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CLASS 241,	SOLID MATERIAL COMMINUTION OR DISINTEGRATION
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

The main class definition is divided into the following sections:

General statement of class subject matter.

Chemical compounds, compositions, foods and beverages.

Suspensions and colloids

Coating or shaping of material

Fibrous and laminated material

Heating, cooling, or drying material

Operators for comminutors

Separation of material

Material handling, excavating, distributing, harvesting

Grain, flour and starch

Comminutor, or comminutor element, supports and mounting means

GENERAL STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER

A. This is the generic class for (1) the comminution and disintegration of solid material, and (2) the comminution and disintegration of solids combined with other treatment of the material where such combinations are not provided for in other classes and are not specifically excluded by the following notes and definitions.

B. As used in this classification, the terms "comminution" or "disintegration" necessarily include the following elements: (1) There must be a division of a solid mass into a number of smaller solid masses. (2) The treatment must include no operation which is directed toward imparting a desired shape to the initial solid mass or the resulting smaller solid masses.

The term "comminution" has been considered to be generic to all the terms ordinarily applied to the subject matter of this class (e.g., grinding, milling, disintegration, trituration, pulverization, etc.). Therefore, for the sake of brevity, the term "comminution" alone has been used in the notes and definitions below to denote the treatment which forms the basis of this class.

C. This class is limited to the treatment of solid material i.e., material in a self-sustaining, more or less rigid state, capable of resisting deformation to a certain extent. However, materials which normally may be considered "plastic", but which, in the course of the comminution, perform substantially as do normal solids, in that smaller nonshaped particles are formed from a larger mass, have been looked upon as being solids for purposes of this classification. (See COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL below). Treatment of solids in fluid suspension is included. (See SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS below).

D. This class provides for both processes and apparatus for carrying out the comminuting treatment but not products thereof. Since product claims were considered controlling, patents having such claims were classified in classes appropriate thereto, whether or not a claim to a comminuting process or apparatus was included.

E. Where a patent includes claims to a comminutor or a comminutor part and a method of making the comminutor or part, the claim to the article is deemed to be controlling and classification of the patent in Class 241 is proper, unless the article is provided for elsewhere.

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES

In general, the compound, compositions, and food classes are superior to this class as to the production, reclamation or recovery of the materials provided for in those classes, and see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH, below, for a special statement on grain, flour and starch.

A. The compound, composition, food and beverages classes will take:

(1) All patents, any claim of which is directed to a product provided for in those classes.

(2) Processes in which any step effects a chemical change in, dissolves, or forms a stable colloidal dispersion of all, or part, of the material (except where an added comminuting aid is removed from the material by chemical reaction or dissolution).

(3) Processes involving the formation of a composition by combining distinct ingredients which are sufficiently identified as to form a basis of classification, whether the process involves a chemical reaction or is merely physical (as by compounding by comminution, per se). However, where the larger mass, before comminution, is made up of a plurality of dissimilar materials, and following comminution and separation, the constituent parts of the same mass are recombined, or partly so, such processes were not considered to involve the formation of a composition and have been classified in class 241.

(B) This class (241) will take:

(1) Processes and apparatus having the sole function of comminuting solid material.

(2) Processes and apparatus in which a comminuting step or means is combined with a physical step or means which has the sole function of facilitating the comminution.

(3) Processes and apparatus in which a comminuting step or means is combined with such additional steps or means as have been provided for in this class, such as: (a) separation or classification of the material into grades or sizes, including the recombination of separated ingredients of a single starting material; (b) separation of fluids from the material involving no chemical change in the material, as by filtering or drying operations; (c) heating the material; (d) cooling the material; (e) separation of comminuting aids from the material, which operation may include dissolution or a chemical reaction; (f) apparatus combinations of a comminutor with means for applying a fluid to the material for any disclosed purpose, including performing or initiating a chemical reaction. See subclass 38.

SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS

This class (241) provides for the generic subject matter of comminuting solid material in a fluid to form or improve a suspension. See subclasses 21 and 38+. For exceptions to this and for related subject matter, see the Refernces to Other Classes referring to this section (Suspension and Colloids).

COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL.

(A) This class (241) does not include the shaping or coating of material, per se, (see the general statement of class subject matter in the class definition), but does provide for coating or shaping steps or means in combination with comminuting processes or apparatus in the following instances:

(1) Where the shaping is followed by a comminution which destroys the shape, as distinguished from causing a large shaped mass to be made into a plurality of smaller masses which retain one of the original dimensions of the large mass (e.g., flaking, where a formed sheet is broken up into flakes which retain the original sheet thickness dimension).

(2) Where a comminuting operation on a heterogeneous mass or mixture of material results in the simultaneous formation of shaped masses of a portion only of the material and the comminution of the remainder (e.g., the metallic constituents of an ore are formed into balls simultaneously with the comminution of gangue).

(3) Where the shaping is for the sole purpose of facilitating the subsequent separation of the material into grades. See Class 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass 7, for this type of treatment, per se.

(4) Where the coating treatment is for the sole purpose of facilitating the comminution.

(B) The material shaping classes provide for shaping or forming, per se, and shaping processes and apparatus combined with preliminary comminuting steps or means.

FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL.

Class 241 provides for processes and apparatus for comminuting fibrous and laminated material, and other treatments combined with comminution when such combinations are not of the type specifically provided for in other classes. See the References to Other Classes section for specific references to this section.

HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL.

Class 241 provides for process and apparatus combinations in which comminution is combined with heating and/or cooling steps or means. See subclasses 8, 15+, 23, 38+, 65+. It does not include such combinations when the temperature modification of the material effects a change in the chemical nature of the material (e.g., removing water of hydration, etc), except those apparatus combinations in which the temperature change is effected by means which applies a fluid to the material, which may have the disclosed function of carrying out a chemical reaction. See the pertinent chemical classes for such combinations as are excluded above.

In general, Class 241 is superior to the following classes, or such parts, thereof that relate to the heating, cooling, or drying of solid material and takes combinations of the subject matter there provided for with comminution, unless a specific exception is noted: Class 34, Class 62, Class 110, Class 126, Class 148, Class 219, Class 266, Class 373, Class 432. See References to Other Classes, below, for an explanation of the lines between these classes and Class 241.

OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS.

Class 241 provides for the combination of a comminutor with means to move the comminuting members thereof. Organizations, per se, for effecting the movement of comminuting members are classified in the pertinent machine element, motor, or power plant class if no significant combination with the comminutor or comminutor element is claimed. Claims which include in addition to the specific operator (1) the manner of supporting the comminuting element relative to other parts of the comminutor, (2) mention of a plurality of cooperating elements, or (3) structural characteristics of the element itself, are considered to be claims to a significant comminutor combination for classification in Class 241. Mere naming of the comminuting element or its type is not deemed as significant inclusion thereof in the combination. Operators, per se, for comminuting elements are found in the classes listed below unless specifically excluded and the line stated above applies to each. See the References to Other Classes, below, for class references to this section.

SEPARATION OF MATERIAL

Class 241 is superior to the material separation classes and, therefore, provides for a process or apparatus in which comminution is combined with a step or means to separate the material into classes according to the physical characteristics of its components, before, during, or after the comminuting operation. See subclasses 9+, 24.1+ and 68+, or if the separation involves applying a fluid to the material, subclasses 19, 20 and 38+. As noted in CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES of this class definition, comminuting processes which include the separation of a comminuting aid from the material by dissolution or a chemical reaction are included in Class 241. The separating classes to which the above stated general line applies are: Class 95, Class 96, Class 209, Class 210, and Class 494. See References to other Classes, below, for specific references to this section.

MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING.

In general, Class 241 provides for processes and apparatus in which comminution is combined with steps and means to move and handle the material prior to or subsequent to the comminuting operation. Means to feed material to the comminuting zone for treatment and to discharge it therefrom are classified in the various feeding and discharging subclasses in the class. Material handling combinations other than those limited to mere feeding to and discharging from the comminutor are classified in the subclasses 25 and 101.01+, unless more specifically provided for.

Certain types of material handling have, on the other hand, been considered so specialized that classes including such subject matter have been considered superior to Class 241. For a list of such classes and a statement of the line with each, see (B) of this section below.

(A) The following are examples of those classes which deal with types of material handling to which Class 241 has been considered superior in accordance with the above stated general line and any patent having claims to a significant combination of the type of material handling treated in these classes with a comminutor is properly classifiable in class 241: Class 141, Class 193, Class 198, Class 212, Class 221, Class 222, Class 312, Class 406, Class 414. See References to Other Classes, below.

(B) The following classes deal with special types of material handling or moving which are considered superior to Class 241 and patents claiming significant combinations of such handling with comminuting steps or means are classified with the particular type of handling involved: Class 37, Class 56, Class 171, Class 172, Class 175, Class 239, Class 299, Class 404. See References to Other Classes, below.

GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH

The comminution of cereal or other seeds or seed parts and combinations of other treatments of the type provided for in the class, to form flour or other grain products, are provided for in Class 241, and see the above section on COMPOSITIONS, COMPOUNDS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES in general. For related subject matter, see the References to Other Classes, belows referring to this section.

COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS

Combinations of a comminutor and a support or mounting therefor are provided for in Class 241. Combinations including means to stationarily support the comminutor are in subclasses 46.014+ and 285.1. Other mounting means (e.g., vehicular) are treated as combinations for subclasses 101.01+. See this class (241), subclasses 291+ for comminutor element-shaft combinations. For comminutor mounting means, per se, see the References to Other Classes, belows referring to this section.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning. provides for processes and apparatus for cleaning comminuting members by the operations there provided for. Class 241 takes the combination of a significantly claimed comminuting member with a cleaning means therefore but mere identification of the member cleaned as a type of comminuting member was not deemed significant and such patents were assigned on the basis of the cleaner. In this class (241), see subclasses 166+. For processes and apparatus for removing accretions from containers which may result in the comminution of a portion of the material, see subclasses 104.05+ in Class 15 and (2) Note to the definition of subclass 105.05.

Class 30, Cutlery, subclasses 136+ for hand manipulated scrapers which may act to retain the material for use and subclasses 164.5+ for hand manipulated ice picks and chippers. Ice crushers and shavers which are not hand manipulated relative to the material are provided for in Class 241.

Class 62 takes (1) processes in which comminution of a solid refrigerant medium (e.g., ice), is combined with a step of utilizing the medium in cooling a material or article, (2) apparatus in which means for comminuting a solid refrigerant is combined with means to utilize the refrigerant (e.g., ice car, ice cream freezer or other refrigerating receptacle), and (3) processes and apparatus in which steps or means for manufacturing a solid refrigerant are combined with steps or means for comminuting the material. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus for cooling the material undergoing treatment combined with comminution thereof.

Class 69, Leather Manufactures, is for processes and apparatus for treating leather not elsewhere provided for. Class 241 includes leather comminution but excludes organizations in which only a portion of the hide is removed, such combinations being classified in Class 69.

Class 73, Measuring and Testing, provides for testing processes and apparatus including comminuting steps or means for operating on material to determine certain of its characteristics; e.g., subclasses 7+. Class 241 takes material treatment processes and apparatus which includes steps or means to test the material in combination with comminution.

Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, for miscellaneous metallurgical processes including comminution only in combination with treatment of a type not provided for in Class 241. Class 75 includes alloys disclosed for use in forming comminutor parts when claims to the alloy, per se, are included. Claims to a comminutor element formed of a specific alloy are not controlling over claims to the alloy, per se, and classification of patents having both types of claims in Class 75 is proper. See (2) Note to the definition of subclass 213 of Class 75.

Class 99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses and the notes thereto for the preservation and production of foods and beverages. Cooking, adding ingredients, and bleaching are examples of steps which so change the nature of the final food product as to cause classification in Class 99. Search subclasses 510+ for comminution in combination with liquid recovery and 537+ for apparatus separating one portion of food from another, similar to the apparatus of Class 241.

Class 100, Presses, takes (1) processes and apparatus for expressing which apply comminuting pressure to the material where there is provided means for separating the expressed liquid from the solid. The paths of flow of the expressed material may be provided by the pressure elements themselves, (2) processes and apparatus for expressing combined with steps or means for comminuting the material prior to the expressing operation, and (3) convertible apparatus adapted to function either as an expresser or a comminutor. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus for comminuting material combined with steps or means to apply an expressing operation on the material prior to the comminuting operation, see subclasses 2, 25 and 101.01+.

Class 110 takes (1) processes and apparatus in which a solid fuel burning step or means is combined with a step or means for comminuting the fuel before burning, or the residue after burning, (2) processes and apparatus in which comminuting of a fuel is combined with a step or means for adding air or other gas subsequent to the comminuting zone for the disclosed purpose of supporting combustion of fuel in a burner (see particularly subclass 106), and (3) fuel burning apparatus or parts thereof which may act to comminute material as a secondary or incidental function thereof (e.g., grates). Class 241 takes comminution combined with steps or means for applying heat to the material from a significantly claimed burner.

Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, is the generic class for cleaning and/or applying liquids to solids. Processes including such steps in combination with comminuting steps are classified in Class 241. Mere agitation of particulate material in the presence of liquid to separate dirt or other impurities therefrom is not considered to be comminution. Such processes are classified in Class 134 or other appropriate class, depending on the line between those classes. Class 241 provides for the separation of adhering impurities from solids by comminution, as distinguished from mere agitation or tumbling, either with or without the application of a liquid to the material. See the definitions and Notes to the definitions of subclasses 16+ in Class 134.

Class 162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, provides for the combination of a chemical digestion and comminution. Class 241 provides for the comminution of fibrous materials even when in liquid suspension for the preparation of a paper pulp. For the purpose of determining a line between this class (241) and Class 162, hot water shall be considered to be a chemical agent classifiable in Class 162. The comminution of fibrous material in suspension, even when disclosed for the purpose of making a paper pulp is provided for in Class 241 where no chemical treatment is claimed.

Class 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for a process and apparatus relating to the separation of solids into grades or classes. A screen or the like, which could operate as a mere separator, but is disclosed as being adapted to function as a comminuting element, is classified in Class 241. See particularly subclass 83. An agitator for facilitating the flow of material through a screen may incidentally effect the comminution or a portion of the material. Such a device is classified on the basis of its essential function and is found in Class 209 unless the agitator is modified to further the comminuting effect. The classification of a patent relating to the presentation of a mass of plastic material to a series of openings will depend upon the disclosed purpose of the process or apparatus: if the purpose is to remove foreign particles from the material, classification is in Class 209; if to comminute into discrete particles, it is found in Class 241; if to form into a desired shape or shapes, it is in the proper shaping class, for which see the Coating or Shapring of Material section of this class (241).

Class 222, Dispensing, takes processes and apparatus for dispensing material. Mere agitators for loosening lumps within a holder are not considered comminutors for Class 241. Most of the patents classified in the feeding subclasses of Class 241 show dispensers as subcombinations of the comminutor-feeder combination and a number of patents which disclose such combinations but in which the claims are limited to the dispenser, per se, have been classified in the appropriate subclasses of Class 222.

Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, for apparatus for heat treating metal. Note that heat treatment to effect a chemical reaction is excluded from Class 241 and such combinations are classified in appropriate classes taking such subject matter, as Class 266.

Class 366, Agitating, takes (1) processes which, by disclosure, are limited to mixing or agitating the material, and (2) apparatus which, by disclosure, functions solely to mix or agitate the material. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus in which agitating steps or means are combined with comminuting steps or means, and apparatus which, by disclosure, will function to comminute the material even though a mixing function is also disclosed. As to apparatus, the following exception is made to the foregoing line: Where the apparatus is disclosed as treating particulate material even though in admixture with liquids (e.g., wet or dry clay, sand, etc.); and the apparatus is of the type in which a plurality of surfaces cooperate with each other to apply pressure to a layer of material there-between, it is properly classifiable in Class 241 whether or not the disclosure is limited to mere agitation and subcombinations of such apparatus are also included in Class 241.

Class 404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, for in situ comminution of earth or road surfaces in combination with other road building means. Comminution, per se, of road or earth surface is classifiable in Class 241.

Class 417, Pumps, takes pumps including structural features which both facilitate the impelling of the fluid and produce incidental concurrent comminution of solids suspended in the fluid. Class 241 provides for (1) comminutors with means for pumping primary disclosed purpose of comminuting the material, but which may have the additional incidental function of impelling the fluid.

Class 451, Abrading, takes (1) processes and apparatus in which the function of the claimed steps or means is disclosed as that of imparting a shape to or removing unwanted surface portions from an article by abrasion, and (2) processes and apparatus in which such an abrading step or means is combined with a prior comminution. Class 241, takes (1) abrading processes and apparatus, the disclosed purpose of which is to effect a comminution of the material (as defined in GENERAL STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER of this class definition), and (2) processes and apparatus in which the comminution is combined with steps or means which act to impart a shape to or remove unwanted surface portions from the article or material prior to the comminution operation.

The following sections may also contain information relating to the lines between Class 241 and other classes.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SUBCLASSES

1	By operations other than force of contact with solid surface:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is effected by an operation of the material other than the application of force to the material by contacting it with a solid surface. (1) Note. Contained in this subclass, for example, are those processes in which the mere application of heat results in comminution and those where the material is disintegrated by the generation and sudden release of internal pressure. The term "solid surface" has been considered to include particles of the material undergoing treatment, so that processes in which the material is disintegrated by contacting it with other portions of the same material will be found classified in other appropriate subclasses in this class. (2) Note. Operations on material which result in a chemical change are not included. See CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES of the class definition. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 323.4+ , for apparatus for puffing cereal wherein the seed is not comminuted. 175,  Boring or Penetrating the Earth,   subclasses 11+ for a process or means for boring a hole in the earth by directly applying heat to fluidize or comminute the material forming the earth. 606,  Surgery,   subclass 2.5 for subject matter relating to removal of a calculus (e.g., stone) from the body wherein the calculus is fractured or disintegrated by use of light energy.

2	With cell rupturing or liberation of contained liquids:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration results in the rupturing of cells in the material or the liberation of liquids in the material or some operation in addition to the comminution or disintegration, to rupture the cells or liberate contained liquids. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 104+ for presses not elsewhere classified, having drain means for expressed liquid. 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   appropriate subclasses. 435,  Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclass 259 for processes wherein a microorganism is ruptured by added material or mechanical means and subclass 306.1 for apparatus with means to lyse or rupture microorganisms by addition of material or by mechanical means other than comminution.

3	With solidifying, consolidating or shaping:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the material (1) is solidified, consolidated, or shaped into a desired form prior to comminution, or (2) a portion only of the material is formed into a desired shape, simultaneously with the comminution of that portion of the material which is not shaped. (1) Note. See COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL of the class definition for notes to related art and a statement of the line followed in relation to other classes as to processes including shaping operations. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   subclasses 94+ , for processes and apparatus for consolidating material and such steps or means in combination with a precedent comminuting step or means. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclass 7 , for processes and apparatus for selectively changing the shape (without comminution) of certain ingredients in a mixture to enable better separation of the material into grades. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses for processes for shaping or molding plastic material within the class definition, which may include a comminution or disintegration step, see particularly subclasses 5+ , 115+, 118, 138+, and 603+.

4	Laminated or fibrous mineral material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which fibrous or laminated mineral material (e.g., mica, asbestos, etc.) is the material being comminuted or disintegrated. (1) Note. This subclass includes physical steps of separation of the laminations of material when combined with the comminuting or disintegrating step. (2) Note. See FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and a statement of the lines followed with other classes relative to fibrous or laminated mineral material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   subclass .56 for methods of and means for opening bundles of substantially parallel stapled fibers in combination with a stapilizing step or device, and subclasses 66 and 80+ for fiber mass opening processes and apparatus of general application. 125,  Stone Working,   subclasses 23.01+ , for processes and apparatus for splitting mineral laminated material without comminution. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 378 , for processes of exfoliating or expanding mineral laminated material where no comminution or disintegration is involved or processes in which comminution or disintegration is a step, but including operations not provided for in this class (241). 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, see reference in the class definitions of this class (241), COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL, B. 432,  Heating,   subclass 13 for a heating process including a melting, expanding or comminution step.

5	By utilizing kinetic energy of projected or suspended material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes which include the step of suspending particles of the material in a moving fluid or otherwise projecting them through space and utilizing the developed kinetic energy of the particles to effect the comminution or disintegration thereof (as by impinging them against an impact surface or against other particles). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 26, for processes of comminuting material by contacting it with other portions of the material but without the use of kinetic energy. 27, and 185.5-197, for processes and apparatus for comminuting by subjecting the material to a blow by a moving surface, but which do not utilize the kinetic energy of the material to aid in the comminution. 39+, for related apparatus including means to suspend particles in a moving fluid and then utilizing the kinetic energy to effect the comminution. 91, and 274, for related apparatus including means to gravity project material against a surface or other material to effect the comminution. 275, for related apparatus for centrifugally projecting material against surfaces or other material to effect the comminution. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 519 and 571 for apparatus employing kinetic energy for separation of food portion. 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for conveying solids by a fluid current. See particularly subclasses 157+ for a deflecting surface at the conveyor outlet.

6	Cereal and other seeds or seed parts:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the material being comminuted or disintegrated is cereal seed (wheat, corn, etc.) or other seed (coffee, cottonseed, etc.) or parts of such seed. (1) Note. See GRAIN, FLOUR, AND STARCH of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and the lines followed with other classes, as to grain, flour, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses, for apparatus relating to the treatment of cereal and other seeds. 127,  Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates,   for processes and apparatus for producing and recovering purified starch from cereal starch-bearing materials. 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   appropriate subclasses for processes involving the treatment of cereal and other seeds.

7	With operation to detach or loosen adhering hull portion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with an operation on the seed or seed part which functions to loosen or remove the outer coating or husk portion from the seed or seed part. (1) Note. The operation to remove or loosen the husk portion must be of a character other than comminution of the inner body of the gain. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   especially subclasses 287+ and 482+, for processes of removing food grain husks, per se, or combined with chemical or other food working operations.

8	With application of fluid to, or heating or cooling of, whole seed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Processes and apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of operating on the whole seed prior to comminution by the application of a fluid thereto or the heating or cooling thereof. (1) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related art on heating, cooling, or drying, and a discussion of the lines followed with other classes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7, for processes involving the application of a fluid to, or the heating or cooling of, whole seeds in order to detach or loosen the husk portions. 12, for processes in which fluid is applied to comminuted seed parts rather than whole seed. 15, for processes in which fluid is applied to material other than cereal or other seeds. 62, and 65, for apparatus in which the comminutor or disintegrator is combined with means to apply a fluid to or heat or cool the material prior to being treated in the comminutor. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses, for apparatus including the application of a fluid to or heating or cooling of cereal or other seeds to carry out operations not provided for as combinations in this class.

9	With separation or classification:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with an operation on the material to separate or classify it into classes or grades according to their physical characteristics. (1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related separating classes and a statement of the lines followed relative to those classes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 19, and 20, for related processes applied to material other than cereal or other seeds and involving the use of a fluid. 24.1+, for a process related to that of this subclass, applied to material other than cereal or other seed. 68+, for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to separate or classify the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   for processes and apparatus for separating or classifying material.

10	With recombination or recirculation of separated parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.  Processes in which one or more of the grades or classes of separated material is recombined with another separated part or is recirculated to combine with material not yet operated on by the separator. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 52+, 61 and 80, for apparatus in which material is recirculated between the comminutor and separator.

11	Successive alternate separation and comminution steps:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.  Processes in which the material is subjected to successive alternate comminuting and separating operations, each operation occurring two or more times. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 19, and 20, for processes including alternate successive comminuting and separating steps in which the latter includes the use of a fluid. 24.1+, for a process having the above defined characteristic applied to material other than cereal or other seed. 76, and the notes thereto, for corresponding apparatus.

12	With application of fluid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of applying a fluid to the material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for processes involving the application of a fluid to whole seeds. 15+, for processes directed to the comminution or disintegration of materials other than cereals or other seeds and including the step of applying fluid to the material. 38+, for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to apply a fluid to the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus of drying and/or gas or vapor contact with material. 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 288 , 482+ and 507+, for processes involving the application of a fluid to cereal and other seeds.

13	Plural successive comminuting operations:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Processes in which the seed or seed part is subjected to a plurality of comminuting or disintegrating operations. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 29, for plural successive comminuting or disintegrating steps applied to material other than seeds or seed parts. 152.1+, for apparatus including a plurality of comminuting zones arranged for serial flow of material therethrough.

14	Selective or differential comminution of mixed or bonded solids:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which solids comprising mixed or bonded materials of diverse character are subjected to such a step of comminution or disintegration that one of the mixed or bonded materials is reduced in size to a greater extent than another of the materials. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for processes in which, during the comminution of the material, a shape is imparted to certain ingredients. 6+, for differential comminution or disintegration of cereal or other seeds. 102, for comminuting apparatus in which the surface of the elements are deformable. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 4+ , for treatment other than comminution for selectively changing the characteristics of ingredients of a mixture to enable better separation of the material into grades. 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclass 483 , for the process including abrading to remove outer covering of food plant material.

15	With application of fluid or lubricant material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which operation of comminuting or disintegrating is (1) combined with one or more steps of applying a fluid or lubricant to the material or (2) is carried out in the presence of a previously applied fluid. (1) Note. The fluid may be applied before, during, and/or after the comminuting operation. (2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, for processes in which material which is movably suspended in or projected through, a fluid is comminuted or disintegrated by utilizing its kinetic energy. 8, 9+ and 12, for processes of comminuting cereals or other seeds or seed parts combined with steps of applying a fluid to the material. 38+, for apparatus in which the comminutor or disintegrator is combined with, or embodies, means to apply a fluid to the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   for processes and apparatus for contacting solids with gas or vapor. 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   for processes and apparatus for conveying material by a fluid current.

16	To aid dispersion or prevent chemical reaction, deliquescence, agglomeration or frothing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Processes in which a fluid is applied (1) to aid dispersion of the comminuted particles in a fluid, or (2) to prevent chemical reaction in the material (including oxidation or ignition), deliquescence, agglomeration of the comminuted particles or frothing of the fluid suspending medium. (1) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for comminuting processes involving the addition of solids to the material which may have one of the above stated functions.

17	With additional heating or cooling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Processes in which the steps of comminuting or disintegrating and applying a fluid to the material are combined with an additional heating or cooling step. (1) Note. The added step of heating or cooling may be effected by a further application of a heated or cooled fluid. (2) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for a statement of the line followed between this class and those dealing with the heating, cooling, or drying of material. (3) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18, for processes in which the comminuting or disintegrating is combined with a single application of a gas or vapor to effect a heating or cooling of the material. 41+, for apparatus including means for applying fluid at a plurality of points. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus involving plural steps of applying gas or vapor to solid material.

18	Gas or vapor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Processes in which the fluid applied to the material comprises a gas or vapor. (1) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38+, for apparatus including means for applying gas or vapor to the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   and the notes thereto, for processes and apparatus for applying gas or vapor to solid material.

19	To classify or separate material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Processes in which the gas or vapor is applied to effect a separation or classification of the material. (1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes. (2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 9+, for similar processes applied to cereals or other seeds. 38+, for apparatus including means to apply a gas or vapor to effect a separation of the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 133+ , and the notes thereto, for processes and apparatus for separating or classifying material through the use of a gas or vapor.

20	Liquids added to classify or separate material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Processes in which there is applied to the material a liquid which functions to effect a separation or classification of the material according to its physical characteristics. (1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes. (2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 9+, for processes involving the use of a liquid separating or classifying agent as applied to cereal or other seeds. 38+, for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to apply a liquid to the material either to effect a separation or classification or for some other purpose. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating and Assorting Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for separating and classifying material including steps of or means for applying liquid to the material.

21	Liquids added to make pulp or suspension:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Processes in which the liquid is applied to the material or the material is treated in a liquid, for the purpose of forming a pulp or suspension of the material particles therein. (1) Note. See SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38+, especially 46.01+, for apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is effected in a body of liquid. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for paper making, and see Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for the stated line between Class 162 and Class 241. 366,  Agitating,   for processes and apparatus for mixing solids and liquids to form a pulp or suspension but including no comminution.

22	Application of solids to material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of adding a solid to the material. (1) Note. See CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement of the line followed with the composition classes as to processes including the addition of solids to the material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 15+, for processes including the application of a fluid to the material. Where the added material is solid when applied, but changes its form to a fluid while applied to the material, this has been considered to be fluid application for subclasses 15+. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for processes for forming coating or plastic compositions by the comminution or disintegration of a plurality of ingredients. 252,  Compositions,   for processes of forming compositions by comminution of a plurality of solids. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 32+ for an abrading process involving the addition of a loose abrasive to the material.

23	With heating or cooling of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the step of comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of modifying or maintaining the temperature of the material by the application of heat to, or the extraction of heat from, the material, other than by the application of a fluid directly thereto. (1) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related arts and a statement of the lines followed with related classes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for processes involving heating or cooling of whole seeds. 15+, for processes in which a fluid is applied to the material to modify the temperature thereof or for other purposes, including, in subclass 18, the combination with an additional heating or cooling step. 18, see note to subclass 15 above. 65+, and the notes thereto, for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to modify the temperature of the material.

24.1	With classifying or separating of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process in which the material, in addition to undergoing the comminuting or disintegrating operation, is subjected to sorting, (i.e., a classification or separation) according to the physical characteristics of the component separated from other components of the material. (1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and for a statement of the lines followed with related classes. (2) Note. Included herein is sorting a single-type material according to size, color, or quality. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 9+, for a process including the combined steps of comminuting and separating or classifying as applied to cereal and other seed or seeds parts. 19, for a process of comminuting combined with sorting by use of a gas or vapor. 20, for a process directed to the combination of comminuting with separating or classifying by use of a liquid. 68+, for comminuting apparatus combined with means to classify or separate the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   for a process for subjecting the material to a classification or separation when not combined with significant comminuting. 210,  Liquid Purification or Separation,   and see the reference to Class 210 in References to Other Classes of the class definition of this class.

24.11	Including separating liquid from solid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting a component in the flowable state from a component in the nonflowable state. (1) Note. Pelletized solid material is not a liquid since it is not "in the flowable state" even though it may flow. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 19, for comminuting combined with sorting by use of material in the gaseous state wherein the gaseous material is utilized to enhance the sorting operation. 20, for comminuting combined with sorting by use of material in the liquid state wherein the liquid material is utilized to enhance the sorting operation.

24.12	Of plural, diverse materials:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a first component of a first material from a second component that is of a distinct material. (1) Note. Sorting of material according to size, quality, or color is not included herein.

24.13	Including metal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component that is of any category of electropositive elements that are usually whitish, lustrous, and in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable with high tensile strength.

24.14	Magnetically, electrostatically, or by use of eddy currents:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.13.  Process of comminuting and separating (a) utilizing magnetic attraction to draw out a ferrous, or ferrouslike component, (b) utilizing an electrostatic charge on the particles of a certain component of the material and sorting accordingly, or (c) utilizing the waves generated by moving electrical current to effect the sorting.

24.15	Sorting by use of sieve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.13.  Process of comminuting and separating including utilizing a member having a mass of restrictive openings to pass through the small particles of a first component of material and prevent passage of the large particles of the second component. (1) Note. The first and second components of this subclass are of different material, not simply large and small particles of the same material.

24.16	Including food:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component to be used for edible consumption by an animal or fish. (1) Note. Sorting of waste food product to be used as plant fertilizer is not included herein.

24.17	Including rubber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out vulcanized sap of the rubber tree, or sorting out manufactured material that is similar thereto.

24.18	Including plastic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a petroleum based solid component, or a component that is similar thereto.

24.19	Including fibrous material, e.g., paper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component consisting of masses of strands which may be aligned to enhance their strength.

24.2	Wood or bark:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.19.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting the fibrous component of material in the state produced by a growing plant. (1) Note. Included herein is comminuting and separating of bagasse, material made from the sugar cane plant.

24.21	Sorting by use of sieve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.19.  Process of comminuting and separating including utilizing a member having a mass of restrictive openings to pass through the small particles of a first component of material and prevent passage of the large particles of the second component. (1) Note. The first and second components of this subclass are of different material, not simply large and small particles of the same material.

24.22	Including glass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting a component comprised of brittle, siliceous material that has previously been melted, or material that is similar thereto.

24.23	Including clay:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component comprised of very fine earthen particles.

24.24	Including coal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component comprised of hard, carbonaceous earthen material. (1) Note. "Soft" coal is considered to be hard under this definition; peat is not.

24.25	Of metal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting of material that is of any category of electropositive elements that are usually whitish, lustrous, and in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable with high tensile strength.

24.26	Of food:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting material to be used for edible consumption by an animal or fish. (1) Note. Sorting of waste food product to be used as plant fertilizer is not included herein.

24.27	Of rubber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting vulcanized sap of the rubber tree, or sorting manufactured material that is similar thereto.

24.28	Of plastic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting petroleum based solid material, or sorting material that is similar thereto.

24.29	Of fibrous material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating particularly adapted to sort material consisting of masses of strands which may be aligned to enhance their strength.

24.3	Of glass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting brittle, siliceous material that has previously been melted, or material that is similar thereto.

24.31	Of coal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Process of comminuting and separating including sorting hard, carbonaceous earthen material.

25	Combined:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the step of comminuting the material is combined with process steps for other purposes and not provided for above. (1) Note. The combined steps are in addition to the steps of feeding and/or discharging the material from the comminuting zone, controlling the flow to, through or from the comminuting zone, additional comminuting or disintegrating steps, and altering the atmospheric pressure within the comminuting zone. (2) Note. In this subclass, for example, will be found comminuting steps combined with steps of adding material to the feed to clean the comminuting surfaces, or steps of polishing the comminuted particles. (3) Note. All preceding subclasses must be investigated for particular combinations within this definition but which are specifically provided for above. (4) Note. See the class definition for combinations of comminuting steps with steps of other types that are provided for in other classes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 101.01+, for corresponding combined appara-tus.

26	By contact between relatively moving portions of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the comminution is effected by causing one portion of the material to move relatively to another portion and in contact therewith. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5+, and 39+, for processes and apparatus in which fluid suspended material is comminuted by mutual attrition. 30, and 170+, for processes and apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is effected by loose comminuting bodies which move relative to the material. 274+, and 284, in order to complete the search. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 32+ and 326+ for a process or apparatus for abrading by tumbling.

27	Subjecting material to impact by moving comminuting surface:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the comminution or disintegration of the material is effected by subjecting the particles thereof to a blow by a moving surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, and 39, for processes and apparatus in which material in a fluid stream is subjected to a blow by a moving surface. 86+, 185.5-197, for apparatus for comminuting material by subjecting it to the action of rotary striking members.

28	Wood and similar natural-fibrous vegetable material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which the material which is comminuted is wood or other fibrous plant material. (1) Note. See FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and a general statement of the lines followed relative to classes dealing with fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2, for processes of comminuting or disintegrating wood or similar material to release liquids contained therein. 6+, for processes of treating cereal or other seeds. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   for cutting methods and apparatus. 144,  Woodworking,   for a miscellaneous process or machine for wood working to form a shape. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for comminuting fibrous material combined with a chemical treatment.

29	Plural successive comminuting operations:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes in which all, or a portion of, the material is subjected to a plurality of comminuting or disintegrating operations. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for processes of subjecting seeds to a plurality of successive comminuting steps. 152.1+, and the notes thereto, for apparatus for subjecting material to a plurality of successive comminuting operations.

30	Miscellaneous:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous processes not provided for above.

31	With explosion preventing or relieving means:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with means to prevent the occurrence of explosions, to relieve the effects thereof, or to shield certain parts of the apparatus therefrom. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 137,  Fluid Handling,   subclasses 455+ for relief valves of general application.

32	With overload release means:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with a means which rigidly connects two comminutor parts under normal working conditions but which, on the imposition of an overload, will disconnect the parts to prevent damage to the comminutor. (1) Note. Included are devices having parts connected by shear pins, resettable latches and the like. Mere relief means such as biasing means for comminutor members are not included but are classified on some other basis below. For example, see subclasses 121+, 127+, 211, 230+, and 286. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   subclass 169 for roll type presses having yieldable mountings for the roll. 192,  Clutches and Power-Stop Control,   subclasses 56.1+ and 150 for stop mechanisms including overload releases. 464,  Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts,   subclasses 30+ for shaft couplings including overload release.

32.5	With sink drain stopper interlock:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus having motor circuit control means, the control movement of which is governed by the particular orientation or position of a sink outlet stopper. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 4,  Baths, Closets, Sinks, and Spittoons,   subclasses 650+ for sink details not restricted in utility to "garbage disposers". 200,  Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers,   subclass 61.86 for fluid controlling valve actuators whose operation concurrently makes or breaks a circuit, and subclass 81.9 for flow responsive switches.

33	With automatic control:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with means to sense a condition which means causes the operation of a control device. (1) Note. Comminuting members, valve bodies, and like members, which are contacted and moved or operated by the material were considered to be excluded by the above definition and will be found classified below. See the appended notes. (2) Note. References under "Search Class" below and similar notes to the definitions of the indented subclasses will be found to include only those classes having automatic control features most nearly analogous to the subject matter of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 59, for nonautomatic gas flow control means. 82, for trap chambers having projected material operated closures. 121+, 127+, 211, 230+, and 286+, for yieldingly mounted comminutor elements adapted to move under abnormal pressure of the material thereagainst. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 524+ and the notes thereto, for automatic control for apparatus for applying gas or vapor to solids. 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 486+ for automatic controls in food treating apparatus. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 43+ for presses not elsewhere provided for and having automatic or material triggered control. 192,  Clutches and Power Stop Control,   subclasses 116.5+ , for automatically controlled stop mechanisms of general application. 222,  Dispensing,   subclasses 52+ , and the notes thereto for dispensers, per se, having automatic controls.

34	Of feed of material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus in which the means automatically controlled is either the mechanism which feeds material to the comminuting zone or the feed control means. (1) Note. The various feeding subclasses of this class and the notes thereto should be searched for non-automatic feed controlling means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32, for automatic feed controls for comminutors which comprise overload release means. 63+, for nonautomatic feed control means which simultaneously controls the drive and/or surface positioning means of the comminutor. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   subclass 45 , for presses not elsewhere provided for and having automatic or triggered control of material addition, depositing or discharging. 198,  Conveyors: Power Driven,   appropriate subclasses, for conveyors, per se, having automatic controls. 222,  Dispensing,   subclasses 52+ , for automatically controlled feeders, per se. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   appropriate subclasses, for material handling devices, per se, having automatic controls.

35	By speed or torque of comminutor drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.  Apparatus in which the condition to which the feed control is responsive is the speed of, or the effort exerted by, the comminutor drive means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 36, for devices including means to automatically control the comminutor drive means.

36	Of comminutor drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus in which the automatic control effects a change in the operation of the drive means for the comminutor. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32, for automatic control devices for comminutor drive mechanisms which comprise overload release means. 63, for nonautomatic drive control means which simultaneously controls the feed and/or surface positioning means of the comminutor. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   subclass 48 for presses not elsewhere provided for, and having automatic or material triggered control of the press actuating means. 192,  Clutches and Power-Stop Control,   subclasses 116.5+ , for stop mechanisms, per se.

37	Of comminuting surface contiguity:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus in which the automatic control means effects a change in the spacing of cooperating comminuting surfaces from each other. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32, for automatic control devices for comminuting surface positioning means comprising overload release means. 63+, for nonautomatic surface positioning means which simultaneously controls the feed and/or drive means of the comminutor.

37.5	With means to protect operator from injury:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with a safety feature to guard the user from physical harm. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclass 478 for tool-guard means, and subclasses 544+ for guard means, any of which means protects the user as it protects the tool.

38	Including means applying fluid to material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus including, or combined with, means for applying a fluid to the material. (1) Note. The application of the fluid may occur before, during, or after, the comminution. (2) Note. The term "means" as used above has been interpreted for the purpose of this classification to include any apparatus including the mill elements themselves, for inducing the flow of a fluid current or any instrumentalities controlling or directing the passage of fluid to or from the material. Devices disclosed for treating solids in fluid suspension, but claiming no "means for applying a fluid" as defined and interpreted above were not classified in this group but will be found in other subclasses on the basis of the claimed combination. (3) Note. In general this class provides (in this group) the generic place for the combination of a comminutor with means to apply a gas, vapor, or liquid to the solid material being treated, without regard to the nature of the fluid applied or the purpose of the application. Accordingly, the devices found here include comminutors combined with means employing a fluid to heat or cool the material, separate it into grades, convey it, subject it to a chemical reaction, cook the material, etc. Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, provides the generic place for apparatus, per se, for applying gases or vapors to solids (see the class definition of Class 34 for the line with this class) and Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, provides for the generic subject matter, per se, of applying liquids to solid material. For the various special fluid application classes, a study of the notes to the aforementioned two classes should be made. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 1, 5, 8, 9+, 12, and 15+, for corresponding processes. 68+, for apparatus including means for contacting the material with mercury coated plated or other coated objects. These devices were not interpreted to be fluid treatment combinations. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   see (3) Note. above. 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 516+ for apparatus that applies a fluid to food. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 73+ for presses not elsewhere classified, having additionally, means to apply fluid to the material. 110,  Furnaces,   subclass 106 , for furnaces provided with means to apply a conveying fluid to the material as well as means to comminute it. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   see (3) Note above. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   appropriate subclasses, for paper making and fiber liberation apparatus combined with comminuting devices, and especially subclasses 234+ and 261. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 449+ and 456 for an abrading device having structure similar to comminutors provided with fluid supply means.

39	Fluid comminutor type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus in which the movement of a fluid by which the material is suspended is employed to effect the comminution of the material. (1) Note. The distinction between the patents included in this subclass and those in the other fluid application subclasses, is that the devices herein employ the movement of the fluid, viz., its kinetic energy, to effect the comminution of the material to which it has been applied. (2) Note. Comminuting devices which project the material against a surface without supporting it on a moving fluid current are not included herein. Numerous devices of this type will be found elsewhere in this class, see particularly subclasses 91 and 274+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, for corresponding processes. 91, see (2) Note above. 185.5, through 197, and the notes thereto, for apparatus in which material is subjected to impact by rotary members but in which there is no substantial suspension of the material in a moving fluid current. 274, see (2) Note. above. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclass 519 for corresponding grain hullers. 137,  Fluid Handling,   subclass 268 for fluid handling systems having holder means for solid, flaky or pulverized material to be dissolved or entrained. 239,  Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,   subclasses 310+ and 336 for spraying devices provided with means to entrain a solid in a flowing fluid stream. 366,  Agitating,   subclasses 336+ for agitation effected by fluid kinetic energy by means of a stationary deflector in a flow-through mixing chamber. 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   appropriate subclasses, for fluid current conveyors, per se.

40	Stationary abutment impact only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus in which the fluid type comminution is due solely to the impact of fluid suspended material carried at a right angle against a stationary abutment surface. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 300+ , for apparatus for projecting material against a stationary surface to be coated.

41	Plural fluid applying means on same material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus provided with means for applying fluid to the same material or a portion thereof at a plurality of spaced points in the apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17, for processes in which fluid is applied to the material a plurality of times at least one such application being for the purpose of heating or cooling the material. 39+, for fluid comminutors having plural fluid applying means. 43+, for plural comminutors each of which may be provided with a single means for applying fluid to the material. 52+, and 61, for apparatus in which material is recirculated to the fluid applying zone. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   subclasses 93+ for fluid current conveyors, per se, provided with plural, spaced fluid applying means, and see the notes thereto.

42	With plural comminuting zones:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Apparatus in which the material is treated in a plurality of comminuting zones which may be arranged so that the material passes serially or in parallel therethrough. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 43+, for devices having a plurality of comminuting zones in which fluid is applied to the material in some manner other than that defined as characteristic of this group. 52+, and 61, for apparatus in which the material is recirculated between a single fluid applying zone and a single comminuting zone. 134+, and 152.1+, and the notes thereto for apparatus embodying plural comminuting zones without the fluid applying feature. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 520+ for similar plural grain hulling zones.

43	With plural comminuting zones:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus provided with a plurality of distinct comminuting zones. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 39+, for plural fluid comminutors. 42, for apparatus provided with a plurality of distinct comminuting zones and in which fluid is applied to the same material at a plurality of spaced points. 52+, and 61, for apparatus provided with fluid applying means in which the material is recirculated to the same comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 520+ for similar plural grain hulling zones.

44	Parallel material flow type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Apparatus in which the material flows in parallel paths through the plural comminuting zones. (1) Note. The fluid may be applied to the material before it has separated into parallel flow paths, while it is flowing in separate paths, or after the paths have been joined. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 134+, for parallel flow plural comminutors.

45	Horizontal fluid current past successive comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Apparatus in which the fluid is applied in the form of a generally horizontal current which flows successively past the plural comminuting zones. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 54, for devices employing a horizontal gas current through a rotary comminuting drum, which provides only a single comminuting zone.

46.01	Liquid submerged comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus provided with means for maintaining the comminuting zone wholly or partially submerged in a liquid. (1) Note. The comminuting zone of this subclass may contain standing liquid or may direct passage of liquid. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 39+, for apparatus intended to comminute material supported in moving fluid. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 516+ for means to apply fluid to treat food.

46.012	Combined with dishwasher:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus in combination with means to remove foreign material from a vessel intended to contain food. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 101.2+, for a comminutor combined with a noncomminuting material treating means, generally. 185.6, for the combination of a comminuting device with a pump, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 415,  Rotary Kinetic Fluid Motors or Pumps,   especially subclass 121.1 for a device of that class including an impeller which may comminute material passing therethrough.

46.013	Under-sink garbage disposal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus for means to comminute kitchen food waste, which means is in series with the drain line of a sink. (1) Note. "Means for applying fluid to material" may comprise a sink faucet to which the disposal is attached, and need not be positively recited for classification herein.

46.014	Having particular housing structure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.013.  Apparatus wherein significance is attributed to a particular housing construction, material, or feature (e.g., mounting means, journal bearing, sound insulation, or of particular housing material). (1) Note. A housing structure is considered "particular", only if the particular feature is recited in a claim. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 285+, for comminutor housing structure not otherwise provided for.

46.015	Provision to mount to sink:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.014.  Apparatus wherein significance is attributed to the structure utilized in securing the apparatus to be supported, in use, by a kitchen countertop basin.

46.016	Inlet provision:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.014.  Apparatus including a positively recited passageway through which material to be comminuted enters the device from the sink, e.g., a strainer, splash guard, or cap. (1) Note. The "inlet provision" of this subclass may comprise means to (a) limit the maximum size of material entering the comminuting zone or (b) prevent material from coming out of the comminuting zone via the entrance. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32.5, for a sink drain stopper having an interlock to prevent operation of a garbage disposal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 4,  Baths, Closets, Sinks, and Spittoons,   subclasses 286+ for a sink stopper, strainer, etc., per se.

46.017	Striker having vertical axis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus including comminuting means comprising a striker having a vertical axis of rotation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 257, for a comminutor of the cooperating rotary type having a vertical axis wherein there is axial or radial flow of material.

46.02	With material feed means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus including means to effect a translatory movement of material.

46.04	Including adjustable component:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus wherein the position of related components of the apparatus may be varied prior to or during a comminuting operation to accomplish a desired result.

46.06	By cooperating members:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus provided with a plurality of elements which elements are so related in position and relative motion that coaction therebetween effect a material comminution operation.

46.08	Including centrifugally driven striking member (i.e., hammer mill):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.06.  Apparatus wherein a striking element is movably secured to a rotary member which member generates an external force upon the element in such a manner that the element is urged against a cooperating surface with a blow-like effect which comminutes material caught therebetween.

46.11	Including impeller-type agitating means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.06.  Apparatus wherein a stirring means turns upon an axis to create a turbulent motion of the liquid which motion generates a comminuting agitating force upon submerged material for its disintegration.

46.13	Reciprocating or oscillating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.06.  Apparatus wherein a first member, moves with a to-and-fro motion relative to a second associated member which first and second members effect a comminuting action during such first member movement.

46.15	Including roller or roller-like member (e.g., ball, cylinder, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.06.  Apparatus provided with a rolling member having a fixed or changeable axis which member engages a supporting surface or contacts like members for comminuting material collected therebetween.

46.17	By rotating impeller-type agitating means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01.  Apparatus wherein the cause of liquid excitement is a stirring means which turns upon an axis to create a turbulent motion of the liquid which motion generates a comminuting agitating force upon submerged material for its disintegration. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses for similar type fluid agitating means in combination with a separate holding or handling device for solid materials or objects which are to be cleaned or contacted by fluid. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   appropriate subclasses for the agitation of a liquid containing fibrous material wherein some chemical or solvent action upon the fibrous material takes place. 366,  Agitating,   appropriate subclasses for the mixing and agitation of liquids or liquids combined with solids.

47	Gas swept comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus in which the applied fluid is a gaseous current which flows through the comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 39+, for fluid comminutors in which gas passes through the comminuting zone. 60+, for apparatus in which fluid is applied to the material after it has been discharged from the comminuting zone. 62, for apparatus in which fluid is applied to the material before it enters the comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   appropriate subclasses, for fluid current conveyors, per se.

48	With recirculation of gas to comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which gas that has left the comminuting zone is recirculated thereto.. (1) Note. The gas may undergo treatment of some form, i.e., heating, cooling, cleaning, etc., before being reapplied to the material or may be used to recirculate insufficiently comminuted material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 52+, for apparatus in which the oversize material, but not the gas current, is recirculated to the comminuting zone.

49	Gas borne material applied to screen:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which material suspended in a gaseous current is conveyed to a separating screen. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 55,  Gas Separation,   subclasses 490+ and the subclasses which follow for separators of the screen type for separating solids from a gas current. 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclass 528 for grain hulling apparatus having a screen and gas moving means. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 21+ , 250 and 318, for separators, per se, in which the material is conveyed by a gas current to a separating screen for separation into grades.

50	Elevating fan on comminutor shaft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49.  Apparatus in which the material is elevated to a screen by a fan member or members mounted on the comminutor drive shaft or on the shaft of a rotary comminuting element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 56, for apparatus in which the fan is mounted on the comminuting element shaft but the material is not applied to a screen.

51	Screen forms part of comminuting surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49.  Apparatus in which the screen to which the material is applied forms a part of the surface against which the comminution takes place. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 83+, for apparatus including screen type comminuting members but which involve no fluid current. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 518+ for grain hullers in combination with fluid application which may have a perforated member therewith.

52	With return of removed oversize material to comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which means is provided to return to the comminuting zone oversize material which has been removed by the gas current. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 48, for such apparatus involving the return of the gas current to the comminuting zone. 80, for devices having means to return oversize to a comminutor from a nonfluid type separator.

53	Suction applied above and coaxially of comminuting member or members:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Apparatus in which the gas is moved through the comminuting zone by suction applied above and coaxially of a comminuting member or members. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 58, for similar combinations in which no return flow means for the oversize is claimed.

54	Horizontal gas current though rotary drum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which a rotary drum forms the comminuting zone through a substantial part of which passes a gas current which progresses in a generally horizontal direction. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 45, for apparatus in which a horizontal gas current passes through a succession of rotary drums or compartments of a single drum.

55	Comminuting element or comminuting element attached, gas moving means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which the gas moving means is attached to a comminuting element or comprises the comminuting element itself. (1) Note. Comminuting elements provided with gas moving means are included herein. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 109, 185.5, 222, and 245, for discharge members attached to rotary comminuting elements which do not move at such a speed as to create an air current but merely move the material to a discharge opening. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclass 530 for a grain huller having a gas-moving means integral therewith.

56	Gas moving means and rotary comminuting element on same shaft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which the gas moving means is mounted on the same shaft with a rotary comminuting element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 50, for such devices in which the gas moving means applies the material to a screen. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclass 531 for a grain huller and gas mover coaxially separated.

57	Local application within comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which the gas is applied in a relatively localized area within the comminuting zone.

58	Suction applied above and coaxially of comminuting member or members:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus in which the gaseous current through the comminuting zone is caused by the application of suction above and coaxially of at least one of the comminuting members. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 53, for apparatus as defined but in which provision is made for the return of oversize material to the comminuting zone. 56, for apparatus in which the suction is applied above and coaxially of the comminuting member by a gas moving means mounted on the same shaft.

59	With non-automatic gas flow control means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Apparatus provided with means to control the flow of gas and/or through the comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33, for automatic means to control the flow of gas. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 137,  Fluid Handling,   appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 594+ to 637+ for multiple valves. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 154 and 502, for gas flow control means in separators. 251,  Valves and Valve Actuation,   for valves, per se, for controlling gas flow.

60	Applied subsequently to comminuting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus in which the fluid is applied subsequently to the comminuting operation. (1) Note. Many of the so-called amalgamating mills in which material leaving the comminuting zone is treated by a mercurial bath to separate the values are included in this subclass. Where the material is subjected to the separating action of a plate which has been coated with an amalgamating material, it was not considered, for purposes of this classification, to have been treated by a fluid, and these combinations have been classified with the other separator combinations in subclass 68. (2) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition. Where the disclosed purpose of applying fluid subsequent to comminuting is for supporting combustion the combination is classifiable in Class 110. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 47+, for devices in which the fluid is applied both during the comminuting operation and subsequent thereto. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 518+ for a grain huller wherein fluid application may be subsequent to hulling. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 174+ , for amalgamator separators, per se.

61	With recirculation of material to comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60.  Apparatus in which at least a portion of the material is returned to the comminuting zone from the fluid application zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10, for corresponding processes applied to cereal grains and the like. 52+, for apparatus in which material is removed from the comminuting zone by a gas current and is then recirculated to the comminuting zone. 80, for apparatus in which the oversize material from a nonfluid applying separator is recirculated to the comminuting zone.

62	Applied prior to comminuting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Apparatus in which the fluid is applied prior to the comminuting operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for corresponding processes applied to cereal seeds and the like. 47+, for devices in which the fluid is applied both before and during the comminuting operation. 61, for devices in which the fluid is applied both subsequent to and prior to the comminuting operation.

63	With simultaneous control of interrelated feed, drive and/or surface positioning means:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with feed means, drive means and/or surface positioning means so inter-related that two or more of them may be controlled simultaneously by a single operating member. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for such devices embodying an automatic control. 100, for comminutors in which the drive therefor is controlled by the positioning of a receiving receptacle at the comminutor outlet. 135+, for inter-related feed devices for comminutors arranged for parallel flow of material. 145, for parallel roll mills having means to simultaneously position separate rolls by a single operator.

64	Control of feed and surface positioning means only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 63.  Apparatus limited to the simultaneous control of inter-related feed means and surface positioning means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 34+, for such devices embodying an automatic control means.

65	With temperature modification of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with means to modify the temperature of the material being treated. (1) Note. The temperature modifying treatment may take place before, during, or after the comminution. (2) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and for a statement of the lines followed with the various heating, cooling and drying classes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, 17, 23, for processes involving comminution combined with steps of heating or cooling. 38+, for comminuting devices in which the temperature modification is effected by the application of a fluid to the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedle rewiew. 62,  Refrigeration,   particularly subclasses 320+ . 100,  Presses,   subclass 92 for presses not elsewhere provided for, with means for heating, cooling or drying the material. 110,  Furnaces,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule rewiew. 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule rewiew. 165,  Heat Exchange,   appropriate subclasses for temperature modifying structure, per se. 219,  Electric Heating,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule rewiew. 432,  Heating,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule rewiew.

66	Temperature modification of comminuting member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 65.  Apparatus in which the heating or cooling of the material is accomplished by means which modifies the temperature of a comminuting member. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 165,  Heat Exchange,   subclass 47 for a structurally installed heat exchange arrangement.

67	Thermal fluid within or carried by moving comminuting member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 66.  Apparatus in which the temperature of a moving comminuting element is modified by fluid within or carried by the element. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 200+ for roll coolers and heaters in metal rolling mills. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 300+ for presses not elsewhere classified having heating or cooling means. 165,  Heat Exchange,   subclass 87 for a screw type impeller, and subclasses 92+ for a stirrer or scraper, with passages for heat exchange fluid.

68	With separation or classification of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with means to separate or classify the material undergoing treatment according to the physical characteristics of the parts separated. (1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and for a statement of the lines followed with the separating classes. (2) Note. Classification in this group is proper only if the separator consists of means other than the elements which effect the comminution. Where the separation is effected by the comminuting elements or a portion thereof, the patents have been classified elsewhere in the class. See, for example, subclasses 82, 83+ and 96. (3) Note. For purposes of this classification, where material is subjected to a plurality of successive separating operations, without an intermediate comminution, (e.g., where the material flows over and through a plurality of superposed screens) the operation is considered in its entirety as a single separation (i.e., separating zone) to obtain a plurality of grades. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 24.1+, for the corresponding process. 38+, for comminutors combined with separators which involve the application of a fluid to the material. 82, 83+ and 96 (see (1) Note above). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 96,  Gas Separation: Apparatus,   for apparatus for separating solids from gases, per se. 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 601+ for a grain huller that segregates diverse materials. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   appropriate subclasses, and the notes thereto, for apparatus for separating solids into grades. 210,  Liquid Purification or Separation,   appropriate subclasses, and see the reference to Class 210 in References To Other Classes of the class definition of this class.

69	Comminuted material discharge permitting screen:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the separating means comprises a screen or grating so arranged relative to the comminuting mechanism as to allow the discharge of sufficiently comminuted material during the comminuting operation, while the oversize material is retained within the comminuting zone for further treatment. (1) Note. The line maintained between this group and subclasses 79+ is that where the material has been fed to a screen from the comminuting zone in such a way that a conveyor (other than the comminuting elements) would be necessary to return it to the zone, then the material has not been merely retained within the zone, as is necessary for this group, and the device is properly classifiable in subclasses 79+. However, where the arrangement is such that following treatment by the comminuting elements the material is so fed to the screen that the oversize is presented again to the comminuting elements by mere gravity flow or by action of the comminuting elements, then it is considered that the oversize has been merely "retained" as defined above, and such devices are classified here. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 49+, for discharge permitting screens associated with means to apply a fluid to the material to convey it to the screen. 83+, for comminutors provided with discharge permitting screens but in which the screen elements acts to accomplish at least a portion of the comminuting operation (see (1) Note under subclass 68). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 233+ and the notes thereto for sifters, per se.

70	Screen partition or end wall in rotary drum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 69.  Apparatus in which the discharge permitting screen forms a partition or end wall in a rotary comminuting drum. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 45, 105, 115, 137, and 153, for rotary comminuting drums provided with partitions which do not have a separating function.

71	Plural partitions or end walls:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Apparatus provided with a plurality of screening partitions or end walls.

72	Series flow of material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 71.  Apparatus in which the material is presented to and flows past the plural partitions in succession.

73	Arcuate screen concentric with rotary comminuting member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 69.  Apparatus in which the screen is in the form of an arc which is concentric with the axis of rotation of a separate rotary comminuting member which cooperates with a member on which the arcuate screen is mounted. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 86+, and 90, for arcuate screens which cooperate with rotary comminuting members to assist in the comminuting operation.

74	Annular screen above or surrounding comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 69.  Apparatus in which the discharge permitting screen takes the form of an annular screen which surrounds the comminuting zone or is mounted thereabove. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 50, for devices having such screens combined with elevating fan means to apply material thereto. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 605+ for a grain huller having a cylindrical or conical perforated enclosure.

75	Parallel material flow through plural comminuting zones and/or separators:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the material flows (1) from a single comminuting zone in separate paths to a plurality of separators, (2) from a single separator in separate paths to a plurality of comminuting zones, or (3) in separate paths through a plurality of separating and comminuting zones, or any combination of features (1), (2) and (3). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 41+, and 44, for such combinations involving the application of a fluid to the material. 74, for similar structures but in which screen partitions retain the material within the comminuting zone until sufficiently reduced.

76	Series material flow only through plural alternate comminuting zones and separators:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Devices in which the material flows alternately in succession through a plurality of distinct comminuting zones and distinct separating zones. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 11, for corresponding processes applied to cereal grains. 42, for such devices in which the separation involves the application of a fluid to the material. 72, for similar structures but in which the material is retained within the comminuting zones until sufficiently reduced.

77	Comminuting zone interposed between plural separators:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the material flows from one separator through a comminuting zone to another separator. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 41, for such devices in which the separation involves the application of a fluid to the material. 76, for the above defined combination provided with an additional comminutor or comminutor-separator combinations through which the material flows in series.

78	Separator interposed between plural comminuting zones:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the material flows from one comminuting zone through a separator to another comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 42, and 43+, for such combinations in which the separation involves the application of a fluid to the material. 76, for the above combination provided with additional separators or separator-comminutor combinations through which the material flows in series.

79	Separator in discharge from comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the material flows from a comminuting zone to a separator. (1) Note. Classification in this subclass is proper only if the separation takes place in a zone that is so spaced from the comminuting zone that a conveying means would be necessary to return the material to the comminuting zone. For screen type separators wherein oversize material is retained in the comminuting zone, see subclasses 69+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 49+, and 60, for such combinations in which the separation involves the application of a fluid to the material. 76, 77 and 78, for the above combination provided with additional separators and/or comminutors through which the material flows in series.

79.1	By adhesion, electric field force, specific gravity, or chemical change:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 79.  Device provided with means to separate materials by electrostatic or magnetic attraction, differences in material densities, adherence to a surface, or by combination of material at the molecular level.

79.2	Rotating comminutor combined with a sifting device:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 79.  Device having a disintegrating member which revolves in an arc of at least 369° about a fixed axis, the device being provided with a perforated separating surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 185.5, through 197, 220+ and 277+, for rotary comminuting members not provided with material classifiers.

79.3	Sifting device rotates:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 79.2.  Device provided with a perforated separating surface which revolves about a fixed axis in an arc of at least 360°.

80	Oversize return to comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 79.  Apparatus in which material classified as oversize in the separator is conveyed back to the comminuting zone for retreatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10, for corresponding methods applied to cereal grains. 52+, and 61+, for comminutor-separator combinations in which the oversize is returned to the comminuting zone but which involve the application of a fluid to the material. 69+, for devices where the material is retained within the comminuting zone until sufficiently reduced in size. 97, for comminutors combined with recirculation means.

81	Separator in feed to comminuting zone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68.  Apparatus in which the material flows from a separator to a comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 62, for such combinations in which the separation involves the application of a fluid to the material. 76, 77 and 78, for the above combination provided with additional separators and/or comminutors through which the material flows in series. 96, for devices in which the comminuting surface or surfaces reject oversize material before passing to the comminuting zone.

82	Projected material trap chamber:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus provided with a chamber into which the material of certain characteristics is projected by the movement of the comminuting members and is thus prevented from passing to the comminuting zone. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 81, and the notes thereto for comminutors provided with means to separate material of certain characteristics from the feed to the comminutor, but in which the separator is distinct from the comminuting elements. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclass 642 , for article assorters, per se, which involve the use of a thrower.

82.1	Helical pusher inside tube moves material toward perforated member:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus including a part having a shape that is generally cylindroidal, on the periphery of which is a ridge that circumscribes the cylindroid for a plurality of convolutions that are spaced from each other parallel to the centerline of the cylindroid, which part rotates within the confines of a casing and an element having a plurality of apertures that serve as passageways for the material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 246+, for a rotary propeller or screw feeding or discharge means.

82.2	With means to vary particle coarseness:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.1.  Apparatus provided with means to change the size of the pieces of product that emerge from the passageways.

82.3	Wherein the perforated member is other than flat:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.1.  Apparatus wherein the surface provided with passageways is a curved surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 89.3, for a perforated concave surface without a claimed helical pusher.

82.4	With series of axially aligned rotary knife blades:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.1.  Apparatus provided with a plurality of comminuters (e.g., knives) that turn about a common axis, and that act on the material in succession. (1) Note. The turning comminuters are in addition to the helical pusher. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 52+, for series material flow through plural comminuting zones.

82.5	With rotary knife before member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.1.  Apparatus provided with a revolving comminutor (e.g., knife) which acts on the work before the work goes through the openings in the perforated member.

82.6	Tube having configured interior surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.5.  Apparatus wherein the casing which surrounds the cylindroidal part has an irregular interior surface (e.g., ribs) cooperating with such part.

82.7	With rotary knife after member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.1.  Apparatus provided with a revolving comminuter (e.g., knife) which acts on the work after it has passed through the passageways in the apertured element.

83	Comminuting surface provided with openings to permit discharge of material:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus in which at least a portion of the comminuting surface which is presented to the material to effect the comminution is provided with openings through the surface to permit the passage of sufficiently comminuted material therethrough to discharge it from the comminuting zone. (1) Note. This group is meant to include only the surfaces which present completely bounded openings for the passage of material. Mere intermeshing comminuting surface characteristics are not included and are classified with the various types of comminutors below. (2) Note. Patents directed to the subcombination of the apertured surface, per se, have been classified in this group on the basis of the disclosed combination. (3) Note. See (2) Note to the definition of subclass 68. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 51, for comminutors provided with comminuting surfaces having openings to which material is borne by a gas current. 69+, for devices which permit the discharge of comminuted material during the comminuting operation, but in which the screen has no comminuting function. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   subclasses 104+ , for presses not elsewhere classified having drain means for expressed liquid. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 233+ , 674, 675+, and 680+, for screens, sifters, and apertured members designed for the separation of solids into grades, but having no disclosed comminuting function. 210,  Liquid Purification of Separation,   subclasses 483+ , particularly subclasses 498 and 499, for filter plates or screens.

84	Cooperates with moving comminuting surface or member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 83.  Apparatus in which the comminuting surface which is provided with the material passages cooperates with a comminuting surface or member which moves relative to it to effect comminution. (1) Note. Loose grinding body comminutors (e.g., ball or rod mills) provided with perforated receptacles are included in this subclass since the grinding body was considered to present a moving comminuting surface which cooperates with the perforated receptacle. See this class, subclasses 170+, for loose grinding body comminutors with imperforate receptacles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91+, 94 and 95, for comminutors having perforated comminuting surfaces which cooperate with a stationary imperforate surface or directly with the material (single surface type). 198.1, for other comminutors having cooperating comminuting surfaces.

84.1	Loose cylinder or sphere:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus provided with members, (including shapes such as cylinders, spheres, parallelepipeds, tetrahedrons and/or mixed shaped), having free movement in the comminuting zone, and not having any fixed connection with other parts of the apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 137, for loose grinding bodies in plural comminuting zones with parallel material flow. 153, for loose grinding bodies in plural comminuting zones with series material flow. 170+, for a loose grinding body comminutor.

84.2	Travelling roll surface or member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus wherein the perforated surface cooperates with a tool which has compound movement in the form of rotation about an axis passing through the tool and concurrent lateral movement relative to the perforated surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 201+, for compound movement comminutor not provided with a perforated surface.

84.3	Oscillating surface or member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus provided with a cooperating member which swings back and forth in an arc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 94, for an oscillating perforated surface. 264+, for an oscillating comminutor not cooperating with a perforated surface.

84.4	Rectilinearly reciprocating surface or member cooperates with rotary comminuting member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus wherein the cooperating surface or member moves back and forth in a straight line. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 262+, for reciprocating cooperating comminuting surfaces not cooperating with a perforated surface. 283+, for a reciprocating comminuting surface.

85	Rotary comminuting surface having openings cooperates with moving surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus in which the screen comminuting surface has a rotary motion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 284 through 299, 301, and 304+, for rotating screens.

86	Cooperates with rotary comminuting member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Apparatus in which the surface having openings cooperates with a rotary surface or member to effect the comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 185.5, through 197, for similar devices which do not include a claimed surface having passages for the material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 600+ , for a grain hulling means that may leave cooperating rotating surfaces.

86.1	Material thrown against perforated surface by centrifugal force:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 86.  Apparatus wherein the rotary member hurls the work through space so that the work impacts the foraminous surface with sufficient force to comminute the work, or to contribute to the overall comminuting effect of the apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 47+, for devices having means to cause a gas flow in the comminuting zone.

86.2	Comminutor mounted for movement relative to rotating support member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 86.  Apparatus wherein the work contacting member is loosely joined to a revolving carrier (e.g., hub) so that the work contacting member is free to swing about a pivot as it is moved in a circular path by the carrier. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 193, for a striking member loosely mounted on a rotor. 194, for a striking member pivoted to a rotor. 201+, for compound movement comminutors not provided with a surface having discharge openings.

87	Screen or screen elements move during comminution:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 86.  Apparatus in which the screen or elements thereof have some movement other than rotation during comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 85, for devices in which the rotary striking member cooperates with a rotary surface having openings. 187, for such devices in which the rotary striking member cooperates with a movable member which is not a screen.

87.1	Offset fingers on stationary surface and on rotary member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 86.  Apparatus wherein the rotor has projections which move past projections on the stator. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 191, for similar devices not provided with a comminuting screen.

88	Provided with special comminuting surfaces or characteristics:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 86.  Apparatus in which the screen surface is provided with projections or other characteristics which assist in effecting the comminution. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 235+, 242+, 260+, and 291+, for other comminuting elements provided with nonsmooth surface characteristics.

88.1	Perforation bounded by sharp edge:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 88.  Apparatus wherein the openings in the foraminous surface are defined, at least in part, by an acute margin of the surrounding surface portion. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 82.1+, for similar surfaces in devices provided with a helical pusher inside a tube. 273.1+, for comminuting surfaces having sharp edges, but not provided with discharge openings.