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 [Search a list of Patent Appplications for class 204]   CLASS 204,CHEMISTRY: ELECTRICAL AND WAVE ENERGY
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER

This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere:

A. Processes (1) involving the use of electrolysis (as provided for in Class 205); (2) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field; (3) of treating materials involving chemical reaction brought about by wave energy; (4) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge; (5) involving the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; (6) of treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation or purification of the liquid; (7) involving coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering; and (8) involving coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge. (See Subclass References to the Current Class, below.)

B. Products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A). For exceptions, see Lines With Other Classes and Wtihin This Class, Exceptions, below.

C. Apparatus for carrying out the processes set forth under (A) except the apparatus used to carry out the wave energy treatment processes provided for in Class 204; such apparatus is provided for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes, below.)

D. Electrolyte compositions specialized for use in electrolytic processes or methods of preparing the compositions.

(1) Note. A list of superiority of several composition classes appears elsewhere. See Lines With Other Classes below.
(2) Note. Although the processes described above in (A), items (6), (7), and (8), do not involve strictly chemical changes, they are in some respects closely related to other portions of the class and so have been included here.
(3) Note. Processes involving purely thermal actions of electrical phenomena or wave energy are not included in this class.
(4) Note. Class 204 provides for the combination of electrical and wave energy processes as described in (A) above with subsequent: (1) conventional treatments such as filtering, distilling, washing, and other methods of separating or concentrating products from the previous Class 204 operation or (2) mere admixing of products from the previous Class 204 operation to form a desired end product. Where a subsequent step significantly modifies a composition, product, or article made by the previous Class 204 operation, the combined process is generally provided for elsewhere and is cross-referenced in Class 204, where necessary.
(5) Note. The combination of an electrical or wave energy operation as described in (A) above with a preceding method, such as treatment of material to prepare it for the electrical or wave energy operation, is provided for in Class 204. When a method preparatory to a Class 204 operation is claimed, per se, and is not provided for elsewhere, it may be classified in Class 204.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

For apparatus for carrying out the wave energy treatment processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+, see Class 250, Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 492.1+, and Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186+; the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 155+; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186.01+; the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 164; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing particularly subclasses 186.04+; and the section References to Other Classes, herein, the entry to Class 118 for apparatus provided for in Class 118.

The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarachical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

EXCEPTIONS

This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A) in Class Definition, above, with the following exceptions: (1) products which comprise two or more contiguous metallic layers; (2) products of processes classifiable in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+ and 450+, and Class 205, subclasses 640+. These products are properly classified in the appropriate product or stock material class (e.g., 260, 423, 428, etc.).

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 204 AND CLASS 75

Combinations of metallurgical process steps falling within the definition of Class 75 and electrical or wave energy steps falling under the definition of Class 204 are classified in Class 204, when the metallurgical process steps are preparatory to the electrical or wave energy steps, and are placed in Class 75 when the electrical or wave energy methods are preparatory to the metallurgical process steps. The above applies even when such preparatory steps result in a desired by-product. Class 75, subclasses 228+, provides for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the metal composition from which it is made). The order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them is as follows:

1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.

2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions for treatment of solid metal.

3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+, gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal or charges, and subclass 302, welding rods defined by composition.

4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated metal powder compositions, and subclasses 255+, loose metal particulate mixtures.

5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, alloys or metallic compositions claimed as products.

6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287, and 500-714, in class schedule order, certain processes of treating solid or semisolid metal by modifying or maintaining internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal, processes of reactive coating of metal, or processes of chemical heat-removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However, if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved, there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described in References To Other Classes in the Class 148 definition.

7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+, p-n type barrier layer stock material, and subclasses 400+, stock.

8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 331+, processes of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal, and subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys in powder form.

9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67, electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes of making alloys.

10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of manufacture.

11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes of making metal, treating liquid metals and liquid alloys, and consolidating metalliferous material.

12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.

13.Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.

14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes of operating metallurgical apparatus.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 156, 204, 205, AND 216

In general, a class 156 operation (e.g., chemical etching of an electrical function semiconductor substrate, etc.) performed on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant modification of the composition, product, or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204 process followed by a Class 156 procedure in Class 156. However, the combination of a Class 204 electrolytic coating step followed by a Class 156 operation (other than a laminating process as described above) performed (1) to allow at least a portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in Class 204. The significant modification of only the electrolytic coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 156, subclasses 625.1+, provide for the original classification of chemically etching an electrical function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device when the claims are alternative (claims to a Class 156 etching process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 156 etching and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim to a Class 156 etching process, the original classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed into Class 156 etching based on the generic claim. Other combinations of Class 204 step(s) with Class 156 step(s) will follow the general class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see the search class note to Class 216 in this section, since Class 216 is an integral part of Class 156.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 216, 156, 204, AND 205

Chemical etching performed on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant modification of the composition, product, or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204 process followed by Class 216 chemical etching in Class 216. However, the combination of a Class 205 electrolytic coating step followed by Class 216 chemical etching performed (1) to allow at least a portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in Class 205. The significant modification of only the electrolytic coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 216 also provides for the original classification when the claims are alternative (claims to a Class 216 process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 216 and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim to a Class 216 etching process, the original classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed into Class 216 based on the generic claim. Other combinations of Class 204 step(s) with Class 216 step(s) will follow the general class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see the search class note to Class 156 in this section, since Class 216 is an integral part of Class 156.

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 250 AND CLASS 204

Note the difference between the scope of "radiant energy" as set out for Class 250 and "wave energy" as defined in Class 204, subclass 157.15.

LINE BETWEEN CLASSES 260, 204, AND 520

See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (1) a chemical process, in general and for preparation and treatment of carbon compounds or a product formed by such a process; (2) the combination of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent significant chemical process provided for in Class 260 when the subsequent Class 260 process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound; and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the class definition of Class 260. The combination of a Class 260 process and a subsequent Class 204 operation is classified in Class 204. The foregoing applies even when the preparatory process or operation results in a desired by-product. Also, see the search class note to Class 520 in References to Other Classes, since Class 520 is an integral part of Class 260.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 424, 204, AND 514

See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process; especially subclasses 1.11+ for a radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing, adjuvant or carrier, intermediate, or preparatory composition. Also, see the search class note to Class 514 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below, since Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 520, 522, AND 204

See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the Class 520 Series, appropriate classes, especially Class 522, subclasses 1+, for a composition to be polymerized by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a synthetic resin composition to be modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a process of preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy. Any process step involving electrolysis, electric current, electro-osmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge, or magnetic field and also involving the treating of a synthetic resin or natural rubber is proper in Class 204 if a wave energy step is involved in any part of the process. The combination of a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use of wave energy with a Class 204 operation is classified (1) in Class 204 when the Class 520 nonwave energy process is preparatory to the Class 204 operation and (2) in Class 520 when the Class 204 operation is preparatory to the Class 520 nonwave energy process. A branching process in which the claims are alternative to producing or treating a polymer by a Class 204 process or by a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use of wave energy is classified in Class 520. See Class 204, subclass 157.15, for a further elaboration of the line between Class 204 and Class 520, subclasses 1+.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 585, 204, AND 260

The line between Class 585 and Class 204 is analogous to that between Class 260 and Class 204. See the search class note to Class 260 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

155+,for preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field.
157.15+,for treating materials involving chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
164+,for preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge.
192.1+,for processes involving coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering .
192.38,for processes involving coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge.
450+,for processes involving the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis.
554+,for treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation or purification of the liquid .

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   for bleaching or dyeing, fluid treatment, and chemical modification of textiles and fibers using electrical, radiant, or wave energy; without involving electrolysis (electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material is provided for in Class 205, subclasses 689+ ).
47Plant Husbandry,   subclass 1.3 for processes and apparatus for culture of plants by using electricity.
75Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   for (1) general production of metals, (2) electrothermal processes of preparing metals and alloys, and (3) branching processes in which one branch comprises a process falling within the definition of Class 204 and which contains at least one other branch falling within Class 75. See Lines With Other Classes, above, for further discussion of the line between Class 75 and Class 204.
101Printing,   appropriate subclasses for electrotype molds, matrices, or other printing members which may be produced by electrolytic coating, electroforming, or cathode sputtering methods. For processes of their production by such methods, see Class 204, appropriate subclasses.
118Coating Apparatus,   for a general coating apparatus which does not involve the use of electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering. Class 204 provides for apparatus having means for combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering. However, Class 118 provides for coating apparatus which also has means to subsequently cure (considered to be a mere perfecting step) the coating using electrical or wave energy.
128Surgery,   for electrical or wave energy treatment of the living human body and apparatus specialized therefor.
131Tobacco,   subclasses 294 , 295, and 299 for processes of treating tobacco with electrical or radiant energy.
134Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclasses 1+ for processes of cleaning solids by the application of electric, wave, ray or radiant energy to the work, other than broadly recited radiant heat energy.
148Metal Treatment,   particularly subclass 518 for processes of treating solid or semisolid metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., micro structure) or chemical properties of metal combined with a Class 204 procedure. Class 148 takes the combination, whether the Class 148 operation precedes or is subsequent to the Class 204 procedure. Also, see Class 148, subclasses 240+ for the location of processes of reactive coating of metal wherein an externally applied agent combines with the metal substrate to form a coating thereon which contains an element from the metal substrate. Combinations that involve reactive coating as defined in Class 148, subclasses 240+, and a Class 204 coating operation are proper in Class 204. Combinations of a Class 148 reactive coating, a Class 204 coating operation, and an etching operation that occurs while the electrocoated layer still exists are in Class 204. However, combinations of carburizing or nitriding of metal, as defined in Class 148, subclasses 206+, with a Class 204 operation are proper for Class 148.
156Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 625.1+ for a process of chemically etching an electrical function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device and subclasses 60+ for surface bonding and/or assembly therefor, particularly subclasses 150+ for a laminating process combined with at least one Class 204 step of electrodeposition (i.e., by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering). See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for discussion of the lines between Classes 156, 204, 205, and 216.
208Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,   for processes of treatment and preparation of mineral oils employing mere electrical thermal effects.
209Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   for electrical or wave energy classification, separation, or assortment of solids, particularly subclasses 127.1+ for electrostatic processes and apparatus, subclasses 179+ for electrical amalgamation processes and apparatus, and subclasses 212 and 213+ for magnetic separating processes and apparatus.
210Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclasses 600+ for purification or separation of a liquid which may include a Class 204-type step of making an agent used in the process. A process of treating the liquid directly by a Class 204 step to purify or separate it will be placed in Class 204 whether or not combined with a physical separation step classifiable in Class 210, subclasses 767+. Class 210 will take the combination of a 210 process, other than mere separation (as provided for in subclasses 767+), with a Class 204 operation. However, a Class 204 process (e.g., synthesis) preceded by a Class 210 step which is ancillary to the process will be placed in Class 204.
216Etching a Substrate: Processes,   for a chemical etching process, in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 216, 156, 204, and 205.
250Radiant Energy,   for radiant energy processes and apparatus, particularly subclasses 281+ for ionic separation or analysis of materials utilizing the mass to electric charge ratio of particles. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Class 250 and Class 204.
260Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for a chemical process, in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 260, 204, and 520.
324Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values may be derived therefrom; especially subclasses 323+ for testing of underground formations by electrolytic methods (e.g., testing an oil well bore for water strata, etc.), subclasses 425+ for testing of an electrolyte to determine electrical properties thereof, and other appropriate subclasses for electrical testing processes or apparatus which is combined with a significant electrical testing circuit or is unrelated to the subject matter of Class 204.
361Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses 500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a purpose other than to produce a desired chemical change.
373Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,   for electric furnaces and methods of using them, in general, especially subclasses 60+ for electric arc furnaces and methods of using them in which an electric arc is used as a heating means and the reactions performed are a result of the mere thermal effects of the electric arc.
420Alloys or Metallic Compositions,   appropriate subclasses for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the alloy or metallic composition from which it is made) and for processes of producing an alloy or metallic composition. See the class definition of Class 420 for a description of the class line between Class 75 and Class 420. Also, see the search class note to Class 75 in this section for the order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them.
423Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for (1) a chemical process of producing an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element, in general; (2) the combination of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent chemical process provided for in Class 423 when the Class 423 process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound or element, and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the definition of Class 423. The combination of a Class 423 process with a subsequent Class 204 operation which modifies a product of the Class 423 process is classified in Class 204. In processes where a useful by-product is formed, the patent is classified according to the primary product ultimately produced.
424Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the a discussion of the lines between Classes 424, 204, and 514.
426Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   especially subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+ for processes of preparing, preserving, and treating food involving the use of electrical or wave energy, including electrolysis.
427Coating Processes,   for general coating processes. Class 204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation. However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
428Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses for a stock material product not elsewhere provided for in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet. Also, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class in the class definition of Class 428 for an elaboration of the class line between Class 204 and Class 428.
429Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for the production of electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change of state (e.g., from a liquid to a gas, etc.).
435Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   for a process or apparatus involving measuring or testing by electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart, but in combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable microorganism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a process or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy treatment of a microorganism or an enzyme when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with a viable micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme.
436Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis including (1) a step of electrochemistry followed by at least one step of another chemical reaction not involving electrochemistry or (2) a process which is alternatively chemical or electrochemical.
502Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or Process of Making,   especially subclass 5 for the use of electrical, magnetic, or wave energy in making a catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor.
505Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,   subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (Tc > 30 K) superconductors, particularly subclass 411 for sputter etching, subclass 472 for electrolytic or electrophoretic coating, or subclasses 475+ for sputter coating.
506Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a process of creating a library (e.g., chemical, biological, etc.), process of testing or analyzing a library, or an apparatus specially adapted for such processes.
514Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   as an integral part of Class 424, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process, especially subclasses 167+ for a composition including activated or irradiated ergosterol. Also, see the search class note to Class 424, since Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
516Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art; when without involving electrolysis.
520Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the Class 520 Series,   appropriate classes. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Classs for a discussion of the lines between Classes 520, 204, and 522.
585Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,   for a process of synthesizing or purifying a hydrocarbon compound. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 585, 204, and 260, and also see the search class note to Class 260 in this section.
588Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   for chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste by using electrical wave energy, especially subclass 302 and 303 for electrolytic or electrodialytic degradation.
700Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications,   subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring systems in combination with a data processing system or calculating computer.

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ACYCLIC

For the purposes of this class, "acyclic" refers to an organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic, nitrocyclic, or carbocyclic nucleus.

ALKALI-FORMING METAL

A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline earth metals (calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)), and magnesium (Mg) (included due to its similarity in properties to the alkaline earth metals).

DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)

A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms can either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the exemplary lists of terms provided below); except that for the purposes of this class, "organic" is considered to be too broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a carbon atom. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: alcohol, alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon black, carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate, peroxide, peroxy-, proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions not to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: amphoteric, anionic, antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor, crystalline, curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric, dispersant, drier, electrophoretic, emulsifier, fibrous, filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant, hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis acid or base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal containing, mineral, numerically described without designating a chemical atom or a limited select group of elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic, particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer, preservative, solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active agent, surfactant, wax, Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc. These lists are not intended to be exhaustive.

ELECTROLYSIS

A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte and resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.) (other than that brought about by the mere heating effect of the electric current) at one or more of the electrodes (e.g., electrolytic coating or etching, etc.) or at another location in contact with the electrolyte as a direct result of the electric current passing therethrough (e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such chemical change being the process objective and not merely as a means of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte (as is the case in "electrophoresis" as defined in subclass 450 of this class).

ELECTROLYTE

A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic current (usually an ionic compound is dissolved in solution or melted into a fused state to provide an electrically conductive medium).

ESTER-TYPE WAX

A "wax" which is essentially an ester in chemical structure, (e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).

FAT, FATTY OIL

A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally occurring mixtures thereof.

FATTY STILL RESIDUES

Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine pitch, etc.).

HIGHER FATTY ACID

A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g., stearic acid, etc.).

INTERNAL BATTERY

A device or means which generates an electrical current by chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without the need for an external source of electrical current.

ORGANIC COMPOUND

A chemical compound limited by the definition of a "carbon compound" found under the class definition in Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.

PERMANENT COATING

A coating which remains as part of a finished article as distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed or stripped from a base or substrate.

PLATINUM METAL

A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium (Re).

PRECIOUS METAL

A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum metals, and silver (Ag).

SYNTHESIS

For purposes of this class, "synthesis" includes the production of a desired element or compound by breaking down from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up of complex forms from simpler ones.

WAVE ENERGY

For the purposes of this class, "wave energy" includes radiation as well as wave energy transmitted by various mediums and embraces electromagnetic wave energy or radiation, sonic and supersonic waves, neutron, proton, deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.

SUBCLASSES

     PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes falling and the products necessarily resulting therefrom where not provided for elsewhere.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 155]    155Electrical, or wave energy in magnetic field:
 This subclass is indented under the unnumbered subclass, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS.  Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation of compounds or elements through chemical reaction brought about by the agency of electrical or wave energy in which the reaction is carried out within a magnetic field; except electrolytic processes, provided for above, and those brought about through mere heating effect of electrical or wave energy. For example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric material to produce a film thereon. This includes both the synthetic production of compounds or elements and, likewise, the chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds or elements, making use of electrical or wave energy to effect the chemical changes in such processes. The processes falling within these subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production of compounds, elements by chemical reactions, but not those wherein a material or composition is treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought about.

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118Coating Apparatus,   for coating apparatus.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186+ for apparatus having means for initiating or perfecting chemical reaction using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular radiation and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave.
427Coating Processes,   subclasses 457+ for processes of coating in general involving a magnetic base or coating.
588Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclass 301 for the use of electrical energy magnetic force in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 156]    156With discharge:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 155.  Processes in which the chemical reaction is carried out within a magnetic field including electrical discharges. The discharges may be produced by the same means as that which creates the magnetic field, such as an electromagnetic field of such character as produces discharges, or an additional electrical discharge field may be imposed.

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422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 186.03 for the corresponding apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.15]    157.15Processes of treating materials by wave energy:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter involving chemical reactions brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Subclasses 157.15+ provides for the following subject matter: (a) provides for preparing a compound or element, involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy; said chemical reaction resulting in either (1) an element or chemical compound (2) a purified product (wherein the chemical reaction has assisted in the removal of a contaminant) or (3) an element (wherein the chemical reaction consists of decomposing a compound to produce the elemental form). (b) provides for any process of treating waste or unwanted material involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy where there is no intent to recover a specified desired product. (c) provides for effecting optical rotation, i.e., d, 1 optical rotation for effecting a change in isomeric forms, e.g., cis to trans isomers by wave energy, etc. (d) provides for producing a photochromic material by using wave energy. (e) provides for effecting a chemical reaction by wave energy where the product produced is a composition not disclosed as having a desired use. Materials which are compositions to begin with such as tobacco, foods, etc., are not proper for this area unless a final desired product is isolated which is a compound or element. (f) provides for the degradation of a chemical compound or polymer by wave energy to produce a chemical compound or element.
(2) Note. The utilization of wave energy to effect a color change is presumed to be a chemical reaction for purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification.
(3) Note. The utilization of wave energy to increase the viscosity of a chemical compound is considered to be a chemical reaction for purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification. Also included herein is a process of removing an embrittlement causing material from a metallic substance to reduce the embrittlement condition of metal.
(4) Note. The term "wave energy" includes radiation as well as wave energies transmitted by various mediums and embraces electromagnetic waves or radiations, sonic supersonic, ultrasonic waves, neutrons, protons, deutron and other corpuscular radiations.
(5) Note. The term "electromagnetic waves"" as employed in the (4) Note above includes, e.g., X-ray and gamma-ray, ultraviolet, infra red, and visible light rays, and short electric and radio waves. Energy including wave energy processes which produces merely a thermal effect or heat waves, per se, even if a chemical reaction is induced is excluded under the provisions of the class definitions, see CLASS DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, and GLOSSARY in the main class definition.
(6) Note. Classification of documents into this area is on the basis of the wave energy step providing the final desired product and not necessarily on the first wave energy step recited if that product is not the ultimate desired product of the claim. An example of such a situation would be a wave energy step of preparing a nitrogen heterocyclic compound followed by a wave energy step of cleaving the heterocyclic ring whereby the final product is devoid of a heterocyclic ring but still contains a nitrogen atom. Classification in 157.81 rather than in 157.71 would be proper.
(7) Note. In those subclasses which are identified in the classification schedule as "using," i.e., 157.22, 157.41, 157.42, 157.43, 157.44, 157.61, 157.62, 157.63 original placement has been on either specifically claimed subject matter or solely disclosed subject matter. Claims which are alternative but which specifically recite the subject matter of the above subclasses are considered as being claimed. An example of such a situation would be a claim reciting alternatively the use of a laser of X-ray to produce a desired nitrogen compound. Classification as an original in 157.61 would be proper. The rule to be followed is that if the claim does not meet the parameter of the "solely disclosed or claimed rule" it is classified below on some other aspect of the claim.
(8) Note. This area does not provide for products of a wave energy procedure nor does it provide for compositions or compounds which are to be exposed to wave energy. Patents with claims drawn to a process of preparing a compound in the presence of wave energy and the compound, per se, are originally classified in the appropriate product class (260, etc.). See Class 252, Compositions, in particular subclass 188.31 for compositions which are to be exposed to wave energy so as to produce a desired compound or element.
(9) Note. Processes of growing crystals, dissolving compounds, altering friability of particles, changing the structure in a crystal lattice or converting a substance into an amorphous state (e.g., Cg to Cd) are considered to be physical processes and thus are excluded from this class unless stated to be chemical reactions by the patentee.

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260Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570 Series, AND 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for (1) processes for purifying an organic compound wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved and (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a different compound and (3) organic products prepared in the presence of wave energy. A process of preparing an organic compound by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with the nonwave energy step, i.e., 518, 530 - 570 or Class 585 and cross-reference to Class 204.
313Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,   appropriate subclasses for electric lamps and electric space discharge devices such as ultraviolet light generators, and cathode-ray tubes. See especially subclass 112 for lamps and discharge devices having an envelope made of a material which will transmit invisible radiations and subclasses 364+ for cathode-ray tubes.
376Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and Elements,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 323+ for a chemical reaction carried out in a reactor.
378X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,   subclasses 119+ for X-ray sources, etc.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186+ for apparatus for carrying out the radiant energy chemical processes of this subclass, subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave, and subclasses 1+ for radiant or wave energy methods in general for preserving, disinfecting, and sterilizing.
423Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for (1) processes of purifying an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a nonmetallic element or different inorganic compound and (3) inorganic products prepared in the presence of wave energy. A process of preparing an inorganic compound or free nonmetallic element by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with nonwave energy step, i.e., Class 423 and cross-reference to Class 204.
427Coating Processes,   for general coating processes; especially subclasses 457+ for direct application of electrical, magnetic, wave, or particulate energy (without effecting a chemical reaction) as part of a coating process (including pre- or post-treatment). Class 204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation. However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
430Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   appropriate subclasses for radiation sensitive compositions and elements and for processes of exposing said compositions or elements to wave energy in an imagewise exposure technique.
435Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclasses 173.1+ for electrical or wave energy treatment of micro-organisms or enzymes.
520Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   in particular Class 522, for processes of preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy and compositions to be polymerized or modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate affecting material. Class 520, subclasses 1+ also provides for products which are the result of a chemical modification utilizing wave energy. Class 204 is superior to Class 520, subclasses 1+ therefore a patent claiming in the alternative a process of preparing an organic compound and a synthetic resin in the presence of wave energy is classified for original in purposes in Class 204 and cross-reference into Class 520. In the situation where an alternative claim is presented as well as a specific claim to the synthetic is synthetic resin species and there is no specific claims to nonresin species, e.g., the organic compound, etc., the same rule of original patent placement applies. Any step involving electrolysis, an electric, current electroosmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge or magnetic field and also involving a synthetic resin or natural rubber will be proper in Class 204 even when a wave energy step is involved in any part of the process.
588Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclasses 301 through 310for the use of wave energy in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.2]    157.2Isotope separation or enrichment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter involving chemical processes which separate isotopic species from materials containing differing isotopes; or the enrichment of a material in a particular isotope; or the production of an isotopic species; all of said processes brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Examples of patents in this subclass are (a) processes for increasing the concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen in a fluorhydrocarbon; and (b) processes of producing C13 by decomposing C3H6, said C3H6 containing C12 and C13 by irradiating C3H6.
(2) Note. "Enrichment of an isotopic species" refers to increasing the isotope concentration by an exchange process to a level greater than that existing before the exchange.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.21]    157.21Inorganic product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2.  Subject matter wherein the produce produced is inorganic in nature.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound for purposes of this subclass denotes those compounds which do not meet the definition of organic which is compounds having carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one atom of carbon bonded to at least least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.

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900,through 914 for art collections pertaiving to subclasses 157.15 through 158.21.

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75Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Powder Metal Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   subclasses 122.5+ for radioactive alloys or metallic compositions.
423Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 2+ for process for chemically treating a mixture to obtain a radioactive inorganic isotope and subclasses 249+ for a radioactive inorganic compound, nonmetallic element or isotope, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.22]    157.22Using laser:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.21.  Subject matter wherein the separation or enrichment is wherein the separation or enrichment is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., laser.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy processs, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not to be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.3]    157.3Removing a component from normally gaseous mixture:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter in which an initial normally gaseous or vaporous mixture is treated by wave energy so as to remove therefrom by a chemical reaction or change to a different chemical form at least one of the components therein, resulting in a heterogeneous composition.
(1) Note. When the recovery of a definite chemical compound or element as a product is claimed, original classification of the patent is in subclass 157.4 or 157.6. However, where the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component, the patent is classified here even though the disclosed intent is to ultimately effect separation of the component.
(2) Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous. It may contain entrained solids or liquids. It must however be handled and distributed as a gas and must be in this form at the onset of the treatment.
(3) Note. Methods of purifying a gaseous composition so as to perfect said remaining composition for a particular art use are classified with the art use.

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95Gas Separation: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or separating a constituent therefrom where no chemical reaction is involved in the separation or purification, per se.
423Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 210+ for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or separating constituent therefrom involving a chemical reaction where the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component and the appropriate compound subclasses 249 - 658 when the claim does include such step.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.4]    157.4Process of preparing desired inorganic material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter wherein an element of inorganic compound is produced by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet the definition of "organic" as elaborated in subclass 157.6.

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158.2,for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by removing impurities therefrom using wave energy.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.41]    157.41Using laser:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.

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158.2,for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by employing a laser to decompose the organic or inorganic contaminant.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim specifically recited the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.42]    157.42Using sonic of ultrasonic energy:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is either claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles per second.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic energy. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.43]    157.43Using microwave energy:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by a wave having a wavelength between 30,000 nanometers and 1X109 nanometers and which is usually generated by radio frequency power tubes from high-voltage direct current.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "microwave energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e. microwave energy. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.44]    157.44Using ionizing radiation:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1) Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission fragments and the like or high speed accelerated electrons (including electron bombardment).
(2) Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be obtained from various sources. The following is a list of such possible sources, e.g., including natural radioactive materials, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds; from nuclear fission by-products of processes in which atomic power is generated, these by-products including elements having atomic numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to neutron radiation, such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56, gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear reactors including spent fuel elements. The charged particles may be brought to high energy levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes, Van de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators. Suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as C14, P32, Sr90 and tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets, such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.45]    157.45Boron, phosphorous or silicon containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the wave energy process of the product contains at least one boron, phosphorus or silicon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of glass and clay analogues are included herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.46]    157.46Nitrogen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.47]    157.47Carbon containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one carbon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of carbon black are included herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.48]    157.48Halogen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, Chlorine, iodine, bromine and astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.49]    157.49Sulfur containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy contains at least one sulfur atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.5]    157.5Oxygen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one oxygen atom.
(1) Note. A process for generating oxygen radicals (02) would be classified herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.51]    157.51Metal oxide or hydrate thereof:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.5.  Subject matter wherein the product is a binary compound containing only a metal atom and oxygen, or a hydrate form thereof.
(1) Note. Metal is limited to those elements of atomic number 3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-70, 72-84 or 87 and higher.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.52]    157.52Hydrogen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one hydrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.6]    157.6Process or preparing desired organic product containing at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter wherein a specific organic compound is produced by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy and wherein said organic compound contains at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen.
(1) Note. "Organic" denotes all compounds having carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.
(2) Note. Isomerization processes (for example, a change in orientation from a cis to trans form) which are induced by wave energy are classified herein.

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157.15,for production of an acyclic hydrocarbon and 158.14 for production of a cyclic hyderocarbon.
158.21,for processes of purifying an organic substance by removing impurities therefrom and using wave energy.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.61]    157.61Using laser:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.

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158.21,for processes of purifying an organic substance by photolyzing impurities therefrom by use of a laser.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.62]    157.62Using sonic or ultrasonic energy:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles per second.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process of the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.63]    157.63Using ionizing radiation:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1) Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission fragments and the like, or high speed accelerated electrons (including electron bombardment).
(2) Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be obtained from various sources. The following is a list of such possible sources, e.g., including natural radioactive materials, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds; from nuclear fission by-products including elements having atomic numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to neutron radiation such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56. gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear reactors including particles maybe brought to high energy levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes,Van de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as C14, P32, Sr90 and tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets, such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.

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158.21,for processes of purifying an organic compound by removing impurities therefrom by wave energy wherein said wave energy induces a reaction to occur only amongst the considered material.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.64]    157.64Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous or silicon containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63.  Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction contains at least one nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.65]    157.65Carbocyclic ring containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63.  Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction contains a ring composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.67]    157.67Vitamin product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is a vitamin or modified product thereof.
(1) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include: (a) processes of treating an activatable material to impart an antirachitic (vitamin D) property thereto by exposing the same to wave energy; (b) processes of producing or increasing vitamin D in ergosterol by the use of wave energy; (c) processes for the isomerization of cis-vitamin A compound or derivative thereof into the translomer by the use of wave energy.

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166,for preparation or treatment of vitamins involving the use of an electrostatic field or electrical discharge.

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424and 524, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   appropriate subclass, based on the structure of the vitamin and especially Class 514, subclasses 167+ for a vitamin D composition which may be produced by wave energy.
426Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclasses 72+ , 248+ and 311 for food products, containing vitamins and processes involving the same.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.68]    157.68Carbohydrate or protein product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is either a protein or carbohydrate or modified product thereof.
(1) Note. Included herein as proteins are gelatin and collagen. Included herein as carbohydrates are sugars, cellulose, and starch.
(2) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include: (a) a process of producing saccharose from formaldehyde by use of wave energy; (b) a process of releasing fragments of peptides from a polypeptide by use of photolysis.
(3) Note. The scope of the terms protein and carbohydrate is defined in Class 530, subclass 350 and Class 536, subclasses 1.11+ respectively.

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522Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   subclasses 87 through 89for processes of chemically reacting a carbohydrate or protein with an ethylenic reactant by wave energy and modified products thereof.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.69]    157.69Heterocyclic product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is an organic compound wherein one or more carbon atoms are covalently bonded in a ring system with at least one hetero atom of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, selenium or tellurium and there are no other different atoms in the ring.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.7]    157.7Hetero sulfur containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.69.  Subject matter wherein there is at least one sulfur atom in the hetero ring system.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.71]    157.71Hetero nitrogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.69.  Subject matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom in the hetero ring system.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.72]    157.72Hetero nitrogen ring contains at least two hetero atoms:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.71.  Subject matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom and at least one other atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, selenium or tellurium in the same hetero ring.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.73]    157.73Phosphorous product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process contains at least one phosphorus atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.74]    157.74Silicon product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process contains at least one silicon atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.75]    157.75Heavy metal product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process contains a metal having a specific gravity greater than four, including arsenic.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.76]    157.76Sulfur product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process contains at least one sulfur atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.77]    157.77Nitrogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76.  Subject matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.78]    157.78Oxygen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76.  Subject matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at least one oxygen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.79]    157.79Halogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.78.  Subject matter wherein the sulfur and oxygen product produced also contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Patents with claims drawn to processes of preparing sulfonyl halides or acid halides are included herein.
(2) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.8]    157.8Halogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76.  Subject matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at least atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.81]    157.81Nitrogen product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the produce of the wave energy contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.82]    157.82Oxygen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81.  Subject matter wherein the product nitrogen produced also contains at least one oxygen atom, e.g., isocyanate, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.83]    157.83Nitroso or oxime containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.82.  Subject matter wherein the oxygen atom is part of a C=N.OH or C-N=O group.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.84]    157.84Halogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.83.  Subject matter wherein the C=N-OH or C-N=O product contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine and astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.85]    157.85Carbon triple bonded to nitrogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81.  Subject matter wherein the nitrogen product produced contains a least one -C=N group.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.86]    157.86Halogen containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81.  Subject matter wherein the nitrogen product produced contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine and astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.87]    157.87Carboxylic acid or derivative product:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the organic product which is the result of a wave energy process is a carboxylic acid or derivative.
(1) Note. A carboxylic acid for purposes of this subclass denotes:
A compound containing the structure A. --OH
A carboxylic acid derivative for this subclass is limited to ester, nonhetero anhydride, salt, and acyl halide.
A carboxylic acid anhydride denotes:
A compound containing the acyclic structure
B. --O-
A carboxylic acid ester denotes:
A compound containing the structure
C. --O-C
wherein the carbon atom single bonded to the oxygen atom of the
--O- group is not double bonded to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
An acid hacioe denotes:
A compound containing the structure
D. --hal
The salt of a carboxylic acid denotes:
A compound containing the structure
E. --
wherein X is a metal
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.88]    157.88Oxygen other than as part of a carboxylic acid or derivative moiety:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87.  Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative contains an oxygen atom which is other than as part of a-O or derivative group.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.89]    157.89Atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87.  Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative contains an atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.9]    157.9Alcohol product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process is an alcohol.
(1) Note. Alcohol denotes a C-OH group wherein the carbon atom bound to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group cannot be double bonded to oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.91]    157.91Fused or bridged ring containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.9.  Subject matter wherein the alcohol contains a fused- or bridged-ring system.
(1) Note. A fused- or bridged-ring system for this subclass denotes a ring system having at least two rings which (a) share with each other two adjacent ring atoms, or (b) share with each other three or more ring atoms and wherein each ring having shared atoms is a carbocyclic ring.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.92]    157.92Ether product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process is a ether.
(1) Note. An ether for purposes of this subclass denotes an organic compound having the general structure-C-O-C- wherein the carbons bound to the linking oxygen atom cannot be double bonded to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.93]    157.93Aldehyde or ketone product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process is an aldehyde or ketone.
(1) Note. An aldehyde for purposes of this subclass denotes an organic compound containing the structure
R--H
(2) Note. A ketone for purposes of this subclass denotes an organic compound having the general structure
R--R
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.94]    157.94Halogen product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine bromine, iodine and astatine.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.95]    157.95Carbon and halogen only in product:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94.  Subject matter wherein the halogen product produced is composed solely of carbon and halogen atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.96]    157.96Carbocyclic ring containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.95.  Subject matter wherein the carbon and halogen product contains at least one ring composed solely of carbon atoms, e.g. aryl, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.97]    157.97Aryl ring containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.96.  Subject matter wherein at least one ring is aryl.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.98]    157.98Unsaturated product:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94.  Subject matter wherein the halogen containing product produced contains an unsaturated group.
(1) Note. The term "unsaturated" includes benzene ring containing compounds.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.99]    157.99Unsaturation in aryl ring:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.98.  Subject matter wherein the unsaturated group is part of an aryl ring.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.1]    158.1Carbocyclic ring containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94.  Subject matter wherein the halogen containing product produced contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

158.1,for a product containing an aryl ring.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.11]    158.11Two or more diverse halogen atoms containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94.  Subject matter wherein the halogens containing product produced contains at least two diverse halogen atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.12]    158.12Four or more carbon atoms containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94.  Subject matter wherein the halogen product produced contains at least four carbon atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.14]    158.14At least one carbocyclic ring and only carbon and hydrogen atoms in product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter wherein an organic compound is produced which contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms and wherein the molecule consists solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.2]    158.2Processes of purifying materials:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter involving processes which cause the separation or purification of materials through chemical reactions brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include: (a) processes of removing phosgene impurity in BC13 by the use of laser radiation said radiation disassociating COC12 into disassociated products; (b) processes of subjecting propylene oxide containing volatile by-product chlorine-containing impurities to ionization radiation to remove said impurities; (c) processes of removing phenanthrene from crude anthracene by use of wave energy.
(2) Note. Methods of purifying a composition by wave energy so as perfect said composition for a particular art use are classified with the appropriate art use, e.g., Class 426 if a food, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

157.4,and 158.14, for processes of synthesizing a desired compound by the use of wave energy.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

423Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for processes of purifying an inorganic compound or element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 158.21]    158.21Organic material purified:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 158.2.  Subject matter wherein the desired material is an organic compound.
(1) Note. See subclass 157.6 for a definition of the term "organic compound".

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

260Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570 Series, and 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for processes of purifying an organic compound by chemical reaction induced by other than wave energy.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 164]    164Electrostatic field or electrical discharge:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation of compounds or elements through chemical reactions brought about by the agency of electrical energy within an electrostatic field or a field within which electrical discharging takes place. For example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric material to produce a film thereon. This group includes both the synthetic production of compounds or elements and, likewise the chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds or elements, making use of electrical energy to effect the chemical changes in such processes. The processes falling within this group of subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production of compounds or elements by chemical reaction, but not those wherein a material or composition is treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought about. This group of subclasses likewise includes processes wherein one or both of the reactants are subjected to an electrostatic field or electrical discharge for the purpose of activation and the desired reaction is effected by mere mixing while such reactant or reactants are in the activated condition. This usually consists of a step of ionization followed immediately by mixture with another ionized or unionized substance, the reaction following as a matter of course due to the condition of the mixed reactants.
(1) Note. For chemical processes brought about in a zone wherein both a magnetic field and discharging occurs, see this class, subclass 156.
(2) Note. For electric charge generating or conducting apparatus (ionizing devices) see Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 230+.

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422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186.04+ for corresponding apparatus.
588Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclasses 301 through 303for the use of electrostatic field or electrical discharges in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 165]    165Organic:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of organic compounds.
(1) Note. For electrostatic field or electrical discharge processes of producing carbon, see this class, subclass 173.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 166]    166Vitamins:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 165.  Processes directed to the production of vitamins.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 157.67.
(2) Note. See Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 72+, 248 and 311 for food products containing vitamins.
(3) Note. See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclass for a composition containing a vitamin and for treating or curing a disease of the body.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 167]    167Fats, fatty oils, ester type waxes, or higher fatty acids:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 165.  Processes directed to the production and treatment of fats, fatty oils, ester-type waxes, fatty still residues or higher fatty acids.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 168]    168Hydrocarbons:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 165.  Processes directed to the production and treatment of hydrocarbons.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 169]    169Halogenated or oxidized:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 168.  Processes directed to the production of halogenated or oxidized hydrocarbons.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 170]    170Gaseous:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 168.  Processes directed to the production of gaseous hydrocarbons.
(1) Note. This group of patents is intended to include processes for the production of heating and illuminating gaseous mixtures comprising hydrocarbons when use is made of an electrostatic field or electrical discharge for their preparation. However, those processes are not here included which employ an electrostatic field or electrical discharge as merely one of a series of treatments of hydrocarbons to produce such gases unless the other treatments are in nature of preparatory steps for the electrostatic field or electrical discharge step and are integrally associated therewith.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 171]    171Acetylene:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 170.  Processes directed to the production of acetylene.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 172]    172Cracking hydrocarbon oils:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 168.  Processes directed to the cracking of hydrocarbon oils.
(1) Note. See this class, subclasses 170 and 171 for cracking processes resulting in the production of gaseous hydrocarbons.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 173]    173Carbon:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of carbon.
(1) Note. Carbon may be incidentally produced in the processes classified in this class, subclass 165 and indented subclasses.
(2) Note. See 423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 445+ for nonelectrolytic processes of forming carbon.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 174]    174Sulfur-oxygen compounds:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of inorganic sulfur-oxygen compounds.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 175]    175Hydrogen peroxide:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of hydrogen peroxide.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 176]    176Ozone:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of ozone.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186.07+ for corresponding apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 177]    177Nitrogen compounds:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes directed to the production of inorganic nitrogen compounds.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 178]    178Arc or spark discharge:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 177.  Processes where the field employed comprises an electrical arc discharge.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 179]    179Nitrogen oxides:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 178.  Processes directed to the production of nitrogen oxides.
(1) Note. This group of patents includes the recovery of the oxides even though this be accomplished by absorption in water or aqueous solutions with the change to the corresponding acid or salt. For example, processes which merely in addition to the arc synthesis of nitrogen oxides include absorption of the oxide (1) in water to form nitric, nitrous or other acid, or (2) in a alkaline solutions to form nitrites, nitrates and the like, are here included.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.1]    192.1Coating, forming or etching by sputtering:
 Processes for coating, forming or etching within a vacuum environment involving bombarding a solid or liquid target material with atomic particles (e.g., ions) to cause some target material to be ejected (i.e., sputtered) by momentum transfer.
(1) Note. Solid or liquid material being bombarded is generally referred to as the target material.
(2) Note. Material removed from the target may be used to deposit a coating on a workpiece, to etch a workpiece or to form a product, e.g., particles, flakes, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

298.01,for corresponding apparatus.
471+,for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or forming of an object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 67+ for electroforming or a composition therefor and subclasses 80+ for electrolytic coating.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.11]    192.11Ion beam sputter deposition:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1.  Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or substrate), to coat or form, wherein a beam of ions generated by an ions source remote from the target is employed to sputter material from the target.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.12]    192.12Glow discharge sputter deposition (e.g., cathode sputtering, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1.  Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or substrate) wherein material is sputtered from the target in the presence of a glow discharge, e.g., cathode sputtering, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.13]    192.13Measuring or testing (e.g., of operating parameters, property of articles, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12.  Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the process or the product produced is measured or tested.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.14]    192.14Coating inorganic material onto polymeric material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12.  Processes wherein inorganic coating material is deposited onto a polymeric material.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.15]    192.15Specified deposition material or use:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12.  Processes wherein the target or deposition material has a designated chemical composition or the function of the product is specified.
(1) Note. A designated chemical composition (DCC) is a composition wherein at least one chemical atom is identified. for a more comprehensive definition of DCC, see DEFINITIONS OF TERMS, under the main definitions of this class.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.16]    192.16Wear or abrasion resistant:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the function of the coating is to enhance the wear or abrasion resistance of the product.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.17]    192.17Electrical contact material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material functions as an electrical contact or electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.18]    192.18Piezoelectric
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Process wherein the material exhibits piezoelectric properties (e.g., conversion of applied voltage to physical motion).
(1) Note. This subclass includes ferroelectic materials, i.e., wherein the coating is characterized by spontaneous electric polarization the direction of which can be altered by an electric field. These materials are dielectric analogs of ferromagnetic materials.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.2]    192.2Ferromagnetic:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material exhibits ferromagnetic properties (e.g., hysteresis, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.21]    192.21Resistor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the deposition material is characterized by a specified electrical resistivity and is adapted to function as a resistor in an electrical circuit.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.22]    192.22Insulator or dielectric:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material is characterized by low electrical conductivity.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.23]    192.23Silicon containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.22.  Processes wherein the material comprises silicon.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.24]    192.24Superconductor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material is characterized by an almost complete disappearance of electrical resistance at low temperatures.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.25]    192.25Semiconductor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material is a semiconductor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

438Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,   for (a) combined processes and (b) certain unit operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.26]    192.26Optical or photoactive:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein the material is chosen on the basis of its optical properties or wherein a property of the material is altered in the presence of light (e.g., photoconductive, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.27]    192.27Reflective:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26.  Processes wherein the function of the material is to reflect at least a part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated glass for architectural applications).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.28]    192.28Absorptive:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26.  Processes wherein the function of the material is to absorb at least part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated panels for collecting solar energy).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.29]    192.29Transparent conductor
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26.  Processes wherein the material is electrically conductive and transparent to light.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.3]    192.3With sputter etching:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15.  Processes wherein a sputter etching step is included in the process in addition to the sputter deposition step.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.32]    192.32Sputter etching:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1.  Processes for removing materials from a substrate wherein the substrate is subjected to bombardment by atomic particles (e.g., ions) and the activation energy is supplied at least in part by momentum transfer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

438Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,   subclasses 707+ for processes of vapor phase chemical etching of a semiconductive substrate utilizing irradiation of electromagnetic or wave energy and, particularly, subclasses 710+ for such chemical etching processes wherein the irradiation produces a plasma or glow discharge.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.33]    192.33Measuring or treating (e.g., operating parameters, end point determination etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32.  Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the etching process or the substrate being etched is measured or tested, e.g., operating parameters, and point determination, etc.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.34]    192.34Ion beam etching (e.g., ion milling, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32.  Processes wherein a beam of ions generated by an ion source remote from the substrate is employed to sputter material from the substrate.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.35]    192.35Etching specified materials:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32.  Processes wherein the material being etched comprises a designated chemical composition (DCC).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.36]    192.36Organic:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.35.  Processes wherein the material being etched is organic material.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.37]    192.37Silicon containing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 192.35.  Processes wherein the material being etched is organic material.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 192.38]    192.38Vacuum arc discharged coating:
 Processes for the deposition of a coating onto a substrate within a vacuum environment by the action of an arc discharge between an anode and a cathode wherein the source of material to be deposited forms or is associated with the cathode.
(1) Note. The process is generally characterized by one or more cathode spots which move across the surface of the source and vaporize the coating materials.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 193]    193APPARATUS
 Apparatus specialized for carrying out any of the processes of this class and not provided for in subclasses indented hereunder.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 194]    194Electrolytic
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus for performing electrolytic operations coming.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.01]    196.01Object protection:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus having means for utilizing an electrolytic current or potential (a) to prevent corrosion, scale formation, or other objectionable action in or on a solid object or (b) to neutralize, correct, or reverse corrosion, scale formation, or other objectionable action that occurs when a solid object is in normal use.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder are not intended to include apparatus for electrolytic treatment of fluids (e.g., so that the fluids do not cause or accelerate electrolytic action during subsequent use, etc.). Apparatus of this type is classified in another appropriate subclass or subclasses of this class based on the apparatus structure or character.
(2) Note. Combinations of electrolytic object protection means as defined in this subclass with diverse art devices (i.e., per se means classifiable in another class) are provided for in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder when no more of the diverse art device is specified than is necessary to provide a setting or locus for the object protection means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

155+,for chemical preparation of a desired chemical compound or element by using electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field (other than (1) electrolysis as provided for in Class 205 or (2) preparation in which a chemical reaction is brought about by the mere heating effect of the electrical or wave energy), including object protection.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

136Batteries, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,   subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for photoelectric batteries.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 724+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object.
307Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,   subclass 95 for electrical systems having means to prevent electrolysis as a result of the operation of such systems.
361Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses 500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a purpose other than to (1) produce a desired chemical change or (2) protect an object by use of an electrolytic current or potential.
392Electric Resistance Heating Devices,   subclass 457 for a line connected tank type liquid heater with an immersion heating element and with means protecting against galvanic corrosion where (1) the protecting means is nonelectrolytic in nature or (2) there is more of the heater specified than is necessary to provide a setting or locus for the protection means.
429Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.02]    196.02With control means responsive to sensed condition:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus including means for detecting an apparatus or process characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e., regulating) operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic or change therein and to implement an action based upon the detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a positive action implemented by a control means as a result of the detected characteristic or change therein.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.06+,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
228.1+,for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed condition.
230.2+,for electrolytic apparatus with other current, voltage, or power control means.
400+,for an apparatus which performs electrolytic analysis or testing, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73Measuring and Testing,   as the residual class for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 725+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed condition.
323Electricity: Power Supply, or Regulation Systems,   subclasses 220 through 354for systems controlling current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.03]    196.03And programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02.  Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.05,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
229.2+,for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
229.4+,for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass 729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed condition.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.04]    196.04Internal battery:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02.  Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).

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196.07,for internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition and without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
196.1+,for other internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus.
248+,for other internal battery electrolytic cells.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

136Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,   subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for photoelectric batteries.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
429Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.05]    196.05With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for control means directly responsive to a sensed condition but includes a control means which maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.

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196.03,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
229.2+,for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
229.4+,for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive current, voltage, or power control means but without current, voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed condition.
230.2+,for electrolytic apparatus with other current, voltage, or power control means.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass 729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed condition.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.06]    196.06With measuring, testing, or sensing means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having measuring, detecting, or testing means for a characteristic, condition, or property of the apparatus or an element associated with the apparatus.

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196.02+,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition.
229.8+,for other electrolytic apparatus with means for measuring, testing, or sensing current, voltage, or power.
400+,for electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus, per se.

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73Measuring and Testing,   as the residual class for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 775+ for a process of electrolytic analysis or testing, per se.
324Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.07]    196.07Internal battery:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.06.  Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.04,for internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
196.1+,for other internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus.
248+,for other internal battery electrolytic cells.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

136Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,   subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for photoelectric batteries.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
429Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.08]    196.08With gas or vapor removing or treating means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having means for exhausting, separating, or otherwise treating a gas or vapor.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for means suited to minimize or alter an effect of the gas or vapor on the apparatus. The removing or treating means may be as simple as a vent on top of a closed vessel to allow dispersion of an unwanted gas or vapor into a surrounding atmosphere. However, the removing or treating means may be equipped to perform a chemical reaction to combine gaseous hydrogen and oxygen (generated during electrolysis) into water (vapor or liquid) by contact with a suitable catalyst.

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232+,for other electrolytic cells with electrolyte treatment means.
245+,255+, 257+, 263+, 269+, and 275+ for other electrolytic cells with feeding and/or withdrawal means, including addition or removal of a gas or vapor.

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96Gas Separation: Apparatus,   as the residual class for gas separation apparatus. See the Class 96 definition for an elaboration of class lines with other classes providing for gas separation apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.09]    196.09Plural cells used or protected:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having two or more distinct cell units for object protection or means for protecting two or more distinct cell units.

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244,253+, and 267+ for other electrolytic apparatus with plural cells.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.1]    196.1Internal battery:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.04,for internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
196.07,for internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means.
248+,for other internal battery electrolytic cells.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

136Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,   subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for photoelectric batteries.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
429Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.11]    196.11Resistor or impedance in series between anode and object:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a specified or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is positioned in series between a positive electrode and the protected object.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance in series between an anode and the protected object.

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196.26,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a resistor or impedance in series between the object and a power supply but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.12]    196.12With fluid filter:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having a foraminous or porous mass to trap one or more constituents while allowing remaining fluid to pass therethrough.
(1) Note. A fluid filter for this subclass may also be electrically charged (i.e., as an electrode) to preferentially attract one or more fluid constituents, provided that entrapment (e.g., physical removal, etc.) also occurs at the filter.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.13]    196.13With bypass means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having means for redirecting fluid flow.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for internal battery object protection apparatus with a bypass valve which facilitates removal or replacement of a positive electrode.

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196.14,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a moving anode.
196.15,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with an inlet or outlet means but without a bypass valve.
196.28,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rotating electrode but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.14]    196.14Anode moving relative to object:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having means for changing position or orientation of a positive electrode with respect to the object (e.g., loosely stacked anode elements vibrating during electrolytic protection of a fixed object, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.13,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a bypass means.
196.17+,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
196.28,for other electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rotating electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.15]    196.15With fluid inlet or outlet means used or protected:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having at least one inlet or outlet or means for protecting an object having at least one inlet or outlet (e.g., object is a fluid heat exchanger or object protection means is a simple fluid pipe which may or may not be connected to a tank or vessel, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder are not intended to provide for an object protection means having a perforated anode unless the apparatus encloses at least a portion of the object and thereby forms inlet or outlet means for a fluid. The terms "inlet" and "outlet" find their meaning when applied to one or more openings in an apparatus which surrounds or contains an internal space (for holding or passing a gaseous or liquid medium) as would be the case with a vessel or pipe.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.13,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a bypass valve.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.16]    196.16Dielectric coating, casing, or section:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.15.  Apparatus having an electrically insulating coating, casing, or section (e.g., solid dielectric joins conductor or electrode sections into a rigid unit or provides a protective barrier against corrosion, etc.).

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196.19,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with an insulator coating, covering, or shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support but without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
196.32,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support, at least one of which is provided with a threaded coupling having insulated threads but without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.17]    196.17Rigid anode with rigid support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having at least one stiff and relatively unyielding positive electrode held in place by another means which is also stiff and unyielding in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode to a minimum (e.g., rigid magnesium anode block bolted directly to a steel ship hull to protect the hull from excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).

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196.14,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a moving anode.
196.3+,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.18]    196.18More than half of anode is or has coating, covering, or shield:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.17.  Apparatus having a positive electrode serving as or provided with a coated layer, a surrounding mass, or a protective solid barrier in which either (1) more than half of the positive electrode is coated, covered, or shielded or (2) more than half the positive electrode functions as a coating, covering, or shield (e.g., particulate anode covered or shielded by a perforated support housing or canister, anode comprises a strong steel core which is encapsulated by a magnesium coating, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.19]    196.19Dielectric coating, covering, or shield:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.18.  Apparatus having an electrically insulating coating, covering, or shield

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.16,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a fluid inlet or outlet means used or protected and having a dielectric coating, casing, or section.
196.32,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support and having a threaded coupling with dielectric threads but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.2]    196.2Flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., multiple anode sections mounted along a hanging chain for support, etc.).

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196.33+,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.21]    196.21Earth grounded object or protection means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically grounded to earth, positioned underground, or at least partly submerged in ground water (e.g., protection means is standing on ground outside, object is subsurface pipeline, object is a ship hull in an ocean, etc.).

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196.36,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus which is earth grounded or is used to protect an earth grounded object but without internal battery means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.22]    196.22Copper and zinc electrically coupled or alloyed into one or more electrodes:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having one or more electrodes containing copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) either incorporated into one or more alloys or as electrically coupled free metals or one or more alloys thereof such that at least one electrical contact exists between elemental copper and zinc, alloys thereof, or an alloy of copper and zinc which is in electrical contact with another metal or alloy (e.g., brass in electrical contact with iron, copper in electrical contact with zinc, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.23]    196.23Anode contains aluminum:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1.  Apparatus having a positive electrode containing aluminum (Al) (e.g., aluminum free metal or aluminum containing alloy, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.24]    196.24And magnesium:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23.  Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing magnesium (Mg) (e.g., magnesium free metal or magnesium containing alloy, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.25]    196.25And zinc:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23.  Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing zinc (Zn) (e.g., zinc free metal or zinc containing alloy, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.26]    196.26Resistor or impedance in series between power supply and object:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a specified or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is positioned in series between a power supply and the protected object.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance in series between a power source and the protected object. The resistor or impedance may be located inside a "power supply" box as long as it is positioned in a series power circuit and limits electrolytic current.

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196.11,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a resistor or impedance in series between an anode and the object.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.27]    196.27Alternative energy supply (e.g., solar panel, thermoelectric or piezoelectric power supply, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having a power supply for electrolytic current other than an electric battery (wet or dry cell), an electrolytic fuel cell, or an electric dynamo or generator turned by heated fluid from a boiler fired by fossil fuel (e.g., solar panel, thermoelectric or piezoelectric power supply, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an electrolytic object protection apparatus in which electrolytic current is supplied (at least in part) by an energy conversion device other than those commonly used in this art. Placement in this subclass is limited to cases in which an alternative energy supply is clearly specified in the claimed disclosure.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.28]    196.28Rotating electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having means to turn an electrode, including the object or a portion thereof, through at least one complete revolution (360 o) during electrolytic object protection.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.14,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with an anode moving relative to object.
196.3+,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.29]    196.29Magnetic mounting means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus held or supported (e.g., on the object, etc.), at least in part, by magnetic force.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.3]    196.3Rigid anode with rigid support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having a stiff and relatively unyielding positive electrode held in place by a means which is also stiff and unyielding in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode to a minimum (e.g., rigid anode block held by an insulated spacer and insulated bolts to a steel ship hull (connected to a power supply as a cathode) to protect the hull from excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.17+,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
196.28,for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a rotating electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.31]    196.31Threaded coupling for rigid anode or rigid support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.3.  Apparatus in which the positive electrode or support therefor has a threaded coupling (e.g., to allow relatively easy removal or installation of the rigid anode or its rigid support, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.32]    196.32Dielectric thread:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.31.  Apparatus having at least a portion of a threaded surface on the coupling composed of or coated by an electrical insulator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.16,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a dielectric coating, casing, or section and with an inlet or outlet means for fluid.
196.19,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus with a dielectric coating, covering, or shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.33]    196.33Flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., an anode section mounted at the end of a hanging cable for support, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.2,for an internal battery electrolyctic object protection apparatus with a flexible cable, chain, or wire amode or support.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.34]    196.34Plural anode sections on single cable, chain, or wire:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.33.  Apparatus having a unitary cable, chain, or wire to link and support two or more positive electrode sections to each other (e.g., multiple anode sections mounted for support along a hanging chain, etc.).
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the subclass indented hereunder, multiple sections of cable, chain, or wire joined end-to-end are considered to function as a single unit.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.35]    196.35Helically wound:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.34.  Apparatus having the cable, chain, or wire wound as a helix or spiral (e.g., cable anode attached in a spiral shape around metal pipe to protect the pipe from corrosion, two wires supporting plural attached anode sections are helically wound around a movable rod suspended down into sea water from dock to protect the dock from corrosion, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.36]    196.36Earth grounded object or protection means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically grounded, positioned underground, or at least partly submerged in water (e.g., object is standing on ground outside, object is a ship hull in an ocean, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196.21,for an internal battery electrolytic object protection apparatus which is earth grounded or is used to protect an earth grounded object.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.37]    196.37Vessel protected (e.g., steam boiler, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having means to protect a container (as the object) for solid or fluid material (e.g., steam boiler, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 196.38]    196.38Anode contains precious metal or free carbon:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Apparatus having a positive electrode containing a precious metal or free carbon (C).
(1) See section II. GLOSSARY in the class definition of this class for a list of precious metals.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 198]    198Work conveyer:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus in which means are provided for conveying in the electrolytic bath the article, material or work being treated, such work acting as one of the electrodes.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 199]    199Rotary:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 198.  Conveyors which give the articles a rotary movement through the bath.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 200]    200With base treatment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 199.  Rotary conveyors with means to give the electrode base a treatment preliminary or subsequent to the electrolysis.
(1) Note. For endless conveying means combined with base treatment means, see this class, subclasses 203 and 204.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 201]    201Loose article:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 199.  Rotary conveyors specialized to convey articles in a loose condition within the electrolytic bath, that is, the articles are not fixed to a support while being treated.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 202]    202Endless:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 198.  Apparatus in which the conveyor is of the endless type.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 203]    203With base treatment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 202.  Apparatus with additional means to treat the base before or after the electrolytic action.
(1) Note. For rotary conveying means combined with base treatment means, see this class, subclass 200.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 204]    204With current control:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 203.  Apparatus in which is included control means for the current supplied to the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation of apparatus included or combined with said device.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include a mere current supply.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 205]    205With current control:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 202.  Apparatus in which a means is included for the control of current supplied to the electrolytic device or to a device included or combined therewith.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 204.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 206]    206Continuous strip or filament electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus in which the electrode is moved in the form of a strip or filament of continuous or indefinite length.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 207]    207With base treatment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 206.  Apparatus which additional means to treat the base before or after the electrolytic action.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 208]    208Stripping:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 207.  Apparatus wherein stripping means or means to assist stripping are included.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 209]    209Mechanical working:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 207.  Apparatus wherein means for mechanically working the base are included.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 210]    210Heat treatment means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 207.  Apparatus wherein a means for heat treating the base is included.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 211]    211With current control:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 206.  Apparatus including means to control the current supplied to the electrolytic device or to a device included or combined therewith.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 212]    212Rotary:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus which is adapted to give the electrode a rotary motion of more than 180 degrees.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 199 and indented subclasses, for rotary work conveyors.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 213]    213Barrels and rotary receptacles:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 212.  Apparatus falling in which the means to give the rotary motion is a barrel or other rotary receptacle.

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451Abrading,   subclasses 85+ for a sandblast machine having a tumbling barrel and subclasses 326+ for an abrading machine which involves a tumbling device.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 214]    214Swinging or tilting receptacles:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 213.  Apparatus in which means are provided to swing or tilt the axis of the barrel or other rotary receptacle, usually to assist charging or discharging.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 215]    215With base treatment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 212.  Apparatus in which the base is given an additional treatment before or after the electrolytic action.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 216]    216Stripping:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 215.  Apparatus wherein stripping means are included.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 217]    217Mechanical working:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 215.  Apparatus in which means are included to give the base a mechanical working.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 218]    218With current control:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 212.  Apparatus including control means for the current supplied to the electrolytic device or electrical control for operation of apparatus included or combined with said device.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 219]    219Liquid electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus which includes means to move a liquid electrode.
(1) Note. For other cells with liquid electrodes, see this class, subclasses 250 and 251.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 220]    220With electrode recirculation means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 219.  Apparatus including means to recirculate the liquid electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 221]    221With oscillator, reciprocator or agitator:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 219.  Apparatus including means to oscillate, reciprocate or agitate the liquid electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 222]    222Electrode oscillator, reciprocator or agitator:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus which provides means to oscillate, reciprocate or agitate the electrodes.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 221 for liquid electrodes having means to oscillate, reciprocate or agitate the electrodes.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 223]    223With current control:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 222.  Apparatus including control means for the current supplied to the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation of apparatus included or combined with said device.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

323Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,   subclasses 220 through 354for miscellaneous systems for controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 224]    224Localized area applicators:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided to localize the areas to which electrolysis is applied.
(1) Note. This group of patents include portable coating electrodes, cells and half-cells specialized for localized application of the electrolytic coat; however, the subclass is not limited thereto but includes stationary devices in which the electrode or electrodes alone are moved to localize electrolytic action.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 271.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 225]    225Electrode feeding or withdrawal means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01.  Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided whereby an electrode may be fed to and/or withdrawn from the zone of electrolytic action and not falling within the subclasses above.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 226]    226With base treatment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus in which the base is given an additional treatment before or after the electrolytic action.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 227]    227Cells with base treatment means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and means to treat the base before or after the electrolytic action.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 200, 203, 204, 207-210, 215-217, and 226.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.1]    228.1With current, voltage, or power control means responsive to sensed condition:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus having means for detecting an apparatus or process characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e., regulating) current, voltage, or power based on the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic or change therein and to implement an action based upon the detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a positive action implemented by a control means as a result of the detected characteristic or change therein.

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196.02+,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition.
204,205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with movable electrode means and with means to control electrolytic current.
602,607, and 628, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition.
661+,for apparatus for electrical (including simultaneous electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of a liquid or magnetic treatment of a liquid (other than separation) with control means responsive to a sensed condition.
400+,for apparatus for electrolytic analysis or testing, per se.

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73Measuring and Testing,   as the residual class for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 82+ for an electrolytic coating process which involves controlling the process in response to a measured or detected parameter, subclasses 641+ for an electrolytic erosion process with control responsive to a sensed condition, and subclasses 725+ and 743 for an electrolytic material treatment process with control responsive to a sensed condition.
323Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,   subclasses 220 through 354for systems controlling current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for measuring and testing per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.2]    228.2Fluid level sensing means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing level of a fluid.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.3]    228.3Fluid flow sensing means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing flow of a fluid.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.4]    228.4Fluid pressure sensing means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing pressure of a fluid.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.5]    228.5Gaseous fluid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.4.  Apparatus having means for sensing pressure of a gas or vapor.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.6]    228.6Electrolyte property sensing means (e.g., temperature, concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing an electrolyte property (e.g., temperature, concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.7]    228.7Workpiece property sensing means (e.g., mass, coating thickness, etc.):
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing a workpiece property (e.g., mass, coating thickness, etc.).

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 84 for an electrolytic coating process which involves controlling the process in response to a measured or detected value for thickness, weight, or composition of the coating.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.8]    228.8Workpiece presence, position, or movement sensing means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having means for sensing presence, position, or movement of a workpiece.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 228.9]    228.9Having auxiliary electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.1]    229.1Reference electrode as or with auxiliary electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.9.  Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition to the auxiliary electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3 electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode. Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two counter electrodes, an auxiliary electrode, and two reference electrodes.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.2]    229.2And programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1.  Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass includes control means directly responsive to a sensed condition combined with control means which maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.

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196.03,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
196.05,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
204,205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with movable electrode means and with means to control electrolytic current.
229.4+,for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.3]    229.3For controlling waveform supplied to working electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.2.  Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control amplitude, frequency, or phase of the waveform.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than pure DC.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.4]    229.4With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive current, voltage, or power control means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or other data used to control current, voltage, or power during operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating current, voltage, or power during operation of the apparatus, or (c) controlling current, voltage, or power according to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for current, voltage, or power control means directly responsive to a sensed condition but includes a current, voltage, or power control means which maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.

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196.05,for electrolytic object protection apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
204,205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with movable electrode means and with means to control electrolytic current.
229.2+,for electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
230.2+,for electrolytic apparatus with other current, voltage, or power control means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.5]    229.5For controlling waveform supplied to working electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4.  Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than pure DC.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.6]    229.6For simultaneously reversing polarity of working and counter electrodes:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4.  Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means adapted to simultaneously reverse polarity of working and counter electrodes.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.7]    229.7Having specified circuit details:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4.  Apparatus having more than a nominal recitation of circuitry for the programmed, cyclic or time responsive control means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.8]    229.8With means for measuring, testing, or sensing current, voltage, or power:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus having means for measuring, testing or sensing current, voltage, or power during electrolysis.

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400+,for apparatus utilizing electrolytic action for analysis or testing where the testing device is claimed, per se.
556,for processes for electrical or magnetic separation or purification of liquid which involve measuring, testing, or sensing.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 81+ for electrolytic coating processes which involve measuring, analyzing, or testing; subclasses 335+ for electrolytic synthesis processes which involve measuring, analyzing, or testing; and subclass 645 for electrolytic erosion processes which involve measuring, testing or sensing.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 229.9]    229.9Having auxiliary electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.8.  Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.1]    230.1Reference electrode as or with auxiliary electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 229.9.  Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition to the auxiliary electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3 electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode. Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two counter electrodes, an auxiliary electrode, and two reference electrodes.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.2]    230.2With current, voltage, or power control means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus having means for controlling current, voltage, or power.

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204,205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with movable electrode means and with means to control electrolytic current.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.3]    230.3Mechanical:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having a mechanical device for controlling current, voltage, or power.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.4]    230.4For inhibiting short circuits:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having current, voltage, or power control means adapted to prevent short circuits.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.5]    230.5Switch or connector:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having switching or connecting means for controlling current, voltage, or power.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.6]    230.6For controlling waveform:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having current, voltage, or power control means adapted to control a waveform applied to an electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes in which a specified waveform other than pure DC is used; subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic coating processes in which a specified waveform other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC is used; and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic synthesis processes in which AC or a specified waveform other than pure DC is used.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.7]    230.7Having auxiliary electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having at least one electrode in addition to at least one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 230.8]    230.8Having specified circuit details:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2.  Apparatus having more than a nominal recitation of the current, voltage, or power control means.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 232]    232Cells with electrolyte treatment means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and additional means to provide for chemical or physical treatment of the electrolyte outside the cell.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 233]    233Leacher, dissolver or extractor:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 232.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a leacher, dissolver or extractor.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 234]    234Recirculation:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 233.  Apparatus including means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 237 and indented subclasses.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating the electrolyte or material therein, see this class, subclasses 261 and 273.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 235]    235With filter:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 234.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a filter.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclasses 238 and 240.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 236]    236With heater or cooler:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 234.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclasses 239 and 241.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 237]    237Recirculation:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 232.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 234 and indented subclasses.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating the electrolyte or material therein, see this class, subclasses 261 and 273.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 238]    238With filter:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 237.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a filter.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 235.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 240.
(3) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 239]    239With heater or cooler:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 237.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 236.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 241.
(3) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 240]    240With filter:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 232.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a filter.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 235 and 238.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 241]    241With heater or cooler:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 232.  Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 236 and 239.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 242]    242Cells:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 194.  Electrolytic cells falling specialized to carry out any of the processes of this class.
(1) Note. For electrolytic cells for the production of or generation of electricity, see Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells not constructed for use in carrying out the processes of this class and not falling within the class definition of Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process and Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 425+, may be found in Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, wherein electrical systems and devices are provided, see subclasses 500+.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 243.1]    243.1Fused bath:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 242.  Apparatus having as an electrolyte a substance or mixture of material which normally exists in a solid or non-fluid physical state at normal room temperature (e.g., nonaqueous mixture, etc.) and in which the electrolyte is heated during electrolysis to an elevated temperature at which the electrolyte will change physical state to become fluid (e.g., molten salt, etc.)
(1) Note. Special materials designed for high temperature application are usually required in this type of apparatus.

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205Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 47 , 211, 230+, 336, 354+, and 713 for electrolytic processes which specifically address the use of a fused bath electrolyte.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 244]    244Plural cells:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.  Electrolytic cells consisting of two or more distinct cell units.
(1) Note. For other plural unit cells, see this class, subclasses 253 and 267 and indented subclasses.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 245]    245With feeding and/or withdrawal means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.  Electrolytic cells provided with means to feed to or withdraw material from the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding and withdrawal means, see this class, subclasses 255-258, 263, 269, and 275 and indented subclasses.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 246]    246Gas feeding:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 245.  Electrolytic cells provided with means to feed gaseous material to the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas feeding means, see this class, subclasses 256, 258, 265, 270, and 277.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247]    247Gas withdrawal:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 245.  Electrolytic cells provided with means to withdraw a gas from the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas withdrawing means see this class, subclasses 256, 258, 266, 270, and 278.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247.1]    247.1With magnetic field effect compensating means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1.  Apparatus having means to counteract or compensate for an undesired magnetic field.

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244,for a fused bath electrolytic apparatus with means to compensate for effect of a magnetic field between plural electrolytic cells.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247.2]    247.2With means for cleaning electrode element:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1.  Apparatus having means for removing foreign material from an electrode element (e.g., anode stud, etc.).

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225+,for an electrolytic cell with electrode feeding or withdrawal means for a movable electrode.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247.3]    247.3Refractory hard material (RHM) containing electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1.  Apparatus having at least one electrode element containing a material which (a) poses significant resistance to corrosion or wear at high temperatures, (b) provides a surface which is wettable by most molten metals, and (c) conducts electrical current (e.g., electrode containing a boride, carbide, or nitride of niobium, titanium, or zirconium, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247.4]    247.4With cell lining or coating:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1.  Apparatus having an electrolytic cell with a laminated or coated layer.
(1) Note. The lining or coating provided for in this subclass and in the indented subclass may be as simple as a metal outer shell surrounding an electrolytic cell vessel. Also included is an electrolytic cell with thermal insulation to hinder heat transfer through a wall of the cell or with a sealing layer to preserve integrity of a wall of the cell against leakage of fused bath electrolyte.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 247.5]    247.5Thermal effect compensating means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 247.4.  Apparatus having a means to permit deformation of the lining with changes in cell dimensions as a result of differences in temperature (e.g., inner lining is equipped with thermal expansion joints, etc.).
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 248]    248Internal battery:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 242.  Electrolytic cells in which the current supply is provided by means of an internal battery.

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196.04,196.07, and 196.1+ for object promotion apparatus including electrolysis by internal battery action.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 249]    249Filter or loose electrode type:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 248.  Electrolytic cells including a filter or a loose electrode material which may be in the form of a filter bed.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 250]    250Liquid electrode:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 242.  Electrolytic cells in which one of the electrodes of the cell is a liquid.
(1) Note. For cells with moving liquid electrodes see this class, subclass 219 and indented subclasses.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 251]    251Diaphragm type:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 250.  Electrolytic cells in which the electrodes are separated by a diaphragm.
(1) Note. For other diaphragm-type cells, see this class, subclass 252 and indented subclasses.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 252]    252Diaphragm type:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 242.  Electrolytic cells in which the electrodes are separated by a diaphragm.
(1) Note. For liquid electrode diaphragm type cells, see this class, subclass 251.
(2) Note. For el