Class Definition for Class 81

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CLASS 81,	TOOLS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

In this class are tools which are not structurally limited to any classified art.

This class is limited to hand tools, except in the subclasses noted in Subclass References to the Current Class, below.

SECTION II - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.1,	through 3.33, 9.1, 9.51, 15.2, 17+, 52.3+, 52.4+, 54+, for subclasses in which the subject matter is not limited to hand tools.

SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 700+ for a hand tool for assembling or disassembling parts and meeting the criteria specified in the subclass 700 definition.
30,	Cutlery, subclasses 92+ for pipe and rod cutters.
72,	Metal Deforming, subclasses 409+ for a plier-type bending tool, and subclasses 462+ for a metal deforming tool, per se, not elsewhere classifiable. If assembly is involved, as in crimping a sleeve on a wire, see Class 29, Metal Working, subclass 700.
140,	Wireworking, subclasses 93.2+ for a tool for tightening a wire or band around a stack of items and applying or forming a fastener or seal to a wire or band.
166,	Wells, subclasses 55+ for apparatus for cutting and perforating well tubing in situ.
173,	Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclass for subject matter directed to driving or impacting a tool, when such subject matter includes combined features peculiar to tool driving, but which does not include features limiting the subject matter to a specific tool art, such as specific shape of the work contacting portion of a tool, related tools, or an opposed work support. Only subclasses 52.3+ of Class 81 has been cleared as to subject.
254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, appropriate subclasses for a tool which includes a force multiplier or energy transducer to apply the pushing or pulling force. Pliers, clamps, or other hand grippers by which force is applied directly by the hand are classified in Class 81.
269,	Work Holders, subclasses 3+ for patents to an operator supported work holder. Class 269 is the residual locus for patents to a device for clamping, supporting and/or holding an article (or articles) in position to be operated on or treated.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, appropriate subclasses for a hand-held holder for the transportation or mere handling of an article.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 2]

COMBINED WRENCHES AND PUMPS OR OILERS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Wrenches combined with pumps or oilers or with both.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

222,	Dispensing, for dispensers, per se.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.05]

3.05

SHELL, PROJECTILE, OR WAD EXTRACTORS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices for extracting a shell, projectile or wad from a gun barrel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.1,	to 3.49, inclusive, and subclass 302 for other tools capable of similar work.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 700+ for pin inserters and removers.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 86.4+ .

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.07]

3.07

RECEPTACLE CLOSURE REMOVER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tools for removing closures from receptacles, and adjunct to such removers not provided for elsewhere.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 700+ for pin inserters and removers; and see subclass 808 for pinpoint extractors and inserters.
30,	Cutlery, subclass 1.5 for a necked receptacle seal cutter; and subclasses 2 and 400+ for a carton or can opener.
53,	Package Making, subclasses 381.1+ for a packaging apparatus having a receptacle opener or flap manipulator.
76,	Metal Tools and Implements, Making, subclasses 101.1+ for blanks and processes for making receptacle closure remover.
86,	Ammunition and Explosive-Charge Making, subclasses 37 and 38 for devices for removing primers from cartridges.
164,	Metal Founding, subclasses 213+ for apparatus including pattern removing means and subclasses 401+ for strippers or ejectors.
222,	Dispensing, subclasses 81+ for dispensing devices, including cutter or punch type receptacle opening means.
254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, appropriate subclasses for pulling and prying devices of general application.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, particularly subclasses 12 , 27, 61, and 86+.

3.08	Having discrete retainer or receptacle for removed closure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Receptacle closure remover wherein a container or other means is provided which is distinct from the closure engaging and removing portion and which is adapted to receive and retain the closure after it has been removed from the receptacle.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.09]

3.09

Combined or plural:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Tool comprising either (1) a receptacle closure remover combined with some other device which is used independently of the remover, the combination of which is not provided for in another class, or (2) a plurality of receptacle closure removers.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 151+ for a receptacle closure remover combined with another type tool.
53,	Package Making, subclasses 287+ for apparatus to apply closures to filled receptacles, and subclasses 381.1+ for receptacle opening, and see the Notes thereto for the line.
86,	Ammunition and Explosive-Charge Making, subclasses 28 and 37+ for similar devices used in ammunition loading.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.15]

3.15

Attached to receptacle or closure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.09. Receptacle closure remover which is connected to or combined with the receptacle or the closure.

(1) Note. The receptacle classes (see Search Notes below) take the claimed combination of a receptacle or receptacle closure with a means for removing a closure from that receptacle. This class take receptacle closure removers, per se, capable of repeated use and particularly in this subclass, combinations of a first receptacle with closure removal structure mounted thereon and operative only for removing closures from other receptacles where no more structure of the first receptacle is recited than is required to constitute or mount the closure remover.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

215,	Bottles and Jars, subclasses 225 and 295+ for a bottle or jar closure having means to remove or facilitate removal of that closure or another closure on the same bottle or jar.
220,	Receptacles, subclasses 260+ for closures which include opening arrangements.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.2]

3.2

Power-, vacuum-, or fluid pressure-operated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Receptacle closure removers which are (1) power-driven or (2) actuated by vacuum or fluid pressure means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

53,	Package Making, subclass 381 for machines which position closed receptacles and remove or shift the receptacle closure.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.25]

3.25

Wall or surface mounted or supported:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Receptacle closure remover which is mounted upon a wall or other supporting surface.

(1) Note. Receptacle closure removers peculiarly designed so as to require mounting for proper operation have been placed in this subclass or indented subclasses even though not claimed as wall or surface mounted.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.1,	for wall mounted devices including means to receive the receptacle closure.
3.2,	for power driven and/or vacuum or fluid pressure actuated receptacle removers.

3.27	Lever or prying type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Receptacle closure remover comprising either (1) a rigid element which transmit a force applied at a first point along its length to a second point along its length by pivoting about a third point, whereby the closure or its fastener is forced away from the receptacle, or (2) a portion adapted to engage a closure or its fastener and force it away from the receptacle by a twisting or prying action.

3.29	For engaging receptacle about closure (e.g., socket type):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.36. Remover wherein the receptacle engaging means is applied over the closure to engage the receptacle circumferentially about the closure.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.31]

3.31

With receptacle supporting or grasping means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Removers combined with means to support and/or grasp the receptacle.

(1) Note. Removers having structure which engages the receptacle during removal of the closure but does not support or grasp the receptacle are excluded.

(2) Note. This subclass and the indented subclass include receptacle holding or grasping means, per se, as well as in combination with closure engaging means.

(3) Note. For can openers having receptacle supports, see Class 30, Cutlery, subclasses 436, 447 and 448.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

269,	Work Holders, appropriate subclasses. Class 269 is the residual locus for patents to a device for clamping, supporting and/or holding an article (or articles) in position to be operated on or treated. See notes thereunder for other related loci.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.32]

3.32

With bottom support:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.31. Removers having supporting means extending under the receptacle.

(1) Note. The means may include the surface upon which the closure remover is mounted.

(2) Note. For hand manipulated closure removers having receptacle bottom supports, see this class, subclass 3.39.

(3) Note. For receptacle supports in general, see Class 248, Supports, particularly subclasses 154, 310 and 311.2.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.33]

3.33

Rotary remover device, gear or lever actuated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Removers including a rotary device for engaging the closure, such as a cork-screw, and mechanism comprising a gear or lever to actuate the rotary device, either to rotate it or translate it, or both.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.31,

and 3.32, for similar devices having in addition means to grasp or support the receptacle.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.35]

3.35

Movable into or over handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Removers in which the element which engages the closure can be moved into a handle or over the handle, i.e., can be folded, collapsed or placed into close engagement with the handle.

(1) Note. For sheathed cutlery, see Class 30, Cutlery, subclasses 151+.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclass 118 for combinations of closure remover and pocket knife.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.36]

3.36

With additional receptacle-engaging means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Removers in which in addition to the closure engaging part there is means engaging the receptacle to aid in the closure removing operation.

(1) Note. This subclass and the indented subclasses, particularly subclass 3.39, include receptacle engaging means, per se, as well as in combination with closure engaging means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.31,

and 3.32, for wall or surface mounted closure removers having receptacle supporting or grasping means.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.37]

3.37

Lever- or gear-translated closure remover:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.36. Removers in which the closure engaging part is given a translating, i.e., a linear or substantially linear motion by means including a gear or lever element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.31,

3.32 and 3.33, for wall mounted closure removers having a lever or gear translated closure remover.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.39]

3.39

Bottom support:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.36. Removers in which the additional receptacle engaging means extends under the receptacle to support it.

(1) Note. This subclass includes devices, per se, intended to grasp or hold the receptacle as well as the combination thereof with means to engage the closure to remove it.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.32,

for wall mounted closure removers having bottom supports for receptacles.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.4]

3.4

Gripping type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.25. Removers not provided for in the subclasses indented hereunder, (1) having means to grasp the closure, or (2) comprising means to grasp the receptacle to hold it during the removal of the closure.

(1) Note. For pliers or tongs of general application see this class, subclasses 300+.

(2) Note. For grapples in general, see Class 294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 27.1+ and 86.4+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.31,	and 3.32, for wall mounted closure removers having receptacle grasping means, and subclass 3.39.
3.46,	for tong or plier-like devices for prying off receptacle closures.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 222+ for piston ring contractors for compressing piston rings around a piston and for contracting single piston rings and holding them contracted for the reception of a mandrel holder.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.41]

3.41

Finger grapple type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.4. Removers, comprising two or more finger-like members which grip the receptacle closure by expanding or contracting motion.

(1) Note. For closure removers of similar nature wherein the members are joined at their ends to form loops, see this class, subclass 3.34.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.42]

3.42

With reciprocating closure-engaging:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.4. Removers in which at least one closure engaging part reciprocates, i.e., has a linear motion, to engage and disengage the closure.

(1) Note. Removers in which the closure engaging parts move about a pivot in engaging and disengaging the closure, but can be adjusted to various sizes by linear motion, are classified in this class, subclass 3.44.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.43]

3.43

With deformable strip-tightening means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.4. Removers comprising a deformable strip-like member which is caused to engage tightly about the closure or receptacle by a means which tightens or shortens the strip.

(1) Note. See this class, subclass 3.4 for removers having a strip-like member which is tightened about the closure or receptacle by manually gripping portions thereof; subclass 3.44, for removers having rigid members which move about a pivot to engage the receptacle or closure, and subclasses 64+ for flexible wrenches of general application.

(2) Note. For similar grapples of general application, see Class 294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 33, 99.1 and 100.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.44]

3.44

With pivoted closure-engaging parts:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.4. Removers having two or more receptacle engaging portions which are pivotally connected so that they move about said pivot to engage and disengage the receptacle or closure.

(1) Note. For pivoted jaw grapples of general application, see Class 294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 28, 97, 104, and 106 and their indented subclasses.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.45]

3.45

Screw type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Removers including a screw member which pierces the closure.

(1) Note. For wire working processes of making corkscrews, see Class 140, Wireworking, subclass 86.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.09,

3.33, 3.35, 3.37, and 3.38, for the organizations there provided for, including screw type removers.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.47]

3.47

With impaling or inserting remover:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.46. Removers having a portion which impales the closure or is inserted in an opening therein or in a bale or equivalent part on the closure.

(1) Note. For impaling or inserting type removers having no levering means, see this class, subclasses 3.48 and 3.49.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.48]

3.48

Impaling or inserting type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Removers including a portion which impales the closure or is inserted in an opening therein or in a bale or equivalent part on the closure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.47,

for similar closure removers having a levering means combined therewith.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

30,	Cutlery, subclasses 164.5+ for ice picks.
128,	Surgery, subclass 329 for surgical puncturing means.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 61 for spears of general use.

3.49	With lateral projection or abutment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.48. Removers having a part or parts projecting from the side of the impaling or inserting member or including an abutment or indentation in the side of said member, which abutment, indentation, part or parts act against the receptacle closure to assist removal.

3.5	SPECTACLE:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Special tools for assembling and operating on spectacle frames and lenses.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.55]

3.55

Levering or prying type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.07. Remover comprising either (1) a rigid element which transmits a force applied at a first point along it length to a second point along it length by pivoting about a third point, whereby the closure or its fastener is forced away from the receptacle or (2) a portion adapted to engage a closure or its fastener and force it away from the receptacle by a twisting or prying action.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.27,

for a wall or surface mounted or supported remover of the levering or prying type.

3.56	Having discrete relatively movable portions:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.55. Remover including one part which is movably mounted with respect to another part of the remover for adjustment or actuation of the remover.

3.57	Having handle, intermediate hook, and end fulcrum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.55. Remover wherein the second point to which the force is transmitted to remove the closure is located on a reentrant portion located along the length of the remover between the first point at which the force is applied and the third point about which the remover pivots.

3.6	Plier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.5. Tools of the plier type coming under the preceding subclass.

3.7	LEAF-SPRING SPREADERS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Special tools for spreading leaf springs.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 3.8]

3.8

FUSE PULLERS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Special tools for removing or inserting fuses in fuse blocks.

(1) Note. See this class, subclasses 418+.

(2) Note. See also Class 294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 19.1.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

53.1,

for wrenches comprising pole like handle structures and peculiarly adapted to engage work at a distance.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 4]

ENGRAVERS" CLAMPS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices for clamping articles while being engraved.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

6,	for devices for holding watch and clock parts.
17,	for vises.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

269,	Work Holders, appropriate subclasses, and see the Notes thereto for other work holders.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 99.2 for tweezers.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 6]

WATCHMAKERS":

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tools having special construction limiting them to watchmakers" use. Devices for holding watch and clock parts are here.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

269,	Work Holders, appropriate subclasses and see the Notes thereto for other work holders.
968,	Horology, subclasses 651+ for an alternative search for U.S. Patents based upon a modification of the European Patent Office Classification.

7	Jewel setters":
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Tools of special construction for use in setting jewels.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 7.5]

7.5

Mainspring winders:

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Devices, for (1) winding the mainspring of a watch or clock, in situ, or (2) winding and holding the mainspring and trans-ferring it into the mainspring-barrel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

54+,	for motor driven wrenches.
122+,	for watch keys.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

185,	Motors: Spring, Weight, or Animal Powered, subclasses 39+ for spring motors combined with winding means therefor.

8	Ruby pin setters:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Tools of special construction for use in setting ruby-pins or roller-jewels.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 8.1]

8.1

PACKING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Includes special tools for inserting, packing, and removing fibrous and similar packing material into or from a joint, usually fibrous material around a pipe or tube.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclass 224 .
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclass 87 for hand manipulable, plural dimension shaping implement having a material supply means.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.2]

9.2

STYLUS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool adapted to be drawn across the surface of a sheet of material to produce indicia (e.g., by an indenting or manifolding operation) on that surface or any underlying surface, without depositing any coating material on that surface and without cutting or scratching hat surface.

(1) Note. The implement may be a stencilling tool; i.e., one which displaces lines of wax coating on a stencil.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

30,	Cutlery, subclasses 358+ for a perforating or indenting implement (e.g., scratch awl).
33,	Geometrical Instruments, subclasses 18+ for the combination of an awl or scriber with means to guide the tool along a predetermined path to form a line.
101,	Printing, subclass 26 for a piercing and printing machine.
401,	Coating Implements With Material Supply, subclasses 208+ for an implement with material supply, the tool of which implement is a roller (e.g., ball in indented subclasses 209+) which deposits coating material onto the surface to which is applied; and subclasses 258+ and 292 for a similar implement whose tool is a stylus or is stylus-like.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.21]

9.21

STAMP SCARIFIER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool having a work-contacting face portion capable of cutting a philatelic laminate or coating, and means, including a part movable in a direction other than that of the tool face portion, to impart arcuate scraping movement to said face portion to perform said cutting when positioned over said laminate or coating.

(1) Note. Additional means to print cancellation indicia on the stamp will not bar placement of a patent to a stamp scarifier in this subclass.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.22]

9.22

PERFORATOR AND INKER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool including means to puncture a surface and to discharge pigmentous liquid into the punctures, to perform a writing or designing operation.

(1) Note. The discharge structure may be integral with, part of, or separate from the structure for puncturing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

30,	Cutlery, subclasses 358+ , particularly subclasses 366+ for a pointed perforating tool; and see the search notes thereto.

9.24	TAPPET ADJUSTER:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool specifically adapted to adjust the clearance between a tappet and an adjacent part is the valve train of an internal combustion engine.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.26]

9.26

PLOWSHARE HOLDER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool including means for gripping or accommodating the cutting blade of a plow.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

487,	for a hand-held holder, or a tool having a clamp, and see the search notes thereunder for related loci.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.3]

9.3

HOSE-CLAMP APPLIERS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Implements usually of the plier type, for tightening and fastening wires, bands, straps, etc., around hose pipe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

140,	Wireworking, subclasses 93.2+ for implements for tightening and securing binders around material.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.4]

9.4

WIRE STRIPPER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Hand tool for cutting, crushing, or otherwise removing wire coverings or sheaths.

(1) Note. A mere hand cutter for wire of insulation is classified in Class 30 (see Search Note below). Those cutters classified here have additional means for removing the insulation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 564.4 , 565 and 566+ for an assembly device (e.g., terminal applier) which includes means for stripping insulation from wire.
30,	Cutlery, subclasses 90.1+ for a hand manipulatable device for cutting an elongated strand-encircling sheath. Those tools having additional means for removing the sheath are classified in Class 81.
86,	Ammunition and Explosive-Charge Making, subclass 22 for similar structure for cutting and crimping fuse.

9.41	Having relatively movable clamp and blade:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.4. Tool including (1) means to cut the covering or sheath, (2) discrete means to grip the covering or sheath, and (3) means to move or to permit relative movement between the cutting and gripping means to remove the covering or sheath from the wire.

9.42	Clamp and blade move relative to supporting structure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.41. Tool including structure on which both the cutting means and the gripping means are mounted for relative movement to remove the covering from the sheath.

9.43	Blade moves relative to handle to remove insulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.41. Tool wherein the cutting means is movably mounted on supporting which includes a hand engageable portion rigid therewith which is gripped by the hand while using the tool.

9.44	Pivoted blade:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.4. Tool including a first part having a cutting edge and which is swingably attached by a shaft, pin or equivalent structure to a second part having a cooperating cutting edge or a work back-up surface.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 9.51]

9.51

Bench tools:

This subclass is indented under subclass 9.4. Devices, which have a fixed base.

(1) Note. Devices for stripping insulated or covered wire combined with means to further modify or treat the wire (e.g., intertwist strands or wind wire onto a terminal) in other than a manner characteristic of Class 140, Wireworking, are classified in Class 29, Metal Working, subclasses 33+.

10	NUT LOCK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tools specially adapted for locking nuts and bolts together or for applying or removing nut or bolt locking devices.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 13]

BOLT HOLDERS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices for holding a bolt from movement while a nut is turned on or off.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

55,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.2]

15.2

REPAIR TOOLS FOR RESILIENT TIRES:

This subclass and those indented hereunder are directed to portable tools having a construction adapting them to one or more of the operations necessary in repairing resilient vehicle tires.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

15,	Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclasses 236.01+ for scrapers of general cleaning utility, and see the Notes thereto for miscellaneous scrapers of more specialized application.
29,	Metal Working, subclass 221.5 for tools for assembling and/or removing valves for pneumatic tires or tubes with or from the wheel rim.
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclasses 95+ for processes for repairing toroidal articles, and search subclasses 110+ and 394+ as the generic place for methods and apparatus for building tires.
157,	Wheelwright Machines, subclasses 1.1+ and 11, for tire setters and removers.
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclasses 11+ for a molding or vulcanizing apparatus arranged to repair or restore an article.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.3]

15.3

Holders for spread tire casings:

This subclass is indented under subclass 15.2. Devices comprising means for holding tire casings in deformed position for inspection, repairs or other purposes.

(1) Note. The devices classified herein are mere holders and are provided with no means adapting them to use in applying force to spread the tire beads, such spreaders being provided for in Class 254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 50.1+ or are referred to in the notes.

(2) Note. The devices classified in this subclass are implements adapted to be supported by the casing and afford no support for the tire.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 50.1+ , see (1) Note above.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.4]

15.4

Deflating tools:

This subclass is indented under subclass 15.2. Tools for enabling the air to escape from pneumatic tires. These are mostly tools to depress the inflation valve body.

(1) Note. For combined valve caps and valve manipulating tools, see Class 152, Resilient Tires and Wheels, subclass 431.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.5]

15.5

Combined cement injectors and plug or patch inserters:

This subclass is indented under subclass 15.2. Tools adapted to apply puncture healing material and insert a patch.

(1) Note. See definitions of indented subclasses of this class.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.6]

15.6

Cement injectors:

This subclass is indented under subclass 15.2. The tire repair tool is for the purpose of applying puncture healing material in fluid form to the interior of a pneumatic tire through a puncture, blowout or aperture in the wall of the tire, or through the valve stem, whether by way of repair or originally.

(1) Note. For similar dispensing devices, see Class 222, Dispensing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

141,	Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means, appropriate subclasses, for machines for performing similar functions.

15.7	Plug or patch inserters:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.2. The repair tool is for the purpose of inserting repair plugs or patches into a tire through a puncture, blowout, or other aperture in the wall of the tire.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.8]

15.8

SKID CHAIN APPLYING TOOLS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tools for application to anti-skid devices to facilitate their mounting upon or removal from the tire.

(1) Note. For such tools in combination with the anti-skid device, see Class 152, Resilient Tires and Wheels, subclass 213.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 199+ for detachable implements or apparatus for tensioning flexible material.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 15.9]

15.9

FOR LOCK OR LATCH:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool specifically adapted for use on either a key aperated fastening device, or a fastening device comprising mating mechanical parts formed or attached to respective members to selectively fix the members in a particular relationship.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclass 804 for a tool for assembling or disassembling a tumbler lock.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 16]

CHUCK KEY:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool which is specifically adapted to cooperatively engage a machine chuck or tool-holding socket and to be manipulated to cause the chuck or socket to grip or release a workpiece or tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 147+ for corresponding chuck or socket structure.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 19]

DEFORMABLE HEAD MALLET:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool including a head composed of deformable material having a plurality of impacting surfaces, and a lever arm having an end adapted to carry the head.

(1) Note. The deformable material may be soft metal, leather, wood, etc.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 20]

HAMMER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool including a head having an impacting surface and a lever arm having an end adapted to carry the head.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

19,	for a similar tool having a pliable impacting surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 143+ for a compound tool including a hammer.
173,	Tool Driving or Impacting, subclasses 90+ and see the search notes therein for a device to impact a tool or the like.
254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclass 26 for nail extractor combined with a hammer.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 21]

Having work protector surrounding face:

This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer having a member encircling the impacting surface and either protruding axially from it or covering it.

(1) Note. The member functions to prevent damage to a workpiece and is usually flexible or yieldable.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 22]

Having shock absorbing means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer including means to dissipate the reactive force resulting from impact before it reaches a user.

(1) Note. The means may be recited as being for the protection and comfort of the user, for assuring the effectiveness of a driving blow, or for the prevention of damage to a workpiece.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 23]

Having nail placer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer including means adapted to hold a penetrating fastener in a position for starting it into a workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

44,	for a driven fastener holder, pusher or setter, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 213.1+ for a valve applier or remover.

24	Magnetic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Hammer wherein the holding means includes a member possessing a magnetic field.

25	Having replaceable striking face:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer wherein the impacting surface is on a member which can be removed from the head, and a substitute installed.

26	Having plural striking faces:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer having more than one impacting surfaces.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 27]

Rod encircling type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Hammer wherein the impacting surface includes a slot adapted to receive a tubular member.

(1) Note. This subclass includes devices disclosed for driving a valve or draw off tube into a barrel.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 28]

BIT STOCK HAVING MANUAL DRIVE MEANS (E.G., BRACE):

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices including a member adapted to mount a bit shaft (usually a chuck) with the bit extending from the member, and a driving element projecting transversely from the member and adapted to receive force applied manually to rotate the bit.

(1) Note. This subclass and its indents include extension shanks for bits, and subcombinations disclosed with devices appropriate for inclusion herein.

(2) Note. The driving element may comprise a lever arm to be engaged manually, or structure adapted to be engaged by another driven element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

53+,	for a tool of this type either claimed with, or solely disclosed as, a wrench or screwdriver.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 29]

Having ratchet mechanism:

This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Device including a toothed wheel intermediate the bit and the driving element, and a pawl adapted to engage and drive the wheel.

(1) Note. The mechanism commonly permits the member to be driven in only one direction although the driving element can rotate in both directions.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 30]

Straight crank arm:

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Device wherein the driving element consists of a lever arm extending perpendicular to the bit.

(1) Note. The lever may be pivoted to the member to be folded when not in use.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 31]

Adjustable pawl:

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Device including means to selectively change the position or orientation of the pawl relative to the ratcheting.

(1) Note. The selective change effects a change in an operating characteristic of the tool, e.g., from left-hand to right-hand ratcheting.

32	Pivoted pawl:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Device wherein the pawl is adapted to turn about an axis and swings into and out of engagement with the ratchet.

33	Sliding pawl:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Device wherein the pawl is adapted to reciprocate along its longitudinal axis and slides into and out of engagement with the ratchet.

34	Straight stock having side driving gear:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Device wherein the member extends linearly in axial alignment with the bit, and including a driving gear substantially perpendicular to, and member adapted to rotate the bit about its axis.

35	Having U-shaped crank arm:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Device wherein the driving element includes a portion which is offset from the member forming a "U" shaped crank arm.

36	Speeding gear:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Device including a gear train intermediate the crank arm and the bit, wherein one revolution of the U-crank will produce more than one revolution of the bit.

37	Bit shaft inclined relative to crank:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Device wherein the bit is out of alignment with the driving elements axis or rotation.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 44]

HOLDER, PUSHER, OR SETTER FOR DRIVEN-TYPE FASTENER:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Device adapted to contact a penetrating fastener having a head (e.g. a nail, tack, etc.) and to either (a) support the fastener relative to a workpiece before being driven into the workpiece; (b) hold the fastener, receive and transmit to the fastener, a manually applied force to drive the fastener into the workpiece; or (c) receive an impact to set the head of the fastener below the surface of the workpiece.

(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the penetrating fastener is considered to be the specific article worked upon.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

23+,	for the combination of a driving tool and a device formed in, or secured on, the tool for holding a penetrating fastener.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 275+ for a hand manipulable assembly tool adapted to be applied to a metal workpiece, and to receive an impact from an outside source and transmit the impact to the workpiece.

45	SHINGLE TOOL:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Device adapted to apply or remove roof or wall shingles.

46	WOODEN FLOORING TOOL:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Device adapted to either apply boards to, or remove boards from a floor.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 52]

WRENCH, SCREWDRIVER, OR DRIVER THEREFOR:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tool for engaging a work part and exerting or transmitting a twisting strain thereto, or means for imparting or transmitting an actuating force to such a tool.

(1) Note. A hand tool for rotating a lever by merely pulling or pushing the tool along its length is excluded. To be properly classified here, the work engaging portion of a hand tool must move other than rectilinearly.

(2) Note. This subclass is the residual locus for tools which impart a twisting strain to the work and are not provided for elsewhere.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.07+,	for a tool for grasping and removing a receptacle closure.
463+,	for impact delivering wrenches.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 120+ for a wrench particularly adapted to rotate a cutting tool of that class.
470,	Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus, subclass 61 for devices peculiarly adapted for rotating a tap, other than provided for in Class 408.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 53.1]

53.1

With elongated hot line stick:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrenches or screwdriver comprising pole like handle structures peculiarly adapted for engaging work at a distance.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.8,	for devices including a pole structure provided with means for inserting or removing a fuse in a fuse box.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

49,	Movable or Removable Closures, subclass 461 for a fixture on a window type closure adapted to be engaged by a pole.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 19.1+ for pole like structures adapted for handling articles at a distance.

53.11	Globe manipulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 53.1. Wrenches for placing or removing electric light bulbs.

53.12

Rotatable grasper:

This subclass is indented under subclass 53.11. Wrenches having means, other than a mere torque applied manually to the handle, for rotating the object grasped.

(1) Note. Included herein are devices such as gear, belts, etc., which rotate the light bulb about its axis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 6 for plate turners and subclass 8 for pancake turners.

53.2	Stud-removal and implacement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrench or screwdriver, especially adapted to extract or drive headless stud bolts.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 54]

Machine:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrench or screwdriver having a casing or framework which carries moving mechanical elements, but does not itself move during the operation of the wrench or screwdriver.

(1) Note. A tool which does not claim any machine structure in detail other than (a) the work-engaging and strain-exerting portion of the tool, or (b) structure which grips or guides the rotatable work when a turning or twisting strain is exerted on the work by the tool, is not considered a machine and is classified on details of the work-engaging and strain-exerting portion in other subclasses under Class 81, subclass 53.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

173,	Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclass for a means to drive or impact a tool, and particularly subclass 164 for a means to drive a tool about an axis including means to hold and relatively rotate sections of a tool shaft.
408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, appropriate subclasses especially subclasses 62+ and 129+ for drilling machines which feed the work or tool along the axis of the tool during operation.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 55]

Bolt-holding:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. The wrench or screwdriver has a device or part which prevents the movement of the bolt while the nut is being turned on or off.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

13,

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 240+ for means assembling parts by relative rotation.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 56]

Gear-operated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 55. The bolt-holding wrench or screwdriver is operated by gearing.

(1) Note. Where the novelty lies in the gearing, search should be made in this class, subclass 57.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 57]

Gear-operated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. The wrench or screwdriver is operated by gearing.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

56,

57.11	With motor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver provided with motor means designed to impart motion to the wrench or screwdriver.

57.12	Oblique angle drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.11. Wrench or screwdriver having an angular relationship between the handle, or like drive means, and the work engaging means, said angle being either acute or obtuse.

57.13	Right angle drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.11. Wrench or screwdriver having an angular relationship between the handle, or like drive means, and the work engaging means, said relationship being a right angle.

57.14	Parallel axis drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.11. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the handle, or like drive means, is in a parallel relationship with respect to the work engaging means.

57.15

Round work:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrenches wherein the jaws are specially adapted for grasping or clutching round work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

120,	for rigid jaws specially adapted for round work.

57.16

With additional work-engaging means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches combined with means to support or grasp the work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.31+,	for wall or surface mounted receptacle closure removers with means to support or grasp the receptacle.
3.36+,	for hand manipulated receptacle closure removers with means to support or grasp the receptacle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

269,	Work Holders, appropriate subclasses for residual devices for clamping, supporting or holding an article in position to be operated on or treated.

57.17

Flexible jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches provided with a flexible gripping device to surround wholly or partly the work being manipulated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.43,	for flexible jaws specially adapted for removing receptacle closures.
64+,	for other wrenches having flexible jaws.

57.18

Cam-operated jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches including camming means connected to at least one jaw to effect movement thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

128,	for other wrenches having a cam operated sliding jaw.

57.19

Fluid-operated jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches having a fluid force acting upon at least one jaw to effect movement thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

301,	for plier type tool including hydraulic features.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

91,	Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, appropriate subclasses for expansible chamber type motors, per se.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 57.2]

57.2

Pivoted jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches wherein at least one jaw is pivoted and swings or rocks to grip or engage the work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

90.1,	for other wrenches having multiple pivoted jaws.
92,	for other wrenches having pivoted inner jaws.
98+,	for other wrenches having pivoted outer jaws.
111,	for other wrenches having pivoted side jaws.

57.21

Sliding jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.15. Wrenches having at least one sliding jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

126+,

for other wrenches having sliding jaws.

57.22	Multiple drive or driven means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver comprising more than one drive means to actuate a single workpiece, a single drive means to actuate plural workpieces, or more than one drive means to actuate a plurality of workpieces.

57.23	With magazine:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.22. Wrench or screwdriver comprising a magazine type holder for nuts or bolts.

57.24	With support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver provided with support means therefor.

57.25	Vehicular:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.24. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the support is a vehicle.

57.26

Adjustable angle drive:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver having means to change the angle between the handle or drive means and the work engaging part.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

177.8,

for angularly adjustable handles.

57.27	Flexible shaft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.26. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the means to change the angles between the handle or drive means and the work engaging means is a flexible shaft.

57.28	Oblique angle drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver having an angular relationship between the handle or drive means and the work engaging means, said angle being either acute or obtuse.

57.29	Right angle drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver having an angular relationship between the handle or drive means, and the work engaging means said relationship being a right angle.

57.3	Parallel axis drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the handle or drive means is in a parallel relationship with respect to the work engaging means.

57.31	Common axis drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the drive means and the driven means are on a common axis.

57.32

Double or duplex:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver comprising interrelated plural drives and plural work engaging means or a single drive having plural work engaging means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

77,	for double ended, simultaneous adjustable wrenches.

57.33

Round work:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrenches wherein the jaws are specially adapted for grasping or clutching round work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.15+,

for gear operated wrenches specially adapted for round work.

57.34

With additional work-engaging means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.33. Wrenches combined with ancillary means to support or grasp the work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.16,

for gear operated wrenches combined with ancillary means to support or grasp the work.

57.35

With support:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.33. Wrenches provided with support means therefor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.24,

for gear operated wrenches provided with support means.

57.36

Multiple work-engaging means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver provided with plural work engaging means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.22,

for gear operated wrench or screwdriver having multiple work engaging means.

57.37

With feed or magazine means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver provided with either (a) means to feed pieces of work to the work-engaging and strain-exerting portion of the wrench or screwdriver, or (b) magazine means for holding and storing pieces of work which are to be fed to the work-engaging and strain-exerting portion of the wrench or screwdriver.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.23,

for gear operated wrenches having magazine means.

57.38	With tensioning means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver provided with means to apply a predetermined tension to the work.

57.39

Step by step:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver comprising a clutching element so arranged that the movement of the wrench handle in one direction will drive the work engaging means while movement in the opposite direction permits relative movement between the handle and work engaging means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

60,	for ratchet wrench or screwdriver.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 57.4]

57.4

With support:

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver provided with support means therefor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.24,

for gear operated wrench or screwdriver having support means.

57.41

Vehicular:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.4. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the support is a vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.25,

for vehicle supported gear operated wrench or screwdriver.

57.42	Direct drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the work driving means is in a direct line with respect to the force applying means.

57.43	Flexible:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.42. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the drive means is a flexible shaft.

57.44	Fluid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.42. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the drive means is motivated by a fluid force.

57.45

Oblique angle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 57.42. Wrench or screwdriver having an angular relationship between the handle or drive means and the work engaging means, said angle being either acute or obtuse.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.28,

for gear operated wrench or screwdriver having an oblique angle.

57.46	Tangential engagement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.42. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the drive means is in a tangential relationship relative to the work engaging means.

57.5	Turret head:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrenches having a plurality of alternately usable work engaging sockets of paired jaws movably mounted on an operating handle, with means to fasten a selected pair of jaws or sockets in operating position with respect to the handle.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 58]

Handle clutched to head:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the head or driven part is rotatable through 360o or more with respect to the handle or driving part, there being inter-engaging means on the handle and head to permit intermittent or continuous driving engagement between the head and handle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for bit stocks provided with ratchet mechanism for driving the bit.
177.7+,	for wrenches wherein the handle is adjustable with respect to the head, the adjustment being less than 360o.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, subclasses 126+ for oscillating to intermittent unidirectional intermittent grip type mechanical movements, and subclasses 144+ for grip units, per se.
192,	Clutches and Power-Stop Control, subclasses 30+ for clutches, per se.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 58.1]

58.1

With additional head-turning means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver having means for imparting rotation to the head other than by a translating movement of the handle with respect to the work piece engaged by the head.

(1) Note. The means for imparting rotation may consist merely of a modification of the head, as by an extended or enlarged or roughened portion adapted to be manually gripped and actuated, provided only that such actuation be specifically disclosed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

54,	for machine wrench or screwdriver wherein the casing constitutes a handle which does not itself move to provide a clutching engagement with the head.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 58.2]

58.2

Radially slotted or open end head:

This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrenches wherein the head has a slot extending from the center outwardly through the outer periphery to permit the use of the head as an "open end" wrench.

(1) Note. There may be included means functioning to close the slot to complete the circular or other configuration of the head.

58.3	Axially movable clutching parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the driving and driven parts themselves or elements associated therewith are mounted for relative movement parallel to the axis of rotation of the head or driven part and are provided with clutching means whereby such relative movement will engage and/or disengage the clutching means.

58.4	Positive two-way drive (e.g., dog clutch):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the interengaging means when engaged rigidly connect the two parts to provide for positively driving the head in either or both directions of rotation.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 58.5]

58.5

Radially extending eccentrically movable handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the handle extends generally radially from the axis of rotation of the head and is pivoted or mounted to rotate eccentrically thereof whereby motion of the handle in one direction about its pivot will cause clutching or driving engagement with the head, motion in the opposite direction releasing the engagement.

(1) Note. In some instances movement of the handle to extreme positions in each direction will effect driving engagement in that direction there being a neutral position approximately midway between the extreme position wherein the driving engagement is disabled.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

58,	for wrenches or screwdrivers having two handle portions, one being movable relative to the other, arranged to be gripped by the hand and squeezed together to thereby drivingly engage the head.

59.1	Ball or roller wedge:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the clutching elements include ball or roller devices arranged between two surfaces so shaped or otherwise related to each other as to wedge the ball or roller therebetween in one direction of movement of the handle with respect to the head to effect driving engagement between the handle and head.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 60]

One-way detent drive, e.g., ratchet:

This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Wrench or screwdriver wherein the clutching elements include a catch, dog, pawl or similar detent means, so arranged that movement of the handle in one direction will drive the head while movement in the opposite direction permits relative rotation of the head and handle.

(1) Note. These wrenches or screwdrivers are commonly known as "ratchet" wrenches or screwdrivers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

29+,	for a bit stock provided with ratchet mechanism for driving the bit.
58.4,	for wrench or screwdriver wherein a detent-type clutch is positively engaged for driving in both directions of movement of the handle.
59.1,	for wrench or screwdriver wherein a ball or roller is wedged between two surfaces to effect driving engagement between the handle and head.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 120+ for a ratchet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool in that class manner.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 61]

Pivoted pawl:

This subclass is indented under subclass 60. A pawl pivoted to the driving device engages the ratchet-teeth of the head.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 120+ for a ratchet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool in that class manner.
470,	Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus, subclasses 183+ for a rachet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool for cutting screw threads, except in the manner of cutting provided in Class 408.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 62]

Reversing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 61. The direction of rotation of the ratchet-head is reversible.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 122 and 123 for a ratchet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool in that class manner, wherein the ratchet is reversible.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 63]

Single:

This subclass is indented under subclass 62. A single pawl controls the direction of revolution.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 122 and 123 for a ratchet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool in that class manner, wherein the ratchet is reversible.
470,	Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus, subclasses 183+ for a rachet wrench particularly adapted to drive a tool for the cutting of screw threads, except in the manner provided for in Class 408.

63.1	Reversing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Wrench or screwdriver provided with means whereby the direction of driving can be selectively reversed.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 63.2]

63.2

Single pawl:

This subclass is indented under subclass 63.1. Wrench or screwdriver having a single pawl, the effect of which can be controlled to provide for selective reversing of the drive.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

63,	for reversing one-way detent drive wrenches where the pawl is pivoted.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 64]

Flexible:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The object turned is surrounded wholly or partly by a flexible gripping device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3.4,	and 3.43, see subclass 57.17 for gear operated machine wrenches with flexible gripping means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

408,	Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclasses 120+ for a flexible gripping device used to transmit torque to a ratchet wrench particularly adapted to cut in that class manner.

65	Threaded adjustment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 64. The flexible device is adjusted to the size of the work by a screw-threaded device.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 65.2]

65.2

Link:

This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Tool wherein the flexible device includes more than two articulated rigid elements, pivotally connected together in end-to-end fashion to form a flexible chain of work-gripping elements.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

90.3+,

for a tool having three end-to-end connected jaws which are pivotally connected to a handle-lever, but which collectively do not form a "flexible gripping device" as required for subclass 65.2.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 65.4]

65.4

Toothed adjustment:

This subclass is indented under subclass 65.2. Wrench including a plurality of serially arranged projections and recesses which are adapted to be selectively engaged with cooperating structure to vary the effective length of the flexible gripping device.

(1) Note. There must be provided either "Projections" or "recesses" which are in addition to the pivot pins and interstices normally provided in the chain links.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 68]

Handle jaw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 65.2. A jaw on the handle engages the work.

(1) Note. If a pivoted jaw is a link of a chain it is classified herein not in Flexible, link, handle-jaw, pivoted, this class.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 69]

Pivoted:

This subclass is indented under subclass 68. A pivoted jaw carried by the handle engages the work, the said jaw not being a link of the chain.

(1) Note. If the jaw is a link of the chain it is classified in this class, subclass 68.

70	Duplex:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 68. The handle-jaw has two faces, either of which may engage the work according to the direction the chain is passed about it.

73	U-crank arm:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The operating part has a U-shaped arm similar to the common bit-stock.

74	Wheel or endless track operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrenches attached to and driven by wheels to turn nuts on or off from axles.

75	Hub-rim grasp:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 74. The wrench grips the rim of the wheel-hub to rotate the wrench and wheel together.

76	Internal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 75. The wrench grips the interior of the hub-rim.

77	Double-ended, simultaneous adjustment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The wrench has at each end jaws which are adjusted at the same time.

90.1	Plural pivoted jaws and handle-lever:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Wrench including a plurality of discrete work-gripping elements which are swingable connected to a rigid elongated hand engageable portion, wherein the elements are caused to grip the work by a levering action through the hand engageable portion.

90.2	Cam or gear operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Wrench wherein the handle-lever moves a jaw through intermediate structure which comprises either (1) and interdigitated surface to transmit motion from the handle-lever to the jaw, or (2) a eccentric surface or pin carried by the handle-lever or by a member caused to pivot by the handle-lever and which bears against a jaw carrying member.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 90.3]

90.3

Jaws enclose work:

This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Tool wherein the work-gripping elements are serially connected to one another to form a closed loop around the periphery of the work.

(1) Note. The "closed loop" may be defined by jaw supporting or actuating structure in addition to jaw structure, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

65.2+,

for wrench having a flexible work-gripping band comprised of a plurality of pivoted links.

90.4	Including latch to connect jaw to handle-lever:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.3. Tool wherein cooperating structure is provided on both the elongated hand engageable portion and the last of the series of work-gripping elements for releasably connecting them together to form the closed loop.

90.5	At least three jaws enclose work:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.4. Tool including three or more serially arranged work-gripping elements which form the closed loop.

90.6	Including latch to connect pivoted jaws:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.3. Tool wherein cooperating structure is provided on each of two adjacent work-gripping elements for releasably connecting the elements together to form the closed loop.

90.7	At least three jaws enclose work:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.6. Tool including three or more serially arranged work-gripping elements which form the closed loop.

90.8	Two jaw pairs connected by latch:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.7. Tool wherein the two work-gripping elements releasably connected together are each pivotally connected to third and fourth work-gripping elements, respectively, and the third and fourth elements are also pivotally connected to the handle-lever to complete the closed loop.

90.9	Including means to adjust or to secure jaw in adjusted position:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Tool wherein means are provided which either moves or fixes one work-gripping element relative to the handle-lever or another work-engaging element whereby different size work may be accommodated.

91.1	Slidable pivot:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Tool wherein the connecting structure which permits swinging movement of a work-gripping element additionally allows translational movement of the work-gripping element additionally allows translational movement or that work-gripping element with respect to either the handle-lever or another work-gripping element, whereby the pivotal axis may be shifted laterally.

91.2	First jaw pivoted directly to handle and to second jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Tool comprising two work-gripping elements, a first being connected directly to the elongated hand engageable portion for swinging movement about a first axis, the second work-gripping element being connected directly to the first work-gripping for swinging about an axis spaced from the first axis.

91.3	Two jaws pivoted directly to intermediate member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Tool including an additional discrete element which is connected to the hand engageable portion and to which each of two work-gripping elements is swingably connected.

92	Pivoted inner jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The inner jaw (the one nearest the hand) is pivoted and swings or rocks to grip or engage the work.

93	Nut or screw fulcrum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 92. The inner jaw rocks or swings upon a nut or screw as its fulcrum.

94	Pin fulcrum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 92. The inner jaw has a pin as its fulcrum.

95	Roller jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 94. The pin-fulcrumed inner jaw is a disk or roller.

96	Pinion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 95. The roller or disk-shaped jaw is toothed and travels on a rack on the handle.

97	Spring-pressed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 94. The pin-fulcrumed inner jaw is pressed by a spring. Wrenches, pivoted outer jaw, the outer jaw (the one at the end of the handle or the one farthest from the hand) is pivoted or swings as on a pivot. Wrenches, Pivoted outer jaw, fixed-fulcrum. The fulcrum on which the jaw swings does not travel relatively to either the fixed jaw or the parts which it connects.

98	Nontraveling jaw:
	The outer jaw does not travel longitudinally or in a substantially right line to adjust itself to the size of the work.

99	Spring-pressed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 98. The outer jaw is pressed by a spring.

100	Traveling jaw:
	The outer jaw travels longitudinally or in a substantially right line to adjust itself to different sizes of work.

101	Nut fulcrum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100. The outer jaw swings or rocks on the adjusting-nut as a fulcrum.

102	Rocking sleeve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100. The outer jaw is carried by a rocking sleeve.

103	Spring-pressed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 102. The rocking sleeve is spring-pressed.

104	Fulcrum washer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103. The sleeve is a washer on which the nut is seated and on which the outer jaw rocks.

105	Sleeve-enclosed nut:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103. The sleeve wholly or partly incloses the adjusting-nut.

106	Traveling fulcrum:
	The fulcrum-point of the outer jaw travels relatively to either the fixed jaw or the parts which it connects.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 107]

107

Threaded handlebar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 106. The fulcrum is adjusted by a nut or screw working on a threaded handle-bar.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

174,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 108]

108

Axillary rotating:

This subclass is indented under subclass 107. The fulcrum is adjusted by the axial rotation of a threaded handle-bar.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

164,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 109]

109

Slotted guide:

This subclass is indented under subclass 106. The fulcrum is adjustable in a slot in the shank of the fixed jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

411+,

for jaw adjustment means including a slotted guide.

110	Fulcrum tooth and rack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 106. The fulcrum of the outer jaw is a tooth which is adjustable along teeth or notches on the shank of the fixed jaw.

111	Pivoted side jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. One or both jaws swing sidewise of the handle to close upon the work, the meeting plane of the jaws, or the opening between the jaws when in their normal closed condition, lying on opposite sides of the central longitudinal line of the handle or of a line parallel thereto.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 112]

112

Bevel-closing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 111. The relative movement of the jaws and the handle-body or of the jaws and the jaw-actuating device is along lines neither parallel nor perpendicular to the axis of the handle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

331+,

particularly subclass 333 for jaw locking means similar to structure classified herein (112).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 36 , 37, 47 to 54, inclusive, indented under subclasses 46.1+, 57, 58, and 69, to 75, inclusive, indented under Socket type, Radially reciprocating jaws, Moving-cam actuator.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 113]

113

Cammed into socket by axial nut or screw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 112. The jaws are drawn back into a beveled sleeve type socket or are thrust forward into a conical sleeve type cap by a axially-moving nut or screw.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 60+ for socket type chucks or sockets having obliquely guided reciprocating jaws, and particularly subclass 63 where the operating member is a threaded cone and the jaws have mating threads.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 114]

114

Sleeve socket nut:

This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Wrenches in which the sleeve type socket is interiorly threaded to form the axially moving nut.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, generally.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 115]

115

Rotating ring:

This subclass is indented under subclass 112. The jaws are closed by an unthreaded ring or collar, which embraces the jaws and cams them toward each other.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, generally.

116	Wedge:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 112. One or both of the jaws are closed by a part which slides between the jaws or between the jaw and another part, producing a wedge-like action.

117	Rocking link:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 111. One or both of the jaws are closed by means of links which cause one or both of the jaws to travel longitudinally and inwardly.

118	Transverse screw clamp:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 111. The jaws are closed by a screw located transversely of the axis of the tool.

119	Rigid jaws:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The jaws or work-engaging parts have no relative movement.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 120]

120

Round work:

This subclass is indented under subclass 119. The jaws are specially adapted for grasping or clutching round work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.15+,	for gear operated machine wrenches specially adapted for round work.
57.33+,	for machine wrenches specially adapted for round work.

121.1

Enclosed (e.g., socket):

This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Tool wherein the jaws comprise enclosing walls which form and opening adapted to receive a nut or the like.

(1) Note. To be considered "enclosing wall" either of the following must apply: (1) the walls of the wrench surround a nut or the like to the extent that the wrench cannot by withdrawn laterally, or (2) the walls of the wrench surround at least 180 degrees of the circumference of a nut or the like.

122	Watch and clock keys:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Socketed tools for winding watches or clocks.

123	Dust protectors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122. The watch or clock keys have means for excluding dust from the sockets.

124.1	With nut ejectors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Having devices for ejecting nuts from the enclosing socket.

124.2

Slotted socket:

This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Tool wherein the enclosing walls are slit along the length thereof.

(1) Note. A wrench is considered to be a "slotted socket" rather than an "open end" wrench (classifiable in subclass 119) if either of the following apply: (1) the walls of the wrench surround a nut of the like to the extent that the wrench cannot be withdrawn laterally, or (2) the walls of the wrench surround at least 180 degrees of the circumference of a nut of the like, and also a substantial portion of an end face.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 42 , 43 and 43.1+ for a tool or work-holding socket of similar structure.

124.3

Through socket and perpendicular handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Tool wherein the opening extends completely through the tool and an elongated hand engagable member is attached to the enclosing walls such that the axis of the hand engagable member and the axis of the opening are orthogonal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 95+ for a bottomless chuck or socket, per se, for holding a tool bit or work part.

124.4	Plural sockets:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Tool including a second discrete work engaging portion which comprises enclosing walls forming an opening adapted to receive a nut or the like.

124.5	Slidably or pivotally connected to handle or to each other:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 124.4. Tool wherein the two discrete work engaging portions are attached to a hand engagable portion or to each other by connecting structure which either (1) allows guided translational movement between the two attached portions or (2) allows relative swinging movement of the two attached portions.

124.6

Having axial opening for removable handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Tool including a second opening, or a continuation of the nut receiving opening, which extends from the end opposite the nut receiving opening and along the same axis, and which is adapted to detachably receive a hand engagable member.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

177.85,

for a handle or shank, per se, provided with socket mounting structure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

279,	Chucks or Sockets, subclasses 76+ for a tool or work-holding socket having a side detent.

124.7

Having perpendicular handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. Tool including an elongated hand engagable portion attached to the work engaging portion such that the longitudinal axis of the hand engagable portion and the axis through the nut receiving opening are orthogonal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

33,	for a bit stock having a perpendicular handle and ratchet mechanism, and which may be used to drive a socket type tool.

125	Work-holding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 121.1. The socket has means for holding a nut from dropping out.

125.1

Double-ended:

This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Wrenches having rigid jaws at each end of the handle or like drive means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

77,	for double ended wrenches whereby the jaws at each end thereof are simultaneously adjustable.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 126]

126

Sliding jaw, handle-lever grip:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The actuation of a handle-lever causes a sliding jaw to grip the work. A pull on the handle closes the jaws.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 125+ .

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 127]

127

Claw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. The actuating-lever has a claw or tooth which claws or forces the sliding jaw to its work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

359+,

for sliding jaw tools actuated by claw-lever and rack means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 125+ .

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 128]

128

Sliding jaw, cam-closing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. A cam is actuated to operate a sliding jaw or cooperates with said jaw to produce a sliding movement thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

26,
57.18,	for machine wrenches provided with cam operated jaws.

129	Slidable jaw adjustments:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrenches having one or more sliding jaws.

129.5	Rack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129. Tool wherein a rack is provided for fixing or adjusting one jaw relative to another.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 131]

131

Interlocking jaw handles:

This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. The jaws are carried by handles which interlock.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

318,	for means to hold jaws of a plural-handle wrench in position.

132	Locking set screw or nut:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. The jaws are locked by means of a set screw or nut which locks together the rack and its interlocking part.

133	Pinion lock:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A pinion which travels on a rack on the shank is locked so as to prevent movement of the pinion carrier.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 134]

134

Pivoted rack catch:

This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A pivoted device or a device moving as if on a pivot interlocks with a rack.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

30,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 135]

135

Nontraveling:

This subclass is indented under subclass 134. The catch does not travel with the traveling-jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

30,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 136]

136

Intermediate fulcrum:

This subclass is indented under subclass 135. The nontraveling catch has its pivot between its locking end and its operating part.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

30,

and 140.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 137]

137

Transverse:

This subclass is indented under subclass 134. The catch has its pivot or axis of movement lying longitudinally of the handle. It swings transversely of the interlocked rack.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

30,	159, 160, and 161.

138	Cam-seated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 134. The catch is forced by a cam into locking engagement with the rack.

139	Indirectly operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 134. The catch is operated by a part not rigidly attached thereto.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 140]

140

Intermediate fulcrum:

This subclass is indented under subclass 134. The catch moves on a pivot located between its locking end and its operating part.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

136,

141	Shank-engaged cam:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A cam engages the shank and draws the rack and the teeth of its cooperating member together.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 142]

142

Sliding rack catch:

This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A sliding catch interlocks with the rack of the sliding part.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 143]

143

Cam-seated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 142. A cam holds the catch in engagement with the rack.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 144]

144

Screw- or nut-seated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 142. A screw or nut holds the catch in engagement with the rack.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 145]

145

Spring-seated:

This subclass is indented under subclass 142. A spring forces the catch into engagement with the rack.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

31,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 146]

146

Spring-seated jaw frame:

This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A spring presses the teeth of a jaw carrying frame into engagement with teeth on the shank of the other jaw.

(1) Note. This subclass includes only those jaw-frames whose teeth are not integral therewith.

147	Integral frame and teeth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 146. The frame and the teeth are integral.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 148]

148

Wedge lock:

This subclass is indented under subclass 129.5. A wedge forces the teeth of one part into locking engagement with the other.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

154,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 149]

149

Wedge pusher:

This subclass is indented under subclass 148. A special part not rigidly attached to the wedge moves the latter.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

154,

150	Shank grip:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129. The traveling jaw is locked to the shank by a gripping or clamping action.

151	Side jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 150. The traveling jaw moves sidewise of the shank, the plane of the meeting faces of the jaws lying on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis of the handle or of a line parallel thereto.

152	Clutch yoke:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 150. A yoke or ring-like device has a portion which grips or bites the shank to lock the traveling jaw.

153	Roller clutch:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 150. The traveling jaw is locked by gripping or clutching action of a roller upon the shank.

154

Locking incline:

This subclass is indented under subclass 150. The traveling jaw is locked to the shank by one or more inclines.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

148,

and 149.

155	Thread:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129. The sliding part is adjusted by means of a threaded device.

156	Displaceable half nut:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 155. The nut is made of sections which move away from the screw or of a single section which partially surrounds the screw and moves away from the screw in order to make a quick adjustment.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 157]

157

Displaceable nut or screw:

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. The nut or screw is separated bodily from its cooperating member to provide a quick adjustment.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

36,

and 137.

158

Traveling screw, shank rack:

This subclass is indented under subclass 157. The screw is carried by the traveling jaw and is moved away from its cooperating member which is a rack on the shank, to provide a quick adjustment.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

36,

and 176.

159

Interrupted:

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. A portion of the threads are removed from cooperating parts, so that by registering there-moved portion of one part with the full portion of the other a quick adjustment is provided.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

37,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 160]

160

Nut set:

This subclass is indented under subclass 159. An interiorly-threaded device is operated to lock and advance the jaw at the time of locking.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

37,

and 137.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 161]

161

Traveling nut:

This subclass is indented under subclass 160. The nut is secured to the traveling jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

37,

and 137.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 162]

162

Traveling screw, shank rack:

This subclass is indented under subclass 159. An externally-threaded device secured to the traveling jaw is operated in connection with rack-like threads on the shank of the fixed jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

37,

and 176.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 163]

163

Right and left threads:

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. The sliding part or parts are adjusted by the actuation of a device having right and left threads.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

35,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 164]

164

Rotatable threaded handle shank:

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Wrenches in which a rotatable handgrip is provided with or connected to an exteriorly threaded portion, which portion is threadedly connected to the sliding jaw whereby rotation of the handgrip causes the threads to advance or retract a jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

108,	for wrenches provided with rotatable handgrips for adjusting a pivoted jaw.
168+,	for handles provided with an interiorly threaded nut element which engages a threaded rod so that rotation of the handle causes the threads to advance or retract a sliding jaw.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

30,	Cutlery, subclasses 93+ .

165	Sliding side jaw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 155. The sliding jaw has a movement transverse of the shank supporting it. Wrenches, Sliding adjustments, Thread, Nontraveling rotatable nut. An interiorly-threaded device having no travel is operated to adjust the sliding part.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 166]

166

Intermediate:

The actuating-nut is seated between the jaws and the end of the handle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

168,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 167]

167

Causing outer jaw to slide:

This subclass is indented under subclass 166. The outer jaw is adjusted by the actuation of a nut between jaws and the end of the handle.

(1) Note. Where the nut is used as the fulcrum of a swinging outer jaw, see this class, subclass 101.

(2) Note. Where the nut is carried on a rocking washer, see this class, subclass 104.

(3) Note. Where the nut is carried in a rocking sleeve which guides an outer jaw, see this class, subclass 105.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

169,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 168]

168

Terminal:

The actuating nut is seated at the end of the handle.

(1) Note. Where the nut is used as the fulcrum of a swinging outer jaw, see this class, subclass 101.

(2) Note. Where the nut is carried on a rocking washer, see this class, subclass 104.

(3) Note. Where the nut is carried on a rocking sleeve which guides an outer jaw, see this class, subclass 105.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

166,

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 169]

169

Causing outer jaw to slide:

This subclass is indented under subclass 168. The outer jaw is adjusted by the actuation of a nut at the end of the handle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

167,

170	Nontraveling rotatable screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 155. An exteriorly-threaded device having no longitudinal movement is actuated to adjust the sliding part.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 171]

171

Bracket-bearing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 170. The screw has its bearing in or on a bracket, usually on or a part of the upper end of the handle proper.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

93,	where the screw is used as the fulcrum of an inner jaw.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 172]

172

Spiral groove engaged by slidable actuator:

This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Wrenches, in which the exteriorly threaded member comprises a shaft portion having a spiral groove which is engaged by a projection on a slidable actuator, the actuator being manually reciprocated in a path parallel to the longitudinal axis of the handle to rotate said threaded member.

(1) Note. The actuator may form the slidable jaw.

173	Traveling and rotating nut:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 155. An interiorly-threaded device carried by the sliding part is actuated to secure an adjustment.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 174]

174

Threaded handlebar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 173. The actuating-nut cooperates with threads upon the handle-bar.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

93,	where the nut is used as the fulcrum of an inner jaw.
107,	and the notes thereto.

175	Traveling and rotating screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 155. An exteriorly-threaded device travels longitudinally to make an adjustment.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 176]

176

Shank rack:

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. The actuating screw travels with the sliding part and cooperates with rack-like threads upon the shank.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

152,

and 162.

176.1

Spanner:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Wrench including two spaced work engaging portions, one of which comprises a projection or recess which is adapted to engage a cooperating recess or projection, respectively, on the peripheral or an end face of the work.

(1) Note. The flats and corners of a common bolt head or nut are not considered to be "projections or recesses" as required by this definition.

(2) Note. Tools provided with two spaced projections which are adapted to be inserted into corresponding recesses specifically provided in the end face of the work are provided for above in subclasses 461+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

461,	for a screwdriver or wrench having plural spaced projections provided on engagement with a corresponding recess provided in an end face of the work and for applying a torque thereto.

176.15	Having means to engage work axially:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 176.1. Wrench wherein the work engaging projection or recess extends along the axis about which the twisting strain is applied to the work.

176.2	And means to engage peripheral face of work:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 176.15. Tool wherein the other of the two spaced work engaging portions is adapted to engage the outer periphery of the work.

176.3	Having relatively movable jaws:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 176.1. Tool wherein the two spaced work engaging portions are connected to each other by structure which permits one to pivot or translate relative to the other.

177.1

Handle or shank:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Tool wherein significance is attributed either to a portion adapted to be engaged by the hand or to an elongated portion which connects a handle to the work engaging portion of the tool.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

489+,

the generic locus for tool handles which are not disclosed for use with a particular type of hand tool, and see the search notes thereunder.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

16,	Miscellaneous Hardware (e.g., Bushing, Carpet Fastener, Caster, Door Closer, Panel Hanger, Attachable or Adjunct Handle, Hinge, Window Sash Balance, etc.), subclasses 110.1+ for other miscellaneous handle structure.

177.2

Extensible handle or handle extension:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool comprising either (1) a hand engageable portion which is elongatable or is slidably retractable, or (2) a selectively attachable auxiliary hand engageable portion.

(1) Note. The tool must be usable when the handle is unextended (part 1), or with the auxiliary portion unattached (part 2).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

177.6,

for a handle which is collapsible or foldable to a nonuse configuration.

177.3

Having finger opening:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool including structure which forms a passageway adapted to accommodate a finger of the user therein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

224,	Package and Article Carriers, subclass 217 for an article carrier attached to the finger.

177.4	Having means to store parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool wherein either a compartment or other means is provided on the hand engageable portion or the elongated connecting portion to retain other parts of the tool in a position of nonuse.

177.5

Having terminal cross arm:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool wherein the elongated hand engageable portion is connected transversely to the elongated connecting portion at the distal end of the tool.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

124.3,

and 124.7, for a socket provided with a handle comprising a terminal cross arm.

177.6

Foldable or flexible:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool wherein the handle or shank either (1) is comprised of swingably connected sections collapsible to a nonuse configuration, or (2) comprises an elastically deformably member whereby the handle or shank may be flexed in a direction transverse to its length.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

33,	for a bit stock having a foldable handle.
177.2,	for an extensible handle usable in both the extended and collapsed configuration.

177.7

Having pivoted handle section:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool including a hand engageable portion which is swingably attached to an adjacent portion that includes or is adapted to mount the work engaging portion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

177.6,	for a handle or shank which is foldable to a nonuse configuration.
450,	for a screwdriver or allen wrench adapted to pivot or swivel with respect to the longitudinal axis of the handle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

403,	Joints and Connections, subclasses 52+ for a pivotal connection between sections of a nominally claimed article.

177.75

Universal joint:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.7. Tool wherein the hand engageable portion is swingably attached to the adjacent portion by two serially connected pivotal movement about orthogonal axes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

403,	Joints and Connections, subclass 57 for a universal joint connecting sections of a nominally claimed article.

177.8

Angularly adjustable handle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Wrench or screwdriver having means for changing the angle between the handle and the work engaging part, the angular adjustment being less than 360°.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

57.26,	for gear operated machine wrenches provided with angularly adjustable drive means.
58+,	for clutched head wrenches having handle and head adjustments of 360o or more.

177.85

Including socket and boss type connecting means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 177.1. Tool including structure provided on the handle or shank for selective assembly or disassembly with another tool part having cooperating structure wherein the connecting structure comprises a recess or opening in one part which is adapted to receive a protrusion formed on the other part.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

124.6,

for a claimed socket wrench having an axial socket adapted to receive a boss on a handle as provided for in this subclass (177.85).

177.9	With yieldable one-way detent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 177.8. Wrench or screwdriver wherein a dog on one member is resiliently urged against one of a plurality of surfaces on the other member to permit adjustment in one direction of rotation of the handle relative to the head by the shifting of the dog to a different surface without manual actuation of the dog.

178	Reversible jaws:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The jaws are reversible to bring a new part into operative position.

179	Sliding jaw face:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52. The jaw or jaws are provided with a sliding jaw-face which moves in some degree transversely of the shank.

180.1

Attachment, or including adjunct or replaceable portion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Tool including a part which is connected to the remainder of the tool by structure which permits its ready removal and replacement, or a portion which has been added to the wrench to perform a specific function but does not essentially form part of the wrench, or a subcombination in the form of a part selectively connectable to a wrench.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

125,	for a wrench attachment which holds a nut to prevent it from dropping out of a wrench.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 138+ for a wrench which is provided with a diverse tool.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 181]

181

Cutters:

This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. Attachments and adjuncts which are applied to wrenches to convert them into cutters and which are so combined with the wrench that the parts which operate the jaws of the wrench are employed for applying the necessary pressure to the cutters.

(1) Note. Cutters of a general nature applied to various parts of the wrench, but not coming within the above definition, are found in Class 7, Compound Tools.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

30,	Cutlery, appropriate subclasses, for cutters, per se.

182	Rotary:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 181. The cutters are rotary disks or the like.

183	Roller clutch:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. Rollers added to wrench-jaws and causing a clutch-grip on the work.

184	Shank-embracing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. The attachment is sleeved upon or partially embraces the shank of the wrench.

185	Socket reducers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. Attachments for reducing the size of wrench-sockets.

185.1

Removable jaw face:

This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. Tool comprising a work-engaging portion which is selectively attachable to or detachable from the wrench.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

421+,

for a jaw attachment for pliers.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

269,	Work Holders, subclasses 271+ for a jaw attachment for a work holder.

185.2

Movably mounted:

This subclass is indented under subclass 180.1. Tool comprising an attachment or adjunct which is connected to the remainder of the wrench by means which permits pivotal or translational movement between the two parts.

(1) Note. Included in this subclass are wrenches having a multifaced element which is moved or reoriented to one of a plurality of positions to present a selected jaw face.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 186]

186

Jaw faces:

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Inventions relating to the surface structure of the jaws.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

38,	for vise jaw attachments.
421+,	for jaw attachments to pliers and tongs.

For the purposes of this and the indented subclasses, the following terms are defined:

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 300]

300

TOOL JAW(S) POSITIONED BY RELATIVELY MOVABLE PLURAL HANDLES (E.G., PLIERS):

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Tools including at least two relatively movable work-engaging elements (constituting jaws), at least two relatively movable hand-gripped elements (constituting handles), and joint mechanism interconnecting said jaws and said handles whereby manipulative movement of the handles with respect to each other effects relative movement of the jaws.

(1) Note. Generally, the tools in this and indented subclasses are characterized and distinguished from the wrenches of subclasses 53+ in that said tools include at least two hand-gripped members relatively manipulated to effect relative jaw positioning so as to engage work, while the wrenches of subclasses 53+ have but a single hand-gripped member manipulated to transmit such manipulation to work. Once the plural handles of a tool, here classified, have been relatively manipulated to effect jaw engagement with work, said plural handles may be further manipulated together as a unit, similar to a wrench handle, to transmit such further manipulation to the work.

(1.5) Note. Tools wherein relative jaw positioning is effected solely by longitudinal shifting of elongated hand-gripped members with respect to each other (as for example in Patent No. 585,412), are classified in appropriate subclasses under subclasses 53+. Such tools, which also include additional means to further relatively position said jaws, which means are, per se, encompassed by the definition of subclass 300 (as for example Patent No. 1,195,321) are classified hereunder. On the other hand, where the additional means to further relatively position the jaws are not encompassed by the above definition of subclass 300 (as for example Patent No. 864,659), classification is in subclasses 53+.

(2) Note. Compound tools which include a tool of the type classified in this or indented subclasses plus a wrench of the type classified in subclasses 53+, would be classified in this or the indented subclasses and cross-referenced into the appropriate subclass in Wrenches, subclasses 53+.

(3) Note. Included in this subclass are attachments for tools otherwise falling within the definition above, which attachments have means to substitute for or supplement hand action for handle manipulation of the handles relative to each other, (see Patent No. 1,412,205).

(4) Note. Ordinarily the user of a tool herein classified uses the tool by adjusting the jaw(s) (if jaw adjustment means is provided) to the approximate size of the work, then brings the tool jaws into close proximity with the work and moves the hand-gripped members (usually toward each other, but not limited thereto) so as to actuate the jaws to engage and grip the work.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

3+,	for pliers and tongs specialized for handling particular articles.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

7,	Compound Tools, subclasses 125+ for plier type tools.
15,	Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclasses 147.1+ for mop holders.
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 700+ , particularly subclasses 218, 221, 223+, 232, 248, 268 for plier or tong type devices specially designed to engage work and to exert either a pull or a push to assist in assembling or disassembling.
30,	Cutlery, subclasses 92+ for pipe and rod cutters, subclass 120.2 for nut crackers, subclasses 175+ for nippers and subclasses 194+ for shears.
72,	Metal Deforming, subclasses 409.01+ for a plier-type metal deforming device.
100,	Presses, subclasses 234+ and 243 for presses, not elsewhere classified, of the plier type.
118,	Coating Apparatus, subclass 504 for opposed jaw work-holding devices.
119,	Animal Husbandry, subclasses 801+ for catching and holding tools provided with jaws or tong fingers.
128,	Surgery, subclasses 319+ for crushers, subclasses 321+ for forceps having pivoted arms carrying contacting members for grasping parts of the human body or articles within the human body, and subclass 340 for plier type devices for grasping and manipulating a surgical needle in the application of a suture to a wound by means of the needle.
140,	Wireworking, subclass 121 for plier type wire-joining tools, subclass 106 for crimping implements and subclass 123 for plier type implements.
227,	Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus, subclass 144 for apparatus for applying a member, e.g., staple, of the plier type.
251,	Valves and Valve Actuation, subclass 4 for tube compressors.
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, appropriate subclasses, for jaw actuator means. Specific search notes to subclasses under Class 294 are to be found under appropriate subclasses hereunder.
433,	Dentistry, subclass 4 for orthodontic pliers; and subclasses 159+ for dental forceps and pliers.
452,	Butchering, subclasses 13+ for bivalve openers and subclass 194 for fish dressing and holding tools.

GLOSSARY

ACTUATION

The manipulation of handles relative to each other, so as to move jaws to engage work, within the limits of a predetermined range of jaw movement. (See the definition of "RANGE" hereunder).

ADJUSTMENT

The changing of structural relationships between members constituting the tool so as to vary the limits of jaw movement from one predetermined range to another. (See the definition of "RANGE" hereunder).

HANDLE-MEMBER

A member which is gripped by the hand of the operator to which member one of the jaws is fixedly attached at least during the actuation of the jaws.

HANDLE-LEVER (OR GRIP-LEVER)

A hand-gripped element connected to a handle-member and to a movable jaw as by pivot, link or motion-converting means, which hand-gripped element actuates the movable jaw.

HANDLE

The generic term for either a handle-member or a handle-lever where no distinction between the two members is necessary.

JAW

An element carrying at least one work engaging surface, two or more of such elements engaging and holding the workpiece.

JOINT MECHANISM

First means connecting the jaws movably to each other, second means for connecting at least one of the jaws movably to the handles, and third means connecting the handles movably to each other; said first, second and third means (either singly or in combination with each other) converting handle manipulation into relative jaw motion. The joint mechanism may consist, for example, of a common first, second and third means as for example in Patent No. 2,325,035; or a common second and third means as for example in a pair of cross-handled pliers.

RANGE

The extent of movement of the jaws relative to each other, unobstructed by the work to be engaged or by contact of the jaw surfaces, which movement is effected by manipulation of the handles from one extreme position of the handles to the other extreme position of the handles relative to each other. The range is predetermined by the structural relationships between the elements constituting the tool. To illustrate: assuming that the movement of the handles between extremes of handle positions effects a jaw movement of one inch, the one inch dimension equals the range, which range is the same even though the device may be adjusted so that in one instance the jaws move from a zero gap position (closed) to a one inch gap or in another instance from a one-half inch gap to an inch-and-one-half gap. The shift described is defined as adjustment; the manipulation of the handles to effect the one inch of jaw movement is defined as actuation.

TOGGLE JOINT OR TOGGLE

A linkage including at least two links, pitmans, bars or struts, and at least three pivots, the end of one link being connected to the end of the other link by a pivot common to both links, each of said links also having a pivot at the end remote from the common pivot, which common pivot or intermediate pivot is movable from a position not in a straight line with the other two pivots, to a position substantially in line by a force applied to the intermediate pivot in a direction substantially normal to one of the links thereby moving at least one of the two pivots away from the other. At least one of said links is articulated at both ends and is not integral with either a jaw or a handle. The intermediate pivot is on the handle-lever or is connected to the handle-lever by a linkage or lever system between said intermediate pivot and the handle-lever, so that force is applied to the intermediate pivot by manipulation of the handle-lever.

[List of Patents for class 81 subclass 301]