This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere:
A. Processes (1) involving the use of electrolysis (as provided
for in Class 205); (2) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements
involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave
energy in a magnetic field; (3) of treating materials involving
chemical reaction brought about by wave energy; (4) of preparing or
purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought
about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge; (5) involving
the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; (6) of treating a
liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic
fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an
electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect
other than mere separation or purification of the liquid; (7) involving
coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering; and (8) involving
coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge. (See Subclass References to
the Current Class, below.)
B. Products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A).
For exceptions, see Lines With Other Classes and Wtihin This Class,
Exceptions, below.
C. Apparatus for carrying out the processes set forth under
(A) except the apparatus used to carry out the wave energy treatment
processes provided for in Class 204; such apparatus is provided
for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes, below.)
D. Electrolyte compositions specialized for use in electrolytic
processes or methods of preparing the compositions.
(1)
Note. A list of superiority of several composition classes
appears elsewhere. See Lines With Other Classes below.
(2)
Note. Although the processes described above in (A), items
(6), (7), and (8), do not involve strictly chemical changes, they
are in some respects closely related to other portions of the class
and so have been included here.
(3)
Note. Processes involving purely thermal actions of electrical
phenomena or wave energy are not included in this class.
(4)
Note. Class 204 provides for the combination of electrical
and wave energy processes as described in (A) above with subsequent:
(1) conventional treatments such as filtering, distilling, washing,
and other methods of separating or concentrating products from the
previous Class 204 operation or (2) mere admixing of products from
the previous Class 204 operation to form a desired end product.
Where a subsequent step significantly modifies a composition, product,
or article made by the previous Class 204 operation, the combined process
is generally provided for elsewhere and is cross-referenced in Class
204, where necessary.
(5)
Note. The combination of an electrical or wave energy operation
as described in (A) above with a preceding method, such as treatment
of material to prepare it for the electrical or wave energy operation,
is provided for in Class 204. When a method preparatory to a Class
204 operation is claimed, per se, and is not provided for elsewhere,
it may be classified in Class 204.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
For apparatus for carrying out the wave energy treatment processes
provided for in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+, see Class
250, Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 492.1+, and
Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186+;
the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204,
subclasses 155+; such apparatus is provided for in Class
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving,
or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186.01+; the apparatus
used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses
164; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus
and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing
particularly subclasses 186.04+; and the section References
to Other Classes, herein, the entry to Class 118 for apparatus provided
for in Class 118.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarachical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
EXCEPTIONS
This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere products
solely disclosed as made by a process under (A) in Class Definition,
above, with the following exceptions: (1) products which comprise
two or more contiguous metallic layers; (2) products of processes classifiable
in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+ and 450+, and
Class 205, subclasses 640+. These products are properly
classified in the appropriate product or stock material class (e.g.,
260, 423, 428, etc.).
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 204 AND CLASS 75
Combinations of metallurgical process steps falling within
the definition of Class 75 and electrical or wave energy steps falling
under the definition of Class 204 are classified in Class 204, when
the metallurgical process steps are preparatory to the electrical
or wave energy steps, and are placed in Class 75 when the electrical
or wave energy methods are preparatory to the metallurgical process
steps. The above applies even when such preparatory steps result
in a desired by-product. Class 75, subclasses 228+, provides
for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204
process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the metal composition
from which it is made). The order of superiority among various metal, alloy,
and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them
is as follows:
1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.
2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions
for treatment of solid metal.
3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+,
gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal
or charges, and subclass 302, welding rods defined by composition.
4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated
metal powder compositions, and subclasses 255+, loose
metal particulate mixtures.
5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, alloys or metallic
compositions claimed as products.
6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287,
and 500-714, in class schedule order, certain processes of treating
solid or semisolid metal by modifying or maintaining internal physical
structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal,
processes of reactive coating of metal, or processes of chemical
heat-removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However,
if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved,
there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described
in References To Other Classes in the Class 148 definition.
7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+, p-n
type barrier layer stock material, and subclasses 400+,
stock.
8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 331+, processes
of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal, and
subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys
in powder form.
9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67,
electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes of
making alloys.
10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes
of manufacture.
11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes
of making metal, treating liquid metals and liquid alloys, and consolidating
metalliferous material.
12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.
13.Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.
14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes
of operating metallurgical apparatus.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 156, 204, 205, AND 216
In general, a class 156 operation (e.g., chemical etching of
an electrical function semiconductor substrate, etc.) performed
on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process
(e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product
portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered
to provide a significant modification of the composition, product,
or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the
combination of a Class 204 process followed by a Class 156 procedure
in Class 156. However, the combination of a Class 204 electrolytic
coating step followed by a Class 156 operation (other than a laminating
process as described above) performed (1) to allow at least a portion
of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly
modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an
electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step
for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in
Class 204. The significant modification of only the electrolytic
coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions
of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes
are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating
which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow
complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic
coating, etc.). Class 156, subclasses 625.1+, provide
for the original classification of chemically etching an electrical
function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device when the
claims are alternative (claims to a Class 156 etching process and
claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim
is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however,
a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 156 etching
and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class
205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim
to a Class 156 etching process, the original classification is in
Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed
into Class 156 etching based on the generic claim. Other combinations
of Class 204 step(s) with Class 156 step(s) will follow the general
class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from
other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see
the search class note to Class 216 in this section, since Class
216 is an integral part of Class 156.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 216, 156, 204, AND 205
Chemical etching performed on a composition, product, or article
made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously
etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic
material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant
modification of the composition, product, or article made by the
Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204
process followed by Class 216 chemical etching in Class 216. However,
the combination of a Class 205 electrolytic coating step followed
by Class 216 chemical etching performed (1) to allow at least a
portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly
modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an
electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step
for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination
in Class 205. The significant modification of only the electrolytic
coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions
of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes
are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic
coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas
to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of
the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 216 also provides for the
original classification when the claims are alternative (claims
to a Class 216 process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching,
or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically
claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure
includes both Class 216 and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter)
and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and
there is no specific claim to a Class 216 etching process, the original
classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference
is placed into Class 216 based on the generic claim. Other combinations
of Class 204 step(s) with Class 216 step(s) will follow the general
class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from
other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see
the search class note to Class 156 in this section, since Class
216 is an integral part of Class 156.
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 250 AND CLASS 204
Note the difference between the scope of "radiant energy" as
set out for Class 250 and "wave energy" as defined
in Class 204, subclass 157.15.
LINE BETWEEN CLASSES 260, 204, AND 520
See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (1) a chemical
process, in general and for preparation and treatment of carbon
compounds or a product formed by such a process; (2) the combination
of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent significant chemical
process provided for in Class 260 when the subsequent Class 260
process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce
a different compound; and (3) a branched process in which one branch
is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the class
definition of Class 260. The combination of a Class 260 process
and a subsequent Class 204 operation is classified in Class 204.
The foregoing applies even when the preparatory process or operation
results in a desired by-product. Also, see the search class note
to Class 520 in References to Other Classes, since Class 520 is
an integral part of Class 260.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 424, 204, AND 514
See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which
may be made by a Class 204 process; especially subclasses 1.11+ for
a radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing, adjuvant or
carrier, intermediate, or preparatory composition. Also, see the search
class note to Class 514 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below, since
Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 520, 522, AND 204
See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part
of the Class 520 Series, appropriate classes, especially Class 522,
subclasses 1+, for a composition to be polymerized by wave
energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material;
or a synthetic resin composition to be modified by wave energy wherein said
composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a process of
preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy. Any
process step involving electrolysis, electric current, electro-osmosis,
electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge, or magnetic
field and also involving the treating of a synthetic resin or natural rubber
is proper in Class 204 if a wave energy step is involved in any
part of the process. The combination of a Class 520 chemical process
not involving the use of wave energy with a Class 204 operation
is classified (1) in Class 204 when the Class 520 nonwave energy
process is preparatory to the Class 204 operation and (2) in Class
520 when the Class 204 operation is preparatory to the Class 520
nonwave energy process. A branching process in which the claims
are alternative to producing or treating a polymer by a Class 204
process or by a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use
of wave energy is classified in Class 520. See Class 204, subclass
157.15, for a further elaboration of the line between Class 204
and Class 520, subclasses 1+.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 585, 204, AND 260
The line between Class 585 and Class 204 is analogous to that
between Class 260 and Class 204. See the search class note to Class
260 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
for treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify
the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b)
to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c)
using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation
or purification of the liquid .
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, for bleaching or dyeing, fluid treatment, and chemical
modification of textiles and fibers using electrical, radiant, or
wave energy; without involving electrolysis (electrolytic treatment
of organic fibrous material is provided for in Class 205,
subclasses 689+ ).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for (1) general production of metals, (2) electrothermal
processes of preparing metals and alloys, and (3) branching processes
in which one branch comprises a process falling within the definition
of Class 204 and which contains at least one other branch falling
within Class 75. See Lines With Other Classes, above, for further
discussion of the line between Class 75 and Class 204.
Printing, appropriate subclasses for electrotype molds, matrices,
or other printing members which may be produced by electrolytic coating,
electroforming, or cathode sputtering methods. For processes of
their production by such methods, see Class 204, appropriate subclasses.
Coating Apparatus, for a general coating apparatus which does not involve
the use of electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode
sputtering. Class 204 provides for apparatus having means for combined
coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied
by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering.
However, Class 118 provides for coating apparatus which also has
means to subsequently cure (considered to be a mere perfecting step)
the coating using electrical or wave energy.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclasses 1+ for processes of cleaning solids by the application
of electric, wave, ray or radiant energy to the work, other than
broadly recited radiant heat energy.
Metal Treatment, particularly
subclass 518 for processes of treating solid or semisolid metal
to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., micro
structure) or chemical properties of metal combined with a Class
204 procedure. Class 148 takes the combination, whether the Class
148 operation precedes or is subsequent to the Class 204 procedure.
Also, see Class 148, subclasses 240+ for the location of
processes of reactive coating of metal wherein an externally applied
agent combines with the metal substrate to form a coating thereon
which contains an element from the metal substrate. Combinations
that involve reactive coating as defined in Class 148, subclasses
240+, and a Class 204 coating operation are proper in Class
204. Combinations of a Class 148 reactive coating, a Class 204 coating operation,
and an etching operation that occurs while the electrocoated layer
still exists are in Class 204. However, combinations of carburizing
or nitriding of metal, as defined in Class 148, subclasses 206+,
with a Class 204 operation are proper for Class 148.
Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclasses 625.1+ for a process of chemically etching an electrical
function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device and subclasses
60+ for surface bonding and/or assembly therefor,
particularly subclasses 150+ for a laminating process combined
with at least one Class 204 step of electrodeposition (i.e., by
electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering).
See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for discussion
of the lines between Classes 156, 204, 205, and 216.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for electrical or wave energy classification, separation,
or assortment of solids, particularly
subclasses 127.1+ for electrostatic processes and apparatus, subclasses
179+ for electrical amalgamation processes and apparatus,
and subclasses 212 and 213+ for magnetic separating processes
and apparatus.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 600+ for purification or separation of a liquid which
may include a Class 204-type step of making an agent used in the
process. A process of treating the liquid directly by a Class 204 step
to purify or separate it will be placed in Class 204 whether or
not combined with a physical separation step classifiable in Class 210,
subclasses 767+. Class 210 will take the combination of
a 210 process, other than mere separation (as provided for in subclasses 767+),
with a Class 204 operation. However, a Class 204 process (e.g.,
synthesis) preceded by a Class 210 step which is ancillary to the
process will be placed in Class 204.
Etching a Substrate: Processes, for a chemical etching process, in general. See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion
of the lines between Classes 216, 156, 204, and 205.
Radiant Energy, for radiant energy processes and apparatus, particularly
subclasses 281+ for ionic separation or analysis of materials utilizing
the mass to electric charge ratio of particles. See Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Class
250 and Class 204.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for a chemical process, in general. See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines
between Classes 260, 204, and 520.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values
may be derived therefrom; especially
subclasses 323+ for testing of underground formations by electrolytic methods
(e.g., testing an oil well bore for water strata, etc.), subclasses
425+ for testing of an electrolyte to determine electrical
properties thereof, and other appropriate subclasses for electrical
testing processes or apparatus which is combined with a significant
electrical testing circuit or is unrelated to the subject matter
of Class 204.
Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses
500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a
purpose other than to produce a desired chemical change.
Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces, for electric furnaces and methods of using them, in general,
especially
subclasses 60+ for electric arc furnaces and methods of using
them in which an electric arc is used as a heating means and the
reactions performed are a result of the mere thermal effects of
the electric arc.
Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a "nominal" element
usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in
terms of the alloy or metallic composition from which it is made)
and for processes of producing an alloy or metallic composition.
See the class definition of Class 420 for a description of the
class line between Class 75 and Class 420. Also, see the search
class note to Class 75 in this section for the order of superiority
among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of
manufacture involving them.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) a chemical process of producing an inorganic compound
or nonmetallic element, in general; (2) the combination of a Class
204 operation with a subsequent chemical process provided for in
Class 423 when the Class 423 process modifies a product of the Class
204 operation to produce a different compound or element, and (3)
a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and
another branch falls within the definition of Class 423. The combination
of a Class 423 process with a subsequent Class 204 operation which
modifies a product of the Class 423 process is classified in Class 204.
In processes where a useful by-product is formed, the patent is
classified according to the primary product ultimately produced.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition.
See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the a discussion
of the lines between Classes 424, 204, and 514.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products, especially
subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+ for processes of preparing, preserving,
and treating food involving the use of electrical or wave energy,
including electrolysis.
Coating Processes, for general coating processes. Class 204 provides
for processes involving combined coating operations in which at
least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation.
However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered
to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical
or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material product
not elsewhere provided for in the form of a single or plural layer
web or sheet. Also, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class
in the class definition of Class 428 for an elaboration of the class
line between Class 204 and Class 428.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized
for the production of electrical current as a result of a chemical
reaction or change of state (e.g., from a liquid to a gas, etc.).
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for a process or apparatus involving measuring or
testing by electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart,
but in combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable
microorganism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a process
or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy treatment of a microorganism
or an enzyme when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with
a viable micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme.
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis
including (1) a step of electrochemistry followed by at least one
step of another chemical reaction not involving electrochemistry
or (2) a process which is alternatively chemical or electrochemical.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product
or Process of Making, especially
subclass 5 for the use of electrical, magnetic, or wave energy
in making a catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor.
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (Tc > 30 K)
superconductors, particularly subclass 411 for sputter etching,
subclass 472 for electrolytic or electrophoretic coating, or subclasses 475+ for
sputter coating.
Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library,
Apparatus, for a process of creating a library (e.g., chemical,
biological, etc.), process of testing or analyzing a library, or
an apparatus specially adapted for such processes.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, as an integral part of Class 424, for a drug, bio-affecting,
or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process,
especially
subclasses 167+ for a composition including activated or irradiated
ergosterol. Also, see the search class note to Class 424, since
Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating
to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions,
foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such
as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions
of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and
designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid
systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized
and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting
colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems
of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid
systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there
is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically
claimed art; when without involving electrolysis.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the
Class 520 Series, appropriate classes. See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Classs for a discussion of the lines between Classes
520, 204, and 522.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for a process of synthesizing or purifying a hydrocarbon
compound. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for
a discussion of the lines between Classes 585, 204, and 260, and
also see the search class note to Class 260 in this section.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, for chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste by
using electrical wave energy, especially
subclass 302 and 303 for electrolytic or electrodialytic degradation.
Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications,
subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring systems
in combination with a data processing system or calculating computer.
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
ACYCLIC
For the purposes of this class, "acyclic" refers
to an organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic, nitrocyclic,
or carbocyclic nucleus.
ALKALI-FORMING METAL
A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the
alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium
(Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline earth metals
(calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)), and
magnesium (Mg) (included due to its similarity in properties to
the alkaline earth metals).
DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)
A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms
can either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong
to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the exemplary
lists of terms provided below); except that for the purposes of
this class, "organic" is considered to be too
broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a carbon atom.
An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions to be regarded as DCC"s is as
follows: alcohol, alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon
black, carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty
acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate, peroxide, peroxy-,
proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An exemplary list of terms used
to describe compositions not to be regarded
as DCC"s is as follows: amphoteric, anionic,
antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor, crystalline,
curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric, dispersant, drier, electrophoretic,
emulsifier, fibrous, filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant,
hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis acid or
base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal containing, mineral,
numerically described without designating a chemical atom or a limited
select group of elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic,
particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer, preservative,
solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active agent, surfactant, wax,
Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc. These lists are not intended
to be exhaustive.
ELECTROLYSIS
A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric
current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte and
resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.)
(other than that brought about by the mere heating effect of the
electric current) at one or more of the electrodes (e.g., electrolytic
coating or etching, etc.) or at another location in contact with
the electrolyte as a direct result of the electric current passing
therethrough (e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such
chemical change being the process objective and not merely as a
means of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte
(as is the case in "electrophoresis" as defined
in subclass 450 of this class).
ELECTROLYTE
A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel
containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic current (usually
an ionic compound is dissolved in solution or melted into a fused
state to provide an electrically conductive medium).
ESTER-TYPE WAX
A "wax" which is essentially an ester
in chemical structure, (e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).
FAT, FATTY OIL
A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally occurring
mixtures thereof.
FATTY STILL RESIDUES
Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of
fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine pitch, etc.).
HIGHER FATTY ACID
A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at
least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g., stearic
acid, etc.).
INTERNAL BATTERY
A device or means which generates an electrical current by
chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without the
need for an external source of electrical current.
ORGANIC COMPOUND
A chemical compound limited by the definition of a "carbon
compound" found under the class definition in Class 260,
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
PERMANENT COATING
A coating which remains as part of a finished article
as distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed
or stripped from a base or substrate.
PLATINUM METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir),
osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium (Re).
PRECIOUS METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum
metals, and silver (Ag).
SYNTHESIS
For purposes of this class, "synthesis" includes
the production of a desired element or compound by breaking down
from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up of
complex forms from simpler ones.
WAVE ENERGY
For the purposes of this class, "wave energy" includes radiation
as well as wave energy transmitted by various mediums and embraces
electromagnetic wave energy or radiation, sonic and supersonic waves,
neutron, proton, deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS. Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation
of compounds or elements through chemical reaction brought about
by the agency of electrical or wave energy in which the reaction
is carried out within a magnetic field; except electrolytic
processes, provided for above, and those brought about
through mere heating effect of electrical or wave energy.
For example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric
material to produce a film thereon. This includes both
the synthetic production of compounds or elements and, likewise, the
chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds or elements, making
use of electrical or wave energy to effect the chemical changes
in such processes. The processes falling within these
subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production of compounds, elements
by chemical reactions, but not those wherein a material or
composition is treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather
and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought
about.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 186+ for apparatus having means for initiating or perfecting
chemical reaction using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular
radiation and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means
to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 301 for the use of electrical energy magnetic force
in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes in which the chemical reaction is carried out
within a magnetic field including electrical discharges. The
discharges may be produced by the same means as that which creates
the magnetic field, such as an electromagnetic field of
such character as produces discharges, or an additional
electrical discharge field may be imposed.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving chemical reactions brought about
by wave energy.
(1)
Note. Subclasses 157.15+ provides
for the following subject matter: (a)
provides for preparing a compound or element, involving
a chemical reaction induced by wave energy; said chemical reaction
resulting in either (1) an element or chemical
compound (2) a purified product (wherein
the chemical reaction has assisted in the removal of a contaminant) or (3) an
element (wherein the chemical reaction consists of decomposing
a compound to produce the elemental form). (b) provides
for any process of treating waste or unwanted material involving
a chemical reaction induced by wave energy where there is no intent
to recover a specified desired product. (c) provides
for effecting optical rotation, i.e., d, 1
optical rotation for effecting a change in isomeric forms, e.g., cis
to trans isomers by wave energy, etc. (d) provides
for producing a photochromic material by using wave energy. (e) provides
for effecting a chemical reaction by wave energy where the product
produced is a composition not disclosed as having a desired use.
Materials which are compositions to begin with such as tobacco, foods, etc., are
not proper for this area unless a final desired product is isolated
which is a compound or element. (f) provides
for the degradation of a chemical compound or polymer by wave energy
to produce a chemical compound or element.
(2)
Note. The utilization of wave energy to effect a
color change is presumed to be a chemical reaction for purposes
of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification.
(3)
Note. The utilization of wave energy to increase
the viscosity of a chemical compound is considered to be a chemical reaction
for purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification. Also
included herein is a process of removing an embrittlement causing material
from a metallic substance to reduce the embrittlement condition
of metal.
(4)
Note. The term "wave energy" includes radiation
as well as wave energies transmitted by various mediums and embraces
electromagnetic waves or radiations, sonic supersonic, ultrasonic waves, neutrons, protons, deutron
and other corpuscular radiations.
(5)
Note. The term "electromagnetic waves""
as employed in the (4) Note above includes, e.g., X-ray
and gamma-ray, ultraviolet, infra red, and
visible light rays, and short electric and radio waves.
Energy including wave energy processes which produces merely a thermal
effect or heat waves, per se, even if a chemical
reaction is induced is excluded under the provisions of the class
definitions, see CLASS DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES
TO OTHER CLASSES, and GLOSSARY in the main class definition.
(6)
Note. Classification of documents into this area
is on the basis of the wave energy step providing the final desired product
and not necessarily on the first wave energy step recited if that
product is not the ultimate desired product of the claim.
An example of such a situation would be a wave energy step of preparing
a nitrogen heterocyclic compound followed by a wave energy step
of cleaving the heterocyclic ring whereby the final product is devoid
of a heterocyclic ring but still contains a nitrogen atom. Classification
in 157.81 rather than in 157.71 would be proper.
(7)
Note. In those subclasses which are identified in
the classification schedule as "using," i.e., 157.22, 157.41, 157.42, 157.43, 157.44, 157.61, 157.62, 157.63 original
placement has been on either specifically claimed subject matter
or solely disclosed subject matter. Claims which are alternative
but which specifically recite the subject matter of the above subclasses
are considered as being claimed. An example of such a
situation would be a claim reciting alternatively the use of a laser
of X-ray to produce a desired nitrogen compound.
Classification as an original in 157.61 would be proper.
The rule to be followed is that if the claim does not meet the parameter
of the "solely disclosed or claimed rule" it is
classified below on some other aspect of the claim.
(8)
Note. This area does not provide for products of
a wave energy procedure nor does it provide for compositions or
compounds which are to be exposed to wave energy. Patents
with claims drawn to a process of preparing a compound in the presence
of wave energy and the compound, per se, are originally
classified in the appropriate product class (260, etc.). See
Class 252, Compositions, in particular subclass
188.31 for compositions which are to be exposed to wave
energy so as to produce a desired compound or element.
(9)
Note. Processes of growing crystals, dissolving
compounds, altering friability of particles, changing
the structure in a crystal lattice or converting a substance into
an amorphous state (e.g., Cg
to Cd) are considered to be physical processes and thus
are excluded from this class unless stated to be chemical reactions
by the patentee.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or
Purification or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic
Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570
Series, AND 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for (1) processes
for purifying an organic compound wherein no chemical reaction induced
by wave energy is involved and (2) for processes
with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter steps modify
the product of the wave energy method to produce a different compound
and (3) organic products prepared in the presence
of wave energy. A process of preparing an organic compound
by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include
or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with the nonwave
energy step, i.e., 518, 530 - 570
or Class 585 and cross-reference to Class 204.
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses for electric lamps and electric
space discharge devices such as ultraviolet light generators, and
cathode-ray tubes. See especially
subclass 112 for lamps and discharge devices having an envelope made
of a material which will transmit invisible radiations and subclasses 364+ for
cathode-ray tubes.
Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and
Elements, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 323+ for a chemical reaction carried out in a reactor.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 186+ for apparatus for carrying out the radiant energy
chemical processes of this subclass, subclasses 127+ for
apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock
or sound wave, and subclasses 1+ for radiant or
wave energy methods in general for preserving, disinfecting, and
sterilizing.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) processes of purifying
an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element wherein no chemical
reaction induced by wave energy is involved (2) for
processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter
steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a nonmetallic
element or different inorganic compound and (3) inorganic products
prepared in the presence of wave energy. A process of
preparing an inorganic compound or free nonmetallic element by a
chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or
exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with nonwave energy
step, i.e., Class 423 and cross-reference
to Class 204.
Coating Processes, for general coating processes; especially
subclasses 457+ for direct application of electrical, magnetic, wave, or
particulate energy (without effecting a chemical reaction) as
part of a coating process (including pre- or post-treatment). Class
204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations
in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation.
However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered
to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using
electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for radiation sensitive compositions
and elements and for processes of exposing said compositions or
elements to wave energy in an imagewise exposure technique.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, in particular Class 522, for processes of preparing
or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy and compositions
to be polymerized or modified by wave energy wherein said composition
contains a rate affecting material. Class 520,
subclasses 1+ also provides for products which are the result
of a chemical modification utilizing wave energy. Class
204 is superior to Class 520, subclasses 1+ therefore
a patent claiming in the alternative a process of preparing an organic
compound and a synthetic resin in the presence of wave energy is
classified for original in purposes in Class 204 and cross-reference
into Class 520. In the situation where an alternative
claim is presented as well as a specific claim to the synthetic
is synthetic resin species and there is no specific claims to nonresin
species, e.g., the organic compound, etc., the
same rule of original patent placement applies. Any step
involving electrolysis, an electric, current electroosmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic
field, electrical discharge or magnetic field and also involving
a synthetic resin or natural rubber will be proper in Class 204 even
when a wave energy step is involved in any part of the process.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 301 through 310for the use of wave energy in the chemical destruction
of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter involving chemical processes which separate
isotopic species from materials containing differing isotopes; or
the enrichment of a material in a particular isotope; or
the production of an isotopic species; all of said processes
brought about by wave energy.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents in this subclass are (a) processes
for increasing the concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen
in a fluorhydrocarbon; and (b) processes
of producing C13 by decomposing C3H6, said
C3H6 containing C12 and
C13 by irradiating C3H6.
(2)
Note. "Enrichment of an isotopic species" refers
to increasing the isotope concentration by an exchange process to a
level greater than that existing before the exchange.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2. Subject matter wherein the produce produced is inorganic
in nature.
(1)
Note. An inorganic compound for purposes of this
subclass denotes those compounds which do not meet the definition
of organic which is compounds having carbon therein and which are
further characterized by the presence in a molecule of (a) two
carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one
atom of carbon bonded to at least least one atom of hydrogen or
halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon bonded
to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the
proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic
acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic
acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic
compounds.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Powder Metal Compositions, and
Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 122.5+ for radioactive alloys or metallic compositions.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 2+ for process for chemically treating a mixture to
obtain a radioactive inorganic isotope and subclasses 249+ for
a radioactive inorganic compound, nonmetallic element or
isotope, per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.21. Subject matter wherein the separation or enrichment is wherein
the separation or enrichment is claimed or solely disclosed as being
induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of
radiation, i.e., laser.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
processs, i.e., laser.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be claim to the noted process or the total
disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process.
The wave energy process in the claim need not to be limited to the
provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the
process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely
disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter in which an initial normally gaseous or vaporous
mixture is treated by wave energy so as to remove therefrom by a chemical
reaction or change to a different chemical form at least one of
the components therein, resulting in a heterogeneous composition.
(1)
Note. When the recovery of a definite chemical compound
or element as a product is claimed, original classification
of the patent is in subclass 157.4 or 157.6.
However, where the claim does not include the step of separating
the modified component, the patent is classified here even
though the disclosed intent is to ultimately effect separation of the
component.
(2)
Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous.
It may contain entrained solids or liquids. It must however
be handled and distributed as a gas and must be in this form at
the onset of the treatment.
(3)
Note. Methods of purifying a gaseous composition
so as to perfect said remaining composition for a particular art
use are classified with the art use.
Gas Separation: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes of
purifying a gaseous mixture or separating a constituent therefrom
where no chemical reaction is involved in the separation or purification, per
se.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 210+ for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or
separating constituent therefrom involving a chemical reaction where
the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component
and the appropriate compound subclasses 249 - 658 when
the claim does include such step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein an element of inorganic compound
is produced by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
(1)
Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not
meet the definition of "organic" as elaborated
in subclass 157.6.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified
by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a
laser.
for processes of purifying an inorganic substance
by employing a laser to decompose the organic or inorganic contaminant.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., laser.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be a claim to the noted process or
the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim specifically
recited the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed
or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is either claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles
per second.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy
or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the
stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic
energy. In order for a wave energy process to be classified
herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process
or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by a wave having
a wavelength between 30,000 nanometers and 1X109 nanometers
and which is usually generated by radio frequency power tubes from
high-voltage direct current.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "microwave
energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and
thus would be classified herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e. microwave energy.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be a claim to the noted process or
the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1)
Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation
are X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles
like protons, fast neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission
fragments and the like or high speed accelerated electrons (including
electron bombardment).
(2)
Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may
be obtained from various sources. The following is a list
of such possible sources, e.g., including
natural radioactive materials, which emit alpha, beta
and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds; from
nuclear fission by-products of processes in which atomic
power is generated, these by-products including
elements having atomic numbers 30 to 63; from materials made
radioactive by exposure to neutron radiation, such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56, gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or
from operating nuclear reactors including spent fuel elements.
The charged particles may be brought to high energy levels by acceleration
in devices like cathode ray tubes, Van de Graff generators, resonant
cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and
electron accelerators. Suitable accelerated electrons
may also be obtained as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such
as C14, P32, Sr90 and
tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a source
of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets, such as
gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., ionizing radiation.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be claim to the noted process or the
total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically
recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed
or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject matter wherein the wave energy process of the product
contains at least one boron, phosphorus or silicon atom.
(1)
Note. Processes for the production of glass and
clay analogues are included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.5. Subject matter wherein the product is a binary compound
containing only a metal atom and oxygen, or a hydrate form
thereof.
(1)
Note. Metal is limited to those elements of atomic
number 3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-70, 72-84
or 87 and higher.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein a specific organic compound is produced
by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy and wherein
said organic compound contains at least one atom other than carbon
and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. "Organic" denotes all compounds having
carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence
in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one
atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or (c) one
atom of carbon to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or
double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic
acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic
acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.
(2)
Note. Isomerization processes (for example, a
change in orientation from a cis to trans form) which are
induced by wave energy are classified herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified
by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a
laser.
(1)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., laser.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be a claim to the noted process or
the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically
recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed
or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles
per second.
(1)
Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy
or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the
stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be a claim to the noted process of
the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed
or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1)
Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation
are X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles
like protons, fast neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission
fragments and the like, or high speed accelerated electrons (including
electron bombardment).
(2)
Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may
be obtained from various sources. The following is a list
of such possible sources, e.g., including
natural radioactive materials, which emit alpha, beta
and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds; from
nuclear fission by-products including elements having atomic
numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to
neutron radiation such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56. gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from
operating nuclear reactors including particles maybe brought to
high energy levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes,Van
de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron
accelerators suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained
as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as C14, P32, Sr90 and
tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a source
of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets, such
as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3)
Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., ionizing radiation.
In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an
original, there must be a claim to the noted process or
the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not
be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
for processes of purifying an organic compound by
removing impurities therefrom by wave energy wherein said wave energy
induces a reaction to occur only amongst the considered material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains at least one nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
or silicon atom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains a ring composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is a vitamin or modified product thereof.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) processes of treating an
activatable material to impart an antirachitic (vitamin
D) property thereto by exposing the same to wave energy; (b) processes
of producing or increasing vitamin D in ergosterol by the use of
wave energy; (c) processes for the isomerization
of cis-vitamin A compound or derivative thereof into the translomer
by the use of wave energy.
and 524, Drug, Bio-Affecting
and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclass, based on the structure of
the vitamin and especially Class 514,
subclasses 167+ for a vitamin D composition which may be produced by
wave energy.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and
Products,
subclasses 72+ , 248+ and 311 for food products, containing
vitamins and processes involving the same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is either a protein or carbohydrate or modified product thereof.
(1)
Note. Included herein as proteins are gelatin and
collagen. Included herein as carbohydrates are sugars, cellulose, and starch.
(2)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) a process of producing saccharose
from formaldehyde by use of wave energy; (b) a
process of releasing fragments of peptides from a polypeptide by
use of photolysis.
(3)
Note. The scope of the terms protein and carbohydrate
is defined in Class 530, subclass 350 and Class 536, subclasses 1.11+ respectively.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,
subclasses 87 through 89for processes of chemically reacting a carbohydrate
or protein with an ethylenic reactant by wave energy and modified products
thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
is an organic compound wherein one or more carbon atoms are covalently
bonded in a ring system with at least one hetero atom of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, selenium
or tellurium and there are no other different atoms in the ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.71. Subject matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom
and at least one other atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, selenium
or tellurium in the same hetero ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains a metal having a specific gravity greater than four, including
arsenic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.78. Subject matter wherein the sulfur and oxygen product produced
also contains at least one halogen atom.
(1)
Note. Patents with claims drawn to processes of
preparing sulfonyl halides or acid halides are included herein.
(2)
Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
and astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76. Subject matter wherein the sulfur product produced also
contains at least atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
or astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81. Subject matter wherein the product nitrogen produced also
contains at least one oxygen atom, e.g., isocyanate, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product which is the
result of a wave energy process is a carboxylic acid or derivative.
(1)
Note. A carboxylic acid for purposes of this subclass
denotes:
A compound containing the structure A. --OH
A carboxylic acid derivative for this subclass is limited
to ester, nonhetero anhydride, salt, and
acyl halide.
A carboxylic acid anhydride denotes:
A compound containing the acyclic structure
B. --O-
A carboxylic acid ester denotes:
A compound containing the structure
C. --O-C
wherein the carbon atom single bonded to the oxygen atom
of the
--O- group is not double bonded
to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative
contains an oxygen atom which is other than as part of a-O
or derivative group.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative
contains an atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process is an alcohol.
(1)
Note. Alcohol denotes a C-OH group wherein
the carbon atom bound to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group cannot
be double bonded to oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.9. Subject matter wherein the alcohol contains a fused- or
bridged-ring system.
(1)
Note. A fused- or bridged-ring
system for this subclass denotes a ring system having at least two
rings which (a) share with each other two adjacent
ring atoms, or (b) share with each other
three or more ring atoms and wherein each ring having shared atoms
is a carbocyclic ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process is a ether.
(1)
Note. An ether for purposes of this subclass denotes
an organic compound having the general structure-C-O-C- wherein
the carbons bound to the linking oxygen atom cannot be double bonded
to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy
process contains at least one halogen atom.
(1)
Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine
bromine, iodine and astatine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.95. Subject matter wherein the carbon and halogen product contains
at least one ring composed solely of carbon atoms, e.g. aryl, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing product produced
contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject matter wherein the halogens containing product produced
contains at least two diverse halogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter wherein an organic compound is produced which
contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms and wherein the
molecule consists solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject matter involving processes which cause the separation
or purification of materials through chemical reactions brought about
by wave energy.
(1)
Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) processes of removing phosgene
impurity in BC13 by the use of laser radiation said radiation disassociating
COC12 into disassociated products; (b) processes
of subjecting propylene oxide containing volatile by-product
chlorine-containing impurities to ionization radiation
to remove said impurities; (c) processes
of removing phenanthrene from crude anthracene by use of wave energy.
(2)
Note. Methods of purifying a composition by wave
energy so as perfect said composition for a particular art use are classified
with the appropriate art use, e.g., Class
426 if a food, etc.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for processes of purifying an inorganic compound
or element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is
involved.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or
Purification or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic
Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570
Series, and 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for
processes of purifying an organic compound by chemical reaction
induced by other than wave energy.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation
of compounds or elements through chemical reactions brought about
by the agency of electrical energy within an electrostatic field
or a field within which electrical discharging takes place. For
example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric material
to produce a film thereon. This group includes both the
synthetic production of compounds or elements and, likewise
the chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds
or elements, making use of electrical energy to effect
the chemical changes in such processes. The processes
falling within this group of subclasses are those whose purpose
is for the production of compounds or elements by chemical reaction, but
not those wherein a material or composition is treated, such
as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather
and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought
about. This group of subclasses likewise includes processes
wherein one or both of the reactants are subjected to an electrostatic
field or electrical discharge for the purpose of activation and
the desired reaction is effected by mere mixing while such reactant or
reactants are in the activated condition. This usually
consists of a step of ionization followed immediately by mixture
with another ionized or unionized substance, the reaction
following as a matter of course due to the condition of the mixed
reactants.
(1)
Note. For chemical processes brought about in a
zone wherein both a magnetic field and discharging occurs, see
this class, subclass 156.
(2)
Note. For electric charge generating or conducting
apparatus (ionizing devices) see Class 361, Electricity: Electrical
Systems and Devices, subclasses 230+.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 301 through 303for the use of electrostatic field or electrical
discharges in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes directed to the production of vitamins.
(1)
Note. Compare with this class, subclass 157.67.
(2)
Note. See Class 426, Food or Edible Material:
Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses
72+, 248 and 311 for food products containing
vitamins.
(3)
Note. See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting
and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclass for
a composition containing a vitamin and for treating or curing a
disease of the body.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes directed to the production and treatment of fats, fatty
oils, ester-type waxes, fatty still residues
or higher fatty acids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Processes directed to the production of gaseous hydrocarbons.
(1)
Note. This group of patents is intended to include
processes for the production of heating and illuminating gaseous
mixtures comprising hydrocarbons when use is made of an electrostatic
field or electrical discharge for their preparation. However, those
processes are not here included which employ an electrostatic field
or electrical discharge as merely one of a series of treatments
of hydrocarbons to produce such gases unless the other treatments
are in nature of preparatory steps for the electrostatic field or electrical
discharge step and are integrally associated therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Processes directed to the production of nitrogen oxides.
(1)
Note. This group of patents includes the recovery
of the oxides even though this be accomplished by absorption in
water or aqueous solutions with the change to the corresponding
acid or salt. For example, processes which merely
in addition to the arc synthesis of nitrogen oxides include absorption
of the oxide (1) in water to form nitric, nitrous
or other acid, or (2) in a alkaline solutions
to form nitrites, nitrates and the like, are here
included.
Processes for coating, forming or etching within
a vacuum environment involving bombarding a solid or liquid target
material with atomic particles (e.g., ions) to
cause some target material to be ejected (i.e., sputtered) by momentum
transfer.
(1)
Note. Solid or liquid material being bombarded is
generally referred to as the target material.
(2)
Note. Material removed from the target may be used
to deposit a coating on a workpiece, to etch a workpiece
or to form a product, e.g., particles, flakes, etc.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 67+ for electroforming or a composition therefor and
subclasses 80+ for electrolytic coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or
substrate), to coat or form, wherein
a beam of ions generated by an ions source remote from the target
is employed to sputter material from the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or
substrate) wherein material is sputtered from the target
in the presence of a glow discharge, e.g., cathode
sputtering, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the process
or the product produced is measured or tested.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes wherein the target or deposition material has
a designated chemical composition or the function of the product
is specified.
(1)
Note. A designated chemical composition (DCC) is
a composition wherein at least one chemical atom is identified. for a
more comprehensive definition of DCC, see DEFINITIONS OF
TERMS, under the main definitions of this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the function of the coating is to enhance
the wear or abrasion resistance of the product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Process wherein the material exhibits piezoelectric properties (e.g., conversion
of applied voltage to physical motion).
(1)
Note. This subclass includes ferroelectic materials, i.e., wherein
the coating is characterized by spontaneous electric polarization
the direction of which can be altered by an electric field.
These materials are dielectric analogs of ferromagnetic materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the deposition material is characterized
by a specified electrical resistivity and is adapted to function
as a resistor in an electrical circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the material is characterized by an almost
complete disappearance of electrical resistance at low temperatures.
Semiconductor Device Manufacturing:
Process, for (a) combined processes and (b) certain
unit operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein the material is chosen on the basis of
its optical properties or wherein a property of the material is
altered in the presence of light (e.g., photoconductive, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes wherein the function of the material is to reflect
at least a part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated
glass for architectural applications).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes wherein the function of the material is to absorb
at least part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated
panels for collecting solar energy).
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes wherein a sputter etching step is included in
the process in addition to the sputter deposition step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes for removing materials from a substrate wherein
the substrate is subjected to bombardment by atomic particles (e.g., ions) and
the activation energy is supplied at least in part by momentum transfer.
Semiconductor Device Manufacturing:
Process,
subclasses 707+ for processes of vapor phase chemical etching of
a semiconductive substrate utilizing irradiation of electromagnetic
or wave energy and, particularly, subclasses 710+ for
such chemical etching processes wherein the irradiation produces
a plasma or glow discharge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes wherein at least one characteristic of the etching
process or the substrate being etched is measured or tested, e.g., operating
parameters, and point determination, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes wherein a beam of ions generated by an ion source
remote from the substrate is employed to sputter material from the substrate.
Processes for the deposition of a coating onto a substrate
within a vacuum environment by the action of an arc discharge between
an anode and a cathode wherein the source of material to be deposited
forms or is associated with the cathode.
(1)
Note. The process is generally characterized by
one or more cathode spots which move across the surface of the source
and vaporize the coating materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having means for utilizing an electrolytic current
or potential (a) to prevent corrosion, scale
formation, or other objectionable action in or on a solid
object or (b) to neutralize, correct, or
reverse corrosion, scale formation, or other objectionable
action that occurs when a solid object is in normal use.
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to include apparatus for electrolytic
treatment of fluids (e.g., so
that the fluids do not cause or accelerate electrolytic action during
subsequent use, etc.). Apparatus
of this type is classified in another appropriate subclass or subclasses
of this class based on the apparatus structure or character.
(2)
Note. Combinations of electrolytic object protection
means as defined in this subclass with diverse art devices (i.e., per
se means classifiable in another class) are provided for
in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder when no more
of the diverse art device is specified than is necessary to provide
a setting or locus for the object protection means.
for chemical preparation of a desired chemical compound
or element by using electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field (other
than (1) electrolysis as provided for in Class
205 or (2) preparation in which a chemical reaction
is brought about by the mere heating effect of the electrical or
wave energy), including object protection.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 724+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object.
Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
subclass 95 for electrical systems having means to prevent
electrolysis as a result of the operation of such systems.
Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and
subclasses 500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized
for a purpose other than to (1) produce a desired
chemical change or (2) protect an object by use of
an electrolytic current or potential.
Electric Resistance Heating Devices,
subclass 457 for a line connected tank type liquid heater with
an immersion heating element and with means protecting against galvanic
corrosion where (1) the protecting means is nonelectrolytic
in nature or (2) there is more of the heater specified
than is necessary to provide a setting or locus for the protection
means.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus
specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as
a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus including means for detecting an apparatus or
process characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e., regulating) operation
of the apparatus or process based on the detected characteristic
or change therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or change therein and to implement an action based
upon the detected characteristic or change therein. There
must be a positive action implemented by a control means as a result
of the detected characteristic or change therein.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note
in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring
and testing processes and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 725+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed condition.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to
determine electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical
values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing
coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the
apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating
a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing
various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences
or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per
se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or
power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control and subclass 729 for an electrolytic process of protecting
a metal or metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a
power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing
means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition
and without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus
specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as
a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having control means for (a) storing
coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the
apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating
a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing
various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences
or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for control
means directly responsive to a sensed condition but includes a control means
which maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus
operation, or regulates repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per
se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or
time responsive control means.
for other electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or
power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control means.
for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed, cyclic, or
time responsive current, voltage, or power control means
but without current, voltage, or power control
means responsive to a sensed condition.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control and subclass 729 for an electrolytic process of protecting
a metal or metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having measuring, detecting, or
testing means for a characteristic, condition, or
property of the apparatus or an element associated with the apparatus.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note
in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring
and testing processes and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 775+ for a process of electrolytic analysis or testing, per
se.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to
determine electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical
values are derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.06. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a
power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but
without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus
specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as
a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means for exhausting, separating, or
otherwise treating a gas or vapor.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for means
suited to minimize or alter an effect of the gas or vapor on the apparatus.
The removing or treating means may be as simple as a vent on top of
a closed vessel to allow dispersion of an unwanted gas or vapor
into a surrounding atmosphere. However, the removing
or treating means may be equipped to perform a chemical reaction to
combine gaseous hydrogen and oxygen (generated during electrolysis) into water (vapor
or liquid) by contact with a suitable catalyst.
Gas Separation: Apparatus, as the residual class for gas separation apparatus.
See the Class 96 definition for an elaboration of class lines with
other classes providing for gas separation apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having two or more distinct cell units for object
protection or means for protecting two or more distinct cell units.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having an internal power supply (i.e., a
power supply integral with the apparatus).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an internal chemical
reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition but
without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 730+ for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object by internal battery action.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus
specialized for generation or production of an electrical current as
a result of a chemical reaction or change in physical state (e.g., from liquid
to gas, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a
specified or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current
and is positioned in series between a positive electrode and the
protected object.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the
claimed disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance
in series between an anode and the protected object.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a resistor or impedance in series between the object and a power
supply but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a foraminous or porous mass to trap
one or more constituents while allowing remaining fluid to pass
therethrough.
(1)
Note. A fluid filter for this subclass may also
be electrically charged (i.e., as
an electrode) to preferentially attract one or more fluid
constituents, provided that entrapment (e.g., physical
removal, etc.) also occurs at the filter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having means for redirecting fluid flow.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for internal battery
object protection apparatus with a bypass valve which facilitates
removal or replacement of a positive electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having means for changing position or orientation
of a positive electrode with respect to the object (e.g., loosely
stacked anode elements vibrating during electrolytic protection
of a fixed object, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having at least one inlet or outlet or means
for protecting an object having at least one inlet or outlet (e.g., object
is a fluid heat exchanger or object protection means is a simple
fluid pipe which may or may not be connected to a tank or vessel, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for an object protection means having
a perforated anode unless the apparatus encloses at least a portion
of the object and thereby forms inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
The terms "inlet" and "outlet" find their meaning when applied to
one or more openings in an apparatus which surrounds or contains an
internal space (for holding or passing a gaseous or liquid
medium) as would be the case with a vessel or pipe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.15. Apparatus having an electrically insulating coating, casing, or
section (e.g., solid dielectric
joins conductor or electrode sections into a rigid unit or provides
a protective barrier against corrosion, etc.).
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with an insulator coating, covering, or
shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support but without
providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a rigid anode held by a rigid support, at least one
of which is provided with a threaded coupling having insulated threads
but without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having at least one stiff and relatively unyielding
positive electrode held in place by another means which is also
stiff and unyielding in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode
to a minimum (e.g., rigid magnesium
anode block bolted directly to a steel ship hull to protect the
hull from excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.17. Apparatus having a positive electrode serving as or provided
with a coated layer, a surrounding mass, or a
protective solid barrier in which either (1) more
than half of the positive electrode is coated, covered, or
shielded or (2) more than half the positive electrode
functions as a coating, covering, or shield (e.g., particulate
anode covered or shielded by a perforated support housing or canister, anode comprises
a strong steel core which is encapsulated by a magnesium coating, etc.).
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a fluid inlet or outlet means used or protected and
having a dielectric coating, casing, or section.
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a rigid anode held by a rigid support and having a threaded coupling
with dielectric threads but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or
supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., multiple
anode sections mounted along a hanging chain for support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically
grounded to earth, positioned underground, or
at least partly submerged in ground water (e.g., protection
means is standing on ground outside, object is subsurface pipeline, object
is a ship hull in an ocean, etc.).
for an electrolytic object protection apparatus
which is earth grounded or is used to protect an earth grounded object
but without internal battery means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having one or more electrodes containing copper (Cu) and
zinc (Zn) either incorporated into one or more
alloys or as electrically coupled free metals or one or more alloys
thereof such that at least one electrical contact exists between
elemental copper and zinc, alloys thereof, or
an alloy of copper and zinc which is in electrical contact with
another metal or alloy (e.g., brass
in electrical contact with iron, copper in electrical contact
with zinc, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus having a positive electrode containing aluminum (Al) (e.g., aluminum
free metal or aluminum containing alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing
magnesium (Mg) (e.g., magnesium
free metal or magnesium containing alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus having the positive electrode also containing
zinc (Zn) (e.g., zinc
free metal or zinc containing alloy, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having an element or device which imposes a specified
or expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is positioned
in series between a power supply and the protected object.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the
claimed disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance
in series between a power source and the protected object.
The resistor or impedance may be located inside a "power supply"
box as long as it is positioned in a series power circuit and limits
electrolytic current.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a power supply for electrolytic current
other than an electric battery (wet or dry cell), an
electrolytic fuel cell, or an electric dynamo or generator
turned by heated fluid from a boiler fired by fossil fuel (e.g., solar
panel, thermoelectric or piezoelectric power supply, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an
electrolytic object protection apparatus in which electrolytic current
is supplied (at least in part) by an energy conversion
device other than those commonly used in this art. Placement
in this subclass is limited to cases in which an alternative energy
supply is clearly specified in the claimed disclosure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means to turn an electrode, including
the object or a portion thereof, through at least one complete
revolution (360 o) during electrolytic object
protection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a stiff and relatively unyielding positive
electrode held in place by a means which is also stiff and unyielding
in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode to a minimum (e.g., rigid
anode block held by an insulated spacer and insulated bolts to a steel
ship hull (connected to a power supply as a cathode) to
protect the hull from excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.3. Apparatus in which the positive electrode or support therefor
has a threaded coupling (e.g., to
allow relatively easy removal or installation of the rigid anode
or its rigid support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.31. Apparatus having at least a portion of a threaded surface
on the coupling composed of or coated by an electrical insulator.
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a dielectric coating, casing, or
section and with an inlet or outlet means for fluid.
for an internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with a dielectric coating, covering, or
shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having a positive electrode constructed of or
supported by a flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., an
anode section mounted at the end of a hanging cable for support, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.33. Apparatus having a unitary cable, chain, or
wire to link and support two or more positive electrode sections
to each other (e.g., multiple
anode sections mounted for support along a hanging chain, etc.).
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the
subclass indented hereunder, multiple sections of cable, chain, or
wire joined end-to-end are considered to function
as a single unit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.34. Apparatus having the cable, chain, or wire
wound as a helix or spiral (e.g., cable anode
attached in a spiral shape around metal pipe to protect the pipe
from corrosion, two wires supporting plural attached anode
sections are helically wound around a movable rod suspended down
into sea water from dock to protect the dock from corrosion, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus which is or protects an object which is electrically
grounded, positioned underground, or at least
partly submerged in water (e.g., object
is standing on ground outside, object is a ship hull in
an ocean, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus having means to protect a container (as
the object) for solid or fluid material (e.g., steam
boiler, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus in which means are provided for conveying
in the electrolytic bath the article, material or work
being treated, such work acting as one of the electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary conveyors with means to give the electrode base a
treatment preliminary or subsequent to the electrolysis.
(1)
Note. For endless conveying means combined with
base treatment means, see this class, subclasses
203 and 204.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary conveyors specialized to convey articles in a loose
condition within the electrolytic bath, that is, the
articles are not fixed to a support while being treated.
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Apparatus in which is included control means for the current
supplied to the electrolytic device, or electrical control
for operation of apparatus included or combined with said device.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not include a mere current
supply.
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Apparatus in which a means is included for the control of
current supplied to the electrolytic device or to a device included
or combined therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus in which the electrode is moved in
the form of a strip or filament of continuous or indefinite length.
This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus including means to control the current supplied
to the electrolytic device or to a device included or combined therewith.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus which is adapted to give the electrode
a rotary motion of more than 180 degrees.
(1)
Note. See this class, subclass 199 and indented
subclasses, for rotary work conveyors.
Abrading,
subclasses 85+ for a sandblast machine having a tumbling barrel
and subclasses 326+ for an abrading machine which involves
a tumbling device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in which means are provided to swing or tilt the
axis of the barrel or other rotary receptacle, usually
to assist charging or discharging.
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Apparatus including control means for the current supplied
to the electrolytic device or electrical control for operation of
apparatus included or combined with said device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Apparatus including control means for the current supplied
to the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation
of apparatus included or combined with said device.
Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation
Systems,
subclasses 220 through 354for miscellaneous systems for controlling the current
and/or voltage in a single circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided to localize
the areas to which electrolysis is applied.
(1)
Note. This group of patents include portable coating
electrodes, cells and half-cells specialized for
localized application of the electrolytic coat; however, the subclass
is not limited thereto but includes stationary devices in which
the electrode or electrodes alone are moved to localize electrolytic
action.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided whereby
an electrode may be fed to and/or withdrawn from the zone
of electrolytic action and not falling within the subclasses above.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and means to treat
the base before or after the electrolytic action.
(1)
Note. Search also this class, subclasses 200, 203, 204, 207-210, 215-217, and
226.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having means for detecting an apparatus or process
characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e., regulating) current, voltage, or
power based on the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or change therein and to implement an action based
upon the detected characteristic or change therein. There
must be a positive action implemented by a control means as a result
of the detected characteristic or change therein.
for apparatus for electrical (including simultaneous
electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of
a liquid or magnetic treatment of a liquid (other than
separation) with control means responsive to a sensed condition.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also (3) Note
in the class definition of class 73 for additional loci of other measuring
and testing processes and apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 82+ for an electrolytic coating process which involves
controlling the process in response to a measured or detected parameter, subclasses 641+ for
an electrolytic erosion process with control responsive to a sensed
condition, and subclasses 725+ and 743 for an
electrolytic material treatment process with control responsive
to a sensed condition.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring and testing per se, to determine
electrical properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values
are derived from the electrical properties determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus having means for sensing an electrolyte property (e.g., temperature, concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 84 for an electrolytic coating process which involves
controlling the process in response to a measured or detected value
for thickness, weight, or composition of the coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least
one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.9. Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition
to the auxiliary electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having
only 3 electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode.
Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two
counter electrodes, an auxiliary electrode, and two
reference electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus also having control means for (a) storing
coded instructions or other data used to regulate operation of the
apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating
a sequence of operational steps performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing
various operations to occur according to preset timing sequences
or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer
switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass includes control means directly
responsive to a sensed condition combined with control means which
maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus
operation, or regulates repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per
se.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or
time responsive control means.
for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means but without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 728 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal
or metal alloy object with control responsive to a sensed voltage
and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.2. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control means adapted to control a waveform supplied
to a working electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control amplitude, frequency, or phase of the
waveform.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified
waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for
electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other
than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than
pure DC.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus having control means for (a) storing coded
instructions or other data used to control current, voltage, or
power during operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively
regulating current, voltage, or power during operation
of the apparatus, or (c) controlling
current, voltage, or power according to preset
timing sequences or to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for current, voltage, or
power control means directly responsive to a sensed condition but
includes a current, voltage, or power control
means which maintains an operating condition, predetermines
apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per
se.
for electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or
power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with programmed, cyclic, or
time responsive control means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control means adapted to control a waveform supplied
to a working electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes using a specified
waveform other than pure DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for
electrolytic coating processes using a specified waveform other
than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other than
pure DC.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having the programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control means adapted to simultaneously reverse polarity
of working and counter electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus having more than a nominal recitation of circuitry
for the programmed, cyclic or time responsive control means.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 81+ for electrolytic coating processes which involve
measuring, analyzing, or testing; subclasses
335+ for electrolytic synthesis processes which involve
measuring, analyzing, or testing; and
subclass 645 for electrolytic erosion processes which involve measuring, testing
or sensing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.8. Apparatus having another electrode in addition to at least
one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.9. Apparatus having a reference electrode as or in addition
to the auxiliary electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having
only 3 electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a reference electrode.
Also included is a combination of a working electrode, two
counter electrodes, an auxiliary electrode, and two
reference electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus having current, voltage, or
power control means adapted to control a waveform applied to an
electrode.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 102+ for electrolytic coating processes in which a specified
waveform other than pure DC is used; subclasses 105 and
106+ for electrolytic coating processes in which a specified waveform
other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC is used; and subclasses
341+ for electrolytic synthesis processes in which AC or
a specified waveform other than pure DC is used.
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus having at least one electrode in addition to
at least one working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus including an electrolytic cell and additional
means to provide for chemical or physical treatment of the electrolyte
outside the cell.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment
means includes a leacher, dissolver or extractor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in which the additional electrolyte treatment
means includes means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1)
Note. Search also this class, subclass 234
and indented subclasses.
(2)
Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating
the electrolyte or material therein, see this class, subclasses
261 and 273.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Electrolytic cells falling specialized to carry out any
of the processes of this class.
(1)
Note. For electrolytic cells for the production
of or generation of electricity, see Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current
Producing Apparatus, Product and Process.
(2)
Note. For electrolytic cells not constructed for
use in carrying out the processes of this class and not falling
within the class definition of Class 429, Chemistry:
Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process
and Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses
425+, may be found in Class 361, Electricity:
Electrical Systems and Devices, wherein electrical systems
and devices are provided, see subclasses 500+.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Apparatus having as an electrolyte a substance or mixture
of material which normally exists in a solid or non-fluid
physical state at normal room temperature (e.g., nonaqueous
mixture, etc.) and in which the electrolyte
is heated during electrolysis to an elevated temperature at which
the electrolyte will change physical state to become fluid (e.g., molten
salt, etc.)
(1)
Note. Special materials designed for high temperature
application are usually required in this type of apparatus.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 47 , 211, 230+, 336, 354+, and 713
for electrolytic processes which specifically address the use of
a fused bath electrolyte.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having means for removing foreign material from
an electrode element (e.g., anode stud, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having at least one electrode element containing
a material which (a) poses significant resistance
to corrosion or wear at high temperatures, (b) provides
a surface which is wettable by most molten metals, and (c) conducts
electrical current (e.g., electrode
containing a boride, carbide, or nitride of niobium, titanium, or
zirconium, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus having an electrolytic cell with a laminated
or coated layer.
(1)
Note. The lining or coating provided for in this
subclass and in the indented subclass may be as simple as a metal
outer shell surrounding an electrolytic cell vessel. Also
included is an electrolytic cell with thermal insulation to hinder heat
transfer through a wall of the cell or with a sealing layer to preserve
integrity of a wall of the cell against leakage of fused bath electrolyte.
This subclass is indented under subclass 247.4. Apparatus having a means to permit deformation of the
lining with changes in cell dimensions as a result of differences
in temperature (e.g., inner
lining is equipped with thermal expansion joints, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Electrolytic cells including a filter or a loose electrode
material which may be in the form of a filter bed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Electrolytic cells in which at least one of the units contains
an electrode of the bi-polar type, i.e., one
wherein an electrode bears one polarity with respect to a second
electrode and a different polarity with respect to a third electrode.
(1)
Note. For other bi-polar electrode cells, see
this class, subclass 268.
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic cells in which at least one of the electrodes
is in the form of a basket, or of a porous or foraminous
container surrounding the other electrode or electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic cells in which two or more of the electrodes
are arranged concentrically one within the other.
(1)
Note. For other cells with concentrically arranged
electrodes, see this class, subclass 272.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Electrolytic cells in which at least one of the units contains
an electrode of the bi-polar type, i.e., one
wherein an electrode bears one polarity with respect to a second
electrode and a different polarity with respect to a third electrode.
(1)
Note. For bi-polar electrode type diaphragm
cells, see this class, subclass 254 and indented
subclasses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Electrolytic cells in which means are provided to feed to
and/or withdraw material from the cell chamber.
(1)
Note. For other cells with feeding or withdrawal
means, see this class, subclasses 245, 255, 257, 263, and
275 and their indented subclasses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic cells in which two or more of the electrodes
are arranged concentrically one within the other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Elements specialized for carrying out any of the electrolytic
processes provided for in this class which are not provided for
in outside classes or below.
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus consisting of electrodes useful for carrying out
the processes herein provided for and combinations of such electrodes
with other elements not provided for in any foregoing group of patents.
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,
subclass 327 for self-baking electrodes such as, for
example, the Soederberg electrodes, which are
not limited to use in electrolysis, but can be used, for
example, in arc furnaces.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the lines determining the classification of
electrodes and "nominal" electrodes.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing
Apparatus, Product, and Process,
subclasses 209 through 246for electrodes specialized for electrical current
producing cells and subclasses 523-528 for fuel cell catalytic
electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrodes, generally known as electroforming molds
or strip plates, constructed or modified to facilitate
formation of temporary coatings thereon and from which the coating
or deposit is to be stripped or otherwise removed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Electrode combinations in which the electrode is perforated
or foraminous. Such perforated or foraminous electrodes
may operate as supports or containers for the work or material being subjected
to electrolytic action.
(1)
Note. For other work supports or containers, see
this class, subclasses 285 and 287.
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Electrodes constructed so as to constitute holders for the
material or article being subjected to electrolytic treatment.
(1)
Note. See this class, subclasses 283 and 287
for other electrodes with work supports or containers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrode having electrode supporting means (e.g., electrode
with hook or frame to hold the electrode within an electrolytic
cell chamber, etc.).
Work Holders, for other supports and work holders, per
se, having diverse utility, and see the class
definition thereof for other related subject matter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Electrodes in which the support is in the form of a container
holding the work or material treated wherein the container does
not act as an electrode.
(1)
Note. See this class, subclasses 283 and 285, for
other electrodes with work supports or containers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus also having an electrically insulating gasket
or spacer (e.g., fluid seal
between electrode and support, etc.).
(1)
Note. The dielectric gasket or spacer may help support
an electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus also having an additional electrical conductor
of different chemical composition.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for apparatus with an
auxiliary electrical conductor of different chemical composition (e.g., to
enhance distribution or flow of electrolytic current during treatment, etc.). This
additional conductor may also serve as a physical support means
for an electrode or workpiece which conducts electrolytic current (e.g., hanging
steel electrode with a copper contact arm overhanging a copper support
and current carrier, etc.), or
it may be a rivet or wire added to a workpiece (e.g., plural copper
wires pass through a lead workpiece to provide better electrical
contact with surrounding electrolyte during electrolytic coating, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 288.4. Apparatus having a wedge or tapered tightening means (e.g, cone
shaped insert inside a corresponding matching opening to allow tightening
of a physical or electrical connection by drawing or pushing the
cone into the opening to provide better contact, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a connector with
tapered threads.
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus having a hook or loop (e.g., electrode
having a hook or loop to allow suspension in dangling fashion from
an engaged horizontal rod, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrode having a first laminated or coated layer attached
to a second layer (i.e, composite having
2 or more layers).
(1)
Note. The chemical components provided for in the
subclasses indented under this subclass may be present in any amount
and found in any or all of the layers in an overall composite electrode unless
specified otherwise.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 375 through 396for a coated or structurally defined rod, strand, filament, or
fiber and subclasses 411.1-704 and 615-686
for nonmetallic and metallic composites, respectively, defined
in terms of the composition of their components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode having a total of three or more layers.
(1)
Note. The chemical components provided for in the
subclasses indented under this subclass may be present in any amount
and found in any or all of the layers in an overall composite electrode unless
specified otherwise.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.05. Electrode also containing a noble metal (i.e, ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), or
gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.03. Electrode containing a noble metal (i.e, ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), or
gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.08. Electrode containing two or more metal oxide compounds (e.g., RuO2 and
TiO2 mixed in a composite layer on Cr-doped
Ti layer with Ti substrate, IrO2 coated
on Ta intermediate layer with TiO2 substrate, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode containing a refractory metal (i.e., titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) or columbium (Cb), molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), or
tungsten (wolfram) (W)) or
a compound thereof.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the subclass
indented hereunder, refractory metals will be assumed to include "valve
metals" and "film-forming metals"
unless specified otherwise.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.12. Electrode having a surface layer containing refractory metal
or a compound thereof directly exposed to an electrolytic environment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode containing a noble metal (i.e., ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), or
gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrodes in which are defined merely by the composition
of which they are composed.
(1)
Note. In the event any specific structure is included
together with a special composition, the patent is placed
in the appropriate structure subclass above (or if the
structure is not provided for specifically, in subclass
280, and cross-referenced here).
Compositions,
subclasses 500+ for compositions specialized for use as electrodes
and electrode devices defined solely in terms of the composition
of which they are composed which electrodes are useful in electric lamps
and electric space discharge devices, and as welding electrodes and
furnace electrodes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Electrode compositions in which a metal in the free or uncombined
state comprises one of the essential ingredients of the composition.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 544+ for stock materials, e.g., of
indefinite length, which are all metal or have adjacent
metal components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 292. Electrodes in which an alloy comprises an essential ingredient
of the composition. Steel or other metal containing alloys
or carbon, silicon and other nonmetallic elements are here included
as metallic alloys.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and
Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclass 244 for a composition having a continuous phase of
free metal made by consolidating metal particles and containing
a carbide compound of more than one metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus in which the element is a diaphragm constructed
for the performance of any of the electrolytic processes of this
class.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclass 500.21 (2) Note for the lines between
this class (204) and other classes with respect
to membranes defined by composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 295. Electrolytic diaphragms comprising as an essential part
thereof an organic member, compound or composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus in which the element is an electrode support
or a work holder specialized for use in an electrolytic apparatus
of this class.
Work Holders, for other supports and work holders, per
se having diverse utility and see the class definition thereof for
other related subject matter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus having a mask to partially cover and allow selective
treatment of only a portion of a workpiece.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an
apparatus having a workpiece mask regardless of whether the mask (a) constitutes
part of an electrode support or work holder, or (b) is
a separate feature of the apparatus not used as an electrode support
or work holder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus having a framework, stand, or
grating on or in which workpiece articles can be held for treatment (e.g., porous
wire basket, overhead bar holding suspended frame and attached
workpiece, etc.).
(1)
Note. Although a workpiece rack is often equipped
to support plural workpieces, this is not a requirement
for inclusion in this and the indented subclasses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus having means specifically designed to allow adjustment
of the workpiece articles or the workpiece rack (e.g., means
for altering workpiece position or orientation, slide bar, lever, bolt
in slot, etc.).
(1)
Note. An adjustable workpiece rack allows adaptation
to accommodate different workpiece dimensions or repositioning of
a workpiece (e.g., for better contact
with an electrolyte to ensure formation of a uniform electrolytic
coating, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.07. Apparatus having machine operated means to move or adjust
the workpiece articles or the workpiece rack (e.g., pneumatic
piston, robotic arm, electric motor, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus having porous means to surround, protect, or
retain a workpiece for treatment (e.g., wire
basket, perforated bowl, strainer, cage, perforated
support housing or canister, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to include a porous
enclosure capable of enclosing more than half of a workpiece.
(2)
Note. The porous enclosure of this subclass may (a) be
part of a supporting mechanism for a workpiece, or (b) it may
enclose a workpiece without supporting it.
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus having a foraminous plate or screen to hold a
workpiece while allowing it to protrude or extend beyond the plate
or screen.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to include a porous
support which allows half or more than half of a workpiece to be
exposed outside the grid or grating support means during treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus having a hook or loop (e.g., workpiece
having a hook or loop to allow suspension in dangling fashion from
an engaged horizontal rod, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus specialized for coating, forming, or etching
by sputtering within a vacuum environment (i.e., under
reduced pressure) involving bombarding a solid or liquid
target with atomic particles to cause target material to be ejected therefrom
by momentum transfer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including means for measuring, analyzing
or testing at least one process parameter or product characteristic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus wherein a beam of ions generated by a separate
ion source remote from the target is employed to sputter material
from the target so that a coating of target material is deposited
on a workpiece.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus additionally including means for ionizing at least
a portion of the evaporated coated material and for applying a potential
to the workpiece, whereby the workpiece is simultaneously
subjected to electrostatically aided deposition and sputter etching due
to ionic bombardment.
(1)
Note. In ion plating apparatus the workpiece serves
as a target which is sputter etched.
(2)
Note. The potential applied to the workpiece is
usually negative.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including electrode means (e.g., thermionic
filament, screen grid, auxiliary electrode, etc.) in
addition to an anode and a cathode, or including workpiece
biasing means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including significant specified means for feeding
or withdrawing reactive or inert gases from the coating chamber.
(1)
Note. Apparatus in which gas feed or withdrawal
means are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including significant specified means for cooling
or heating of an electrode or work holder.
(1)
Note. Apparatus in which cooling or heating means
are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including significant specified means for masking, shielding
or shuttering of electrodes or workpieces.
(1)
Note. Apparatus in which masking, shielding
or shuttering means are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus including significant means for magnetic enhancement
of target sputtering, plasma shaping or confinement, or
control of deposition parameters or deposit characteristics.
(1)
Note. The means for magnetic enhancement may be
either inside or outside the chamber utilized in creating the vacuum.
(2)
Note. Apparatus in which magnetic means are merely
nominally specified are not included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus including a magnetically enhanced sputtering target
surface of conical or other particle flux focusing geometry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus including a magnetically enhanced generally flat
planar sputtering target surface wherein lines of magnetic flux
emerge from and return to the flat planar sputtering target surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.19. Apparatus including means for mechanically moving or electrically
shifting the magnetic enhancement means or lines of magnetic flux, or
the sputtering surface, relative to each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus including a magnetically enhanced curved sputtering
target surface which may be of cylindrical geometry.
(1)
Note. Cylindrical Sputtering targets may be solid
or hollow and, if hollow, sputtering may be from
either the inside or outside surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.21. Apparatus including means for mechanically moving or electrically
shifting the magnetic enhancement means or lines of magnetic flux, or
the sputtering surface, relative to each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus including a plurality of distinct chambers or
subchambers (e.g., air lock, loading
or unloading chamber, plural diverse treatment chambers, etc.) and
means for moving at least one workpiece through the plurality of
chambers or subchambers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus including plural diverse treatment stations or
zones (e.g., plural sputter coating
stations, sputter coating and etching stations, or
sputter coating and other pre-treatment or post-treatment
stations, etc.) within a single chamber
and means for moving at least one workpiece through the plurality
of stations or zones.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus including means for moving the target or workpiece
in plural modes (e.g., directions), such
as planetary or epicyclic motion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.01. Apparatus including means for the removal of material from
a workpiece (i.e., substrate) by
subjecting it to bombardment by atomic particles (e.g., ions), whereby
the activation energy of material removal is supplied at least in
part by momentum transfer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including means for measuring, analyzing
or testing at least one process parameter or product characteristic (e.g., end-point
determination, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including significant specified means for feeding
or withdrawing reactive or inert gases from the etching chamber.
(1)
Note. Apparatus in which gas feed or withdrawal
means are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including electrode means in addition to an anode
and cathode (e.g., auxiliary
electrode, etc.), workpiece
biasing means, or significant specified power supply means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including a plurality of distinct chambers or
subchambers, means for loading or unloading a workpiece, or
means for moving a workpiece.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including means for sputter etching or ion milling
a workpiece utilizing a beam of ions or directed flux generated
from a separate ion source.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including means for magnetic enhancement of workpiece
sputtering, plasma shaping or confinement, or
control of etching parameters.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus including a plurality of spaced apart, parallel
electrode plates or workpiece holders (e.g., desmearing
reactor, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus for coating a workpiece within a vacuum environment
by the action of an arc discharge between an anode and a cathode wherein
the source of coating material forms or is associated with the cathode.
(1)
Note. The apparatus generally includes means for
generating and moving one or more cathode spots across the surface
of the coating source thereby vaporizing the coating material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus for utilizing electrolytic action for analysis
or testing where the testing device is claimed, per se.
(1)
Note. Combinations of electrochemical testing devices
with the systems in which they may be employed will be placed with
the combination class and cross-referenced here, if
necessary.
(2)
Note. This and the indented subclasses include reference
or testing electrodes, cells or half cells, either, per
se, or in nominal combination with a broadly recited test
circuit.
Compositions,
subclass 62.2 for the composition of electrolytes for electrical
condensers and recitifiers, some of which electrolytes
are useful for analysis and testing.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 323+ for the testing of underground formations by electrolytic
methods as, for example, the testing of an oil
well bore for water strata, and subclasses 425+ for
the subject matter of this subclass in combination with significant
electrical testing circuits.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 50+ for analytical chemical apparatus including means
for carrying out nonelectrochemical analysis and for apparatus for
carrying out a combined chemical and electrochemical procedure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus including means for detecting the nonoperative
condition of the electrochemical testing device or apparatus associated
with it.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus which includes means for restoring the function
of a spent or contaminated sensor part, or means for activating
an electrochemical sensor for the performance of a test.
through 403.05, for an electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus
for or including biological material, in which the apparatus
is disposable or has a removable section but does not have means
for regeneration or activation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus which includes a biological material or is
adapted to measure electrolytically some property of a biological
material (e.g., microbe, enzyme, antigen, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to include apparatus
used in an electrolytic measurement of a micro-organism, enzyme, antigen, or
antibody.
Surgery, for apparatus used in the inspection and treatment
of diseases of the bodies of humans and animals and is provided
with means for connection with the living body.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, especially
subclasses 777.5 and 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism and subclasses
779 and 792 for other electrolytic analysis or testing processes
of biological fluid or material.
Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State
Diodes), especially
subclass 253 for field effect transistors responsive to a nonoptical, nonelectrical
signal (e.g., ISFET, CHEMFET, etc.); and
subclasses 414-470 for other active solid-state devices
responsive to a nonelectrical signal (e.g., chemical, stress, light, or magnetic
field sensors, etc.).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 50 through 570,especially subclasses 82.01-82.04
for analytical chemical apparatus including means for carrying out nonelectro-chemical
analysis and for apparatus for carrying out a combined chemical
and electrochemical procedure.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for an apparatus for separately measuring or testing
an electrical or wave energy property, which property exists
in combination with a system wherein (a) a micro-organism
is cultured or present or (b) an enzyme functions
catalytically (e.g., a fermentor
in combination with a pH electrode, etc.).
Surgery, especially
subclasses 345 through 361,for electronanlysis apparatus used in the diagnostic
testing of the bodies of humans and animals and is provided with
means for connection with the living body.
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.01. Apparatus which is intended to be discarded after use or
is provided with a part or section designed to be detached and/or replaced
with another part or section (e.g., removable
cartridge, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.02. Apparatus having two or more distinguishable parts or regions
for conducting electrolytic testing or analysis.
(1)
Note. The apparatus in this subclass is usually designed
and intended to detect two or more different analytes.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme and a semipermeable membrane for blocking passage of macromolecules
but without being disposable or having a removable section.
through 403.12, for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme and a semipermeable membrane but not for blocking passage
of macromolecules and without being disposable or having a removable
section.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme but without being disposable or having a removable section
and without a semipermeable membrane.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 777.5 and 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.04. Apparatus having a membrane to separate some particles, molecules, or
species from others by allowing only some of the particles, molecules, or
species to pass through while others are retained at or stopped
from passing through the membrane.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the mere use of a perforated electrode.
through 403.13, for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
a semipermeable membrane but without being disposable or having
a removable section.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism and using a semipermeable
membrane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.01. Apparatus having a membrane to separate some particles, molecules, or
species from others by allowing only some of the particles, molecules, or
species to pass through while others are retained at or stopped
from passing through the membrane.
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for the mere use of a perforated electrode.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism and using a semipermeable
membrane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.06. Apparatus in which the membrane is used to prevent passage
of large molecules with a molecular weight greater than or equal to
8,000 (e.g., proteins, etc.).
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological
Testing,
subclass 71 for a nonelectrolytic chemical test for lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, or
lipoproteins and compositions used in the test.
through 403.12, for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme and a semipermeable membrane but not for blocking the
passage of macromolecules and without being disposable or having
a removable section.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme but without a semipermeable membrane and without being
disposable or having a removable section.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism and using a semipermeable
membrane.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
a semipermeable membrane for blocking the passage of macromolecules
and having an enzyme, but without being disposable or having
a removable section.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme but without being disposable or having a removable section
and without having a semipermeable membrane.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism and using a semipermeable
membrane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.11. Apparatus which includes (a) another different
enzyme (in addition to glucose oxidase) or (b) a
nonenzymatic catalyst (in addition to the enzyme glucose
oxidase) (e.g., bienzyme
or coenzyme system, glucose oxidase with Pt catalyst, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.06. Apparatus having an electrode with at least one dimension (e.g., thickness, diameter, etc.) which
is less than 500 microns (i.e., 0.5 mm).
(1)
Note. This small dimension is usually to allow placement
of a sensing means in a confined space.
for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme and a semipermeable membrane for blocking the passage
of macromolecules but without being disposable or having a removable
section.
through 403.12, for a similar electrolytic testing apparatus having
an enzyme and a semipermeable membrane but not for blocking the
passage of macromolecules and without being disposable or having
a removable section.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 777.5 and 778 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes
involving an enzyme or a micro-organism.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, for electrolytic analysis or testing processes; especially
subclass 780 for detection of halogen or a halogen containing compound
using an electrode containing precious metal or free carbon, subclass
786 for detection of oxygen or an oxygen containing compound using
an electrode containing precious metal or free carbon, and
subclass 794.5 for other electrolytic tests using an electrode
containing precious metal or free carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus for electrolytically testing the corrosion resistance
of materials or the effect of corrosive or corrosion inhibiting
materials.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclass 53 for apparatus for chemically investigating corrosion resistance
or power.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclass 50 for integrated analyzers which may include nominal electrode
structure in a titration device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which the measuring electrode is operable connected
to a claimed arrangement of electrical elements or is claimed as
connected to a computer.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for documents
which claim an electrochemical sensor in combination with a circuit
other than a mere recital of a current or potential measuring means, i.e., claim
language like "analysis means for measuring an electrical
potential developed" is not provided for here.
Data Processing: Generic Control Systems
or Specific Applications,
subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring systems
in combination with a data processing system or calculating computer
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which the electrical signal produced by the
measuring electrode is claimed as driving a device which produces
a visible or audible signal or an analytical device.
(1)
Note. This subclass is intended to provide for display
devices of claimed structure, i.e., with
indicating scales, particular arrangements of display lights, etc., and
is not intended to provide for a nominal display means.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for testing
an electrical property or condition even though the results of the
test may be used to indicate some other physical or chemical property
or condition.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclass 50 for analyzers or structured indicators for quantitative
or qualitative chemical analysis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus including means for compensating for the physical
or electrical effects of temperature or pressure on the apparatus.
(1)
Note. The compensation may be a separate measurement
of temperature or pressure which is used to produce a signal representing
the effect of temperature or pressure or may be in the physical design
of the measuring electrode or associated apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus which is designed to provide a particular flow-path
through or around an electrode surface or to promote a particular
type of flow over the electrode surface.
(1)
Note. This and the indented subclass are intended
to provide for apparatus in which the fluid to be analyzed flows
in a labyrinthine manner, or a series of treatment stations
or apparatus claimed or disclosed as providing a particular flow state
at the electrode surface, e.g., laminar
flow, turbulent flow, etc.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous
solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or
agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agendts, when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when
without using electrical or wave energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which a constituent of the fluid being treated
diffuses through a material which acts as a barrier to other constituents
of the fluid permitting only the selected constituent to contract
the electrode surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus which incorporates means which permit only desired
ionic species to participate in the electrochemical reaction in
a sensing electrode.
(1)
Note. Ion-sensitive membranes include: (a) compressed
bodies of inorganic salts; (b) monocrystals
of such salts; (c) fine powders of such
salts embedded in a resin or glass; (d) porous
bodies with an adsorbed solution of an ion-exchanger solution.
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Apparatus in which the ion-selective membrane is
organic.
(1)
Note. Organic compounds are compounds containing
carbon which are further characterized by the presence of two carbon
atoms bonded together or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom
of hydrogen or halogen or one atom of carbon bonded to one atom
of nitrogen by a single or double bond.
(2)
Note. Typically the patents herein include a resin
matrix plus an ion exchange material, e.g., an
organic metal salt, metal salt or metal ion, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Apparatus in which part of the sensor is designed to protect
the remainder from environmental damage and having served this function
is designed to decompose leaving the sensor element in contact with
the liquid sample.
(1)
Note. The subject matter of this subclass includes
a cap or plug of resinous or resin containing material which is melted
by the liquid sample.
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Apparatus in which a current is impressed on the sensor
by means other than interaction with the sample or reference material.
(1)
Note. The impressed current can be for the electrolytic
generation of a reference gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Apparatus having a solid electrolyte with electrode films
attached to the sides which are in turn in contact with a gas sample
and a reference gas.
(1)
Note. Oxygen sensor for control of air/fuel
ratio in internal combustion engines are included herein.
(2)
Note. The reference gas is usually provided by an
opening to admit atmospheric air.
This subclass is indented under subclass 427. Apparatus in which part of the sensor assembly to shield
the remainder from the deleterious chemical or physical effects
of the sample or atmospheric gas.
(1)
Note. The protective element is typically a screen
or perforate or slotted solid member but may also be an ablative
material.
(2)
Note. This subclass includes protective elements
for the sensor, e.g., caps for
the sensor end, as well as protective elements at the reference
end, e.g., filters in the reference
gas entryway, etc.
Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation,
subclass 44 for control of the humidity of an area and subclass 44
for use of an electrically conductive element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus which detects the presence quantity or identity
of a gas.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for trace gas detectors, detecting
for example, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide or hydrogen sulfide by means of a liquid electrolyte since
solid electrolytes are provided for above.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus for the measurement of the quality of carbon in
a fluid or for the measurement of the hydrogen ion content of a
fluid.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for apparatus for monitoring
the carbon content of liquid sodium reactor coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus including means for electrolytically applying
or removing a layer of material in the performance of a test or
analysis.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for anodic stripping
voltametric apparatus in which a minute amount of material is tested
for by electrochemically depositing and subsequently stripping a
material on an electrode.
(2)
Note. Further examples of the subject matter included
herein is apparatus for trace metal detection, coating
thickness determination, analytical electroplating and
test plating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus including means for producing a precise and reproducible
reference potential.
(1)
Note. As no attempt has been made to cross-reference
all apparatus in which a reference cell is present, if
such a cell is claimed in combination with features provided for
in a preceding subclass a search of that subclass is generally indicated.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter drawn to (a) processes involving (1) the
travel, transport, or relative movement of one
or more particles or components in a conducting liquid or fluent
material, other than a gas, under a net unidirectional electric
stress or (2) the movement of a liquid inside
the capillary spaces of a solid (e.g., membrane, etc.) under
the influence of an electric field or (b) electrolyte
compositions specialized for use in a process under (a) when
not provided for elsewhere.
(1)
Note. For the purpose of Class 204, "electrophoresis" is
restricted to situations where the liquid or fluent material is
electrically conductive and wherein there is at least one electrolytic
phenomenon (e.g., electrode
gas formation, etc.) inherently or otherwise
taking place simultaneously with electromigration of the particles
or components.
(2)
Note. In electrophoresis, the moved particles
or components usually are electrically charged.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 344 for processes of testing the change in refractive
index of a fluid in an electrophoresis cell and the apparatus therefor
and subclasses 128+ for refraction testing processes and
apparatus therefor.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension
settling, gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without using
electrical or wave energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process involving electromigration of particles or components
in a conducting liquid or fluent material inside a tube with an
inside diameter less than 1 mm.
(1)
Note. For classification in this subclass and the
subclasses indented hereunder, use of a "capillary" or
very small tube of undisclosed inside diameter is presumed to be
small enough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process which includes the use of a detection system recited
in more detail than mere nominal mention.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the mere use of plotters or other recording devices unless combined with
at least one detailed detector element or device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process in which material to be treated or tested is injected
into the capillary, usually by electro-osmotic
bulk flow.
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process which provides for adjustment or alteration of continuous
phase buffer liquid movement within the capillary.
(1)
Note. Reduction or reversal of electro-osmotic
bulk flow with respect to the direction of electrophoretic movement
of suspended particles or components is used to enhance separation
therebetween.
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process in which the inside of the capillary tube is filled
with a jellylike colloidal solution of liquid in a solid (usually
organic).
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the use of a capillary filled with an inorganic solid (e.g., silica
gel, etc.) which is not present as a
jellylike colloidal solution of a liquid in the inorganic solid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in which particles or components migrate in an electric
field within a continuous medium of a jellylike colloidal solution
of liquid in a solid (usually organic).
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for the use of a continuous medium
of an inorganic solid (e.g., silica gel, etc.) which
is not present as a jellylike colloidal solution of a liquid in
the inorganic solid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which involves (a) storing coded instructions
or other data which are used to regulate the process, (b) repetitively
regulating a sequence of process steps, or (c) regulating
the process according to preset timing sequences (e.g., limiting
various process steps to predetermined durations of time, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
includes any control which maintains an operating condition, predetermines
apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2)
Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
is not intended to provide for the mere use of alternating current (AC), per
se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 457. Process in which the electric field changes direction more
than 1000 times in rapid succession (more than one change
per second), usually using more than 2 electrodes
with synchronized timing of voltage spikes or peaks.
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process in which a differential pH gradient is established
in the medium to affect the migration of individual particles or
components based on their different isoelectric points (the different
pH values at which the net charge on each particle or component
is neutral).
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which includes analysis or the use of a detection
system recited in more detail than mere nominal mention.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the mere use of plotters or other recording devices unless combined with
at least one detailed detector element or device or when clearly
used in a process of analysis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Process in which the posttreatment involves removal of a
colored component, usually present as an undesired impurity
which masks the desired separation of components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Process in which one or more desired separated components
are transferred from the gel to an adjacent receiving medium (e.g., membrane, sorbent, another
gel, etc.).
(1)
Note. The transfer may be assisted by an external
force (e.g., hydraulic pressure, electric
field, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which is conducted to yield a separated product
in final form (e.g., ready for
analysis, etc.) using a single piece
of apparatus, usually precluding the need for subsequent
treatment or transfer of separated species.
(1)
Note. The preparative nature of gel electrophoresis
or an apparatus used therein must be specifically recited for placement
in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Process in which the slab is in an upright position or is
tipped up during use (e.g., vertical slab, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Subject matter drawn to (a) electrolyte
compositions or (b) processes of gel electrophoresis using
an electrolyte of specified composition.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the use of merely an "aqueous" buffer solution
electrolyte unless further detail of the electrolyte composition
is recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Subject matter drawn to (a) gel compositions (other
than simple agarose or polyacrylamide) or (b) processes
of gel electrophoresis using a gel of specified composition (other
than simple agarose or polyacrylamide).
(1)
Note. The gel may contain a combination of agarose
or polyacrylamide with another specified component but must not
be comprised of only agarose or polyacrylamide as the only specified components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter which includes one or more steps of gel manufacture
or preparation (e.g., molding, gelation, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process directed to the coating of a substrate or the formation
of an object by electrophoresis or electro-osmosis.
(1)
Note. Electrophoretic forming processes are defined
herein as an electrophoretic coating process wherein the coated
layer is subsequently removed from the coated substrate.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment
and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, especially
subclass 444 for a nonelectrolytic process of bleaching, dyeing, or
fluid treatment of textiles or fibers utilizing electric, magnetic, or
wave energy; or a product thereof.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses for certain bath compositions
used in electrophoretic coating procedures and the notes thereto
for the line between Class 106 and other classes providing for coating
compositions.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 67+ for electroforming and subclasses 80+ for
electrolytic coating.
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes, especially
subclasses 22+ for processes of shaping and treating provided
for in this class (264) without involving electrical
or wave energy to effect a chemical reaction, per se, and
without involving electrophoresis.
Coating Processes,
subclasses 457+ for coating processes utilizing electrical energy
to deposit particles out of a liquid by other than electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for coated products in general, especially
subclass 547 for a metallic stock material having metal particles and
a composition or density gradient or differential porosity.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product,
subclasses 32+ for a process of applying a coating of particles
from an insulating suspending liquid by applying an electric field
in combination with imagewise exposure to radiation, including
compositions used in and products produced by such a process; and
subclass 52 for "electrolysis imaging" or "photoconductography."
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which the coating or forming is regulated by
detecting a characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the
process and by implementing an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic
or a change in a characteristic of the process and to implement
an action in the process based upon the detected characteristic
or change therein. There must be a positive action made
by a control means because of the detected characteristic or change
therein.
for electrophoretic coating or forming of an object
involving regeneration or replenishment of the coating bath but without
control directly responsive to a sensed condition.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also the (3) Note
in the class definition of Class 73 for additional loci of other
measuring and testing processes and apparatus of different types.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to
determine electrical properties by electrical means even though
nonelectrical values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Process in which a detected temperature or a change in a
detected temperature is used to control the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process directed to the coating or formation of objects
with (a) a natural or synthetic elastic polymer
commonly known as rubber (e.g., caoutchouc, neoprene, etc.) or (b) a
gum which may be vulcanized (cross-linked) (e.g., by reaction
with sulphur at an elevated temperature, etc.) from
a tacky, plastic mixture to an elastic or rigid product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 475. Process directed to the coating or formation of sheets, webs, wire, or
filaments of indeterminate length.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material product
in the form of a composite or plural component web or sheet which
is not provided for elsewhere. See also Lines With Other Classes, in
Class 428.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which electromagnetic waves (e.g., ultraviolet
light, gamma rays, etc.) or
corpuscular radiation (e.g., stream
of alpha particles, electron beam, etc.) is
applied to the substrate or to a coated layer (e.g., for
curing, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process which includes purification or rejuvenation (e.g., using
ultrafiltration, ion exchange, etc.) or
concentration adjustment of the coating bath (e.g., measurement
followed by addition of concentrated reagent, etc.).
(1)
Note. The type of measurement followed by replenishment
for concentration adjustment which is provided for in this subclass
and the subclasses indented hereunder does not include any adjustment
which is controlled in direct response to a sensed condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process directed to the formation of an object.
(1)
Note. Electrophoretic forming processes are defined
herein as electrophoretic coating processes wherein the coated layer
is subsequently removed from the substrate, thus forming
an object.
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes, especially
subclasses 22+ for processes of shaping and treating provided
for in this class (264) without involving electrical
or wave energy to effect a chemical reaction, per se, and
without involving electrophoresis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process directed to the coating of a substrate with at least
two layers and wherein at least one of the layers is applied electrophoretically
or electro-osmotically.
(1)
Note. A single step coating process wherein a previously
coated object that is being coated (e.g., single
step coating of an electrostatically sprayed object, etc.) is
not considered to encompass plural coating operations for this subclass
or the subclasses indented hereunder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Process which employs at least one nonelectrophoretic coating
step (e.g., impregnation, electrostatic
spraying, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Process in which at least one of the coated layers is heated
to effect a desired change therein (e.g., curing, sintering, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process which specifically identifies a coating bath used
in the coating process as containing a designated chemical composition (DCC).
(1)
Note. A designated chemical composition is a composition
wherein at least one chemical atom is identified. For
a more comprehensive definition of designated chemical composition (including exceptions
and examples), see DEFINITION OF TERMS under the
main definition of this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Processes in which the bath composition is specifically
directed to use in anodic processes only (i.e., anionic
compositions).
(1)
Note. Processes involving compositions which are
suitable for both anodic and cathodic processes are excluded from this
subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in which either the substrate or the coating bath
is treated to prepare for the coating process.
(1)
Note. Placement in this subclass requires positive
recitation of one or more pretreatment steps and does not provide
for the mere use of a substrate or bath composition which was previously made
by an unrecited method.
(2)
Note. Pretreatment appropriate for this subclass
includes: coating of individual particles which are subsequently
electrophoretically coated onto a substrate, chemical reaction
to prepare a bath for electrophoresis, and prewetting of
a substrate to enhance bonding of an electrophoretic coating.
This subclass is not intended to provide for mere mixing of a coating
bath unless combined with clear recitation of a treatment to chemically
or otherwise alter the bath to promote subsequent coating of at
least a part thereof onto a substrate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in which the bath used for coating contains a white, black, or
colored material which imparts a shade or color to the bath or to
the resultant coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating processes using a bath having a DCC and containing a shading
or coloring agent, metal oxide, free metal, or
free carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in which the bath used for coating contains a surface
active agent (e.g., soap or
detergent, wetting or emulsifying agent, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in which the bath used for coating contains an organic
compound having a carboxyl group (C=O)-OH.
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in which the bath composition is specifically directed
to use in cathodic processes only (i.e., cationic
compositions).
(1)
Note. Processes involving compositions which are
suitable for both anodic and cathodic processes are excluded from this
subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Process in which the bath used for coating contains an oxirane
or any other compound with an -O- bridge attached
to two different carbon atoms which are also united in some other
way, either directly or indirectly (e.g., epoxy
resin, cyclic ether, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Process in which the bath used for coating contains an oxirane
or any other compound with an -O- bridge attached
to two different carbon atoms which are also united in some other
way, either directly or indirectly (e.g., epoxy
resin, cyclic ether, etc.).
for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing an epoxy or an epoxide combined
with heat treatment of the coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Process in which the bath used for coating also contains
a white, black, or colored material which imparts
a shade or color to the bath or to the resultant coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating processes using a bath having a DCC and containing a shading
or coloring agent, metal oxide, free metal, or
free carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Process in which the bath used for coating also contains
a separate compound or element intended to enhance crosslinking
or curing of the coating.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the
subclass indented hereunder, the presence of a separate
crosslinking or curing agent (i.e., not
chemically bound to a composition to be coated) must be positively
recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Process in which the bath used for coating contains a separate
compound or element intended to enhance crosslinking or curing of
the coating.
(1)
Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the
presence of a separate crosslinking or curing agent (i.e., not
chemically bound to a composition to be coated) must be positively
recited.
for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing both an epoxy or an epoxide
and a separate crosslinking or curing agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in which the bath used for coating contains a metal
oxide, free metal, free carbon, or a white, black, or
colored material which imparts a shade or color to the bath or resultant
coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which the coating is heated to effect a desired
change therein (e.g., firing, baking, sintering, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which the substrate is treated to prepare it
for coating (e.g., cleaning, wetting, etc.).
(1)
Note. Placement in this subclass requires positive
recitation of one or more pretreatment steps and does not provide
for the mere use of a substrate which was previously made or treated
by an unrecited method.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which a stream of liquid containing a composition
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating (e.g., of
suspended particles, etc.) is directed
onto the substrate during coating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in which the substrate is continuously transported
in, through, and out of the bath; with
an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating being applied
to the substrate while it is moving through the bath.
(1)
Note. The substrate does not need to be of indeterminate
length, provided that it is kept in motion through the
bath while being coated.
for electrical separation or purification of a liquid
hydrocarbon (including hydrocarbon oil) not involving electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 696 for electrolytic material treatment of hydrocarbon
oil.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension
settling, gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without using
electrical or wave energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process involving preparation, separation, or treatment
of a material containing silica or calcium (e.g., clay, earth, concrete, asbestos, glass, etc.).
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses for drying and gas or vapor contacting of
solids, in general, especially
subclass 1 for processes and apparatus involving the subjection
of solids to electrical energy; but not involving electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Process in which a barrier (e.g., membrane, filter
paper, etc.) is used to separate some
ions or particles from other ions or particles by allowing some
ions or particles to pass through the barrier while the others are
retained at or stopped from passing through the barrier.
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for the mere use of a perforated electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process in which the barrier distinguishes between ions
of different charges to effect separation.
(1)
Note. Methods which distinguish between ions having
different levels of positive or negative charge are included here
as well as those distinguishing between positive and negative charges.
(2)
Note. Use of ion exchange membranes to effect separation
is included in this group.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in which a barrier (e.g., membrane, filter
paper, etc.) is used to separate some
ions or particles from other ions or particles by allowing some
ions or particles to pass through the barrier while the others are
retained at or stopped from passing through the barrier.
(1)
Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for the mere use of a perforated electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in which the barrier separation is regulated by
detecting a characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the
process and by implementing an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein.
(1)
Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic
or a change in a characteristic of the process and to implement
an action in the process based upon the detected characteristic
or change therein. There must be a positive action made
by a control means because of the detected characteristic or change
therein.
Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for
measuring or testing, per se. See also the (3) Note
in the class definition of Class 73 for additional loci of other
measuring and testing processes and apparatus of different types.
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to
determine electrical properties by electrical means even though
nonelectrical values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in which the barrier distinguishes between ions
of different charges to effect separation.
(1)
Note. Methods which distinguish between ions having
different levels of positive or negative charge are included here
as well as those distinguishing between positive and negative charges.
(2)
Note. Use of permiselective membranes or ion exchange
materials to effect separation is included in this group.
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in which at least one membrane selectively passes
ions with a positive charge and at least one other membrane selectively
passes ions with a negative charge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process in which at least 3 anion and cation selective membranes
are employed in an alternating sequential array (e.g., 2
anion selective membranes separated by a cation selective membrane, etc.).
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation combined with the use of ion exchange material, but
not using both anion and cation selective membranes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in which action is taken to prevent accumulation
of scale or fouling substances on a membrane or other internal components
of a chamber used during separation.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
mere recycling of process fluid unless specifically recited to prevent
scale buildup or fouling of a membrane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in which biological material is prepared, recovered, or
treated (e.g., urine, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for electro-osmotic
barrier separation involving preparation, recovery, or
treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon
dioxide, etc.) which may be metabolized
or may be the result of a metabolic process unless the fluid is
specifically disclosed in connection with a metabolic or biological
process or organism.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Processes, Composition, or
Product Thereof, especially
subclasses 398+ for regeneration of image processing compositions (e.g., regeneration
of photographic solutions, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in which an acid is intentionally prepared, recovered, or
treated.
(1)
Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
the mere use of an acid unless it is also intentionally separated by
electrophoresis or electro-osmosis using alternating anion
and cation selective membranes.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation which also uses a nonion selective
membrane, but does not employ both anion and cation selective
membranes.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation using alternating anion and cation
selective membranes combined with the use of ion exchange material.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation combined with the use of ion exchange material, but
without using both anion and cation selective membranes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process in which a membrane having anionic properties on
one side and cationic properties on the other is used in combination
with both anion and cation selective membranes.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation using a bipolar membrane, but
not using both anion and cation selective membranes.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation which uses a nonion selective membrane, but
also employs both anion and cation selective membranes.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation using alternating anion and cation
selective membranes combined with the use of ion exchange material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in which a membrane having anionic properties on
one side and cationic properties on the other is used.
for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation using a bipolar membrane combined with both
anion and cation selective membranes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in which biological material is prepared, recovered, or
treated (e.g., urine, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for electro-osmotic
barrier separation involving preparation, recovery, or
treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon
dioxide, etc.) which may be metabolized
or may be the result of a metabolic process unless the fluid is
specifically disclosed in connection with a metabolic or biological
process or organism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process which is combined with a separation which employs
neither an electrical force (or stress) nor a
separation barrier.
(1)
Note. The combined diverse separations may be conducted
simultaneously.
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in which biological material is prepared, recovered, or
treated (e.g., urine, etc.).
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for electro-osmotic
barrier separation involving preparation, recovery, or
treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon
dioxide, etc.) which may be metabolized
or may be the result of a metabolic process unless the fluid is
specifically disclosed in connection with a metabolic or biological
process or organism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in which a material is separated by electrophoresis
or electro-osmosis combined with a nonelectrical field
or force (e.g., magnetic, centrifugal, etc.).
(1)
Note. The two combined separations may be conducted
simultaneously.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in which a separation by the differential migration
of ions or particles takes place on a sheet or strip of absorbent
material (e.g., using cellulose
acetate, paper strip, etc.).
(1)
Note. Use of the term "paper" broadly
in a method of this type is considered proper for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in which a differential pH gradient is established
in the medium to affect the migration of individual particles or
components based on their different isoelectric points (the different
pH values at which the net charge on each particle or component
is neutral).
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process which involves different ion or particle mobilities (e.g., ions
or particles having the same charge and given the same initial velocity are
separated based on their differing net mobilities, etc.) or
which merely involves measuring of ion or particle mobility.
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