This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere:
A. Processes (1) involving the use of electrolysis (as provided
for in Class 205); (2) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements
involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave
energy in a magnetic field; (3) of treating materials involving
chemical reaction brought about by wave energy; (4) of preparing or
purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought
about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge; (5) involving
the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; (6) of treating a
liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic
fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an
electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect
other than mere separation or purification of the liquid; (7) involving
coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering; and (8) involving
coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge. (See Subclass References to
the Current Class, below.)
B. Products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A).
For exceptions, see Lines With Other Classes and Wtihin This Class,
Exceptions, below.
C. Apparatus for carrying out the processes set forth under
(A) except the apparatus used to carry out the wave energy treatment
processes provided for in Class 204; such apparatus is provided
for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes, below.)
D. Electrolyte compositions specialized for use in electrolytic
processes or methods of preparing the compositions.
(1)
Note. A list of superiority of several composition classes
appears elsewhere. See Lines With Other Classes below.
(2)
Note. Although the processes described above in (A), items
(6), (7), and (8), do not involve strictly chemical changes, they
are in some respects closely related to other portions of the class
and so have been included here.
(3)
Note. Processes involving purely thermal actions of electrical
phenomena or wave energy are not included in this class.
(4)
Note. Class 204 provides for the combination of electrical
and wave energy processes as described in (A) above with subsequent:
(1) conventional treatments such as filtering, distilling, washing,
and other methods of separating or concentrating products from the
previous Class 204 operation or (2) mere admixing of products from
the previous Class 204 operation to form a desired end product.
Where a subsequent step significantly modifies a composition, product,
or article made by the previous Class 204 operation, the combined process
is generally provided for elsewhere and is cross-referenced in Class
204, where necessary.
(5)
Note. The combination of an electrical or wave energy operation
as described in (A) above with a preceding method, such as treatment
of material to prepare it for the electrical or wave energy operation,
is provided for in Class 204. When a method preparatory to a Class
204 operation is claimed, per se, and is not provided for elsewhere,
it may be classified in Class 204.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
For apparatus for carrying out the wave energy treatment processes
provided for in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+, see Class
250, Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 492.1+, and
Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186+;
the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204,
subclasses 155+; such apparatus is provided for in Class
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving,
or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186.01+; the apparatus
used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses
164; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus
and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing
particularly subclasses 186.04+; and the section References
to Other Classes, herein, the entry to Class 118 for apparatus provided
for in Class 118.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarachical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
EXCEPTIONS
This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere products
solely disclosed as made by a process under (A) in Class Definition,
above, with the following exceptions: (1) products which comprise
two or more contiguous metallic layers; (2) products of processes classifiable
in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+ and 450+, and
Class 205, subclasses 640+. These products are properly
classified in the appropriate product or stock material class (e.g.,
260, 423, 428, etc.).
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 204 AND CLASS 75
Combinations of metallurgical process steps falling within
the definition of Class 75 and electrical or wave energy steps falling
under the definition of Class 204 are classified in Class 204, when
the metallurgical process steps are preparatory to the electrical
or wave energy steps, and are placed in Class 75 when the electrical
or wave energy methods are preparatory to the metallurgical process
steps. The above applies even when such preparatory steps result
in a desired by-product. Class 75, subclasses 228+, provides
for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204
process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the metal composition
from which it is made). The order of superiority among various metal, alloy,
and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them
is as follows:
1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.
2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions
for treatment of solid metal.
3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+,
gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal
or charges, and subclass 302, welding rods defined by composition.
4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated
metal powder compositions, and subclasses 255+, loose
metal particulate mixtures.
5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, alloys or metallic
compositions claimed as products.
6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287,
and 500-714, in class schedule order, certain processes of treating
solid or semisolid metal by modifying or maintaining internal physical
structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal,
processes of reactive coating of metal, or processes of chemical
heat-removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However,
if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved,
there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described
in References To Other Classes in the Class 148 definition.
7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+, p-n
type barrier layer stock material, and subclasses 400+,
stock.
8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 331+, processes
of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal, and
subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys
in powder form.
9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67,
electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes of
making alloys.
10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes
of manufacture.
11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes
of making metal, treating liquid metals and liquid alloys, and consolidating
metalliferous material.
12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.
13.Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.
14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes
of operating metallurgical apparatus.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 156, 204, 205, AND 216
In general, a class 156 operation (e.g., chemical etching of
an electrical function semiconductor substrate, etc.) performed
on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process
(e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product
portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered
to provide a significant modification of the composition, product,
or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the
combination of a Class 204 process followed by a Class 156 procedure
in Class 156. However, the combination of a Class 204 electrolytic
coating step followed by a Class 156 operation (other than a laminating
process as described above) performed (1) to allow at least a portion
of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly
modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an
electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step
for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in
Class 204. The significant modification of only the electrolytic
coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions
of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes
are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating
which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow
complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic
coating, etc.). Class 156, subclasses 625.1+, provide
for the original classification of chemically etching an electrical
function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device when the
claims are alternative (claims to a Class 156 etching process and
claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim
is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however,
a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 156 etching
and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class
205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim
to a Class 156 etching process, the original classification is in
Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed
into Class 156 etching based on the generic claim. Other combinations
of Class 204 step(s) with Class 156 step(s) will follow the general
class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from
other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see
the search class note to Class 216 in this section, since Class
216 is an integral part of Class 156.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 216, 156, 204, AND 205
Chemical etching performed on a composition, product, or article
made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously
etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic
material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant
modification of the composition, product, or article made by the
Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204
process followed by Class 216 chemical etching in Class 216. However,
the combination of a Class 205 electrolytic coating step followed
by Class 216 chemical etching performed (1) to allow at least a
portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly
modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an
electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step
for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination
in Class 205. The significant modification of only the electrolytic
coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions
of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes
are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic
coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas
to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of
the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 216 also provides for the
original classification when the claims are alternative (claims
to a Class 216 process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching,
or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically
claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure
includes both Class 216 and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter)
and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and
there is no specific claim to a Class 216 etching process, the original
classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference
is placed into Class 216 based on the generic claim. Other combinations
of Class 204 step(s) with Class 216 step(s) will follow the general
class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from
other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see
the search class note to Class 156 in this section, since Class
216 is an integral part of Class 156.
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 250 AND CLASS 204
Note the difference between the scope of "radiant energy" as
set out for Class 250 and "wave energy" as defined
in Class 204, subclass 157.15.
LINE BETWEEN CLASSES 260, 204, AND 520
See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (1) a chemical
process, in general and for preparation and treatment of carbon
compounds or a product formed by such a process; (2) the combination
of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent significant chemical
process provided for in Class 260 when the subsequent Class 260
process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce
a different compound; and (3) a branched process in which one branch
is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the class
definition of Class 260. The combination of a Class 260 process
and a subsequent Class 204 operation is classified in Class 204.
The foregoing applies even when the preparatory process or operation
results in a desired by-product. Also, see the search class note
to Class 520 in References to Other Classes, since Class 520 is
an integral part of Class 260.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 424, 204, AND 514
See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which
may be made by a Class 204 process; especially subclasses 1.11+ for
a radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing, adjuvant or
carrier, intermediate, or preparatory composition. Also, see the search
class note to Class 514 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below, since
Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 520, 522, AND 204
See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part
of the Class 520 Series, appropriate classes, especially Class 522,
subclasses 1+, for a composition to be polymerized by wave
energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material;
or a synthetic resin composition to be modified by wave energy wherein said
composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a process of
preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy. Any
process step involving electrolysis, electric current, electro-osmosis,
electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge, or magnetic
field and also involving the treating of a synthetic resin or natural rubber
is proper in Class 204 if a wave energy step is involved in any
part of the process. The combination of a Class 520 chemical process
not involving the use of wave energy with a Class 204 operation
is classified (1) in Class 204 when the Class 520 nonwave energy
process is preparatory to the Class 204 operation and (2) in Class
520 when the Class 204 operation is preparatory to the Class 520
nonwave energy process. A branching process in which the claims
are alternative to producing or treating a polymer by a Class 204
process or by a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use
of wave energy is classified in Class 520. See Class 204, subclass
157.15, for a further elaboration of the line between Class 204
and Class 520, subclasses 1+.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 585, 204, AND 260
The line between Class 585 and Class 204 is analogous to that
between Class 260 and Class 204. See the search class note to Class
260 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
for treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify
the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b)
to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c)
using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation
or purification of the liquid .
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, for bleaching or dyeing, fluid treatment, and chemical
modification of textiles and fibers using electrical, radiant, or
wave energy; without involving electrolysis (electrolytic treatment
of organic fibrous material is provided for in Class 205,
subclasses 689+ ).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for (1) general production of metals, (2) electrothermal
processes of preparing metals and alloys, and (3) branching processes
in which one branch comprises a process falling within the definition
of Class 204 and which contains at least one other branch falling
within Class 75. See Lines With Other Classes, above, for further
discussion of the line between Class 75 and Class 204.
Printing, appropriate subclasses for electrotype molds, matrices,
or other printing members which may be produced by electrolytic coating,
electroforming, or cathode sputtering methods. For processes of
their production by such methods, see Class 204, appropriate subclasses.
Coating Apparatus, for a general coating apparatus which does not involve
the use of electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode
sputtering. Class 204 provides for apparatus having means for combined
coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied
by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering.
However, Class 118 provides for coating apparatus which also has
means to subsequently cure (considered to be a mere perfecting step)
the coating using electrical or wave energy.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclasses 1+ for processes of cleaning solids by the application
of electric, wave, ray or radiant energy to the work, other than
broadly recited radiant heat energy.
Metal Treatment, particularly
subclass 518 for processes of treating solid or semisolid metal
to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., micro
structure) or chemical properties of metal combined with a Class
204 procedure. Class 148 takes the combination, whether the Class
148 operation precedes or is subsequent to the Class 204 procedure.
Also, see Class 148, subclasses 240+ for the location of
processes of reactive coating of metal wherein an externally applied
agent combines with the metal substrate to form a coating thereon
which contains an element from the metal substrate. Combinations
that involve reactive coating as defined in Class 148, subclasses
240+, and a Class 204 coating operation are proper in Class
204. Combinations of a Class 148 reactive coating, a Class 204 coating operation,
and an etching operation that occurs while the electrocoated layer
still exists are in Class 204. However, combinations of carburizing
or nitriding of metal, as defined in Class 148, subclasses 206+,
with a Class 204 operation are proper for Class 148.
Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclasses 625.1+ for a process of chemically etching an electrical
function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device and subclasses
60+ for surface bonding and/or assembly therefor,
particularly subclasses 150+ for a laminating process combined
with at least one Class 204 step of electrodeposition (i.e., by
electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering).
See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for discussion
of the lines between Classes 156, 204, 205, and 216.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for electrical or wave energy classification, separation,
or assortment of solids, particularly
subclasses 127.1+ for electrostatic processes and apparatus, subclasses
179+ for electrical amalgamation processes and apparatus,
and subclasses 212 and 213+ for magnetic separating processes
and apparatus.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 600+ for purification or separation of a liquid which
may include a Class 204-type step of making an agent used in the
process. A process of treating the liquid directly by a Class 204 step
to purify or separate it will be placed in Class 204 whether or
not combined with a physical separation step classifiable in Class 210,
subclasses 767+. Class 210 will take the combination of
a 210 process, other than mere separation (as provided for in subclasses 767+),
with a Class 204 operation. However, a Class 204 process (e.g.,
synthesis) preceded by a Class 210 step which is ancillary to the
process will be placed in Class 204.
Etching a Substrate: Processes, for a chemical etching process, in general. See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion
of the lines between Classes 216, 156, 204, and 205.
Radiant Energy, for radiant energy processes and apparatus, particularly
subclasses 281+ for ionic separation or analysis of materials utilizing
the mass to electric charge ratio of particles. See Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Class
250 and Class 204.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for a chemical process, in general. See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines
between Classes 260, 204, and 520.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values
may be derived therefrom; especially
subclasses 323+ for testing of underground formations by electrolytic methods
(e.g., testing an oil well bore for water strata, etc.), subclasses
425+ for testing of an electrolyte to determine electrical
properties thereof, and other appropriate subclasses for electrical
testing processes or apparatus which is combined with a significant
electrical testing circuit or is unrelated to the subject matter
of Class 204.
Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses
500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a
purpose other than to produce a desired chemical change.
Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces, for electric furnaces and methods of using them, in general,
especially
subclasses 60+ for electric arc furnaces and methods of using
them in which an electric arc is used as a heating means and the
reactions performed are a result of the mere thermal effects of
the electric arc.
Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a "nominal" element
usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in
terms of the alloy or metallic composition from which it is made)
and for processes of producing an alloy or metallic composition.
See the class definition of Class 420 for a description of the
class line between Class 75 and Class 420. Also, see the search
class note to Class 75 in this section for the order of superiority
among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of
manufacture involving them.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) a chemical process of producing an inorganic compound
or nonmetallic element, in general; (2) the combination of a Class
204 operation with a subsequent chemical process provided for in
Class 423 when the Class 423 process modifies a product of the Class
204 operation to produce a different compound or element, and (3)
a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and
another branch falls within the definition of Class 423. The combination
of a Class 423 process with a subsequent Class 204 operation which
modifies a product of the Class 423 process is classified in Class 204.
In processes where a useful by-product is formed, the patent is
classified according to the primary product ultimately produced.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition.
See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the a discussion
of the lines between Classes 424, 204, and 514.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products, especially
subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+ for processes of preparing, preserving,
and treating food involving the use of electrical or wave energy,
including electrolysis.
Coating Processes, for general coating processes. Class 204 provides
for processes involving combined coating operations in which at
least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation.
However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered
to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical
or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material product
not elsewhere provided for in the form of a single or plural layer
web or sheet. Also, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class
in the class definition of Class 428 for an elaboration of the class
line between Class 204 and Class 428.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for the production of electrical current as a result of a chemical
reaction or change of state (e.g., from a liquid to a gas, etc.).
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for a process or apparatus involving measuring or
testing by electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart,
but in combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable
microorganism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a process
or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy treatment of a microorganism
or an enzyme when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with
a viable micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme.
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis
including (1) a step of electrochemistry followed by at least one
step of another chemical reaction not involving electrochemistry
or (2) a process which is alternatively chemical or electrochemical.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product
or Process of Making, especially
subclass 5 for the use of electrical, magnetic, or wave energy
in making a catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor.
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (Tc > 30 K)
superconductors, particularly subclass 411 for sputter etching,
subclass 472 for electrolytic or electrophoretic coating, or subclasses 475+ for
sputter coating.
Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library,
Apparatus, for a process of creating a library (e.g., chemical,
biological, etc.), process of testing or analyzing a library, or
an apparatus specially adapted for such processes.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, as an integral part of Class 424, for a drug, bio-affecting,
or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process,
especially
subclasses 167+ for a composition including activated or irradiated
ergosterol. Also, see the search class note to Class 424, since
Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating
to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions,
foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such
as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions
of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and
designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid
systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized
and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting
colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems
of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid
systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there
is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically
claimed art; when without involving electrolysis.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the
Class 520 Series, appropriate classes. See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Classs for a discussion of the lines between Classes
520, 204, and 522.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for a process of synthesizing or purifying a hydrocarbon
compound. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for
a discussion of the lines between Classes 585, 204, and 260, and
also see the search class note to Class 260 in this section.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, for chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste by
using electrical wave energy, especially
subclass 302 and 303 for electrolytic or electrodialytic degradation.
Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications,
subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring systems
in combination with a data processing system or calculating computer.
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
ACYCLIC
For the purposes of this class, "acyclic" refers
to an organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic, nitrocyclic,
or carbocyclic nucleus.
ALKALI-FORMING METAL
A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the
alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium
(Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline earth metals
(calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)), and
magnesium (Mg) (included due to its similarity in properties to
the alkaline earth metals).
DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)
A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms
can either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong
to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the exemplary
lists of terms provided below); except that for the purposes of
this class, "organic" is considered to be too
broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a carbon atom.
An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions to be regarded as DCC"s is as
follows: alcohol, alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon
black, carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty
acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate, peroxide, peroxy-,
proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An exemplary list of terms used
to describe compositions not to be regarded
as DCC"s is as follows: amphoteric, anionic,
antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor, crystalline,
curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric, dispersant, drier, electrophoretic,
emulsifier, fibrous, filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant,
hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis acid or
base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal containing, mineral,
numerically described without designating a chemical atom or a limited
select group of elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic,
particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer, preservative,
solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active agent, surfactant, wax,
Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc. These lists are not intended
to be exhaustive.
ELECTROLYSIS
A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric
current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte and
resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.)
(other than that brought about by the mere heating effect of the
electric current) at one or more of the electrodes (e.g., electrolytic
coating or etching, etc.) or at another location in contact with
the electrolyte as a direct result of the electric current passing
therethrough (e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such
chemical change being the process objective and not merely as a
means of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte
(as is the case in "electrophoresis" as defined
in subclass 450 of this class).
ELECTROLYTE
A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel
containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic current (usually
an ionic compound is dissolved in solution or melted into a fused
state to provide an electrically conductive medium).
ESTER-TYPE WAX
A "wax" which is essentially an ester
in chemical structure, (e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).
FAT, FATTY OIL
A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally occurring
mixtures thereof.
FATTY STILL RESIDUES
Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of
fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine pitch, etc.).
HIGHER FATTY ACID
A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at
least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g., stearic
acid, etc.).
INTERNAL BATTERY
A device or means which generates an electrical current by
chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without the
need for an external source of electrical current.
ORGANIC COMPOUND
A chemical compound limited by the definition of a "carbon
compound" found under the class definition in Class 260,
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
PERMANENT COATING
A coating which remains as part of a finished article
as distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed
or stripped from a base or substrate.
PLATINUM METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir),
osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium (Re).
PRECIOUS METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum
metals, and silver (Ag).
SYNTHESIS
For purposes of this class, "synthesis" includes
the production of a desired element or compound by breaking down
from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up of
complex forms from simpler ones.
WAVE ENERGY
For the purposes of this class, "wave energy" includes radiation
as well as wave energy transmitted by various mediums and embraces
electromagnetic wave energy or radiation, sonic and supersonic waves,
neutron, proton, deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.
SUBCLASSES
PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes falling and the products necessarily resulting
therefrom where not provided for elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS. Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation
of compounds or elements through chemical reaction brought about
by the agency of electrical or wave energy in which the reaction
is carried out within a magnetic field; except electrolytic processes,
provided for above, and those brought about through mere heating
effect of electrical or wave energy. For example, the conversion of
the surface of a polymeric material to produce a film thereon. This
includes both the synthetic production of compounds or elements and,
likewise, the chemical modification or chemical purification of
compounds or elements, making use of electrical or wave energy to
effect the chemical changes in such processes. The processes falling
within these subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production
of compounds, elements by chemical reactions, but not those wherein
a material or composition is treated, such as a metal, tobacco,
foods, beverages, leather and the like, and in which a chemical
change may be brought about.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 186+ for apparatus having means for initiating or perfecting
chemical reaction using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular
radiation and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means
to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 301 for the use of electrical energy magnetic force
in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes in which the chemical reaction is carried out
within a magnetic field including electrical discharges. The discharges
may be produced by the same means as that which creates the magnetic
field, such as an electromagnetic field of such character as produces discharges,
or an additional electrical discharge field may be imposed.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving chemical reactions brought about
by wave energy.
(1)
Note. Subclasses 157.15+ provides for the following
subject matter: (a) provides for preparing a compound or element,
involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy; said chemical reaction
resulting in either (1) an element or chemical compound (2) a purified
product (wherein the chemical reaction has assisted in the removal
of a contaminant) or (3) an element (wherein the chemical reaction
consists of decomposing a compound to produce the elemental form).
(b) provides for any process of treating waste or unwanted material
involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy where there
is no intent to recover a specified desired product. (c) provides
for effecting optical rotation, i.e., d, 1 optical rotation for effecting
a change in isomeric forms, e.g., cis to trans isomers by wave energy, etc.
(d) provides for producing a photochromic material by using wave
energy. (e) provides for effecting a chemical reaction by wave
energy where the product produced is a composition not disclosed
as having a desired use. Materials which are compositions to begin
with such as tobacco, foods, etc., are not proper for this area
unless a final desired product is isolated which is a compound or
element. (f) provides for the degradation of a chemical compound
or polymer by wave energy to produce a chemical compound or element.
(2)
Note. The utilization of wave energy to effect a color change
is presumed to be a chemical reaction for purposes of this class
unless otherwise stated in the specification.
(3)
Note. The utilization of wave energy to increase the viscosity
of a chemical compound is considered to be a chemical reaction for
purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification.
Also included herein is a process of removing an embrittlement
causing material from a metallic substance to reduce the embrittlement
condition of metal.
(4)
Note. The term "wave energy" includes radiation
as well as wave energies transmitted by various mediums and embraces
electromagnetic waves or radiations, sonic supersonic, ultrasonic waves,
neutrons, protons, deutron and other corpuscular radiations.
(5)
Note. The term "electromagnetic waves"" as
employed in the (4) Note above includes, e.g., X-ray and gamma-ray,
ultraviolet, infra red, and visible light rays, and short electric
and radio waves. Energy including wave energy processes which produces
merely a thermal effect or heat waves, per se, even if a chemical
reaction is induced is excluded under the provisions of the class
definitions, see CLASS DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES,
and GLOSSARY in the main class definition.
(6)
Note. Classification of documents into this area is on the
basis of the wave energy step providing the final desired product
and not necessarily on the first wave energy step recited if that
product is not the ultimate desired product of the claim. An example
of such a situation would be a wave energy step of preparing a nitrogen
heterocyclic compound followed by a wave energy step of cleaving
the heterocyclic ring whereby the final product is devoid of a heterocyclic ring
but still contains a nitrogen atom. Classification in 157.81 rather
than in 157.71 would be proper.
(7)
Note. In those subclasses which are identified in the classification
schedule as "using," i.e., 157.22, 157.41, 157.42, 157.43,
157.44, 157.61, 157.62, 157.63 original placement has been on either specifically
claimed subject matter or solely disclosed subject matter. Claims which
are alternative but which specifically recite the subject matter
of the above subclasses are considered as being claimed. An example
of such a situation would be a claim reciting alternatively the
use of a laser of X-ray to produce a desired nitrogen compound.
Classification as an original in 157.61 would be proper. The rule
to be followed is that if the claim does not meet the parameter
of the "solely disclosed or claimed rule" it is
classified below on some other aspect of the claim.
(8)
Note. This area does not provide for products of a wave energy
procedure nor does it provide for compositions or compounds which
are to be exposed to wave energy. Patents with claims drawn to
a process of preparing a compound in the presence of wave energy
and the compound, per se, are originally classified in the appropriate
product class (260, etc.). See Class 252, Compositions, in particular
subclass 188.31 for compositions which are to be exposed to wave
energy so as to produce a desired compound or element.
(9)
Note. Processes of growing crystals, dissolving compounds,
altering friability of particles, changing the structure in a crystal
lattice or converting a substance into an amorphous state (e.g.,
Cg to Cd) are considered to be physical processes and thus are excluded
from this class unless stated to be chemical reactions by the patentee.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds --
Part of the Class 532 - 570 Series, AND 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Compounds, for (1) processes for purifying an organic compound wherein
no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved and (2)
for processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter
steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a
different compound and (3) organic products prepared in the presence
of wave energy. A process of preparing an organic compound by a
chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or
exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with the nonwave
energy step, i.e., 518, 530 - 570 or Class 585 and cross-reference to
Class 204.
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses for electric lamps and electric
space discharge devices such as ultraviolet light generators, and
cathode-ray tubes. See especially
subclass 112 for lamps and discharge devices having an envelope
made of a material which will transmit invisible radiations and subclasses
364+ for cathode-ray tubes.
Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems,
and Elements, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 323+ for a chemical reaction carried out in a reactor.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 186+ for apparatus for carrying out the radiant energy
chemical processes of this subclass, subclasses 127+ for
apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock
or sound wave, and subclasses 1+ for radiant or wave energy
methods in general for preserving, disinfecting, and sterilizing.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) processes of purifying an inorganic compound
or nonmetallic element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave
energy is involved (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process
steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave energy
method to produce a nonmetallic element or different inorganic compound
and (3) inorganic products prepared in the presence of wave energy.
A process of preparing an inorganic compound or free nonmetallic
element by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include
or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with nonwave energy
step, i.e., Class 423 and cross-reference to Class 204.
Coating Processes, for general coating processes; especially
subclasses 457+ for direct application of electrical, magnetic,
wave, or particulate energy (without effecting a chemical reaction)
as part of a coating process (including pre- or post-treatment).
Class 204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations
in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation.
However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered
to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical
or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for radiation sensitive compositions
and elements and for processes of exposing said compositions or
elements to wave energy in an imagewise exposure technique.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, in particular Class 522, for processes of preparing or
treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy and compositions
to be polymerized or modified by wave energy wherein said composition
contains a rate affecting material. Class 520,
subclasses 1+ also provides for products which are the result
of a chemical modification utilizing wave energy. Class 204 is
superior to Class 520, subclasses 1+ therefore a patent claiming
in the alternative a process of preparing an organic compound and
a synthetic resin in the presence of wave energy is classified for
original in purposes in Class 204 and cross-reference into Class
520. In the situation where an alternative claim is presented as
well as a specific claim to the synthetic is synthetic resin species
and there is no specific claims to nonresin species, e.g., the organic compound,
etc., the same rule of original patent placement applies. Any step
involving electrolysis, an electric, current electroosmosis, electrophoresis,
electrostatic field, electrical discharge or magnetic field and
also involving a synthetic resin or natural rubber will be proper
in Class 204 even when a wave energy step is involved in any part
of the process.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 301 through 310for the use of wave energy in the chemical destruction
of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter involving chemical processes which separate
isotopic species from materials containing differing isotopes; or
the enrichment of a material in a particular isotope; or the production
of an isotopic species; all of said processes brought about by wave
energy.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents in this subclass are (a) processes
for increasing the concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen
in a fluorhydrocarbon; and (b) processes of producing C13 by
decomposing C3H6, said
C3H6 containing C12 and
C13 by irradiating C3H6.
(2)
Note. "Enrichment of an isotopic species" refers
to increasing the isotope concentration by an exchange process to a
level greater than that existing before the exchange.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2. Subject matter wherein the produce produced is inorganic
in nature.
(1)
Note. An inorganic compound for purposes of this subclass
denotes those compounds which do not meet the definition of organic
which is compounds having carbon therein and which are further characterized
by the presence in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together,
or (b) one atom of carbon bonded to at least least one atom of hydrogen
or halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom
of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic
acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic
acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Powder Metal Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 122.5+ for radioactive alloys or metallic compositions.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 2+ for process for chemically treating a mixture to
obtain a radioactive inorganic isotope and subclasses 249+ for
a radioactive inorganic compound, nonmetallic element or isotope,
per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.21. Subject matter wherein the separation or enrichment is wherein
the separation or enrichment is claimed or solely disclosed as being
induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of
radiation, i.e., laser.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy processs,
i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified
herein as an original, there must be claim to the noted process
or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not to be limited
to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the
process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed
are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter in which an initial normally gaseous or vaporous
mixture is treated by wave energy so as to remove therefrom by a chemical
reaction or change to a different chemical form at least one of
the components therein, resulting in a heterogeneous composition.
(1)
Note. When the recovery of a definite chemical compound or
element as a product is claimed, original classification of the
patent is in subclass 157.4 or 157.6. However, where the claim
does not include the step of separating the modified component,
the patent is classified here even though the disclosed intent is
to ultimately effect separation of the component.
(2)
Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous. It may contain
entrained solids or liquids. It must however be handled and distributed
as a gas and must be in this form at the onset of the treatment.
(3)
Note. Methods of purifying a gaseous composition so as to
perfect said remaining composition for a particular art use are
classified with the art use.
Gas Separation: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes of purifying
a gaseous mixture or separating a constituent therefrom where no chemical
reaction is involved in the separation or purification, per se.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 210+ for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or
separating constituent therefrom involving a chemical reaction where
the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component
and the appropriate compound subclasses 249 - 658 when the claim
does include such step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein an element of inorganic compound
is produced by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
(1)
Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet the
definition of "organic" as elaborated in subclass 157.6.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified
by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.
for processes of purifying an inorganic substance
by employing a laser to decompose the organic or inorganic contaminant.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified
herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process
or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim specifically recited
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed
are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is either claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles
per second.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy
or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the
stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., sonic or ultrasonic energy. In order for a wave energy process
to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to
the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be
directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim
need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim
specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not
claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by a wave having
a wavelength between 30,000 nanometers and 1X109 nanometers and
which is usually generated by radio frequency power tubes from high-voltage direct
current.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "microwave energy" are
presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified
herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e. microwave energy. In order for a wave energy process to be
classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted
process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to
the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need
not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1)
Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are X-rays,
gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast neutrons, alpha
and beta particles, deuterons, fission fragments and the like or high
speed accelerated electrons (including electron bombardment).
(2)
Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be obtained
from various sources. The following is a list of such possible
sources, e.g., including natural radioactive materials, which emit
alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds;
from nuclear fission by-products of processes in which atomic power
is generated, these by-products including elements having atomic
numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to
neutron radiation, such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56,
gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear reactors
including spent fuel elements. The charged particles may be brought
to high energy levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray
tubes, Van de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons,
synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators. Suitable accelerated
electrons may also be obtained as beta radiation from radioactive
isotopes, such as C14, P32,
Sr90 and tritium. High energy X-ray machines
are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets,
such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to the
noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed
to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically
recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the wave energy process of the product
contains at least one boron, phosphorus or silicon atom.
(1)
Note. Processes for the production of glass and clay analogues
are included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.5. Subject matter wherein the product is a binary compound
containing only a metal atom and oxygen, or a hydrate form thereof.
(1)
Note. Metal is limited to those elements of atomic number
3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-70, 72-84 or 87 and higher.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein a specific organic compound is produced
by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy and wherein
said organic compound contains at least one atom other than carbon
and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. "Organic" denotes all compounds having
carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence
in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one
atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen,
or (c) one atom of carbon to at least one atom of nitrogen by a
single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic
acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal carbides
are excluded as being organic compounds.
(2)
Note. Isomerization processes (for example, a change in orientation
from a cis to trans form) which are induced by wave energy are classified
herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified
by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified
herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process
or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to
the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed
are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles
per second.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy
or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the
stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., sonic or ultrasonic. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the
noted process of the total disclosure in the patent must be directed
to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need
not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1)
Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are X-rays,
gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast neutrons, alpha
and beta particles, deuterons, fission fragments and the like, or high
speed accelerated electrons (including electron bombardment).
(2)
Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be obtained
from various sources. The following is a list of such possible
sources, e.g., including natural radioactive materials, which emit
alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds;
from nuclear fission by-products including elements having atomic
numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to
neutron radiation such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56. gadolinium-72,
lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear reactors including
particles maybe brought to high energy levels by acceleration in
devices like cathode ray tubes,Van de Graff generators, resonant
cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron
accelerators suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained
as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as C14,
P32, Sr90 and tritium.
High energy X-ray machines are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments
of metal targets, such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process,
i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the
noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed
to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need
not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
for processes of purifying an organic compound by
removing impurities therefrom by wave energy wherein said wave energy
induces a reaction to occur only amongst the considered material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains at least one nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon atom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains a ring composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is a vitamin or modified product thereof.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include:
(a) processes of treating an activatable material to impart an antirachitic
(vitamin D) property thereto by exposing the same to wave energy;
(b) processes of producing or increasing vitamin D in ergosterol
by the use of wave energy; (c) processes for the isomerization of
cis-vitamin A compound or derivative thereof into the translomer
by the use of wave energy.
and 524, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating
Compositions, appropriate subclass, based on the structure of the vitamin
and especially Class 514,
subclasses 167+ for a vitamin D composition which may be produced by
wave energy.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products,
subclasses 72+ , 248+ and 311 for food products, containing
vitamins and processes involving the same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is either a protein or carbohydrate or modified product thereof.
(1)
Note. Included herein as proteins are gelatin and collagen.
Included herein as carbohydrates are sugars, cellulose, and starch.
(2)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include:
(a) a process of producing saccharose from formaldehyde by use of
wave energy; (b) a process of releasing fragments of peptides from
a polypeptide by use of photolysis.
(3)
Note. The scope of the terms protein and carbohydrate is
defined in Class 530, subclass 350 and Class 536, subclasses 1.11+ respectively.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,
subclasses 87 through 89for processes of chemically reacting a carbohydrate
or protein with an ethylenic reactant by wave energy and modified products
thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is an organic compound wherein one or more carbon atoms are covalently
bonded in a ring system with at least one hetero atom of oxygen,
sulfur, nitrogen, selenium or tellurium and there are no other different
atoms in the ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.71. Subject matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom
and at least one other atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, selenium
or tellurium in the same hetero ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains a metal having a specific gravity greater than four, including arsenic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.78. Subject matter wherein the sulfur and oxygen product produced
also contains at least one halogen atom.
(1)
Note. Patents with claims drawn to processes of preparing
sulfonyl halides or acid halides are included herein.
(2)
Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine and astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76. Subject matter wherein the sulfur product produced also
contains at least atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
or astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81. Subject matter wherein the product nitrogen produced also
contains at least one oxygen atom, e.g., isocyanate, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product which is the
result of a wave energy process is a carboxylic acid or derivative.
(1)
Note. A carboxylic acid for purposes of this subclass denotes:
A compound containing the structure A. --OH
A carboxylic acid derivative for this subclass is limited
to ester, nonhetero anhydride, salt, and acyl halide.
A carboxylic acid anhydride denotes:
A compound containing the acyclic structure
B. --O-
A carboxylic acid ester denotes:
A compound containing the structure
C. --O-C
wherein the carbon atom single bonded to the oxygen atom
of the
--O- group is not double bonded to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative
contains an oxygen atom which is other than as part of a-O or derivative group.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative
contains an atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process is an alcohol.
(1)
Note. Alcohol denotes a C-OH group wherein the carbon atom
bound to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group cannot be double
bonded to oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.9. Subject matter wherein the alcohol contains a fused- or
bridged-ring system.
(1)
Note. A fused- or bridged-ring system for this subclass denotes
a ring system having at least two rings which (a) share with each
other two adjacent ring atoms, or (b) share with each other three
or more ring atoms and wherein each ring having shared atoms is
a carbocyclic ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process is a ether.
(1)
Note. An ether for purposes of this subclass denotes an organic
compound having the general structure-C-O-C- wherein the carbons
bound to the linking oxygen atom cannot be double bonded to oxygen,
selenium, or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process contains at least one halogen atom.
(1)
Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine bromine, iodine
and astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.95. Subject matter wherein the carbon and halogen product contains
at least one ring composed solely of carbon atoms, e.g. aryl, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing product produced
contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject matter wherein the halogens containing product produced
contains at least two diverse halogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein an organic compound is produced which
contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms and wherein the
molecule consists solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter involving processes which cause the separation
or purification of materials through chemical reactions brought about
by wave energy.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass include:
(a) processes of removing phosgene impurity in BC13 by the use of
laser radiation said radiation disassociating COC12 into disassociated
products; (b) processes of subjecting propylene oxide containing
volatile by-product chlorine-containing impurities to ionization
radiation to remove said impurities; (c) processes of removing phenanthrene
from crude anthracene by use of wave energy.
(2)
Note. Methods of purifying a composition by wave energy so
as perfect said composition for a particular art use are classified
with the appropriate art use, e.g., Class 426 if a food, etc.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for processes of purifying an inorganic compound
or element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is
involved.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds --
Part of the Class 532 - 570 Series, and 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Compounds, for processes of purifying an organic compound by chemical
reaction induced by other than wave energy.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation
of compounds or elements through chemical reactions brought about
by the agency of electrical energy within an electrostatic field
or a field within which electrical discharging takes place. For
example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric material to
produce a film thereon. This group includes both the synthetic
production of compounds or elements and, likewise the chemical modification
or chemical purification of compounds or elements, making use of
electrical energy to effect the chemical changes in such processes.
The processes falling within this group of subclasses are those
whose purpose is for the production of compounds or elements by
chemical reaction, but not those wherein a material or composition
is treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather
and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought about.
This group of subclasses likewise includes processes wherein one
or both of the reactants are subjected to an electrostatic field
or electrical discharge for the purpose of activation and the desired
reaction is effected by mere mixing while such reactant or reactants
are in the activated condition. This usually consists of a step
of ionization followed immediately by mixture with another ionized or
unionized substance, the reaction following as a matter of course
due to the condition of the mixed reactants.
(1)
Note. For chemical processes brought about in a zone wherein
both a magnetic field and discharging occurs, see this class, subclass
156.
(2)
Note. For electric charge generating or conducting apparatus
(ionizing devices) see Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems
and Devices, subclasses 230+.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 301 through 303for the use of electrostatic field or electrical
discharges in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes directed to the production of vitamins.
(1)
Note. Compare with this class, subclass 157.67.
(2)
Note. See Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes,
Compositions, and Products, subclasses 72+, 248 and 311 for
food products containing vitamins.
(3)
Note. See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating
Compositions, appropriate subclass for a composition containing
a vitamin and for treating or curing a disease of the body.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes directed to the production and treatment of fats,
fatty oils, ester-type waxes, fatty still residues or higher fatty
acids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Processes directed to the production of gaseous hydrocarbons.
(1)
Note. This group of patents is intended to include processes
for the production of heating and illuminating gaseous mixtures
comprising hydrocarbons when use is made of an electrostatic field
or electrical discharge for their preparation. However, those processes
are not here included which employ an electrostatic field or electrical
discharge as merely one of a series of treatments of hydrocarbons
to produce such gases unless the other treatments are in nature
of preparatory steps for the electrostatic field or electrical discharge
step and are integrally associated therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Processes directed to the production of nitrogen oxides.
(1)
Note. This group of patents includes the recovery of the
oxides even though this be accomplished by absorption in water or
aqueous solutions with the change to the corresponding acid or salt.
For example, processes which merely in addition to the arc synthesis
of nitrogen oxides include absorption of the oxide (1) in water
to form nitric, nitrous or other acid, or (2) in a alkaline solutions
to form nitrites, nitrates and the like, are here included.
Processes for coating, forming or etching within a vacuum
environment involving bombarding a solid or liquid target material
with atomic particles (e.g., ions) to cause some target material
to be ejected (i.e., sputtered) by momentum transfer.
(1)
Note. Solid or liquid material being bombarded is generally
referred to as the target material.
(2)
Note. Material removed from the target may be used to deposit
a coating on a workpiece, to etch a workpiece or to form a product,
e.g., particles, flakes, etc.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 67+ for electroforming or a composition therefor and
subclasses 80+ for electrolytic coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface
(or substrate), to coat or form, wherein a beam of ions generated
by an ions source remote from the target is employed to sputter
material from the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface
(or substrate) wherein material is sputtered from the target in
the presence of a glow discharge, e.g., cathode sputtering, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the process
or the product produced is measured or tested.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes wherein the target or deposition material has
a designated chemical composition or the function of the product
is specified.
(1)
Note. A designated chemical composition (DCC) is a composition
wherein at least one chemical atom is identified. for a more comprehensive
definition of DCC, see DEFINITIONS OF TERMS, under the main definitions
of this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the function of the coating is to enhance
the wear or abrasion resistance of the product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Process wherein the material exhibits piezoelectric properties
(e.g., conversion of applied voltage to physical motion).
(1)
Note. This subclass includes ferroelectic materials, i.e.,
wherein the coating is characterized by spontaneous electric polarization
the direction of which can be altered by an electric field. These materials
are dielectric analogs of ferromagnetic materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the deposition material is characterized
by a specified electrical resistivity and is adapted to function
as a resistor in an electrical circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the material is characterized by an almost
complete disappearance of electrical resistance at low temperatures.
Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for (a) combined processes and (b) certain unit
operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the material is chosen on the basis of
its optical properties or wherein a property of the material is
altered in the presence of light (e.g., photoconductive, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes wherein the function of the material is to reflect
at least a part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated glass
for architectural applications).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes wherein the function of the material is to absorb
at least part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated panels
for collecting solar energy).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein a sputter etching step is included in
the process in addition to the sputter deposition step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for removing materials from a substrate wherein
the substrate is subjected to bombardment by atomic particles (e.g.,
ions) and the activation energy is supplied at least in part by
momentum transfer.
Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,
subclasses 707+ for processes of vapor phase chemical etching of
a semiconductive substrate utilizing irradiation of electromagnetic
or wave energy and, particularly, subclasses 710+ for such
chemical etching processes wherein the irradiation produces a plasma
or glow discharge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the etching
process or the substrate being etched is measured or tested, e.g.,
operating parameters, and point determination, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes wherein a beam of ions generated by an ion source
remote from the substrate is employed to sputter material from the substrate.
Processes for the deposition of a coating onto a substrate
within a vacuum environment by the action of an arc discharge between
an anode and a cathode wherein the source of material to be deposited
forms or is associated with the cathode.
(1)
Note. The process is generally characterized by one or more
cathode spots which move across the surface of the source and vaporize
the coating materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having means for utilizing an electrolytic current
or potential (a) to prevent corrosion, scale formation, or other
objectionable action in or on a solid object or (b) to neutralize,
correct, or reverse corrosion, scale formation, or other objectionable
action that occurs when a solid object is in normal use.
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder
are not intended to include apparatus for electrolytic treatment
of fluids (e.g., so that the fluids do not cause or accelerate electrolytic action
during subsequent use, etc.). Apparatus of this type is classified
in another appropriate subclass or subclasses of this class based
on the apparatus structure or character.
(2)
Note. Combinations of electrolytic object protection means
as defined in this subclass with diverse art devices (i.e., per
se means classifiable in another class) are provided for in this
subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder when no more of the
diverse art device is specified than is necessary to provide a setting
or locus for the object protection means.
for chemical preparation of a desired chemical compound
or element by using electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field
(other than (1) electrolysis as provided for in Class 205 or (2)
preparation in which a chemical reaction is brought about by the
mere heating effect of the electrical or wave energy), including
object protection.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 724+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object.
Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
subclass 95 for electrical systems having means to prevent
electrolysis as a result of the operation of such systems.
Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses
500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a
purpose other than to (1) produce a desired chemical change or (2)
protect an object by use of an electrolytic current or potential.
Electric Resistance Heating Devices,
subclass 457 for a line connected tank type liquid heater with
an immersion heating element and with means protecting against galvanic
corrosion where (1) the protecting means is nonelectrolytic in nature
or (2) there is more of the heater specified than is necessary to
provide a setting or locus for the protection means.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for generation or production of an electrical current as a result
of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus including means for detecting an apparatus or
process characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e.,
regulating) operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder,
a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic or change
therein and to implement an action based upon the detected characteristic
or change therein. There must be a positive action implemented
by a control means as a result of the detected characteristic or
change therein.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition
of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes
and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 725+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed condition.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine
electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical
values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing coded
instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus,
(b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps performed
in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur according
to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations
(e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus
merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without
control means responsive to a sensed condition.
for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage,
or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass
729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object
with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control but without control
responsive to a sensed condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power
supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection
apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode,
etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means but without control
means responsive to a sensed condition and without programmed, cyclic,
or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for generation or production of an electrical current as a result
of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having control means for (a) storing coded instructions
or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively
regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the
apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur according
to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations
(e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for control means directly
responsive to a sensed condition but includes a control means which
maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation,
or regulates repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus
merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive control means.
for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage,
or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive current, voltage, or power control means
but without current, voltage, or power control means responsive
to a sensed condition.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass
729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy object
with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control but without control
responsive to a sensed condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having measuring, detecting, or testing means
for a characteristic, condition, or property of the apparatus or
an element associated with the apparatus.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition
of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes
and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 775+ for a process of electrolytic analysis or testing,
per se.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine
electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical
values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.06. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power
supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection
apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode,
etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but
without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for generation or production of an electrical current as a result
of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means for exhausting, separating, or otherwise
treating a gas or vapor.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for means suited
to minimize or alter an effect of the gas or vapor on the apparatus.
The removing or treating means may be as simple as a vent on top of
a closed vessel to allow dispersion of an unwanted gas or vapor
into a surrounding atmosphere. However, the removing or treating
means may be equipped to perform a chemical reaction to combine
gaseous hydrogen and oxygen (generated during electrolysis) into water
(vapor or liquid) by contact with a suitable catalyst.
Gas Separation: Apparatus, as the residual class for gas separation apparatus.
See the Class 96 definition for an elaboration of class lines with
other classes providing for gas separation apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having two or more distinct cell units for object
protection or means for protecting two or more distinct cell units.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a power
supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object protection
apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection apparatus with a sacrificial anode,
etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but
without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for generation or production of an electrical current as a result
of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a
specified or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current
and is positioned in series between a positive electrode and the
protected object.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed disclosure
must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance in series between
an anode and the protected object.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a resistor or impedance in series between the object and a power
supply but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a foraminous or porous mass to trap
one or more constituents while allowing remaining fluid to pass
therethrough.
(1)
Note. A fluid filter for this subclass may also be electrically
charged (i.e., as an electrode) to preferentially attract one or more
fluid constituents, provided that entrapment (e.g., physical removal,
etc.) also occurs at the filter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having means for redirecting fluid flow.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for internal battery object
protection apparatus with a bypass valve which facilitates removal or
replacement of a positive electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having means for changing position or orientation
of a positive electrode with respect to the object (e.g., loosely
stacked anode elements vibrating during electrolytic protection
of a fixed object, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having at least one inlet or outlet or means
for protecting an object having at least one inlet or outlet (e.g.,
object is a fluid heat exchanger or object protection means is a
simple fluid pipe which may or may not be connected to a tank
or vessel, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder are
not intended to provide for an object protection means having a
perforated anode unless the apparatus encloses at least a portion
of the object and thereby forms inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
The terms "inlet" and "outlet" find their meaning when applied
to one or more openings in an apparatus which surrounds or contains an
internal space (for holding or passing a gaseous or liquid medium)
as would be the case with a vessel or pipe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.15. Apparatus having an electrically insulating coating, casing,
or section (e.g., solid dielectric joins conductor or electrode
sections into a rigid unit or provides a protective barrier against
corrosion, etc.).
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with an insulator coating, covering, or shield on or around
a rigid anode held by a rigid support but without providing inlet
or outlet means for a fluid.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a rigid anode held by a rigid support, at least one of which
is provided with a threaded coupling having insulated threads but
without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having at least one stiff and relatively unyielding
positive electrode held in place by another means which is also
stiff and unyielding in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode
to a minimum (e.g., rigid magnesium anode block bolted directly
to a steel ship hull to protect the hull from excessive corrosion
in sea water, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.17. Apparatus having a positive electrode serving as or provided
with a coated layer, a surrounding mass, or a protective solid barrier in
which either (1) more than half of the positive electrode is coated,
covered, or shielded or (2) more than half the positive electrode
functions as a coating, covering, or shield (e.g., particulate anode
covered or shielded by a perforated support housing or canister,
anode comprises a strong steel core which is encapsulated by a magnesium
coating, etc.).
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a fluid inlet or outlet means used or protected and
having a dielectric coating, casing, or section.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a rigid anode held by a rigid support and having a threaded coupling
with dielectric threads but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or
supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., multiple anode
sections mounted along a hanging chain for support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically
grounded to earth, positioned underground, or at least partly submerged
in ground water (e.g., protection means is standing on ground outside,
object is subsurface pipeline, object is a ship hull in an ocean,
etc.).
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
which is earth grounded or is used to protect an earth grounded object
but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having one or more electrodes containing copper
(Cu) and zinc (Zn) either incorporated into one or more alloys or
as electrically coupled free metals or one or more alloys thereof
such that at least one electrical contact exists between elemental
copper and zinc, alloys thereof, or an alloy of copper and zinc
which is in electrical contact with another metal or alloy (e.g.,
brass in electrical contact with iron, copper in electrical contact
with zinc, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a positive electrode containing aluminum
(Al) (e.g., aluminum free metal or aluminum containing alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing
magnesium (Mg) (e.g., magnesium free metal or magnesium containing
alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing
zinc (Zn) (e.g., zinc free metal or zinc containing alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a specified
or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is positioned
in series between a power supply and the protected object.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed disclosure
must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance in series between
a power source and the protected object. The resistor or impedance
may be located inside a "power supply" box as long as it is positioned
in a series power circuit and limits electrolytic current.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a power supply for electrolytic current
other than an electric battery (wet or dry cell), an electrolytic
fuel cell, or an electric dynamo or generator turned by heated fluid
from a boiler fired by fossil fuel (e.g., solar panel, thermoelectric
or piezoelectric power supply, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an electrolytic
object protection apparatus in which electrolytic current is supplied
(at least in part) by an energy conversion device other than those
commonly used in this art. Placement in this subclass is limited
to cases in which an alternative energy supply is clearly specified
in the claimed disclosure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means to turn an electrode, including the
object or a portion thereof, through at least one complete revolution
(360 o) during electrolytic object protection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a stiff and relatively unyielding positive
electrode held in place by a means which is also stiff and unyielding
in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode to a minimum
(e.g., rigid anode block held by an insulated spacer and insulated
bolts to a steel ship hull (connected to a power supply as a cathode)
to protect the hull from excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.3. Apparatus in which the positive electrode or support therefor
has a threaded coupling (e.g., to allow relatively easy removal
or installation of the rigid anode or its rigid support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.31. Apparatus having at least a portion of a threaded surface
on the coupling composed of or coated by an electrical insulator.
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a dielectric coating, casing, or section and with
an inlet or outlet means for fluid.
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a dielectric coating, covering, or shield on or around
a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or
supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., an anode section
mounted at the end of a hanging cable for support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.33. Apparatus having a unitary cable, chain, or wire to link
and support two or more positive electrode sections to each other
(e.g., multiple anode sections mounted for support along a hanging
chain, etc.).
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the subclass
indented hereunder, multiple sections of cable, chain, or wire joined
end-to-end are considered to function as a single unit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.34. Apparatus having the cable, chain, or wire wound as a helix
or spiral (e.g., cable anode attached in a spiral shape around metal pipe
to protect the pipe from corrosion, two wires supporting plural
attached anode sections are helically wound around a movable rod
suspended down into sea water from dock to protect the dock from
corrosion, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically
grounded, positioned underground, or at least partly submerged in
water (e.g., object is standing on ground outside, object is a ship
hull in an ocean, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means to protect a container (as the object)
for solid or fluid material (e.g., steam boiler, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus in which means are provided for conveying
in the electrolytic bath the article, material or work being treated, such
work acting as one of the electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary conveyors with means to give the electrode base a
treatment preliminary or subsequent to the electrolysis.
(1)
Note. For endless conveying means combined with base treatment
means, see this class, subclasses 203 and 204.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary conveyors specialized to convey articles in a loose
condition within the electrolytic bath, that is, the articles are
not fixed to a support while being treated.
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Apparatus in which is included control means for the current
supplied to the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation
of apparatus included or combined with said device.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not include a mere current supply.
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Apparatus in which a means is included for the control of
current supplied to the electrolytic device or to a device included
or combined therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus in which the electrode is moved in
the form of a strip or filament of continuous or indefinite length.
This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus including means to control the current supplied
to the electrolytic device or to a device included or combined therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus which is adapted to give the electrode
a rotary motion of more than 180 degrees.
(1)
Note. See this class, subclass 199 and indented subclasses,
for rotary work conveyors.
Abrading,
subclasses 85+ for a sandblast machine having a tumbling barrel
and subclasses 326+ for an abrading machine which involves
a tumbling device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in which means are provided to swing or tilt the
axis of the barrel or other rotary receptacle, usually to assist
charging or discharging.
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Apparatus including control means for the current supplied
to the electrolytic device or electrical control for operation of
apparatus included or combined with said device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Apparatus including control means for the current supplied
to the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation
of apparatus included or combined with said device.
Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220 through 354for miscellaneous systems for controlling the current
and/or voltage in a single circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided to localize
the areas to which electrolysis is applied.
(1)
Note. This group of patents include portable coating electrodes,
cells and half-cells specialized for localized application of the
electrolytic coat; however, the subclass is not limited thereto
but includes stationary devices in which the electrode or electrodes
alone are moved to localize electrolytic action.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided whereby
an electrode may be fed to and/or withdrawn from the zone
of electrolytic action and not falling within the subclasses above.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and means to treat
the base before or after the electrolytic action.
(1)
Note. Search also this class, subclasses 200, 203, 204, 207-210,
215-217, and 226.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having means for detecting an apparatus or process
characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e., regulating) current,
voltage, or power based on the detected characteristic or change
therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder,
a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic or change
therein and to implement an action based upon the detected characteristic
or change therein. There must be a positive action implemented
by a control means as a result of the detected characteristic or
change therein.
for apparatus for electrical (including simultaneous
electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of a liquid or
magnetic treatment of a liquid (other than separation) with control means
responsive to a sensed condition.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note in the class definition
of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes
and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 82+ for an electrolytic coating process which involves
controlling the process in response to a measured or detected parameter,
subclasses 641+ for an electrolytic erosion process with
control responsive to a sensed condition, and subclasses 725+ and
743 for an electrolytic material treatment process with control
responsive to a sensed condition.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring and testing per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values are
derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus having means for sensing an electrolyte property
(e.g., temperature, concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 84 for an electrolytic coating process which involves
controlling the process in response to a measured or detected value
for thickness, weight, or composition of the coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least
one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.9. Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition
to the auxiliary electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3 electrodes
in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode.
Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two counter electrodes,
an auxiliary electrode, and two reference electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing coded
instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus,
(b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps performed
in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various operations to occur
according to preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined
durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass includes control means directly responsive
to a sensed condition combined with control means which maintains
an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates
repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus
merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive control means.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but without
control means responsive to a sensed condition.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.2. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working
electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control
amplitude, frequency, or phase of the waveform.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified
waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for
electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other
than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than
pure DC.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having control means for (a) storing coded instructions
or other data used to control current, voltage, or power during
operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating current,
voltage, or power during operation of the apparatus, or (c) controlling
current, voltage, or power according to preset timing sequences
or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for current, voltage,
or power control means directly responsive to a sensed condition but
includes a current, voltage, or power control means which maintains
an operating condition, predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates
repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for apparatus
merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
for electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage,
or power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working
electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control
waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified
waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for
electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other
than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than
pure DC.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means adapted to simultaneously reverse polarity of working
and counter electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having more than a nominal recitation of circuitry
for the programmed, cyclic or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 81+ for electrolytic coating processes which involve
measuring, analyzing, or testing; subclasses 335+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes which involve measuring, analyzing, or testing;
and subclass 645 for electrolytic erosion processes which involve
measuring, testing or sensing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.8. Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least
one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.9. Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition
to the auxiliary electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3 electrodes
in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode.
Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two counter electrodes,
an auxiliary electrode, and two reference electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus having current, voltage, or power control means
adapted to control a waveform applied to an electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to control
waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes in which a specified
waveform other than pure DC is used; subclasses 105 and 106+ for
electrolytic coating processes in which a specified waveform other
than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC is used; and subclasses 341+ for
electrolytic synthesis processes in which AC or a specified waveform
other than pure DC is used.
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus having at least one electrode in addition to
at least one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and additional
means to provide for chemical or physical treatment of the electrolyte
outside the cell.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment
means includes a leacher, dissolver or extractor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment
means includes means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1)
Note. Search also this class, subclass 234 and indented subclasses.
(2)
Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating the
electrolyte or material therein, see this class, subclasses 261 and
273.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Electrolytic cells falling specialized to carry out any
of the processes of this class.
(1)
Note. For electrolytic cells for the production of or generation
of electricity, see Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product and Process.
(2)
Note. For electrolytic cells not constructed for use in carrying
out the processes of this class and not falling within the class
definition of Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product and Process and Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 425+, may be found in Class 361, Electricity:
Electrical Systems and Devices, wherein electrical systems and
devices are provided, see subclasses 500+.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Apparatus having as an electrolyte a substance or mixture
of material which normally exists in a solid or non-fluid physical
state at normal room temperature (e.g., nonaqueous mixture, etc.)
and in which the electrolyte is heated during electrolysis to an
elevated temperature at which the electrolyte will change physical
state to become fluid (e.g., molten salt, etc.)
(1)
Note. Special materials designed for high temperature application
are usually required in this type of apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 47 , 211, 230+, 336, 354+, and 713
for electrolytic processes which specifically address the use of
a fused bath electrolyte.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having means for removing foreign material from
an electrode element (e.g., anode stud, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having at least one electrode element containing
a material which (a) poses significant resistance to corrosion or
wear at high temperatures, (b) provides a surface which is wettable
by most molten metals, and (c) conducts electrical current (e.g.,
electrode containing a boride, carbide, or nitride of niobium, titanium,
or zirconium, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having an electrolytic cell with a laminated
or coated layer.
(1)
Note. The lining or coating provided for in this subclass
and in the indented subclass may be as simple as a metal outer shell
surrounding an electrolytic cell vessel. Also included is an electrolytic cell
with thermal insulation to hinder heat transfer through a wall of
the cell or with a sealing layer to preserve integrity of a wall
of the cell against leakage of fused bath electrolyte.
This subclass is indented under subclass 247.4. Apparatus having a means to permit deformation of the
lining with changes in cell dimensions as a result of differences
in temperature (e.g., inner lining is equipped with thermal expansion
joints, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Electrolytic cells including a filter or a loose electrode
material which may be in the form of a filter bed.
![[Search a list of Patent Appplications for class 204]](../as.gif)
CLASS 204,![[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 155]](../ps.gif)
155