, for laminating apparatus combined with braiding or weaving means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclasses 107+ for processes of and apparatus for producing fabrics either by punching fibers through a base fabric or through a batt of fibers. 57,  Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining,   subclass 362 for processes for twisting filamentary and/or fibrous material into yarns, threads, cords, etc. 66,  Textiles: Knitting,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for knitting textiles. 87,  Textiles: Braiding, Netting, and Lace Making,   subclasses 8+ for processes of braiding of strands together. 139,  Textiles: Weaving,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of weaving strands to produce textiles. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 149 for processes of twisting wire.

149	About tubular lamina:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 148.  Processes in which the textile working operation occurs about a conduit or tube having an open passageway therethrough. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 87,  Textiles: Braiding, Netting, and Lace Making,   subclass 9 for processes of braiding to produce a tubular fabric.