Class Definition for Class 162 - PAPER MAKING AND FIBER LIBERATION

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CLASS 162,	PAPER MAKING AND FIBER LIBERATION
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class includes:

A. Processes for the liberation, recovery or purification of fibers as individual staple fibers or as a pulp of such fibers, including cellulosic fibers, from a fibrous containing material by use of a reagent which exerts some chemical or solvent action upon the fibrous material.

B. Reagent compositions employed in the processes "A" above, and processes of preparation of such compositions, not otherwise provided for;

C. Processes including the deposition of fibers from a liquid suspension thereof in order to form an interfelted product and processes of treatment of the deposited fibrous product prior to the final drying thereof;

D. Fibrous pulps and deposited fibrous webs or articles which are produced by processes "A" or "C" above, which are not otherwise provided for;

E. In addition to the products set forth in "D," this class also includes any nonstructural fiber or fiber containing product (e.g., particular fiber blend) manufactured by any other process (e.g., airlaid) where not elsewhere provided for. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, and also see References to Other Classes, below, for classes that refer to this section.

F. Apparatus employed in carrying out processes "A" and "C" above, not otherwise provided for;

G. An endless Fourdrinier wire is provided for in this class.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

A. FIBER PREPARATION OR TREATING PROCESSES

Within this class processes of fiber preparation are classified in subclass 1. This portion of the class is concerned with the treating of fiber and fibrous materials with chemicals for the purpose of making a pulp or suspension of individual staple fibers which may be deposited from a liquid suspension thereof, thus forming an interfelted fibrous product (paper) or the fibers may be employed for textile purposes.

This class provides for the chemical liberation of these fibers as well as the purification or refining, bleaching, etc., of the fibers with a reagent which exerts some chemical action.

LINE WITH CLASS 8 AND CLASS 19

This class is related to Class 8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, and Class 19, Textiles: Fiber Preparation, which also provide for fiber treating processes. Class 8 provides for processes of fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers not elsewhere provided for. With respect to pulps and suspension of individual fibers the line with Class 8 is as follows:

Class 162 takes (1) processes involving liberating, purifying, bleaching or refining such fibers, (2) processes in which the fibers are modified by hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing; Class 8 takes all processes of chemically modifying such fibers other than by hydration, mercerization or parchmentizing. Class 162 (in subclass 100 particularly subclass 162) also takes dyeing of such fibers.

Class 8 provides for purifying, bleaching, etc., of fabrics, strands, yarns, filaments, etc., as distinguished from fibrous pulps. Patents to processes in which both a fibrous pulp and a fabric, strand, yarn, etc., is claimed (or disclosed if claimed only generically) are classified in Class 8. Combinations of a step of purifying or liberating the fiber with a step of modifying it, per se, belonging in Class 8, are classified in Class 162.

Class 8, particularly in subclasses 137+ and 147+, provides for the cleaning and laundering of textile fabrics and fibers, that is, for the removal of materials not originally associated with a natural fiber and the removal of any material from synthetic fibers. The treatment may be effected with or without chemical action. Thus, manipulative processes of washing pulp or fibers in bulk form are classified in Class 8, subclass 156.

Class 19 provides for the mechanical treatment of fibers to put them in condition for use.

See References to Other Classes, below, for related fiber preparation or treating processes classes.

B. FIBER TREATING AGENTS

Chemical reagent compositions used for liberating fiber from a fiber containing material (e.g., wood) are included and are classified with the corresponding process. This class provides also for processes of making or regenerating such agents. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

C. FIBROUS PRODUCT MAKING AND TREATING

This class includes processes of forming an interfelted fibrous product by deposition from liquid suspension including the addition of other material to the fibrous suspension whether the deposition step is included or not. This class also includes processes for treating the deposited web or article prior to final drying thereof. The fibrous character of the product must be retained in the final product. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

D. COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER PAPER TREATING OPERATIONS

This class generally includes combinations of a fiber liberation or purification step with other fiber treating steps or of a deposition from a liquid suspension with other treatment of the interfelted product (in which the fibrous nature of the product is retained). Processes of fiber liberation or purification combined with processes of employing the liberated fibers for the manufacture of a product (other than by deposition from a fiber suspension) are, in general, classified in the class providing for the particular manufacturing operation involved. See References to Other Classes, below.

E. PRODUCTS

This provides for paper products resulting from processes classified herein. However, articles and materials having structure or other characteristics provided for in other classes are classified therein, even though made of paper, or disclosed or claimed as having been made by a process classifiable herein. Also see References to Other Classes, below.

F. APPARATUS

This class includes apparatus employed for carrying out processes classifiable herein not otherwise provided for. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for processes of making or regenerating agents.
70+,	for chemical reagent compositions used for liberating fiber from a fiber containing material (e.g., wood).
100+,	for processes of forming an interfelted fibrous product by deposition from liquid suspension including the addition of other material to the fibrous suspension whether the deposition step is included or not.
141,	through 181 for any nonstructural fiber or fiber containing product (e.g., particular fiber blend) manufactured by any other process (e.g., airlaid) where not elsewhere provided for.
160,	and 161 for paper impregnated for purposes of preserving the paper.
232+,	for apparatus employed for carrying out processes classifiable herein not otherwise provided for.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8,	Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclasses 400 through 696for dyed paper, produced by the action of a dye upon dry paper, subclasses 115.51+ for chemically modified fibers, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Products", above.)
19,	Textiles: Fiber Preparation, appropriate subclasses for air felting. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Fibrous Product Making and Treating", above.)
19,	Textiles: Fiber Preparation, appropriate subclasses for air felting, per se, of fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
28,	Textiles: Manufacturing, appropriate subclasses, appropriate subclass for textile products having significant textile characteristics or features not provided for in other textile classes. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Products", above.)
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 90.1+ for burnishing waterlaid products. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Fibrous Product Making and Treating", above.)
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 90.1+ for burnishing apparatus employed for treating fibrous layers or paper. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
34,	Drying and Gas or Vapor Contacted With Solids, appropriate subclasses, for processes of drying a wet web or article of deposited fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fibrous Product Making and Treating, above.)
34,	Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclass for drying a freshly deposited fibrous layer. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 376+ for a process of making glass fibers or mineral wool. (see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fibrous Product Making and Treating, above.)
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 376+ for glass fibers or mineral wool forming. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
100,	Presses, appropriate subclasses for presses, per se, even though employed for treating paper or fibrous webs or articles. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
100,	Presses, appropriate subclasses, for mere pressing to express moisture from a web or article deposited, and for pressing or calendering dry paper. (See Fibrous Product Making and Treating)
106,	Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclass for nonwaterlaid plastic and coating compositions comprising fibrous and inorganic materials, as well as fibrous material associated with an organic material, other than a synthetic resin. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
131,	Tobacco, subclass 365 for tobacco-containing paper, intended to be burned in smoking. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
138,	Pipes and Tubular Conduits, appropriate subclasses for tube structure. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
137,	Fluid Handling, subclass 4 for processes of regulating or maintaining the consistency of a fiber suspension by control of liquid flow. (See Fibrous Product Making and Treating, above.)
137,	Fluid Handling, particularly subclasses 92 and 467.5 for apparatus employed in the regulation or maintenance of the consistency of a fibrous suspension which may be disclosed as useful in making paper. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclasses 62.2+ for deposition of particulate material by other than water laying to form a self sustaining web or batt, combined with a laminating step, and subclasses 369+ for apparatus for forming self-sustaining webs from particulate material. See the search note to Class 264 below, for processes of forming self sustaining webs from bulk deposited particles, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Fibrous Product Making and Treating," above.)
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclasses 52 through 56, for impregnated paper used for electrolytic printing (see the Class 162 definition, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products section) and subclasses 689-694 for electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material (see the Class 162 definition, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Preparation or Treating Processes section).
209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 727+ , for separating solids from fibers by a solids separation procedure there provided for. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Preparation Or Treating Processes, above.)
209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses particularly subclasses 727+ for apparatus used in separating nonfibrous solids (e.g., sand) from fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
210,	Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for separating liquid from a fibrous suspension. Such separators which are designed for the laying down of a felted fibrous product, as the Fourdrinier type machine, are classified in Class 162 even though there is a separation of the liquid, usually water, from a fibrous suspension. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
210,	Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses for the separation of liquid from fibers other than those resulting in the formation of a felted fibrous product. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Preparation or Treating Processes, above.)
229,	Envelopes, Wrappers, and paper Board Boxes, for articles of that type. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, appropriate subclasses for grinders, heaters, comminutors, etc., employed for treating fibrous material for reducing it to individual fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, particularly subclass 4 for the grinding, comminuting or heating of fibrous material, uncombined with any chemical treatment, in order to separate the material into smaller individual fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Preparation Or Treating Processes, above.)
252,	Compositions, subclass 567 for a paper web or sheet impregnated with a defined liquid dielectric. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
252,	Compositions, subclasses 186.1+ and 188.1+ for bleaching agent compositions even though disclosed as being useful for bleaching pulp. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Treating Agents, above.)
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, for shaping or molding of plastic materials including that of a dried, preformed blank of paper pulp, with or without remoistening thereof. Class 264 also generally takes processes for forming articles by uniting of discrete bulk assembled particles, and also forming articles by depositing particles other than fibers from a slurry (e.g., mica, clay, etc.). (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fibrous Product Making and Treating, above.)
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, for molding or shaping plastic materials which may include the step of destroying the fibrous or felted nature of a deposited web or article. See subclass 80 for flame contact or heat decomposition of work, broadly, and subclasses 109+ for forming articles by uniting of discrete bulk assembled particles, not containing free metal particles, per se. (See Combinations With Other Paper Treating Operations, above.)
383,	Flexible Bags, for bags. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
419,	Powder Metallurgy Processes, subclasses 61+ for processes for forming articles by uniting randomly associated metal particles without heating. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Combinations With Other Paper Treating Operations, above.)
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 285 and 307+ for cookers and digesters other than those used for liberating or treating fibers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
423,	Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropriate subclasses, for process of preparing or reclaiming inorganic compounds by a chemical reaction. See especially subclasses 511+ for sulfur containing compounds; for the line between the classes see line note to Class 162 in definition of Class 423, Search Notes. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Treating Agents, above.)
424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 14+ and especially subclasses 16+ for a composition of that class including a structural feature which may included a coating or impregnation of a paper base. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclasses 80.1+ for means forming self-sustaining bodies of particulate material including an air felting type shaping means, and subclasses 84+ for a shaping surface and means for removal of liquid vehicle or component as a liquid. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Apparatus," above.)
426,	Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses for paper impregnated with a food treating agent. This class (162) provides for paper impregnated for purposes of preserving the paper. (See Subclass References to the Current Class, above.)
427,	Coating Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes of coating paper not combined with a paper making step, or where the paper is not still wet from the paper forming operation. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a nonwaterlaid fiber or fiber containing product as set forth in "E" in the class definition of this Class 162 where said product processes either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber, etc.) or external structure (e.g., nonplanar component, etc.). (See Class Definition, E, above.)
430,	Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, subclasses 496+ for paper coated with a radiation sensitive composition. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Products, above.)
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 277 and 278 for fiber treating processes involving fermentation. (See Fiber Preparation or Treating Processes, above.)
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 277 for combination of fermentative and chemical digestion. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Combinations With Other Paper Treating Operations, above.)
520,	Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for nonwaterlaid synthetic resin or natural rubbers containing compositions.
536,	Organic Compounds, subclasses 30+ and 56+ for cellulose liberation or purification followed by conversion of the cellulose to a cellulose derivative which is not followed by deposition of fibers from liquid suspension or other step provided for in Class 162. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Combinations With Other Paper Treating Operations, above.)
588,	Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, subclass 254 for containment of asbestos and subclass 255 for containment with polymers. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Fiber Preparation or Treating Processes, above.)

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 1]

PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL LIBERATION, RECOVERY OR PURIFICATION OF NATURAL CELLULOSE OR FIBROUS MATERIAL:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for the liberation, recovery or purification of cellulose or of fibers as individual fibers or fibrous pulp occurring in a fibrous material by the use of a reagent which exerts some solvent or chemical action upon the fibrous material and the reagent compositions employed in such processes.

(1) Note. Processes classifiable in this or indented subclasses include those involving the use of a material which exerts some solvent action or reacts with some constituent of the fibrous material, without destroying the fibrous characteristics of the material. Included are treatments with steam and water heated above atmospheric temperature. Processes involving hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing of the resultant liberated fiber or of an undried web of fibers freshly deposited from liquid suspension are also included, however other treatments of chemically modifying of fibers are classified in Class 8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, particularly subclasses 115.5+.

(2) Note. Chemical reagent compositions employed in processes of liberating (digesting) fibers are classified with the corresponding process of liberating, note particularly subclasses 70+. Processes involving recovering or regenerating such compositions in condition for reuse in digestion (liberation) are classified in subclasses 29+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for processes including the recovery, reuse or recycling of the digestion agent or liquor (see (2) Note).
70+,	for processes of liberating cellulosic fiber employing a particular digesting composition and for the compositions employed (see (2) Note).
100+,	for liberated fiber compositions and fiber pulps resulting from processes classifiable herein (subclasses 1+) not otherwise provided for.
232+,	for apparatus employed in processes of digestion of fibrous material classified herein (subclasses 1+).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8,	Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, appropriate subclass for chemical modification and fluid treatment of fibers and textiles, not otherwise provided for. Processes of bleaching and purifying individual fibers or fiber pulp, as distinguished from filaments, yarns, textiles, etc., is classifiable in this class (162). Similarly, hydration, mercerization or parchmentizing such fibers or undried web thereof are also in this class (162). Other chemical modification or fluid treatment of textiles and fibers, (e.g., dyeing) are found in Class 8. Bleaching or purifying processes which, as claimed, may be applied either to a fiber or fibrous pulp as well as to a filament yarn or textile are classified in Class 8.
19,	Textiles: Fiber Preparation, appropriate subclasses, for the purification, recovery or liberation of fibers by mechanical action only.
106,	Compositions: Coating or Plastic, subclass 123.1 for coating or plastic compositions having as one ingredient thereof a cellulose liberation liquor.
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclasses 689 through 694for electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material.
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, subclass 28 and other appropriate subclasses, for processes of fiber liberation involving mechanical comminution only, or such comminution in the presence of water at ambient or lower temperatures. The combination of mechanical comminution and chemical treatment or treatment of fibrous material with water at higher than ambient temperature, is classified in Class 162. See especially subclasses 20 through 28.
252,	Compositions, subclasses 186.1+ , 187.1 and 188.1+ for mere bleaching agents, even though they may be used for bleaching fibers as provided for herein (in Class 162).
423,	Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropriate subclasses, for the recovery of chemical elements or inorganic compounds, per se, and for the line between the classes, see line note to Class 162 in the definition of class 423, Search Notes.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 277 and 278 for processes of liberating, recovering and/or purifying of fibers, involving fermentation.
516,	Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or speading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
536,	Organic Compounds, particularly subclasses 30 and 56 for processes of modifying cellulose in which its fibrous nature is destroyed, e.g., in the production of cellulose esters.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 2]

Animal fibers:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes which include the liberation, recovery and/or purification of animal fibers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

143+,

and 151, for processes of depositing fibrous products from waterlaying a liquid suspension which include animal fibers, and the products of such processes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8,	Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclasses 94.1+ for fluid or chemical treatment of hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues, not otherwise provided for, subclass 127.5 for processes of chemically modifying proteinaceous fibers, and subclass 138 for processes for fluid or chemical treatment of silk for the removal of servicing, or other naturally occurring gum or wax. Processes classifiable in this subclass (2) generally include the production of a fiber pulp from a raw proteinaceous fibrous material, (e.g., leather).
260,	Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclasses 112+ for proteins and reaction products thereof.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 251 and 252 for processes of liberation or purification of silk, keratins or protein involving fermentation.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 3]

Mineral fibers:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes which include the purification, recovery and/or liberation of mineral fibers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

145,	and 152+, for processes of waterlaying products depositing fibrous products from a liquid suspension which includes mineral fibers, and the resulting products.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 376+ for a process of making glass fibers or mineral wool.
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclasses 62.2+ for laminating processes in which at least one lamina, e.g., a batt, is formed by bulk deposition of discrete particles.
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, subclasses 109+ for processes under the class definition for forming articles by uniting randomly associated particles, not containing free metal particles, particularly subclass 110 providing for mica particles.
423,	Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 326+ for the chemical preparation of silicates not combined with a fiber liberation step; see also line note to Class 162 in definition of Class 423, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 4]

Waste paper or textile waste:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes which include the treatment of paper or textile waste such as old newspapers, waste rags, etc.

(1) Note. Many of the processes classifiable herein are drawn to the "deinking" of news print. Many processes also include a mechanical defibration. In this subclass the chemical or solvent agent may act upon the ink, or other material associated with the waste paper or textile.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

191,	for processes including the recovery or reuse of the "broke" or "trim", which is the waste material from a previous waterlaying step, for the production of pulp for further waterlaying, which process does not involve any repulping with a chemical or solvent agent.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

134,	Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for processes of chemically removing coatings, such as wax, from a paper base without otherwise affecting the base, where the coating is not recovered.
208,	Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclasses 24+ , for processes of recovering wax from waxed paper which does not include the recovery of fiber or fibrous pulp.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 5]

With organic agent:

This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes in which an organic agent is employed.

(1) Note. In many cases the organic agent is a solvent for the ink in a deinking process.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

72+,	for the digestion or treatment of nonwaste or unused cellulose in which an organic agent is employed.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 6]

With chlorine, chlorine compounds, oxygen, ozone, or per-compounds:

This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes in which elemental chlorine, a chlorine compound, oxygen, ozone or a percompound is employed.

(1) Note. Example of percompounds are hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and potassium permanganate.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

73,	74 and 87+, for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which chlorine or a chlorine compound is employed.
78,	for processes of digesting a treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which a percompound is employed.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 7]

With sulfur or sulfur compound:

This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes in which elemental sulfur or a sulfur compound is employed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

82,	for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose with sulfur or a sulfur-containing material.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 8]

With alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium compound:

This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes in which an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or ammonium compound is employed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

90,	for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium hydroxide or carbonate is employed.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 9]

With chemical or physical modification of liberated fiber:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with a chemical or physical modification of the liberated fiber.

(1) Note. Examples of chemical or physical modifications included a formation of a cellulose derivative, change of shape of the fiber as curling, twisting, untwisting, puffing, swelling (with agent other than water), etc.

(2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are (1) dyeing, (2) removal of a constituent of the fiber unless accompanied by some physical deformation of the fiber such as curling, puffing, etc., and (3) hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing of the fiber, even though combined with a digestion or purification of the fibrous material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

79,	for processes of parchmentizing cellulose fibers by use of zinc chloride.
82,	for processes of parchmentizing cellulose fibers by use of sulfuric acid.
90,	for processes of mercerizing cellulose fibers.
146,	and 157.1+, for processes of making paper products (depositing from liquid suspension) in which chemically modified fibers are employed.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 10]

With non-fiber material added to product:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with the addition or retention of a nonfibrous ingredient to or in the feltable fibrous product.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

158+,

for processes involving adding or retaining one or more nonfibrous ingredients to or in the fibrous product not combined with the digestion, liberation or purification of the fibers.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 11]

Fiber supplied constituent:

This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Processes in which the nonfibrous ingredient is derived in whole or in part from the plant or portion thereof from which the fiber is liberated.

(1) Note. The nonfiber material may be extracted from the raw fiber-containing material and later added to the same batch of material from which it was derived, or to a different batch. The nonfiber material may also be the reaction product of an original constituent of the plant, such as a gum, wax, resin, lignin, etc., and an externally applied reagent. It may also be present as the result of redistribution within the fiber, as where it is desired to have the constituent uniformly distributed within the fiber.

(2) Note. A digestion process will seldom result in the removal of all the nonfibrous ingredients from vegetable growth. Processes will be classified in this and indented subclasses only when the digestion is purposefully incomplete, as where it is stated that a substantial amount of fiber-impregnating or adhesive matter is retained.

(3) Note. This subclass includes for example the combination of digestion and returning the waste liquor to the pulp as a nonfiber additive.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 12]

Added to web or article:

This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Processes in which the nonfiber material is added to self-sustaining fibrous web or body which has been deposited or formed from a liquid suspension of the fibers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

158+,

particularly subclasses 184+, for the application of a nonfiber additive to a formed fibrous web or article not combined with a liberation or purification of the fibers.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 13]

With formation of web or article:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with the step of depositing or forming a fibrous web or article from a liquid suspension of the liberated or purified fibers.

(1) Note. Processes including liberating or purifying fibers followed by forming a web or article in which the formation is set forth by name only, as for example, "waterlaying" without including any details of the waterlaying operation, are not classifiable in this subclass but elsewhere on the basis of the particular fiber liberation or purification.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

10+,	for processes of this type also including the addition of a nonfiber material to the resultant web or article.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 14]

Including recovery of organic by-product:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with the recovery of an organic constituent from the raw fibrous material or a reaction product derived from such constituent, in addition to the liberated fiber.

(1) Note. The organic material recovered must originate or be formed from the fibrous material. Mere separation of the organic material is sufficient unless it is destroyed or discarded.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for digestion or chemical treating processes in which the digestion liquor or treating agent is recovered or reused for treatment of further quantities of fibrous material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

106,	Compositions: Coating or Plastic, particularly subclasses 123.11+ for processes of preparation of plastic or coating composition wherein a cellulose liberation liquor is employed.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 251 and 252 for processes of fermenting cellulose liberation waste liquor not combined with a fiber liberation.
530,	Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof, subclasses 205+ for tall oil and its reaction products, and subclasses 500+ for lignins and reaction products thereof.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 15]

From digester relief gases:

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Processes in which the organic material is recovered from gases given off from a digester.

(1) Note. An example of gas given off from a digester is that in relief of pressure.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 16]

From waste liquor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Processes in which the organic material is recovered from waste fiber treating agent or liquor following its separation from the chemically treated fibers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for digestion or chemical treating processes in which the digestion liquor or treating agent is recovered or reused for treatment of further quantities of fibrous material.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 17]

Continuous chemical treatment or continuous charging or discharging:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the fibrous material passes substantially continuously into and out of the treating zone.

(1) Note. The raw fibrous material is continuously fed to, flowed through and discharged from the treating zone with the material normally being admitted and discharged at the same rates. "Continuous batch" processes, characterized by the passage of baskets filled with fibrous material, through a treating solution, are also included.

18	With compression, squeezing or compacting of fibrous material during charging:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Processes in which the raw fibrous material is subjected to compression at the point of entrance to the treating zone so as to form a plug sealing off the zone from the exterior thereof.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 19]

Plural diverse stage treatment:

This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a plurality of dissimilar chemical treatments.

(1) Note. The treatments may be dissimilar in the composition or concentration of the treating medium, the temperature, pressure, or time, of the treatment, etc.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 20]

With decortication or mechanical preparation of textile fibers:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with a step of (1) subjecting a nonwood fibrous material to a mechanical attrition step to strip off the husk or outer shell or to separate the fibrous material from nonfibrous material, or (2) subjecting fibrous material to be used in textile operations to a mechanical operation to modify or facilitate the preparation of the fibers for textile use.

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19,	Textiles: Fiber Preparation, for processes of decortication fiber preparation not involving any chemical treatment of the fiber.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 21]

Defibration by projection or explosion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with the separation of the fibers from each other (1) by subjecting them to a sudden and drastic release of pressure, or (2) by projecting the fiber clumps against a solid surface.

(1) Note. In view of the fact that steam and hot water are considered as chemicals for treating the fiber within the scope of subclass 1 explosion or projection in the presence of steam or hot water is classified herein, even though no other digestion chemical is present.

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247,	for apparatus for use in explosion or impact type defibering operations.

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99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclasses 323.4+ apparatus for subjecting cereals to sudden changes in pressure to disrupt the same and produce a puffed food product.
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, subclass 1 for processes for comminuting solid material by explosion and subclass 5 for processes utilizing kinetic energy of projected or suspended material.

22	With chemical other than water or steam:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Processes in which the fibrous material is treated with a chemical agent other than water or steam usually to facilitate the liberation or purification of the fibrous material.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 23]

Mechanical defibration in the presence of heated gas or gas under pressure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected simultaneously to a mechanical disintegrating or attrition step and a digestion in the presence of a gas at an elevated temperature or pressure.

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26,	for processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a simultaneous chemical treatment and mechanical defibration not in the presence of a gas.
63,	for processes of fiber treatment in the presence of a gas, vapor or mist.

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241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, subclasses 18+ for other disintegration or comminution processes carried out in the presence of a gas or vapor.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 24]

Chemical treatment after start or completion of mechanical defibration:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes combined with mechanical defibration step in which chemical treatment is initiated after the start or the completion of a mechanical defibration of the fibrous material.

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241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, particularly subclasses 15+ for processes of mechanically comminuting defibering fibrous materials with application of a fluid to the material not involving any chemical treatment of the fibrous material.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 25]

With additional chemical treatment before start of defibration:

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes in which the fibrous material is also subjected to a chemical treatment before the start of the defibering process.

(1) Note. The chemical treatment prior to the mechanical defibration step is necessarily separate and distinct from that following the start or completion of the defibration, but may employ the same chemicals and conditions of treatment.

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26,	for processes involving simultaneous chemical digestion or treatment and mechanical defibration of the fibrous material.

[List of Patents for class 162 subclass 26]

Simultaneous mechanical defibration and chemical treatment:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to concurrent attrition or defibration and chemical digestion or treatment.

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17+,	for continuous processes for treating fibrous material in which the material is subjected to a chemical treatment and simultaneous defibration.
23,	for processes of mechanically defibering fibrous material in the presence of a gas at elevated temperature or pressure.
24+,	for processes in which the chemical treatment is initiated subsequent to the start or completion of mechanical defibration.
235,	for apparatus for concurrently digesting and chemically treating fibrous material.

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241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, particularly subclasses 15+ for processes of mechanically comminuting defibering fibrous materials with application of a fluid to the material not involving any chemical treatment of the fibrous material.