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CLASS 164,	METAL FOUNDING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for:

1. METAL* CASTING - Process and/or apparatus for shaping of fluid metallic material.

2. MOLD MAKING - Process and/or apparatus, per se, for shaping of fluent material to produce a forming surface to carry out in METAL* CASTING, supra.

3. PATTERN MAKING - Process and/or apparatus for shaping a fluent material to produce a form or pattern to be used in MOLD MAKING, supra.

4. PRODUCT TREATING - Process and/or apparatus for treating, mixing, or mechanically working the metallic material while molding or while the metallic material is in a mold, i.e., while carrying out an operation of METAL* CASTING, supra.

5. OTHER - Process and/or apparatus not elsewhere provided for to perfect or effect METAL*CASTING or MOLD MAKING, supra.

*Throughout this class, the term "metal" is to include pure metal, metal alloys and inter-metallic compounds.

AMPLIFIED STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER.

This class in general provides for the foundry operations including from those of making the molds and patterns to those of casting a final metal product. These operations, particularly that of casting the metal, do not have to be limited to a foundry operation in the locational sense; but may be performed in any physical location, e.g., cast-welding rail ends in the field.

The metal casting of this class involves the shaping of a free flowing liquid metal and as such is distinguished from other forms of metal deformation such as metal bending, forging, billet extrustion, etc., where the metal is never free flowing. Also a shaping surface is required for placement in the class. For example, forming metal by a shot tower will be found elsewhere. The shaping surface, though, may remain as part of the final product. (See References to Other Classes, below).

The mold making procedures provided for in this class are generally of the sand shaping type although any fluent material is included such as metal, plaster of paris, ceramic materials and synthetic plastics. There molds so formed are limited to use in metal casting operations and are not of general utility. Making molds by shaping of solid materials are found in the particular shaping classes except where the operation is combined with a subsequent metal casting step; in such a case, the operation is provided for in this class.

The pattern making procedures provided for in this class are those of shaping a fluent material such as wax and other plastic materials. Shaping a pattern from solid material such as by cutting from wood are provided for in this class only when followed by a further foundry operation such as forming a sand mold by using the pattern.

The metal product treating operations provided for in this class are those that are performed in conjunction with a metal casting operation. Alloying of metals while pouring the metal into a mold or while the metal is in a mold is provided for in this class. Any reshaping of the metal while in the mold such as cutting, or solid deforming are provided for in this class. Also, particularly in the case of a continuously casting operation, the rolling or bending of the continuously cast product (where the casting is also claimed) is provided for herein if some of the contiguous product is still in the mold.

Other miscellaneous adjuncts which are used to perfect a foundry operation are provided for in this class if there is not a specific class which provides for the subject matter. The main items of this type are flasks, mold jackets, strippers, and core supporting devices, e.g., chaplets. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

A. MOLDING PROCESS AND APPARATUS CLASSES

1. Molds Without Structure.

A mold recited only by composition with no structure recited will go to the appropriate composition class. See References to Other Classes, below.

Patents wherein all the claims are limited to a mold mentioned by name only with no structure recited and defined only in terms of the composition of individual layers are classified in the appropriate composite layer class. (See References to Other Classes, below.)

2. Metal

Class 249 provides for molds of a static character for metal shaping. Generally any mold having a dynamic feature of the feature of the following list is included in this class (164):

(a) A mold combined with means or pressing molding material within the mold.

(b) A mold combined with a cover having projections penetrating into the fluent hardenable material upon movement of the cover to its operative position.

(c) A mold combined with means for moving the mold from one side to another.

(d) A mold formed of separable and unconnected parts combined with means to individually handle each part for assembly.

(e) A mold provided with a core or ejector combined with a machine-type means for actuating the core or ejector.

(f) A mold combined with means to position the work relative to the mold and which means functions to release the work to permit it to fall in the mold.

(g) A mold or core combined with means for creating differential pressure within the mold or core for dynamically shaping a molding material.

(h) A mold combined with means for feeding material thereto, except that a mold with an integral funnel element or a mold so modified to provide structure especially designed for supporting a feeding means, is classified in Class 249.

(i) A mold and means to vibrate the mold.

(j) A segmented female mold or core, e.g., tunnel type, etc., and power means, i.e., motor to move the segments to inoperative or operative position.

(k) Continuous or semi-continuous forming apparatus.

Also, Class 249 provides for all static molds for metal shaping except for molds made of sand or a similar particulate material which is found in this class (164). See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for a subclass reference for mold made of sand or a similar particulate material. A mold which by claim or disclosure can be either sand or metal will be found in Class 249. Combinations of sand and metal molds or cores are provided for in this class (164) as are sand (only) mold adjuncts (such as a metal chill).

Classes 264 and 425 provide for processes and apparatus respectively for metal shaping by liquid or melt comminuting. In this operation no mold is employed by the particles are shaped by the cohesive nature of the material, e.g., solidifying of a molten metal to a round ball while in free fall.

Molding processes and apparatus for metal powders are found in Class 419 (processes with sintering), Class 264 (compacting processes), and Class 425 (particle compositioning apparatus). In these powder metallurgical operations, the particles retain their identity as particles in the product. If they were completely fused, such operations would be provided for in this class (164).

Processes and apparatus for deforming metal are provided for elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)

Processes and apparatus for casting metal to form either single type or type-bars that are adapted to be set up as a printing form are provided for elsewhere. This class (164) provides for processes and apparatus for casting stereotype plates. (See References to Other Classes, below)

Processes of casting and molding material wherein a semiconductor junction device or material is produced by claim or disclosure are provided for elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below).

3. Nonmetallic Materials

Class 249, Static Molds, provides for static molds for the general process of molding nonmetallic materials of Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, while Class 425, provides for the dynamic molding apparatus. A claim or, if not claimed, a disclosure of molding either metals or nonmetals will be classified in the nonmetallic class. A combination of a nonmetallic operation followed by an operation of this class (164) will be found in this class (164). An operation of this class (164) followed by an operation of a nonmetallic shaping class will be found in the nonmetallic shaping class, i.e., Classes 264 and 425.

Class 65 provides generally for processes of molding glass. A patent disclosing working of named materials for this class (164) and Class 65 is classified in this class (164) unless the only species claimed is glass or the only specific example relates to glass in which case the patent is classified in Class 65. Combined processes including metal casting and glass working and/or treating are classified in this class (164).

B. COMPOSITION CLASSES

For placement of patents reciting a mold by name only see Molding Process and Apparatus Classes, Molds Without Structure, above.

1. Metallic

Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, provides for a process of refining combined with a Class 164 process (significant or nominal). Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, provides for a process of alloying followed by casting where the alloying or refining step is either (1) prior to or (2) subsequent to the casting operation, i.e., removed from mold. This class (164) provides for apparatus for alloying or refining combined with casting apparatus where the alloying or refining is performed prior to or during casting. The term metal is utilized throughout the class to encompass free metal alloy or intermetallic compound as designated in Classes 75 and 420.

The order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them is as follows:

1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.

2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions for treatment of solid metal.

3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+, gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal or charges, and subclass 302, welding rod defined by composition.

4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated metal powder compositions and subclasses 255+, loose metal particulate mixtures.

5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, claimed as products.

6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287, and 500-714, in class schedule order, providing for certain processes of treating solid or semi-solid metal by modifying or maintaining internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal, processes of reactive coating of metal or processes of chemical-heat removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However, if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved, there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described in the Class 148 class definition.

7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+ barrier layer stock material and subclasses 400+, stock.

8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclassses 331+, processes of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal and subclasses 343+, processes of producing purifying alloys in powder form.

9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67, processes of making alloys by electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes.

10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of manufacture.

11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes of making metal and processes of treating liquid metals and liquid alloys and consolidating metalliferous material.

12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.

13. Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.

14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes of operating metallurgical apparatus.

This list is not complete and may be added to as the proper relationship of other areas is determined.

2. Nonmetallic

This class (164) provides for a process of shaping, per se, of a mold, pattern or core device which is to be utilized in a metal casting operation, where there are significant shaping steps recited. The line with the various chemical composition classes and this class (164) is the same generally as that set forth in Class 264, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Chemical Composition Classes. Clarification as to some of the technology peculiar to this class and any departures from the line set forth in Class 264 will be set forth below.

These lines are generally applicable where there is a mixing or blending of the mold, pattern or core composition recited to take place prior to the mold-step or a chemical reaction during the molding step. Where there is no claimed disclosure as to a chemical reaction, mixing or blending the patent is classified in this class even when only nominal shaping is recited.

Unless otherwise provided for, the recitation in a claim of a significant molding or shaping step will bring a patent to this class. Significant molding operations include named shaping by compaction, centrifugal force, spraying or slinging material against a shaping surface, or extruding of mold materials to form a shaping surface, and combinations of two or more broad molding or shaping steps and other combinations as set forth in Class 264.

Patents reciting physical or mechanical treatment subsequent to a broad molding step, e.g., shaping or molding broadly plus cutting or removing of excess mold material or heating subsequent to removal of a shaped article from forming surface to complete the cure will be placed in this class. Mere stripping alone or nominal return to ambient temperature is not considered to be an after treatment or a subsequent treatment within the scope outlined above.

C. COMPOSITE ARTICLE FORMING CLASSES

1. Coating

The distinction between coating a metal onto a base for Class 118 or Class 427 and casting a metal onto the base for this class is predicated upon the presence of confining means for the molten metal as it solidifies on the base. If the melt is confined in all directions on the base against the force of gravity it is considered a process or apparatus appropriate for this class. The confining means may be structural dams, previously solidified casting material, or part of the base itself.

Also, if a metal layer is formed in a mold and another layer coated on the initial layer while it is still in a mold the operation is considered molding of plural layers for this class rather than coating since the operation takes place in a mold.

2. Fusion Bonding

This class (164) provides for a process and apparatus for joining two or more preforms or portions of the same preform, where (a) a removable mold member is used and (b) the molten metallic material is confined in all directions against the force of gravity (hole filling is considered a joining of portions). Fusion bonding therefor, not meeting the above limitation, is classified elsewhere. Processes and apparatus for bonding or welding by means of electric heating are also provided for elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)

SEARCH NOTES

Only a limited amount of cross-referencing and cross-noting has been done between process and apparatus subclasses where the subject matter provides for is of comparable scope. One is cautioned therefore, to utilize both the process and apparatus sections of the schedule when determining fields of search.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ADDITION AGENT

In founding, any material, including principal alloying constituents, densifiers, fluidizers, graphitizers, grain size controllers, etc., added to the molten metal to produce specific effects in the solid metal.

CAPPING

Intentionally stopping the rimming action in steel after completion of teeming.

CARBURIZING (Carbonizing)

Introducing carbon into ferrometals by heating above the transformation temperature range while in contact with carbonaceous material that may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.

CASTING

The formation of an article by pouring or forcing molten metal into a mold or die and permitting it to solidify.

CHAPLET

A device for holding a core in place.

CHEEK

The intermediate part of a flask or mold that has more than two parts.

CHILL

A piece of metal applied to the casting to hasten the solidification in that area.

CONTINUOUS CASTING

Process of forming a product of indeterminate length wherein a portion of the product is removed from a forming mold or surface as a further contiguous portion is cast.

CONTINUOUS CASTING STRAND

Semi-solidified product of a continuous casting process or apparatus comprising a generally molten center contained within a cooler solidified shell.

COPE

The upper or topmost section of a flask, mold, or pattern.

CORE

A separable part of a mold that is used to create openings and various shaped cavities in the casting.

CORE BOX

A box or container in which foundry cores are made.

CORE PRINT

A special projection on a pattern for forming impressions or core seats in the mold into which the core itself is inserted. Also refers to the projection on the core itself which fits into the core seat.

DRAFT

The taper that is provided on otherwise verticle faces of a pattern to facilitate its removal from the sand mold.

DRAG

The lower or bottom section of a flask, mold, or pattern. Also referred to as nowel.

DRAW BAR

A bar used for lifting the pattern from the sand of the mold.

DROSS

The scum that forms on the surface of molten metals.

FLASH

A thin film of metal formed on a casting where the metal has flowed between mating parts of the mold.

FLASK

A box, usually of metal or wood, used to hold sand in which a mold is formed.

FLUX

(1) A substance that, by chemical action, promotes fusion of a solid material.

(2) A material capable of forming with gangue or other earthy matter, a liquid melt having the fusibility and chemical characteristics suitable to a specific furnace process. Also, protective flux to retard undesirable reactions.

GAGGER

A piece of metal used to support sand in deep pockets of sand molds.

GATE

The end of the runner where the molten metal enters the mold.

HOT-TOP

An insulated portion of a mold that retains metal molten in that area so that it can feed into the mold and alleviate shrinkage voids.

INCLUSIONS

Particles of dirt, slag or other impurities occurring in metals that were mechanically entrapped during solidification.

INGOT

An open-mold casting that is intended for remelting and recasting or reworking to form finished products. Also referred to as billet.

INGOT MOLD

A heavy mold, usually of cast iron, into which molten metal is teemed, as in the casting of ingots.

INVESTMENT PATTERN

A pattern of a material having a low melting point for use in processes employing special techniques such as precision casting where pattern withdrawal would be difficult.

MATCH PLATE PATTERN

A pattern plate with several patterns secured thereto or a plate having matching pattern portions mounted on opposite sides.

MELT

Metal that has been melted in preparation for casting.

NOWEL

See Drag.

PATTERN

A replica of an object to be cast and around which the mold is constructed.

PATTERN PLATE

A board to which patterns are to be attached and which extends substantially over the flask opening.

PIPE

A cavity formed in metal during the solidification of the last portion of liquid metal, causing by contraction.

PREFORMED PRODUCT PART

A self-sustaining body which is to be incorporated in the final product as a distinct part of the same (e.g., insert, etc.).

RAMMING

The operation of compacting sand into a sand mold and around a pattern.

RISER

A reservoir of molten metal provided for feeding into a casting as the metal in the mold solidifies thus preventing voids.

SAND MOLD

A mold made of sand and used for the making of sand castings. A green sand mold is a mold used as made without any drying operations and contains the original moisture of the mix.

SAND TEMPERING

Adding moisture to molding sand to make it workable.

SCAVENGER

A chemically active material added to molten metal to remove oxides, gases, or other impurities.

SEGREGATION

The occurrence of impurities, inclusions, and alloying constituents in nonuniform distribution.

SHELL MOLDING

A casting process utilizing a thin shell composed of resin-bonded sand for the cope and drag section of the mold.

SINGLE CRYSTAL

A metallic mass that consists of a single crystallographic grain instead of the usual polycrystalline material.

SLAG

The nonmetallic product of refining metal ores which results from the reaction of the flux with gangue.

SPRUE

Gates and risers of a mold assembly; the hole through which molten metal enters the mold; also, the waste portion attached to the product.

STOOL

The separable base of an ingot mold. The base provides a surface onto which the mold is placed, and also serves as the bottom of the mold.

SWEEP

A small section of a regular pattern which is generally rotated in sand to provide the whole mold cavity.

TEEMING

Pouring metal into a mold.

VENT

Small opening in a mold to allow trapped air to escape.

SUBCLASSES

1	PROCESS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Methods. (1) Note. Many of these subclasses have corresponding apparatus subclasses, therefore, a complete search may involve apparatus subclasses, which subclasses start at subclass 139 and continue to end of the class.

2	Printing plate (e.g., stereotype, etc.) forming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Process directed to forming a surface capable of conveying intelligence or a design by reproducing in printed form. (1) Note. Included herein is the combination of forming the mat or matrix and casting of metal thereagainst to form a plate. (2) Note. The step of applying a backup member to a preformed printing plate is not considered forming a printing plate to be incorporated herein. This operation is found in the composite article forming area, i.e., subclasses 91+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91+, for processes of producing composite printing plates by casting backup metal to a preformed printing surface. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 21 for processes of finishing (cutting, grooving, etc.) stereotype plates. 199,  Type Casting,   appropriate subclasses for processes of casting elements or bars of a printing form. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 69 for processes of electroforming printing plates. 249,  Static Molds,   for static stereotype molds, particularly subclass 138 for pivotable type stereotype molds. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 309 for a planing operation performed on a concave surface such as a stereotype plate.

3	Utilizing pressure application:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.  Process wherein a dynamic pressure, e.g., vacuum, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc., is directly applied to a molten metal to shape the same. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 61+, for processes of vacuum forming. 113+, for pressure casting of articles in general.

4.1	With measuring, testing, inspecting, or condition determination:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Process which includes the step of visually, audibly, or chemically testing, sampling, or inspecting, or otherwise physically or mechanically determining some variable condition in a cast article, molding material, mold structure, or casting surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 150.1+, for metal casting apparatus provided with inspection means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 407.01+ for processes of testing or indicating in a mechanical manufacturing operation. 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 29.1+ and 29.12+ for processes of testing, inspecting, measuring, or condition determination in a glass forming or molding operation. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   appropriate subclasses for measuring or testing operations, per se. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 40.1 for processes of measuring, testing or inspecting in a plastic molding operation. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of electrical measuring and testing. 374,  Thermal Measuring and Testing,   appropriate subclasses for measuring or testing of a thermal quantity, per se. 436,  Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for processes of chemical testing.

5	Including recycling of process material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Process in which excess material in the form of flash, trim, rejected products or used mold materials resulting from an intermittent or continuous process or treating materials therefor, are recycled or reused in the molding operation with or without purification, reclamation or separation of the desired constituents from contaminants. (1) Note. To be placed herein, a patent must recite a recycling of material employed previously in the mold making or casting process. (2) Note. The use of scrap or worn materials employed in commerce are not considered to involve a recycling step. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 92.1, for processes of repairing or restoring articles for use. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 37.1+ for processes of recycling of reclaimed or purified process material utilized in a nonmetallic molding operation.

6	Shaping a forming surface (e.g., mold making, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Process which includes the step of producing by shaping (1) a mold, pattern or core device either as a, per se, operation by a method within the definition of this class or (2) in combination with a step of employing said mold or core device in the production of a cast product by a process classifiable in this class in which latter instance the mold or core device may be formed by methods provided elsewhere. (1) Note. Also included herein is the shaping of a mold to be used in nonmetal molding of fluent or flowable materials if such shaping is performed on fluent metallic material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 138, for casting processes employing particular shaping surface material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 38.2+ for particular mold compositions. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 329+ for a method of wood shaping. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 70 for processes of electroforming dies. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 219+ for processes of mold forming including sand molds for nonmetallic shaping.

7.1	Utilizing a vacuum during shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process in which a less than ambient pressure is employed. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 61+, for processes of utilizing a vacuum in shaping metallic material. 160.1+, for casting apparatus provided with means to shape a forming surface in the form of a shielding film.

7.2	To apply consumable shielding film to shaping surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Process wherein an impervious consumable membrane is adhered onto a particulate shaping surface by a vacuum. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 160.2, for casting apparatus provided with means to apply film or suction directly to mold material with a shielding film.

8	Utilizing a frozen mercury pattern:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process wherein a destructible pattern formed of frozen mercury is utilized in the shaping operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 34+, for processes of employing destructible patterns in general.

9	Final product part or material, utilized in forming or included in shaping member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process directed to (1) shaping the forming surface utilizing the material which is to be ultimately cast as the pattern or preform member, or (2) shaping the forming surface wherein a preform member which is to be integrated in the material to be cast as a final product is embedded in the mold material during the shaping or forming thereof. (1) Note. The product part in (2) above to be included herein must be one which is individually handled. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 23+, for a process of forming a composite plural part or multi-layered mold. 91+, for, per se, processes of embedding a preform member in the cast metal. 231, for core shaping apparatus with means for positioning a preform part which is to be incorporated in the final cast product. 236, for a pattern member with means for holding a preform part which is to be incorporated in the final cast product. 332+, for apparatus for shaping metallic material including means to position a preform part.

10	Utilizing plural preform bodies:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.  Process wherein plural preform bodies, i.e., final product part or material, are utilized in forming or included in the shaping member. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 108, for process of uniting plural preforms.

11	Preform body embedded in or held by core member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Process wherein the final product parts or materials are embedded in or held by a core member of the mold structure.

12	Setting or hardening shaping surface by igniting mold surface or by utilizing a forced gaseous medium:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process directed to fixing or hardening a formed shaping surface by (1) igniting and burning the mold surface prior to pouring the casting or (2) by forcibly directing an inert gaseous medium against the shaping surface. (1) Note. The gaseous hardening agent to be included herein cannot chemically react with the mold materials. (2) Note. The gaseous hardening agent must be under a positive pressure application to be included herein. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 16, for process of hardening a shaping surface by treating with a chemically reactive gas.

13	Shaping plate type pattern:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process directed to shaping pattern which is or is intended to be attached to a pattern, board or plate. (1) Note. Generally the plate or board upon which the pattern is attached or an integral part thereof substantially covers the open portion of a flask member.

14	With subsequent coating of casting surface with cast product treating or release material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process directed to shaping a forming surface combined with the step of coating the so formed surface with a treating material for perfecting a subsequent casting operation. (1) Note. The primary function of the coating provided for herein is for treating the casting surface to perfect the casting operation, e.g., release agent or lubricant to allow easy withdrawal of cast product, fluxing or wetting agent. If the main purpose of the coating is to retain or shape the work during the casting operation and not merely to perfect the casting operation then the operation will be found in subclasses 23+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 23+, for process of forming composite plural part or multi-layered mold and especially subclass 33 wherein a mold surface is lined with mold material which functions to shape or retain the molten material during the casting operation. 55.1+, for process of lining or coating a casting surface with a material which is to be alloyed with the molten casting material. 66.1+, for process of coating a casting surface with a material which produces an inert or reducing gaseous atmosphere upon teeming of the metal. 72+, for process of coating-treating a casting surface combined with casting. 91+, for process of lining a casting surface with a material which forms a composite layer or coating with the cast material. 138, for casting processes employing a particular mold coating. 473, for continuous casting processes incorporating an addition or agent in a melt system. 475, for continuous casting processes including an inert or reducing gas atmosphere step. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 38.22+ for compositions for coating and lining molds. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 133+ for processes of mold coating, per se.

15	Shaping fluent material to form mold:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.  Process directed to shaping from a fluent material the forming surface which confines and controls the ultimate desired shape of the molten metal that is to be formed therein.

16	Chemically reactive gas hardening of forming material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Process directed to perfecting the hardening of the forming surface of a mold structure by contacting the surface with a gaseous medium which is chemically reactive with the mold material.

17	Shaping forming surface by mechanically removing material therefrom or subdividing forming surface to provide plural parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Process directed to mechanically removing material from the surface of a shaped mold structure. (1) Note. Included herein is the step of mechanically sub-dividing the mold structure, i.e., dividing a mold structure into component parts. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 161+, for apparatus for cutting the final mold as well as for cutting or sweeping to form the mold.

18	Forming discrete molds sequentially:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Process directed to successively shaping a plurality of molds. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 167+, for apparatus for shaping sequential molds combined with casting means.

19	By spraying or slinging material against shaping surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Process directed to applying the mold material, either in bulk, droplet (mist) or particulate form, by propelling the material through space under dynamic pressure against the shaping surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 46, for process of spraying liquid metallic material against a shaping surface to form a cast product.

20	Particulate solid material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.  Process directed to applying the solid mold material in particulate form to the shaping surface.

21	Resin containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20.  Process wherein the particulate mold material that is sprayed against the shaping surface contains a resin material. (1) Note. This subclass generally includes shell type molding processes where the resin material functions as a binder. (2) Note. See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for a resin or composition containing a resin. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 165+, for shell molding apparatus. 526+, for processes of utilizing resin containing mold materials generally.

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