Class Definition for Class 343 - COMMUNICATIONS: RADIO WAVE ANTENNAS

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CLASS 343,	COMMUNICATIONS: RADIO WAVE ANTENNAS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

A. This is the generic class for antennas for the transmission of radio wave energy through the natural media (i.e., air, earth, water, etc.) for point‐to‐point communication or for the reception of such transmitted radio wave energy.

B. In this class are apparatus and systems which constitute part of an antenna transmission or reception apparatus or system and which are limited to use in connection with the transmission and reception of radio wave energy, e.g., electromagnetic horns and arrays.

C. Exclusions:

1. This class excludes noncommunication applications involving radio waves, such as resiation by radio waves for therapeutic purposes or for measuring and testing a physical parameter where no communications or signaling is involved.

2. Also excluded from this class are systems, such as detector and receiver systems, oscillation generator systems, modulator systems, amplifier systems, which are used as component parts of radio wave energy transmission or reception systems but which are of more general utility.

3. This class also excludes communication by electromagnetic waves other than radio waves (e.g., by partial rays, compressional waves, etc.). Communication restricted to rays or visible light, heat, infrared, ultraviolet, X‐rays, cathode rays, ions, gamma rays, and beta rays, as well as inductive coupling are excluded from this class.

See References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

TELEDYNAMICS OTHER THAN SIGNALING:

See Class Definition, C, above for the radio wave energy systems for controlling apparatus and mechanism other than indicating or measuring instruments which are included in this class. See subclass 7 of this class and the search notes thereto for the miscellaneous systems for controlling apparatus other than indicating and measuring instruments which are classified in this class. See the classes specified under "SEARCH CLASS" below for a reference to some of the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled devices and apparatus.

COMMUNICATIONS:

Many classes provide for devices, apparatus and systems useful in communicating information. For example, one class provides for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs. Another class provides for recording systems and recorders, etc. Class 343 is primarily concerned with the information conveyed by means of radio wave energy signals and with radio wave energy teledynamics. Also see References with Other Classes below.

SIGNALING:

For the relationship of Class 343 to the signaling classes, see the classes referencing this section in References to Other Classes, below.

MEASURING AND TESTING:

This class includes some patents for measuring, detecting, and/or utilizing radio wave energy. The detection of objects, or the use of radio wave energy to measure distance, direction, and/or velocity of an object is included in this class when the only measurement is of the amplitude of the radio wave energy, or of the direction in which the energy is transmitted or the direction from which the energy is received, or where the duration of time the energy is being propagated is measured, or where only the detection of radio wave energy is involved. This class also includes the measurement of the amplitude or intensity of the radiated radio wave energy where the measurement is performed by detecting and measuring the energy. Antennas combined with structure for measuring the magnitude of the signal energy flowing in, to, or from the antenna, a significant relationship existing between the antenna and the measuring structure, are classified in subclass 703 of this class.

For other measuring and testing, see References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs,
47,	Plant Husbandry, subclass 1.3 for methods and apparatus for culture of plants by means of electricity, including radiating electrical energy.
73,	Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for measuring and testing methods and apparatus. The search notes to the class definition of Class 73 should be consulted for other classes which provide for measuring and testing processes and apparatus. subclasses 570+ for miscellaneous apparatus for testing devices by means of vibratory forces (e.g., certain types of compressional waves), see indented subclasses 584+ where sound waves are used. Class 73 provides for measuring and testing methods and apparatus which involve a radiant energy test and a nonelectrical test. Class 136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric generators, particularly subclasses 213+ for radiation (e.g., infrared) promoters. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
89,	Ordnance, subclasses 1 and 41 for apparatus designed to control and/or move a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such apparatus where radiant energy is utilized and subclass 1.5 for radiant energy actuated or controlled devices for releasing bombs, flares, etc., from aircraft.
91,	Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, appropriate subclasses for expansible chamber motors controlled by radiant energy.
102,	Ammunition and Explosives, subclass 384 for drop bombs with direction controlling means, including those controlled by radiant energy, subclasses 416+ and the subclasses specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines adapted to be fixed automatically, for firing device of the mine being actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy, and the ignitors, per se, for such mines; and subclass 214 for fuses, primers and igniting devices for explosives which involve the utilization of electrical, magnetic, wave, or radiant energy in their operation.
116,	Signals and Indicators, is the generic class of mechanical (nonelectrical) signaling; subclass 137 is the generic subclass for mechanical sonic and supersonic generators for wave transmission; see subclasses 18+ for code signaling, including heliographic signaling. The signal in Class 116 may be of any type that appeals to any one or more of the senses, such as a bell, horn, whistle, semaphore, light shutter, explosive device or flag. The classes specified in the class definition of class 116 should be searched for other nonelectrical signaling systems. See the notes to Class 116 for the distinction between Class 116 and the electrical classes. Class 116 includes code signaling, including helios:graphic signaling. Class 116, subclass 27 provides for apparatus for the mechanical production and reception of sound vibrations transmitter through bodies of water (submarine signaling). (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above.)
136,	Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, above.
137,	Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses for fluid flow control systems including radiant energy systems for valve actuation.
178,	Telegraphy, includes in many of the subclasses patents where the sole disclosure is of a radiant energy telegraph system, but the claims are not limited to radiant energy transmission of the signals; see especially subclass 19 for handwriting and drawing transmission systems, subclass 22 for secrecy systems, subclass 43 for space induction systems, subclasses 50+ for multiplex systems, and subclasses 58+ for duplex systems, subclasses 66.1+ for miscellaneous systems using alternating current (including high frequency current) to transmit the signal (note that many of the patents in Class 178, subclass 66.1 are closely analogous to the patents in Class 375, subclasses 259+), and subclasses 371+ for miscellaneous telegraph receivers. Also see the appropriate subclasses in Class 178 for telegraph apparatus useful either in radio or wire telegraphy, for example, subclasses 118+, for receivers and subclasses 101+ for keys. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above.)
181,	Acoustics, is the generic class for inventions in sound wave radiation, transmission or reception and instruments specific thereto; see subclasses 18 through 22, for speaking tubes, subclasses 126+, for anatomic or prosthetic relation, and subclasses 177+, for megaphones. See the notes to Class 116 for other acoustical signaling systems. (See Lines With Other Classes" Signaling" above.)
181,	Acoustics, subclasses 101+ , for mechanical means for geophysical exploration, subclasses 123+, for mechanical sound echo systems and subclass 125 for mechanical sound locating devices for determining the direction from which a sound proceeds. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
191,	Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, subclass 10 , for systems for transferring energy from a roadway or other place to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic induction.
194,	Check‐Actuated Control Mechanisms, appropriate subclasses, provides for coin controlled radios. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above.)
219,	Electric Heating, subclass 553 provides for infrared ray generating apparatus.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 3.1 for control means for missiles and subclass 77 for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical apparatus and radiant energy. Subclass 77 is the generic subclass for the automatic control of the steering of mobile craft in two or three dimensions where electrical means are utilized. See the search notes to subclass 77 in Class 244 for the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as to the lines between the classes.
246,	Railway Switches and Signals, Note that class 246 contains a number of subclasses relating to "inductive" control or actuation, i.e., where an inductive connection rather than a physical contact being made. subclass 8 provides for inductive telegraphy or telephony in train dispatching systems, subclass 63 for block signal systems having cab signal or train of the inductive type, subclass 194 for train control of the inductive type for controlling the train mechanism. Subclass 4, for train dispatching systems having a train carried signal or train control mechanism, the system including radiant energy control, subclasses 29+ for block signaling systems in which traffic control devices are controlled by radiant energy, see indented subclass 30 where radio energy is used, and subclass 189 for radiant energy control systems for controlling the engineer’s brake valve on a train. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 200 through 239are the generic subclasses for photosensitive systems which are responsive to visible light and for apparatus used with photocells, subclass 250 provides for radio and microwave wavemeters for measuring the length or frequency of radio or microwaves, subclasses 281+ provides for methods and apparatus for the ionic separation and or analysis of material on the basic of the mass to electric change of ionic particles of the material being separated or analyzed, subclasses 306+ provides for methods and apparatus of inspecting solid or liquid material by charge particles, and subclasses 336.1+ provides for generic methods and apparatus for utilizing invisible ray energy, such as, cathode rays, ultraviolet rays, the radiations and emanations or radio‐active substances, for measuring and detecting purposes; and subclasses 492.1+ is the generic place for methods and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy, such as ultraviolet and infrared rays. (Also see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
250,	Radiant Energy, contains patents for signaling by means of radiant energy; see appropriate subclasses for the generic transmission or reception of energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves of subatomic, atomic or molecular particles. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
251,	Valves and Valve Actuation, subclasses 129+ , for electrical valve actuation.
307,	Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, subclass 117 for switching systems controlled by radiant energy.
313,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses, provides for the structure of electronic tubes.
314,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable Electrodes, subclass 63 for arc lamps and other similar consumable electrode discharge devices where the feeding of the electrode is controlled by radiant energy, usually light or radiant heat.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 , provides for radio tubes and other electronic tubes which have an antennae within the envelope of the tube or otherwise structurally combined with the tube. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, above. Class 315 provides in subclasses 1+ for circuits for energizing cathode‐ray tubes, subclass 10 for radiant energy controlled cathode‐ray tube circuits, subclasses 32+, for electronic tubes which have a circuit element, such as a switch, inductance, etc., built into and structurally combined with the electronic tube structure, and in subclasses 32 to 363 for systems where a gas or vapor tube or an electric lamp is energized by or controlled by radiant energy, including radio waves, see subclasses 149+ for radiant energy controlled electric lamp and gas or vapor type electric space discharge device systems.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 16 for electric motor systems where the motor is controlled or supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or electrostatic energy (including radio energy), subclass 460 for electric motor systems controlled by sound or supersonic vibrations, subclass 480 for electric motor systems controlled by radiant energy (e.g., light).
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for methods and apparatus for testing to determine electrical properties by electrical means; subclasses 323+ , especially subclasses 332+ and 344+ provide for ore detection determination by electrical means, including the use of radio waves, except such methods and apparatus which involve the use of reflected or otherwise returned radio waves, the excepted subject matter being in this class (343), subclasses 5+. Class 324 provides for electrical testing methods and apparatus which include a test by means of radio waves and another electrical test. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
327,	Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits supplying current or potential to active devices such as an electron tube or circuits controlling the current or potential utilizing an active device such as an electron tube.
329,	Demodulators, appropriate subclasses, for various types of demodulators for extracting the intelligence modulated on a high frequency wave.
330,	Amplifiers, appropriate subclasses, for the various types of amplifier systems.
331,	Oscillators, appropriate subclasses, for electric oscillation generators having utility in the radiant energy communication systems of Class 343.
332,	Modulators, appropriate subclasses, for modulators, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, provides for wave transmission lines or networks, which may be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of appreciable electrical length with respect to the wave length of the propagated energy. For example, subclasses 1+ provides for plural channel systems and subclasses 236+ provides for single channel long lines having distributed electrical parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave guides, and shielded lines. This class also contains systems and networks useful in communication with radiant energy. See particularly subclasses 101+ for branched circuits with switching, subclasses 109+ for directional couplers, subclasses 117+ for hybrid type networks, subclass 13 for resonator type breakdown discharge systems, e.g., T‐R or R‐T systems, subclass 22 for dissipating terminations for long lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks including filters, equalizers, delay networks, and impedance matching networks, and subclass 81 for attenuators. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
334,	Tuners, appropriate subclasses for tuner networks adapted for use in radiant energy systems.
340,	Communications: Electrical, is the generic class for electric signaling. See subclasses 384.1+ for electrically operated audible signals such as bells and whistles. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Waves Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses for whole radio wave systems and devices, or radio wave system or device components other than antennas. See the "SEARCH CLASS" references in Class 342 for the lines between radio wave communication and the subject matter of other classes. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
345,	Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 418 through 475for computer graphics processing.
346,	Recorders, for recording systems and recorders, etc.
348,	Television, appropriate subclasses for television systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, provides for measuring instruments and processes involving reflection, refraction, chromatic effects and other optical properties of light and materials, that is, for devices which utilize visible light and optical principles for the measurement of angles, distances, chromatic effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis, and fiducial instruments not provided for elsewhere; see subclasses 3+ for range and height finders which utilize visible light, subclasses 27+ for velocity or velocity and height measuring apparatus, subclass 29 for the measurement of relative velocity of a remote object by means of apparatus having an optical element or a reticle, and subclasses 138+ for the measuring of angles or axial alignment by means of visible light. See subclasses 625 and 388+ for the mensuration or configuration analysis of areas, volumes or linear measurements of articles or indefinite length materials or the measurement of distance traveled by a scale or optical grid displaced relative to a remote fiducial mark. Search subclasses 43+ optical pyrometers for the determination of the temperature of bodies or the temperature of light radiation for photos: graphic purposes by means of relative intensity of radiation, color, or incandescence comparison and subclasses 213+ for apparatus to measure the intensity of light generally. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
358,	Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, appropriate subclasses facsimile systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 173+ for photocell controlled relay and electromagnet circuits.
362,	Illumination, appropriate subclasses for radiant energy controlled illuminating devices, see especially subclass 276 .
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, is the residual class for electroacoustic wave signalling devices. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above.)
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, appropriate subclass for means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, provides for apparatus for detecting objects and/or determining their distance and/or direction which are provided with means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves, the sonic or supersonic waves being either generated or received by electrical means. See subclasses 87+ for echo systems, subclasses 118+ for distance or direction finding, and subclasses 131+ for underwater systems. Note that the acoustics class has similar apparatus. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 6+ for a combined radio and phonography systems. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above.)
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 122 is drawn to determining the temperature of a body by use of a microwave arrangement to measure the thermal radiation emitted by the body. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
375,	Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclass for apparatus for the transmission or reception of pulses into or from free space, per se. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
378,	X‐Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclasses 44+ , 51+, and 70+ for X‐ray systems used for testing. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
382,	Image Analysis, appropriate subclass for pattern recognition or image processing.
431,	Combustion, subclass 79 for a fuel burner controlled by a photoelectric type sensor.
434,	Education and Demonstration, subclasses 239+ for devices for instructing or training in the characteristics or operation of navigational aids, such as radio beacons, blind landing systems, direction finders, etc.; subclasses 1+ for devices for instructing or training in characteristics or operation of object detecting systems, such as radar or sonar systems; and subclass 222 for patents relating to instruction in the art of signaling, including instruction in the operation of radio transmitters and receivers.
455,	Telecommunications, for analog modulated carrier wave and light wave communications.
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 150+ for high temperature (T_c > 30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly subclass 201 for antennas.
700,	Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications, subclasses 1 through 89for generic data processing control systems; and subclasses 90‐306 for particular application of data processing systems or calculating computers.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 200+ for the application of a computer in the area of navigation, particularly subclasses 207+ for position determining equipment, and subclasses 300+ for determining the relative location between two points. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 200+ for artificial intelligence systems that process speech signals.
706,	Data Processing: Artificial Intelligence, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
708,	Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 1+ for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for analog computers.
715,	Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing, subclasses 700 through 866for computer operator interface processing.

SECTION IV - GLOSSARY

ACTIVE ELEMENT

An element or network whose energy output is modified due to the presence of a source of energy in the element or network (other than the mere signal energy which passes through the network) or an element or network in which the energy output from a source of energy is controlled by the signal input.

ANTENNA ARRAY

A plurality of active antennas coupled to a common source or load to produce a directive radiation pattern. Usually the spatial relationship also contributes to the directivity of the antenna.

ANTENNA COMPONENT

A portion of the antenna performing a distinct function and limited for use in an antenna, as for example, a reflector, director or active antenna.

ANTENNA COUNTERPOISE

Structure of conductive material most closely associated with ground but insulated from or capacitively coupled to the natural ground, and aiding in the function of the natural ground, particularly where variations or limitations of the characteristics of the natural ground interfere with its proper function, and such structure being connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal.

ANTENNA COUPLING NETWORK

A passive network (which may be resistive, inductive or capacitive or any combination thereof) for transmitting the signal energy between the active antenna and a source or receiver of such signal energy.

ANTENNA GROUNDING STRUCTURE

Ground, or structure most closely associated with or simulating ground which is connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal, (i.e., the signal receiver or source is interposed between the active antenna and this structure), for establishing a reference potential level for operating the active antenna.

ANTENNA INHERENT REACTANCE

This includes not only the distributed reactance of the active antenna but also the natural reactance due to its location and surroundings, as for example, the capacity relation inherent in the position of the active antenna relative to ground.

ANTENNA LEAD‐IN

A conductive means (transmission line, feed line) for conveying the signal energy between the active antenna and the signal source or receiver, and extending directly from the active antenna towards the source or receiver.

ANTENNA SHIELD

A conductive or low reluctance structure, such as a wire, plate or grid which is adapted to be placed in the vicinity of an active antenna to reduce, as by dissipation through a resistance or by conduction to ground, undesired electromagnetic radiation, or electric or magnetic fields, which are directed toward the active antenna from an external source or which emanate from the active antenna.

ANTENNA TUNING

Adjusting an inductance or capacity combined with the active antenna but distinct and separate therefrom, the inductance or capacity providing a reactance which combines with the inherent reactance of the active antenna to establish a resonance in a circuit including the active antenna, this resonance being at a frequency other than the natural electrical resonant frequency of the active antenna, adjustment of the inductance or capacity changing this resonance; or adjusting the length of an electrically long linear antenna to alter the electrical resonance of the antenna.

COMMUNICATION

The conveying or transferring of information; specifically a system, as radio, telephone, telegraph for conveying or transferring information. For a general statement of the classes which include communication devices, apparatus and systems,see section V below.

DIRECTOR

A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., a rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component in the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation pattern of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.

DISTANCE

The space between two points, which may be immediately juxtaposed or widely spaced.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION FILTER

Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave to filter out wave energy of an undesired polarization and to pass wave energy of a desired polarization.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFRACTOR

Structure which is shaped or positioned to delay or accelerate transmitted electromagnetic waves, passing through such structure, an amount which varies over the wave front, to alter the direction of propagation of the waves emitted from the structure with respect to the waves impinging on the structure, or to bring the wave to a focus, or to alter the wave front (such as to convert a spherical wave front to a planar wave front or vice versa).

FREE SPACE

Space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially unimpeded, such as interplanetary space, the atmosphere, the ocean and other large bodies of water or the earth.

LOADED ANTENNA

An active antenna having an elongated portion of appreciable electrical length and having additional inductance or capacity directly in series or shunt with the elongated portion so as to modify the standing wave pattern existing along the portion or to change the effective electrical length of the portion.

MESSAGE

A signal used to convey intelligence, such as telegraph signals or telephone signals (e.g., speech). Message is used in more limited sense than signal for the purpose of classification in this class in that signal includes the transmission of control impulses for operation mechanism other than mere signal reproducers.

ORIENTING

Changing the direction of the antenna beam.

PARASITIC ELEMENT

A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component which is in the same direction (director) as, or in the opposite direction (reflector) to, that of the velocity of the impinging wave.

RADIANT ENERGY

The energy (partially kinetic, partially potential) associated with waves produced in free space by a space by a source of energy, as light waves, electromagnetic radiations (including radio wave), neutron and similar radiation, subsonic, supersonic and sonic waves.

RADIATE

The emanation of energy into free space.

RADIO OR HERTZ WAVE

An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends over a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light waves. Values of 10 kilocyles and 30,000 megacyles have been given as the lower an upper limits of the range for radio waves, although values exist beyond these limits. Radio waves as here defined exclude compressional waves, light waves, heat waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, X‐rays, cathode rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio waves are produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.

REFLECTOR

A conductive structure, usually metallic (e.g., screen, rod or plate) which reradiates back into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the returned wave having a component in a direction opposite to the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.

RESTRICTED SPACE

A space or medium which tends to confine the energy within specified boundaries along a predetermined path, as wave guides, hollow resonators, conductive wires.

SCANNING

Repeatedly moving the antenna beam over an area in space.

SIGNAL

Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence or message conveyed, such as a sign, noise indication agreed upon, understood and used to convey intelligence at a distance.

SWEEPING

Moving the antenna beam repeatedly along a single line (which may be straight or curved) in space.

TELEGRAPHY

The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited with respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the utilization of energy, the elements of the message being selected or composed at will according to a prearranged code.

TELEPHONY

The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which is transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for reproduction of the speech or sounds.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 700]

700

ANTENNAS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter and limited by claimed subject matter to coupling electrical energy between free space and restricted space, i.e., the radiation or collection of such energy together with its transmission to or from a transmitter or receiver, and not otherwise classifiable.

(1) Note. The free space may be interplanetary space, atmospheric space, the earth, or large bodies of water, and the electrical energy therein is radio wave energy covering the range between long and extremely short waves. Excluded are visible light, infrared and ultra violet radiation, X‐rays, and gamma rays, as well as compression wave energy, either sonic or supersonic. The restricted space may be either a wire transmission line or a wave guide type line, and the electrical energy flowing therein is pulsating at the frequency of the corresponding free space energy, which is established by or establishes the energy flowing in the wire transmission line or wave guide.

(2) Note. Since any conducting mass may function as a radiator or collector of radio wave energy, the subject matter classified here is specialized for use as an antenna. The antennas as here classified are formed as a passive conducting mass, which may be in the form of a metallic current conductor, wave guide, or space discharge. This mass in use is in direct engagement with free space to emit or collect radio wave energy to or from free space, and is coupled or connected to a source of energy or to a load. To act as an antenna the mass usually has a particular shape of dimension, or may have electrical circuit elements, namely, resistance inductance, or capacity, associated therewith. Included herein are devices designed to operate as an antenna, but involving no particular structure and claimed in combination with other electrical means, when no other class provides for the claimed subject matter. See the Notes to this subclass, below.

(3) Note. Combinations of an antenna and additional nonperfecting structure, i.e., structure having an added purpose or independent utility other than to perfect the antenna, are classified as follows:

A. Combinations of an antenna and a diverse type art device (i.e., nonradio device), such as an aircraft, water‐borne device, vehicle, or lamp, for example, wherein the antenna is claimed by name only in combination with details of the device, there being no significant relationship between the nominal antenna and the diverse type art device, are generally not classified in this or indented subclasses but in the appropriate class taking such device.

B. Combinations of an antenna and a diverse type (i.e., nonradio device) art device including significant antenna structure or wherein a significant relationship exists between the antenna and the diverse type art device are classified in this and the indented subclasses, where the only structure of the diverse type device recited is structure which permits the antenna to function as such (e.g., supports the antenna, forms a ground plane or reflector for the antenna, or makes a specific type antenna necessary for use with the device). For example, the combination of an antenna with a radio cabinet, aircraft, watercraft, or vehicle, there being a significant relationship between the antenna and the associated structure, is classified in indented subclasses 702, 705+, 709+, and 711+, while subclasses 720+ is the residual subclass for this subject matter. Where the other device is recited merely in broad terms for such purposes as background for the antenna or supporting the antenna, classification is in the appropriate indented subclasses, such as in subclasses 878+ where the other device is a support.

C. Generally, where the antenna itself is designed to function also as another device and significant antenna structure is recited, as for example, a venetian blind or water sprinkler, classification is in this and the indented subclasses, subclasses 708, 710, 712, and 720+ being especially pertinent. Where the antenna is broadly claimed, and the other device is significantly claimed, classification is with the other device. For example, a rubber mounted vehicle bumper which may operate as an antenna is classified in Class 293, Vehicle Fenders, subclass 88.

D. Combinations of an antenna and additional electronic structure or system are generally classified with the combination. For example, an antenna and a cabinet containing some radio structure other than the antenna would be classified in Class 455, appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 269+. However, where detailed antenna structure is combined with additional electronic structure, nominally recited, classification is in this and the indented subclasses. For example, such terms as transmitter, receiver, signal source, and load are considered nominal recitation of the other structure. A plurality of antennas combined with additional electronic structure nominally recited is considered as detailed antenna structure with a nominal electronic structure, and is classified in this and the indented subclasses. A plurality of such nominal elements, such as a plurality of transmitters, a plurality of receivers, or a transmitter and receiver, are generally considered nominal structure, which when combined with detailed antenna structure are classified in this and the indented subclasses. When the antenna is combined with a nominal transmitter and receiver forming a duplex system, classification is in Class 370, Multiplex Communications, subclasses 276+ as a duplex system. The combination of an antenna and electric space discharge device may be in this class (343) where the combination performs the functions there defined. Where the antenna includes an electric discharge device, the discharge serving as a portion of the antenna coupling, and wherein the combination performs no function classified elsewhere, classification is in this class (343) subclass 701. See Class 315, subclass 34 for a space discharge device having an antenna within or integral therewith and Class 325, especially subclass 384 for means for coupling antennas to radio receivers by means of electron tubes.

(4) Note.

A. Combinations of an antenna within the class definition and additional structure for the purpose of improving or perfecting the antenna in the performance of its primary function, which is the radiation or collection of radio wave energy together with the transmission of such energy to or from the transmitter or receiver, are classified in this and the indented subclasses where the structure claimed includes significant antenna structure or is more than is provided for in other classes. Examples of such subject matter are found in indented subclasses 704, 872, 878, and 904; subclass 904 being the residuary home for such subject matter.

B. Combinations of an antenna with no significant antenna structure with perfecting structure, such as a support, connector or leadin, the combination not being peculiar to antennas (i.e., the combination has more general application) are classified in a more general class if such exists. For example, the structure of a metallic antenna rod, whether insulated or not, unlimited by modifications for radiating purposes, together with a support is classified in Class 52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 108, 109, 110, 111+, 632, 633+, and 720+. Where the antenna is in the form of a generalized conductor, whether insulated or not, combined with lead‐in or connector means, classification is in Class 174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators. Where a nominal antenna is formed as a helical extensible spring, classification is in Class 267, Spring Devices, subclass 74. Where a nominal antenna is formed as a rod of adjustable length with a joint for permitting such adjustment, classification is in Class 287, Rod Joints or Couplings, subclass 58.

C. Combinations of a nominal antenna or a nominal reflector together with significant structure used with the antenna for supporting, moving, signaling some condition of the antenna, etc., are not classified in this or the indented subclasses where some other class provides for the claimed subject matter (e.g., the support class provides for the significant support structure and will also take the thing supported by name only), even though the combination improves or perfects the operation of the antenna or reflector. Such subject matter is found in the classes which provide for the significant structure used with the nominal antenna or reflector. Situations of this nature are as follows (for an exception, see (11) Note, below):

1. The combination of a nominal antenna or reflector together with significant mechanism for moving the antenna or reflector, is classified in Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, especially subclass 1, where the mechanism is for scanning, sweeping or orienting the antenna. The broad recitation of a motor for driving the mechanism in this combination does not preclude classification in this class (74).

2. The combination of a nominal antenna or reflector together with an electric motor and motor control means for moving the antenna or reflector, is classified in Class 318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems. See also the class definition of Class 318.

3. Combinations of a nominal antenna or reflector together with significant structure for providing a signal, indication or alarm indicative of some condition of the antenna or reflector, are classified in Class 116, Signals and Indicators, where the signaling structure is mechanical in nature, and in Class 340, Communications: Electrical, where the signaling structure is electrical in nature. This reference to Classes 116 and 340 does not include signals, indicators or alarms actuated by the radio wave energy collected or transmitted by the antenna. For example, Class 340 includes electrical signaling means for indicating the direction in which the antenna is oriented, but Class 343, subclasses 100+, includes direction finding radio systems.

4. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with significant structure for transmitting electrical energy, which may be signal energy, thereto and permitting movement of the antenna are classified in the appropriate subclass of Class 191, Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles. Where a flexible extension for transmitting electrical energy between relatively moving parts is combined with a reel, classification is in subclasses 12.2+ of Class 191. The addition of a drag to any of the combinations involving Class 191 as here set forth is sufficient to exclude such subject matter from Class 191. For classification of such combinations, see paragraph 6 under this section, subclass 707 below, and also the reference to Class 244, Aeronautics, under "SEARCH CLASS", below.

5. Combinations of nominal antennas together with a support are classified in Class 211, Supports: Racks, where the support involves frame structures or a plurality of supports, or supports a plurality of antennas; and in Class 248, Supports, where the support is a single support or supports a single antenna.

6. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with a reel are classified in Class 242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding.

7. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with aircraft structure along with such elements as a fair lead, a drag on the free end of the antenna, and a reel or other extending and retracting structure are classified in Class 244, Aeronautics, subclass 1.

8. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with significant electrical connector or terminal structure are classified in Class 439, Electrical Connectors.

(5) Note. Subcombinations of an antenna which are not otherwise classified and are specialized for use in an antenna are classified in this and indented subclasses. Examples of such subject matter are antenna components, such as reflectors and directors. Radio wave lenses, refractors and polarizing converters, which are usually associated with an antenna or a wave guide, are also classified here.

(6) Note. Subcombinations merely amenable to use in an antenna are classified with the subcombination. For example, stock materials and other fabricated materials which may be used in making an antenna are classified in such classes as 28, Textiles: Manufacturing, 29, Metal Working, 138, Pipes and Tubular Conduits, and 139, Textiles: Weaving and 245, Wire Fabrics and Structure. See the Search Notes under subclasses 897, 900 and 907 below for a field of search for such materials.

(7) Note. The electrical energy coupled by the antennas of this and the indented subclasses is ordinarily signaling energy for such purposes as communication and telemetering. Also included are antennas and reflectors which are analogous in structure to those used in communication and telemetering. Many other classes provide for apparatus for treating persons or materials with radiated electromagnetic waves and include antennas and reflectors which are specialized for such use. See, for example, Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 221+ for processes and apparatus for preserving, disinfecting and sterilizing, which may involve electromagnetic waves; Class 99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 451, for apparatus for treating foods with electromagnetic waves. Class 128, Surgery, particularly subclasses 404+, for electrical applicators for treating the human body; Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, subclass 1, for cleaning and liquid contact with solids involving a electromagnetic wave energy; Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclasses, for chemical processes involving electromagnetic wave energy; Class 219, Electric Heating, subclass 10.55, for structure for heating a device or material by subjecting it to a field of electromagnetic wave radiation; Class 250, Radiant Energy, subclasses 493+, for structure generating and applying ray energy; and Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 234, 235, 236, and 237+, for processes involving the application of electromagnetic waves in the treatment of edible material.

(8) Note. There are other classes which provide for structures which project or extract to or from space, earth, or water signaling energy which is wave energy and may be in the form of electromagnetic wave energy (other than radio waves); and such subject matter is not classified in this and the indented subclasses. For example, this subject matter may be found in the following classes and subclasses: 116, Signals and Indicators, subclasses 18+ for visual or audible code signaling, subclass 27 for submarine sound signaling, and subclasses 137+ for horns, whistles and compressional wave generators for signaling; 178, Telegraphy, subclass 43 for space induction telegraph systems; 181, Acoustics, appropriate subclasses for acoustical signaling systems and subclass 175, for sound modifying means; 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclasses 61.01 and 61.02 for electric circuit makers and breakers responsive to sound and light respectively; 246, Railway Switches and Signals, subclasses 8, 63 and 194 for inductive type railway signaling systems; 336, Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses, for the structure of inductor devices, per se, which may be used in inductive type signaling systems; 340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 4+ for under water compressional wave signaling systems, and especially subclasses 8+ for compressional wave transducers; subclasses 15.5+ for earth propagated compressional wave signaling systems; subclasses 366+ for visual electrical signaling; and subclass 384.1 for audible electrical signaling; 359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 109+ for light wave communications.

(9) Note. Communication or signaling systems including an antenna as an element or subcombination are classified with the system. Such communication systems which may include an antenna as an element or subcombination thereof are classified in Class 246, Railway Switches and Signals, subclass 30 for railway block‐signal systems involving Hertzian waves (See also the reference to Class 246 in References to Other Classes, in the Class Definition, above); Class 250, Radiant Energy, for radiant energy systems which may include an antenna (See also the references to Class 250 in Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, and Measuring and Testing, above; and References to Other Classes, above, in the class definition of this class (343), and under the Notes to this subclass (700); Class 318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclasses 16 and 480 for motor control systems involving radiant energy; Class 340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 189+ and 224 for signaling systems involving radiant energy; and this class (343) subclasses 5+ for reflected and/or otherwise returned wave systems, subclasses 100+ for directive systems; Class 370, Multiplex Communications, for duplex and multiplex systems.

(10) Note. Antennas within the subclass definition combined with a lightning arrester are classified in subclass 904 of this class. Lightning arresters generally are classified in Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclass 40 for lightning arresters. Lightning arresters where the only structure is an arc or spark gap are classified in Class 313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices. Lightning arresters combined with thermal switches are classified in Class 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclass 115.

(11) Note. As between Class 333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, and this and indented subclasses, the combination of an antenna and its coupling network, whether single or plural channel, where the antenna is only nominally recited, is classified in this and the indented subclasses.

(12) Note. As between loop antennas and the inductor devices of Class 336, Inductor Devices, the claiming of an antenna by name only or structure peculiar to antennas together with inductor structure would classify the patent in this class (343), subclasses 700+, and particularly subclasses 866+. If the disclosure is a loop antenna, but the claims recite merely an inductor device, classification is in Class 336.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 600+ , for a method of making an antenna or other wave‐energy "plumbing" device not elsewhere classified.
52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclass for a residual elongated or openwork structure which may be disclosed or merely defined as an antenna, particularly subclass 40 for a shaft or tower with an article support, 108 for a strip‐like unit which is reversibly flexible and rigid, 110 for an elongated member attached to a vehicle shell, 111+ for a mechanism operated or relatively movable assembly, 632 for an axially extensible shaft or openwork, 633+ for a residual openwork structure, e.g., tower, mast, grating, etc., and 720+ for a residual rigid elongated structure.
60,	Power Plants, appropriate subclasses for fluid actuated devices which may be used for extending or retracting an antenna to its operative or inoperative position.
74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, for mechanisms for controlling the position of an antenna, and particularly subclass 1 for mechanisms for imparting scanning, sweeping or orienting motion to an antenna.
99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 451 , for apparatus for treating foods with electromagnetic waves.
114,	Ships, subclass 311 for drags or sea anchors.
116,	Signals and Indicators, for mechanical signaling or indicating structure which may be used with an antenna.
134,	Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, subclass 1 for cleaning processes including application of electrical, radiant or wave energy to the work.
139,	Textiles: Weaving, subclass 425 for fabric materials including metal which may be used as an antenna.
174,	Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 3 for lightning rod conductor structure; subclasses 6 and 7 for earth grounds, in general, which may be used with antennas; subclass 45 for towers, poles, or posts for supporting overhead conductors; subclasses 68.1‐136 for cables and conductors which may be used in antennas; subclasses 137+ for antenna insulators, particularly subclasses 151+ for antenna insulators through a wall or plate; and subclasses 350‐397 for anti‐inductive structures involving a shield or screen.
188,	Brakes, subclasses 378+ for vibration dampers which use the inertia of a damping mass to dissipate motion; and subclass 381 for dampers using friction between damper elements to dissipate motion.
191,	Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, for means for transmitting electrical energy between relatively moving parts, one of which may be a movable antenna, and particularly subclasses 12.2+ where a reel is involved, and subclasses 22+ where a conductor presenting a substantially continuous exposed surface along the path of movement for contact with a collector is involved.
200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, for structure adapted for switching signal energy to or from an antenna.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for electrical or wave energy processes and apparatus.
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for electrolytic processes and selected electrolytic products.
211,	Supports: Racks, for frame structure supporting means which usually involve a plurality of supports or a support for a plurality of articles which may be antennas.
219,	Electric Heating, subclasses 600+ for inductive heating, subclasses 678+ for microwave heating, and subclasses 764+ for capacitive dielectric heating.
242,	Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, subclasses 370+ , particularly subclasses 390.2, 390.3, and 917 for a reeling device on which a flexible antenna may wound.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 1 for miscellaneous aircraft structure including fairlead structure, in combination with a wire or cable, which may be a trailing antenna, and which may include a drag at the free end of the wire or cable.
246,	Railway Switches and Signals, subclasses 8 , 63, and 194 for inductive signaling systems which may involve inductive coupling devices similar to loop antennas; and subclass 30 for Hertzian wave systems involving antennas. See also the reference to Class 246 under References to Other Classes in the class definition of this class (343).
248,	Supports, for supporting structure usually involving single supports or supporting a single article which may be an antenna.
293,	Vehicle Fenders, subclass 136 for vehicle bumpers with rubber mounting means, which may be used as antennas.
307,	Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, for miscellaneous electrical transmission or interconnection systems not otherwise classified. See particularly subclasses 11+ for plural load systems, subclasses 43+ for plural supply systems, subclasses 89+ for anti‐induction systems, and subclasses 112+ for switching systems.
312,	Supports: Cabinet Structure, subclass 7.1 for radio type cabinets.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 for the structural combination of an electric discharge device and an antenna, integrally united.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for motor control systems which may be used for controlling the position of antennas, particularly for such purposes as scanning, sweeping, or orienting.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, in the class definition of Class 343.
332,	Modulators, subclass 174 for absorption type amplitude modulators which may include a directive antenna.
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 1+ for plural channel wave transmission systems which may be used for coupling antennas to their transmitters or receivers, which may involve impedance matching, directional couplers, hybrid type networks and switching in addition; subclass 22 for dissipating terminations for long lines which may simulate the power absorbing characteristics of antennas; subclass 23 for artificial lines which may simulate the impedance characteristics of an antenna over a frequency range; subclasses 24+ for coupling networks for coupling an antenna to its source or load, which may involve balanced to unbalanced coupling networks, delay networks, impedance matching, equalizers, and wave filters; subclasses 219+ for resonators of the distributed parameter type; and subclasses 236+ for long lines. See (11) Note immediately above. See also the reference to Class 333 in References to Other Classes in the class (343) definition.
336,	Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses, for inductor structure, per se, including coils and coil structure which may be used as loop antennas or in the coupling systems of antennas. See (12) Note, above.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 853.1+ for telemetering via a radiant energy beam. See also (4) Note, C, 3 and (8) Note above, and Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, and Measuring and Testing, in the class definition for this class (343) and the reference to Class 340 in References to Other Classes in the class definition of Class 343.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1 through 205for reflected or otherwise returned radio wave energy systems which are characterized by some quality that varies according to the relative direction, position or plane of polarization of the sender and receiver, which may include and antenna. See Class 455 for transmitter and receiver, which may include and antenna. See Class 455 for transmitter and receiver systems where such directive properties are not present.
359,	Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 483+ for optical polarizers, subclasses 642+ for optical lenses, subclasses 838+ for optical reflectors and subclasses 350+ and 885+ for optical filters.
362,	Illumination, for illuminating devices which often are structurally similar to antennas; particularly subclass 19 for illuminating means with a polarizer; subclass 327 for combined reflectors and refractors; subclasses 341+ for reflectors and subclasses 326+ for refractors.
375,	Pulse or Digital Communications, for pulse communication apparatus having an antenna.
403,	Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for a joint or coupling which may be used in an antenna. See especially subclasses 52+ for articulated connections.
426,	Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+, for processes involving the application of electromagnetic waves in the treatment of foods.
439,	Electrical Connectors, for electrical connector or terminal structure which may be used in antennas. See also (4) Note, C, 8, above.
455,	Telecommunications, particularly subclasses 6 , 19, 25, 82, 83, 107, 121+, 129, 131, 193, and 269+ for analog modulated carrier wave communication systems with antenna structure.
607,	Surgery: Light, Thermal, and Electrical Application, subclasses 115+ for electrical applicators for treating the human body.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 701]

701

Having electric space discharge device:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna includes an electric discharge device, the space discharge of this device serving as a portion of the antenna or the antenna coupling.

(1) Note. When the combination of the antenna and discharge device performs some function in addition to the antenna function, and structure performing such additional function is classified elsewhere, classification is with such structure. For example, the combination of antenna and discharge device is Classified in Class 455, Telecommunications, subclasses 129 and 269+, if the tube operates as an oscillator or detector, the combination being a transmitter or receiver respectively, or in this class (343), subclasses 350+ if in addition the combination is directive.

(2) Note. For the space discharge to serve as the antenna coupling as defined above, the discharge must actually convey the signal energy. The mere control of the discharge by the signal device as in the conventional amplifier triode is not sufficient for classification here.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 for the structural combination of an antenna integral with a space discharge device.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave System and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 350+ for directive transmitting and receiving systems, which may include electric space discharge devices combined with antennas. See also (1) Note above.
455,	Telecommunications, subclass 291 for means for coupling antennas to radio receivers by means of electron tube means.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 702]

702

With radio cabinet:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna is combined with the cabinet which encloses the receiving or transmitting structure in such manner that a significant relationship exists between the antenna and cabinet.

(1) Note. A significant relationship may exist between the antenna and the cabinet when the antenna and cabinet have a common portion, when the antenna retracts into the hollow cabinet, when the antenna is shaped to correspond to the cabinet shape, or when the antenna is contained within the cabinet. However, when the cabinet is a mere support for the antenna mounted externally thereon, classification is not in this subclass, but in subclasses 878+, below.

(2) Note. Antennas combined with a housing or protective covering for the antenna alone are not classified in this subclass but in subclass 872, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

872+,	for antennas with a housing or protective covering. See (2) Note, above.
878+,	for antennas with a support. See (1) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

312,	Supports: Cabinet Structure, subclass 7.1 for radio type cabinets.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 269+ for radio cabinets combined with antenna positioning or support means.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 703]

703

Measuring signal energy:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna is combined with structure which tells the magnitude of the signal energy flowing to, in, or from the antenna, and wherein a significant relationship exists between the antenna and this measuring structure.

(1) Note. Patents within the general subclass definition involving testing are classified in this subclass, if the testing involves measuring as herein defined.

(2) Note. Antennas combined with a signal, indicator, or alarm which indicates some condition of the antenna are classified in subclasses 760 and 894 below. Also, patents within the general definition involving testing are classified in subclass 894 below, if the testing involves indicating as there specified without measuring.

(3) Note. See (1) and (2) Notes above for statements concerning testing.

(4) Note. A significant relationship may exist when the measuring structure and active antenna share a common detail, or when the measuring device is coupled to the antenna where the voltage or current is critical, such as a standing wave node or anti‐node, or when details peculiar to an antenna are necessary for the operation of measuring structure. See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, under the class definition for this class (343).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, particularly subclasses 76.11+ for measuring electrical energy generally.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 417+ for direction finding receivers which involve, in addition to the measuring structure responsive to the magnitude of the signal energy, structure for showing the location of a remote signal source.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 67.1+ and 226.1 for means for testing and calibrating radio systems and/or receivers.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 704]

704

With ice clearer or preventer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna includes means which prevents or reduces ice, snow or sleet accumulation, such as heating apparatus or material having a low freezing point.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

904,	for antennas combined with structure for perfecting the antenna not otherwise classified.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

62,	Refrigeration, subclasses 80 , 140, 151, 234, and 272+ for refrigeration processes and apparatus involving defrosting, and subclasses 73 and 349+ for congealed product making with thawing.
138,	Pipes and Tubular Conduits, subclasses 32+ for pipes and tubular conduits with thawing and freeze prevention.
165,	Heat Exchange, subclasses 47+ for a structurally installed heat exchanger.
191,	Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, subclass 62 for structure transmitting electricity to vehicles with ice preventers or clearers.
219,	Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for electric heating means.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 134 for aircraft structure with ice prevention.
252,	Compositions, subclass 70 for compositions including those for frost prevention and ice thawing.
336,	Inductor Devices, subclasses 55+ for inductor devices with temperature modifying means.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 387.1+ for audible electrical weatherproofing signaling means which may be combined with devicers.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 705]

705

With aircraft:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with, or has at least a part in common with at least a part of, a device peculiarity adapted to travel or be suspended in the air such as an airplane, balloon, projectile, or guided missile, and wherein a significant relationship exists between the device and the active antenna.

(1) Note. A significant relationship exists when the details of the active antenna cooperate with details of the aircraft device, as when the antenna is shaped in accordance with the shape of the device.

(2) Note. Where the device with which the antenna is combined is a watercraft or vehicle, not peculiarly adapted or limited to travel or to be suspended in the air, classification is not here but in subclasses 709+ and 711+ below, as qualified by (3) Note.

(3) Note. Combinations of an antenna and aircraft when the aircraft is a mere support, and the antenna could be supported as well on some other object, are not classified in this subclass, but in subclasses 878+ below.

(4) Note. Combinations of specific aircraft structure and a nominal antenna are not classified in this subclass, but in Class 244, Aeronautics and Astronautics.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

709+,	for antennas combined with watercraft.
711+,	for antennas combined with a vehicle.
877,	for antennas with a reel.
878+,	for antennas with a support.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

102,	Ammunition and Explosives, particularly subclasses 335+ and 405, for aerial type mines and pyrotechnics which travel through the air, respectively.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, for aircraft structure in general. See also (1) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 706]

706

Lighter‐than‐air device:

This subclass is indented under subclass 705. Subject matter wherein at least a portion of the active antenna is maintained in an elevated position by a lighter‐than‐air device, e.g., balloon.

(1) Note. The antenna may be mounted on the device to move about freely therewith, or one end may be secured to the ground and the other end maintained by the device in an elevated position.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

102,	Ammunition and Explosives, subclasses 348 and 354 for pyrotechnics combined with balloons.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclasses 30 and 31+ for lighter‐than‐air airships and balloons, respectively.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 707]

707

Trailing type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 705. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is an elongated flexible mass suspended from the aircraft, or the active antenna is suspended from the aircraft by an elongated flexible support so that the antenna will trail from the aircraft as by the relative motion between the aircraft and the surrounding air.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

709,	for water‐borne trailing antennas.
877,	for antennas with reels.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclass 311 for drags or sea anchors.
188,	Brakes, subclasses 378+ for vibration dampers which use the inertia of a damping mass to dissipate motion; and subclass 381 for dampers using friction between damper elements to dissipate motion.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 1 for aircraft with trailing structure, which may be a nominal antenna.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 708]

708

Aircraft part of active antenna or vice versa:

This subclass is indented under subclass 705. Subject matter wherein the active antenna and the device have a common portion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

710,	for antennas with watercraft wherein the watercraft have a part in common with the active antenna.
712,	for antennas with a vehicle wherein the vehicle or part thereof is a part of the active antenna.
720,	for antennas with a diverse type art device wherein the device and antenna have a common portion.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 709]

709

Waterborne (e.g., buoyant or with watercraft):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with, or has at least a part in common with at least a part of a device peculiarly adapted for travel or to be suspended in water, such as a surface ship, submarine, torpedo, buoy or other floating structure and wherein a significant relationship exists between the device and the active antenna.

(1) Note. A significant relationship exists when the details of the active antenna cooperate with details of the watercraft device, as when the antenna is shaped in accordance with the shape of the device.

(2) Note. Where the device with which the antenna is combined is a vehicle not peculiarly adapted or limited to travel or be suspended in the water, classification is not here but in subclasses 711+ below, as qualified by (3) Note immediately following.

(3) Note. Combinations of an antenna and watercraft when the watercraft is a mere support, and the antenna could be supported as well on some other object, are not classified in this subclass, but in subclasses 878+ below.

(4) Note. Water buoyant antennas are classified here.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

705+,	for antennas combined with an aircraft.
707,	for aircraft with a trailing or drag type antenna.
711+,	for antennas combined with a vehicle.
719,	for antennas buried underground or submerged under water.
878+,	for antennas with a support.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, for ships and watercraft in general, and particularly subclass 311 for drags and sea anchors.
441,	Buoys, Rafts, and Aquatic Devices, subclasses 1+ for buoys.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 710]

710

Watercraft part of active antenna or vice versa:

This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the active antenna and the device have a common portion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

708,	for antennas with aircraft, wherein the aircraft is part of the active antenna.
712,	for antennas with a vehicle wherein the vehicle is a part of the active antenna.
720,	for antennas with diverse type art devices which may have a common portion.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 711]

711

With vehicle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with, or has at least a part in common with at least a part of, vehicle structure or accessories peculiarly adapted for use with a vehicle, and wherein a significant relationship exists between the antenna and vehicle or accessory structure.

(1) Note. A significant relationship exists when the details of the active antenna cooperate with details of the vehicle, as when the antenna is shaped in accordance with the vehicle shape.

(2) Note. Where the combined vehicle structure is part of a ship, submarine, aircraft or any similar vehicle having structure limiting it to use in air or water, classification is not here. See the search notes below.

(3) Note. Combinations of an antenna and vehicle when the vehicle is merely a support for the antenna, and the antenna could be supported as well on some other object, are not classified here. See the search notes below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

705+,	for antennas combined with vehicles or devices which travel or are suspended in air. See (2) Note, above.
709+,	for antennas combined with watercraft. See (2) Note, above.
878+,	for antennas with supports. See (3) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

246,	Railway Switches and Signals, particularly subclasses 8 and 30 for railway signaling devices and systems.
280,	Land Vehicles, for vehicles and related subject matter. See also the general notes therein.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 712]

712

Vehicle part of active antenna or vice versa:

This subclass is indented under subclass 711. Subject matter wherein the active antenna and vehicle structure or accessory have a common portion.

(1) Note. The active antenna or portion thereof may constitute an element of the vehicle, or conversely the vehicle or portion thereof may constitute an element of the active antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

708,	and 710, for antennas having a portion in common with a device traveling or suspended in air or water, respectively.
720+,	for antennas combined with a diverse type art device.
729+,	for plural diverse type antennas using the same active element.
846+,	for grounding structure having a portion in common with a vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

293,	Vehicle Fenders, particularly subclass 136 for vehicle bumpers with mounting means which may be of rubber or other insulating material, wherein the bumper may be used as an antenna.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 713]

713

Supported by vehicle body:

This subclass is indented under subclass 711. Subject matter wherein the body of the vehicle serves as a support or supporting base for the antenna.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass the antenna must be combined with the vehicle shell or body, which in the case of an automobile is mounted on the running gear (chassis). The body includes the top, hood, fenders, doors, windshield, cowl, etc., as opposed to accessories such as bumper, spare tire, mirror, turn indicator, etc., which latter group when combined with an antenna, may be classified in subclass 711, above.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

718,	for antennas which are adapted to be attached to or carried by the human body.
720+,	for antennas combined with a diverse type art device.
878+,	for antennas with supports.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

105,	Railway Rolling Stock, appropriate subclasses, for railway rolling stock body structure.
180,	Motor Vehicles, subclasses 89+ for motor vehicle bodies.
293,	Vehicle Fenders, subclass 136 for vehicle fenders with rubber mounting means or the like.
296,	Land Vehicles: Bodies and Tops, for land vehicles bodies and tops.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 714]

714

Antenna adjustable from inside body:

This subclass is indented under subclass 713. Subject matter wherein the active antenna or a portion thereof is movably supported on the vehicle body together with structure controlled within the body for moving the antenna for such purposes as adjusting the operative position of the antenna or moving the antenna from an operative to an inoperative position, e.g., extending or retracting a rod antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

723,	for single linear antennas adjustable in length which have an appreciable wave length dimension.
757+,	for antennas combined with means for moving such antennas for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
823,	for centered balanced doublet antennas adjustable in length.
869,	for loop antennas with a rotatable support.
877,	for antennas with a reel for winding such antennas. See also the search notes thereunder.
880+,	and 889, for antennas with an adjustable or collapsible support, and for rod type antennas retractable into a support, respectively.
901+,	for telescoping rod type antennas.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 715]

715

Rod type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 713. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is of the rod type as defined in subclass 900, below.

(1) Note. See (1) Note under subclass 900 below for the lines between rod type antennas and rod structure as found in classes such as 52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), and 174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

714,	for a combined vehicle and rod type antenna whose position is changed or which may be extended or retracted by control means situated inside the vehicle.
900,	and the search notes thereunder, for rod type antennas in general.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 720+ for a residual rigid elongated unit not defining an electrical feature for Class 343.

716	Running board:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 713. Subject matter wherein the portion of the body supporting the antenna is the running board.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 717]

717

Supported underneath vehicle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 711. Subject matter wherein the antenna, when in operative position, is supported under the vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

713+,	for antennas supported by the body of a vehicle, as distinguished from the subject matter in this subclass (717), where the antennas are supported from other parts of the vehicle than the body, generally the chassis. See (1) Note under subclass 713, above.
716,	for antennas supported under the running board of a vehicle.
878+,	for antennas with a support.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 718]

718

Body‐attached or connected:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna is shaped to fit the body or to be supported by body, or including structure whereby the antenna is secured to the body to be freely portable by the body under operative conditions, or structure which enables the body to operate as an antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

878,	for antennas with a support.
906,	for antennas with an electrical connector.
908,	for antenna elements of a particular shape.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

224,	Package and Article Carriers, subclasses 5+ for body or belt attached package and article carriers.
455,	Telecommunications, subclass 351 for portable radio receivers.
607,	Surgery: Light, Thermal, and Electrical Application, subclasses 149+ for body attaching electrodes.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 719]

719

Buried underground or submerged under water:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active portion of the antenna is claimed to be at least partially buried under the ground or submerged in water under operative conditions.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass, the active antenna must be at least partially buried under the ground or submerged in water generally. Antennas having a liquid‐filled housing and liquid column antennas placed above ground are not classified her, but in subclasses 700 and 872+ respectively.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

709+,	for water‐borne antennas.
829+,	for fractional, multiple, or full wave linear type antennas with grounding structure.
841+,	for antennas with electrical shields which may be used underground or under water.
845,	for antennas with a ground connection spaced from the feed line connection.
846+,	for antennas with grounding structure, including counterpoises.
872+,	for antennas with a housing or protective covering which may be used underground or underwater.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

174,	Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclasses 6+ for earth grounds for electrical apparatus generally, and subclasses 37+ for underground conductors.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 720]

720

Combined with diverse‐type art device:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna is combined with other devices or structures having an added purpose or independent utility other than to perfect the antenna, i.e., the other devices or structures are not directly related to the primary function of the antenna, which is the emission or collection of electromagnetic wave energy together with the conveying of such energy to or from the transmitter or receiver leadin.

(1) Note. This subclass receives subject matter such as an antenna combined with a lamp, building structure, umbrella, etc., if more than a mere support. Antenna perfections or improvements are classified elsewhere in the antenna subclasses, subclasses 904+ being the residual home for such perfections or improvements.

(2) Note. Combinations of antennas and other devices or structures wherein such other devices or structures are claimed in broad terms merely for such purposes as background for the antenna or supporting the antenna are not classified here, but in the appropriate antenna perfecting subclass. For example, classification is in subclasses 878+ if the other device is a support.

(3) Note. Generally where the antenna, within the subclass definition, itself is designed to function also as another device, as for example, a venetian blind or water sprinkler, classification is in this subclass.

(4) Note. Generally where antenna details are claimed together with other device or structure broadly or specifically, classification is here, especially where the other device is mechanical in nature as opposed to electrical. When such device or structure is an element or component radio apparatus, classification may be in the appropriate subclass in Class 455. For example, subject matter involving an antenna and a loud speaker or an antenna and a power supply for a radio apparatus would be classified in Class 455.

(5) Note. Generally where the antenna is claimed broadly and the other device or structure is claimed specifically, classification is with such other device or structure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

705+,	for antennas combined with a device traveling or suspended in the air.
709,	for water‐borne antennas.
711+,	for antennas combined with vehicle structure.
904+,	for antennas combined with perfecting structure, not classified elsewhere. See also (1) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 for electric lamp and discharge devices and systems combined with antennas.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 344+ for radio receivers combined with diverse type art device.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 721]

721

Light:

This subclass is indented under subclass 720. Subject matter wherein the diverse type art device is a light.

(1) Note. Where the light is a signal or indicator to provide an indication of the condition of the antenna such as direction, classification is in subclass 760 or 894, below.

(2) Note. Antenna subject matter together with structure energizing a light is classified herein even though the light itself is not claimed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

760,	for antennas with means for moving the antenna for sweeping, scanning or orienting including signals, indicators or alarms. See also (1) Note, above.
894,	for antennas in general with a signal, indicator or alarm. See also (1) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 28 for obstruction lights to warn aircraft, and subclasses 907+ and 468+ for traffic and vehicle signal light systems and signal lights, respectively.
362,	Illumination, appropriate subclasses for illuminating devices.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 722]

722

With lumped reactance filter in active antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein an active antenna includes an elongated portion having lumped inductance and capacity in series or shunt with the active portion remote from the lead‐in terminals to pass a particular frequency or band of frequencies and to block another frequency or band of frequencies.

(1) Note. In this subclass the lumped inductance and capacity usually act as an impedance in effect terminating the active antenna at its point of connection for a particular frequency, or they may cause the active antenna to resonate at a plurality of different frequencies.

(2) Note. For classification in this subclass, the inductance and capacity must be lumped. Antennas having distributed inductance and capacity in series or shunt with the active portion remote from the lead‐in connection to pass a particular frequency or band of frequencies and to block another frequency or band of frequencies are not classified in this subclass, but in subclasses 802 and 828 below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

723,	for single adjustable length electrically long linear antennas.
729+,	for plural diverse type antennas using the same active element.
744,	for high frequency loop type antennas with series reactance in the loop.
745+,	for antennas with variable reactance for tuning the antenna.
749+,	for antennas with lumped reactance for loading the antenna.
802,	for balanced doublet antennas with distributed reactance added to the arms.
828,	for fractional, multiple or full wave length linear type antennas with a non‐uniformity in the antenna.
850+,	for antennas in general with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin which may include filters in the coupling network.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 167+ for wave filters, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 723]

723

Single adjustable length electrically long linear antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the antenna is a single end fed elongated linear mass of appreciable electrical length, and is physically adjustable in its length, usually for tuning the antenna.

(1) Note. A lattice type tower may be classified here, if it is the electrical equivalent of a single end fed elongated linear mass, and the other limitations of the definition are met.

(2) Note. For classification herein the resonant length of the linear antenna or some indication of appreciable electrical length together with adjustability must be claimed, as for example "adjustable in length for tuning" (see subclasses 825+ where a particular wave length is claimed but the adjustable feature is not claimed). Subject matter involving adjustable length linear antennas which are not of appreciable wave length, is not classified herein. For example, adjustable length rod type antennas are classified in subclasses 900+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

745+,	for antennas with a variable reactance separate and distinct from the antenna for tuning.
750,	for antennas for appreciable electrical length with adjustable reactance for loading.
823,	for balance doublet antennas with adjustable length.
825+,	for fractional, multiple or full wave length linear type antennas.
874+,	for mast or tower type antennas.
900+,	for rod type antennas which may be adjustable in length.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 724]

724

Convertible to different antennas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is constructed so that it may be changed into a different species of active antenna as, for example, by switching means connecting the active portion or portions in a different arrangement to the source or load or by adding to or removing part of the radiating or collecting element.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass the converting structure must produce a different active antenna having significantly different physical or electrical characteristics as opposed, for example, to adding sections to or adjusting the antenna to change its physical or electrical length, or adding or removing auxiliary structure (e.g., reflector).

(2) Note. In this subject matter the different antennas are not in physical existence at the same time, but exist alternately, as opposed to the subject matter of subclasses 729+ wherein plural diverse antenna exist simultaneously. Yet here, as in subclasses 729+, the different antennas employ a common active portion.

(3) Note. For classification here, the change may be from one type of active antenna to another such as from a center‐fed balanced doublet to a capacity type antenna or from a loop to a trailing wire antenna; or the change may be from one species of antenna to another within a type, such as from a folded dipole to a simple rod dipole.

(4) Note. The rules recited under subclass 725 for determining when antennas are of different type are not applicable here.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

725+,	for plural separate diverse type antennas. See (4) Note, above.
729+,	for plural diverse type active antennas using the same active element. See also (2) Note, above.
794,	for diverse type balanced center‐fed doublet antennas.
832,	for an active antenna which is also a reflector.
850+,	for active antennas with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin, and particularly subclass 859 for balanced to unbalanced coupling.
876,	for antennas with switching means between the antennas and lines.
904,	for antennas with a switch.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 725]

725

Plural separate diverse type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter including two antennas each of different type, whose active radio wave radiating or collecting elements are physically separate and distinct.

(1) Note. When the antennas are, per se, classifiable in different coordinate subclasses directly indented under subclass 700, which provide for different types of antennas such as subclasses 767, 772, and 793, the antennas are deemed "of different type" as used in the above definition. If the antennas are, per se, classifiable in different indented subclasses of one of these coordinate subclasses as here established, they are not classified in this subclass (725), but in the coordinate subclass or the appropriate indented subclass thereunder. For example, a plurality of diverse type doublets would be classified in subclass 794, and a plurality of diverse wave guide type antennas, neither being of the bi‐conical horn type, would be classified in subclasses 776+. Antennas falling in different coordinate subclasses directly indented under subclass 700 which subclasses are directed to combinations, are not necessarily of different types. The different types of antennas as the term is here used are established by distinctions in the active portions of the antennas, as opposed to distinctions arising from combining the active antennas with auxiliary structure, such as reflectors, coupling networks, and supports.

(2) Note. The term "physically separate and distinct" requires that the radiating or collecting elements of each antenna be a complete entity, and not share in whole or in part a common radiating or collecting portion. Such subject matter where the collecting or radiating portions are so shared are classified in subclasses 729+, below. However, the sharing of a common support or coupling, or the utilization by one antenna as a coupling element or support for the radiating or collecting element of the other antennas does not preclude classification in this subclasses (725+).

(3) Note. For classification in this subclass, there must be a plurality of antennas. A single antenna composed of structurally different active parts is not here classified. For example, a sleeve type antenna with a rod coaxial with the sleeve the rod and sleeve being connected to opposite terminals of the same line, does not constitute a plurality of antennas, and is classified in subclass 791, below. If each of a plurality of active elements is able to function independently without any of the remaining elements, a plurality of antennas by be present. Separate terminals or lead‐in lines particularly with the transmission of a plurality of signals, is also indicative of a plurality of antennas. It may be noted that the utilization of one antenna by another as its feed does not preclude the antennas being considered plural.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

720,	for an antenna combined with a diverse type art device.
724,	for an antenna convertible to an antenna of a different type.
729+,	for plural diverse type active antennas having a common radiating or collecting portion. See (2) Note, above.
758,	for plural antennas relatively movable for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
770+,	for plural slot type antennas.
776+,	for plural wave guide type antennas.
794,	for diverse type balanced doublet antennas.
796,	797+, 799+, and 810+, for plural balanced doublets.
824,	for a planar array of linear antennas.
826+,	for plural, fractional, multiple or full wave linear type antennas.
835,	for plural active antennas with a reflector.
844,	for plural antennas spaced a fractional or full wave length apart.
852,	for plural antennas with impedance matching.
853,	for plural antennas with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin.
867,	for plural loop type antennas.
879,	for plural separate antennas with supports.
893,	and the Search Notes thereunder for plural antennas in general.
904+,	for antennas combined with other perfecting structure not elsewhere provided for.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 726]

726

Including balanced doublet and loop‐type antennas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 725. Subject matter wherein one of the diverse type antennas is of the loop type and one other of the diverse type antennas is of the center‐fed balanced doublet type, as defined in subclasses 741, 793, and 866, below.

(1) Note. For the field of search relating to this subject matter see the search notes under subclasses 727 and 728 immediately below.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 727]

727

Including balanced doublet‐type antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 725. Subject matter wherein one of the diverse type antennas is of the center‐fed balanced doublet type as defined in subclass 793, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

793+,

for center‐fed balanced doublet type antennas in general, and arrays of such doublet antennas.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 728]

728

Including loop‐type antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 725. Subject matter wherein one of the diverse type antennas is of the loop type as defined in subclasses 741 and 866 below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

732,	for circular loop type traveling wave antennas.
741+,	for high frequency loop type antennas.
764,	for loop type antennas with means for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
788,	for loop type antennas including magnetic material.
842,	for loop type antennas with electrical shielding.
855,	for plural loop type antennas with coupling.
866+,	for loop type antennas in general.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

336,	Inductor Devices, for inductor devices.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 350+ and particularly subclasses 417+ for directive resistant energy communication systems which may include diverse type antenna one of which may be a loop type antenna.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 729]

729

Plural diverse‐type antennas using same active element:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter including two antennas each of different type, whose active radio wave radiating or collecting elements are at least partly in common.

(1) Note. For a construction of the term "of different type" see (1) Note under subclass 725 above.

(2) Note. The term "active radio wave radiating or collecting elements" does not include reflector structure, coupling structure, or support structure. When such structures are involved, classification is in subclasses 725+ above, if the antennas are of different type.

(3) Note. For classification in this subclass, there must be a plurality of antennas. A single antenna composed of structurally different active parts is not here classified. For example, a sleeve type antenna with a rod coaxial with the sleeve, the rod and sleeve being connected to opposite terminals of the same line, does not constitute a plurality of antennas, and is classified in subclass 791, below. If each of a plurality of active elements with the common portion is able to function independently in its usual manner without the other a plurality of antennas may be present. Separate terminals or lead‐in lines particularly with the transmission of a plurality of signals, is also indicative of a plurality of antennas. It may be noted that the utilization of one antenna by another as its feed does not preclude classification here.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

725+,	and the search notes thereunder, for plural separate diverse type antennas and for subject matter pertinent to plural diverse type antennas, respectively.
791,	for a single antenna composed of a sleeve and a rod. See also (3) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 730]

730

Including balanced doublet‐type antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 729. Subject matter wherein one of the antennas is of the balanced doublet type as classified in subclass 793, below.

(1) Note. Usually the patents in this subclass involve a dipole with a balanced coupling to a source or load together with an unbalanced coupling which connects this same dipole structure as a T antenna or a rod type antenna to the same or different source or load.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

794,	for plural diverse type balanced doublets. See (1) Note under subclass 729.
816,	for plural balanced doublets with coupling.
853,	for plural antennas with coupling networks.
859,	for antennas with balanced to unbalanced coupling.
865,	for balanced antennas with a balanced coupling network.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 731]

731

Traveling wave type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein an elongated conducting mass of appreciable electrical length with respect to the wave length of the signal energy (usually greater than a half‐wave length) is coupled to free space continuously along its length to transmit signal energy between the mass and free space along its length; the mass being inherently adapted to, or being arranged to, or including structure to give the mass a delay or acceleration characteristic in the direction of propagation of the radio wave in space to which the mass is coupled so that the wave of electric energy conducted along the mass remains in phase with the associated radio wave moving in space.

(1) Note. In receiving, the interaction between the wave propagated along the elongated conductive mass and the wave in space coupled to the mass results in a traveling wave progressively increasing in magnitude along the length of the path of the propagated wave, due to the reinforcing of the in‐phase space wave collected along the antenna as the collected wave travels towards the receiving means. The mere conduction of wave energy along its length as in a wave guide type antenna of subclass 772 is not sufficient for classification here. The wave energy must progress in phase with the space wave to secure the reinforcing of the wave energy.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

739,	for antennas having resistance electrically remote from the coupling to a source or load for such purposes as the prevention of reflected waves.
811,	for fishbone type arrays of center‐fed balanced doublet type antennas.
845,	for antennas with a ground connection spaced from the feed line connection.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 732]

732

Circular loop:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. Subject matter wherein the elongated conducting mass forms substantially a circle in a single plane.

(1) Note. Helical traveling wave type antennas are not classified in this subclass since any single loop turn does not lie in a single plane, but are classified in subclass 731 above. A plurality of traveling wave type antennas whose respective active portions are arranged end to end to form a circle are not classified herein but in subclass 737, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

741+,	for high frequency type loops which do not operate on the traveling wave principle.
866+,	for loop type antennas in general which do not operate on the traveling wave principle.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 733]

733

Rhombic:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. Subject matter wherein the elongated conducting mass is formed in two co‐extensive portions, each portion being connected at the corresponding end to a lead‐in terminal, the portions diverging and then converging to form a diamond or rhombus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

734,	for rhombic type traveling wave antennas with feedback.
735,	for balanced V type traveling wave antennas having the configuration of part of a rhombic wave antenna.
736,	for inverted V type traveling wave antennas having the configuration of part of a rhombic wave antenna.
741,	for high frequency type loops.
806,	for zigzag type balanced doublets.
866,	for loop type antennas in general.

734	With feedback:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 733. Subject matter including a circuit extending from the end of the conducting mass opposite the lead‐in terminals around the mass to the antenna leadin or to associated circuitry for conveying, for example, the nonradicated energy back to the antenna input.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 735]

735

Balanced V:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. Subject matter wherein the conducting mass is composed of two diverging portions, each portion connected at the apex to a transmitter or receiver in a balanced manner.

(1) Note. The subject matter of this subclass resembles in structure doublets with the arms nonlinearly arranged as classified in subclass 809, below. However, in this subclass (735) the standing waves are suppressed, as opposed to the utilization of such waves in subclass 809, below.

(2) Note. In this subclass the antenna is fed in a balanced manner at the apex of the V, while in subclass 736 the antenna is fed in an unbalanced manner at the free end of the V.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

733,	for rhombic type wave antennas which may include a V type wave antenna as a part thereof.
736,	for inverted V type traveling wave antennas. See also (2) Note, above.
805,	808 and 809, for center‐fed balanced doublets involving a V configuration. See also (1) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 736]

736

Inverted V:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. Subject matter wherein the conducting mass is formed as a V, and lying usually in a substantially vertical plane with the apex of the V uppermost, and one end of the mass being connected to an unbalanced lead‐in terminal.

(1) Note. In this subclass the antenna is fed in unbalanced manner at the free end of the V, while in subclass 735 above the antenna is fed in a balanced manner at the apex of the V.

(2) Note. The antennas of this subclass may include a tilt‐type antenna as an element thereof. Such tilt‐type antennas are classified in subclass 731 above.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

733,	for rhombic traveling wave type antennas.
735,	for balanced V traveling wave type antennas. See (1) Note, above.
806,	for zigzag type balanced doublet antennas.
824,	for planar arrays of linear antennas. 826, for plural fractional, multiple or full wave linear type antennas. 859, for antennas with balanced to unbalanced coupling networks in the leadin.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 737]

737

Plural:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. At least two antennas, each above, which are independently operable.

(1) Note. Two wires with a reflection transformer at the end remote from the coupling are not deemed plural within the definition, since each wire requires the cooperation of the other for the antenna to operate in its intended manner. Such subject matter is classified in subclass 738 below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

844,	for plural antennas spaced a fractional or full wave length apart.
853+,	for plural antennas in general with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin.
893,	for plural antennas in general. See also the search notes thereunder for a field of search for plural antennas generally.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 738]

738

With reflecting transformer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 731. Subject matter wherein the conducting mass is composed of two adjacent coextensive wires with a termination at the end opposite the coupling end, a signal wave which is picked up by the wires and which is conducted along the wires to the termination being returned over the wires in phase opposition in the respective wires, i.e., the wires are effective as a balanced line for this returned energy.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

737,	for plural traveling wave type antennas in general which may include one or more two‐wire antennas with reflection transformers of the type defined above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 739]

739

With terminating resistance at open end:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with a resistance at the end electrically remote from the lead‐in terminal to the transmitter or receiver, the resistance being connected to form a closed electric loop across the transmitter or receiver.

(1) Note. In this subclass the essential purpose is usually to render the antenna a periodic. The resistance in this subclass (739) is usually equal to the characteristic impedance of the active antenna. The antennas of this subclass may involve traveling waves, but these waves are usually combined only to be effective as standing waves. The antennas in this subclass are generally of the "broadside" type (i.e., the resulting radiation pattern lies in a generally perpendicular axis to that of the active antenna element) whereas the traveling wave type antennas of subclass 731 are generally of the "end‐fire" type, i.e., the radiation pattern established by the active antenna element lies along the same axis as the active antenna element.

(2) Note. The loop may be formed through ground.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

731+,	for traveling wave type antennas terminated at the end remote from the antenna leadin in a resistance. See also (1) Note, above.
845,	for antennas with a ground connection spaced from feedline connection.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 740]

740

Balanced type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 739. Subject matter wherein the active antenna includes the return circuit as an active portion thereof, thus forming two similar active portions, which are connected respectively to balanced lead‐in terminals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

733,	for rhombic type traveling wave antennas.
735,	for balanced V type traveling wave antennas.
741,	for high frequency type loops.
792,	for sleeve type antennas arranged as doublets.
793+,	for balanced doublets, and particularly subclass 803 for folded dipoles.
842,	for loop type antennas with shields.
850+,	and particularly subclasses 859 and 865, for coupling networks involving balanced circuits.
866,	for loop type antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 741]

741

High frequency type loops:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a current path of appreciable electrical length is arranged as a substantially closed active loop having an appreciable electrical dimension between all opposing points on the loop together with structure or proportions to maintain a desired current distribution around the loop.

(1) Note. The desired current distribution usually involves a particular position of the standing wave pattern along the current path, or the instantaneous current effectively flowing in one direction along the current path. The purpose of this is usually to maintain an omnidirectional pattern in one plane.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

726,	and 728, for plural separate diverse type antennas including a loop type antenna.
732,	and 733+, for circular loop and rhombic traveling wave antennas respectively.
748,	for loop type antennas with variable reactance for tuning.
764,	for loop type antennas with means for moving the loop for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
788,	for loop type antennas including magnetic material.
842,	for loop type antennas with electrical shields.
855,	for plural loop type antennas with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin.
866+,	for loop type antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 742]

742

Plural:

This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter including two or more loops, each as defined in subclass 741 above.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

800,	for plural groups of circumferentially arranged doublets.
855,	for plural loop type antennas with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin.
867,	for plural loops in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 743]

743

Feed coupling at spaced points on loop:

This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein the antenna feed line is connected at two or more spaced points along the perimeter of the closed loop.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

732,	for traveling wave type antennas of circular loop configuration which may be coupled at spaced points.
799,	for plural center‐fed balanced doublet type antennas circumferentially arranged.
857,	for antennas with the coupling at spaced points.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 744]

744

With series reactance in loop:

This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein the closed loop includes inductance or capacity in series around the current path.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

722,	for antennas with lumped reactance filters therein.
732,	for traveling wave type antennas arranged in a circular loop which may have inductance or capacity in the active antenna.
743,	wherein the series inductance or capacity is included in the current path, and the feed coupling is at spaced points on the loop.
748,	for loop type antennas with variable reactance for tuning the antenna.
749+,	for antennas with lumped reactance for loading.
788,	for loop type antennas including magnetic material.
842,	for loop type antennas with electrical shields.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 745]

745

With variable reactance for tuning antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with an adjustable inductance or capacity, distinct and separate from the active antenna, the inductance or capacity providing a reactance which combines with the inherent reactance of the active antenna to establish a resonance in a circuit including the antenna, this resonance being at a frequency other than the natural electrical resonant frequency of the antenna, adjustment of the inductance or capacity changing this resonance.

(1) Note. The inherent reactance includes not only the distributed reactance of the active antenna but also the natural reactance of the antenna due to its location and surroundings, as for example, the capacity relation inherent in the position of the active antenna relative to ground.

(2) Note. Loading under subclass 749 is always combined with an active antenna of an appreciable electrical length, while such an appreciable length is not necessary for classification in this subclass (745). The reactance combined with the active antenna under loading (subclass 749) must be located within the active antenna, at its free end, or immediately contiguous the end of the active antenna closest to the leadin, whereas the adjustable reactance under this subclass (745) is located outside or external to the active antenna.

(3) Note. Adjustable reactance networks which do not tune the inherent reactance of the antenna are not classified here, but will be found in subclasses 850+, especially subclass 861 where adjustable impedance matching networks are involved.

(4) Note. Antennas combined with tuning networks are classified herein, except where in addition significant transmitter or receiver structure is claimed. For classification of such latter combinations, see Class 455, appropriate subclasses.

(5) Note. Where an adjustable reactance is combined with an active antenna but the combination is for changing the width of the resonant band, classification is not herein but in subclasses 850+ below. For classification herein adjustment of the reactance in such combinations must be for tuning, that is, changing the resonant frequency of the active antenna circuit.

(6) Note. The variable reactance may be located at the coupling end of the antenna, or at the end remote from the coupling end to connect the antenna to ground. In the latter case, if the reactance is not adjustable, classification is in subclass 845. See also subclass 750 below for antennas having adjustable reactance intermediate its ends for loading.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

722,	for antenna having lumped reactance electrical filters between sections of the active antenna.
723,	for single electrically long end‐fed antennas which are adjustable in length for tuning.
731+,	for traveling wave type antennas which may have phasing reactances within the active antenna.
739+,	for active antennas having a terminating resistance at the open end.
744,	for high frequency type loops having series reactance in the loop.
749+,	for antennas having lumped reactance for loading. See also (2) Note above.
850+,	for antennas in general with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin which may include adjustable reactances, and particularly subclass 861 for such antennas having an adjustable impedance matching network. See also (3) Note, above.
913,	for reflectors or directors combined with an impedance which may have an adjustable reactance for tuning the reflector or director.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, particularly subclasses 167+ for wave filters, and subclasses 219+ for resonators of the distributed parameter type.
334,	Tuners, appropriate subclasses for tuned networks for use in radiant energy apparatus and comprising inductance and capacitance elements in circuit arrangement to form a resonant circuit and in which structure is provided for adjusting one or both of these elements for changing the mean resonant frequency of the circuit.
336,	Inductor Devices, particularly subclasses 130+ and 137+ for variable inductor devices which may be used in adjustable reactance circuits for tuning active antennas.
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 287+ for variable capacitors which may be used in tuning circuits.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 150.1+ for receivers which may involve tuning.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 746]

746

Slot type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is of the slot type as defined in subclass 767 below.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass the slot type antennas must have an adjustable reactance separate and distinct from the slot itself. Slot type antennas having a slidable short‐circuiting bar across the slot remote from the feed line connection, for example, which defines the length of the slot and whereby the length of the slot may be adjusted for tuning are not classified in this subclass, but in subclasses 767+, below.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 747]

747

Balanced doublet type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is of the center‐fed balanced doublet type as defined in subclass 793 below.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass the variable reactance for tuning must be separate and distinct from the balanced doublet antenna. For example, balanced doublet antennas having an adjustable length whereby the inherent reactance of the antennas may be varied for tuning are classified in subclass 823, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

814,	816 and 820+, for balanced doublet type antennas with coupling networks which may include adjustable reactance elements.
823,	for balanced doublet type antennas whose length is for tuning. See also (1) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 748]

748

Loop type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is of the loop type as defined in subclass 866, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

732,	for traveling wave type circular loop antennas which may have phasing reactance within the loop.
744,	for high frequency type loop antennas having series reactance within the loop.
855,	for plural loop antennas with a coupling network or impedance in the leadin which may include variable reactance.
866+,	for loop type antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 749]

749

With lumped reactance for loading antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a resonant active antenna includes an elongated portion of appreciable electrical length having lumped inductance or capacity directly in series or shunt with the elongated portion (to modify the standing wave pattern existing along the portion, or to change the effective electrical length of the portion).

(1) Note. The lumped inductance or capacity must be intermediate the ends, at a free end or immediately at the leadin end of the active antenna for classification herein. Combinations of an active antenna with such inductances or capacitances located in a position remote or separate from the antenna are classified below in subclasses 850+, or where adjustable for tuning the antenna in subclasses 745+, above. In the special case where an adjustable lumped inductance or capacity is located immediately at the leadin end of the active antenna and tunes as well as loads the antenna, classification is in subclass 745 and the subject matter is cross‐referenced herein.

(2) Note. For classification herein the inductance or capacitance must be of the lumped type. Where there is included a nonuniformity or other distributed parameter inductance or capacitance, such as a capacity hat classification is not herein, but in subclass 802 for center‐fed balance doublets with distributed reactance added to the arms, or in subclass 828 for fractional multiple or full wave type antennas with a nonuniformity for reactive effect, or in subclass 899 for antennas with area increasing means generally.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

722,	for antennas having a lumped reactance electrical filter located between active sections thereof.
723,	for single electrically long linear type antennas adjustable in length for tuning.
731+,	and 739+, for traveling wave type antennas and antennas combined with terminating resistances at the remote ends thereof respectively, which may have lumped inductances or capacitances in the active portions thereof.
741+,	for high frequency loop type antennas which may have lumped inductance or capacitance in the active portions thereof.
745+,	for antennas with variable reactance for tuning.
802,	for center‐fed balanced doublet antennas with distributed reactance added to the arms thereof. See also (2) Note, above.
806,	for center‐fed balanced doublet type antennas with bent arms which may modify the inherent inductance or capacitance otherwise present with consequent loading.
807,	for center‐fed balanced doublet antennas with tapered, thick or enlarged arms which modify the inherent capacities of the antennas.
823,	for center‐fed balanced doublet type antennas whose length is adjustable.
828,	for fractional, multiple, or full wave linear type antennas with a nonuniformity for reactive effect such as a capacity top. See also (2) Note, above.
850+,	for antennas with coupling in general. See also the search notes thereunder for special types of antennas with coupling.
899,	for antennas having area increasing means, such as spiniferous or with a metal ball on top of the antennas. See also (2) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

178,	Telegraphy, subclasses 45+ for loaded transmission lines.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 750]

750

Adjustable reactance:

This subclass is indented under subclass 749. Subject matter wherein the lumped inductance or capacity is adjustable.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

745+,

for antennas with variable reactance for tuning the antennas.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 751]

751

Plural antennas:

This subclass is indented under subclass 749. Subject matter including at least two antennas as defined therein.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

893,	and the search notes thereunder for plural antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 752]

752

Reactance at free end of active antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 749. Subject matter wherein the lumped inductance or capacity is connected at the free end of the active antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

802,	for center‐fed balanced doublets with distributed reactance added to the arms and which may be at the free ends.
828,	for fractional, multiple or full wave linear type antennas with a nonuniformity therein, which may be at the free end of the antenna.
899,	for antennas with area increasing means generally which may be at the free end.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 753]

753

With spaced or external radio wave refractor (e.g., lens):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with structure spaced from or external to the active antenna which transmits waves going to or from the active antenna, and is shaped or positioned to delay or accelerate transmitted waves an amount which varies over the wave front, to alter the direction or propagation of the waves emitted from the structure with respect to the waves impinging on the structure, or to bring the wave to a focus, or to alter the wave front (such as to convert a spherical wave front to a planar wave front or vice versa).

(1) Note. The structure referred to above may be contiguous to a reflecting plate or may form with the surrounding fluid (as air) a reflecting surface (by reason of the different dielectric constants of the structure material and air) so that the impinging waves pass through the wave modifying structure twice, once on the way to the reflecting surface and then returning therefrom, in going to or from the active antenna, thus forming a reflecting lens. This subject matter is classified in indented subclass 755.

(2) Note. In the case of directors which are constructed of somewhat smaller dimensions than the resonant active antenna with which they have a parasitic relationship, so that the phase retardation at the ends or edges of the director sharpens the beam resulting in a type of "focusing" action, the impinging electromagnetic wave cannot be said actually to pass therethrough; and antennas with such directors are therefore not classified herein but in subclasses 815, 817, 819, and 833.

(3) Note. When the active antenna is a wave type guide horn, the term "spaced" means physically removed externally from the mouth of the horn. A lens at the mouth of the horn and forming a closure for this mouth is not deemed "spaced" as here used, but is classified in subclass 783 below. The term "external" means on the outside of the active antenna.

(4) Note. An active antenna with a so‐called diffractor, which produces an interference pattern is classified here, if the diffractor transmits electromagnetic wave energy. If the diffractor is opaque to such energy, classification is on other characteristics, such as in subclass 833 if the director function is performed and in subclasses 834+ if the reflector function is performed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

756,	for antennas with polarization filters or converters.
783,	for wave guide type antennas having internal wave refraction means.
784,	for wave guide type antennas with closures.
785,	for wave guide type antennas composed of dielectric rods, e.g., polystyrene rods.
872+,	for antennas having a housing or protective covering which may be of material having refracting properties.
909+,	for refracting means and radiant energy filters, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, particularly subclasses 245+ for transmission line elements and components which may be refractors in a transmission line.
359,	Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 642+ for optical lenses.
362,	Illumination, subclasses 326+ for illumination type refractors.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 754]

754

With scanning, sweeping, or orienting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 753. Subject matter wherein structure is included which permits or effects scanning, sweeping, or orienting of the antenna beam.

(1) Note. See (4) Note under subclass 757 for the significance of the terms "scanning", "sweeping" or "orienting".

(2) Note. Usually the scanning, sweeping or orienting is obtained by relative motion between the active antenna and the refractor, or by controlling the coupling of the active antennas associated with the refractor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

5+,	and 100+, for reflected and/or otherwise returned wave systems and directive radiant energy systems, respectively, which may involve a spaced external wave refractor and means for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
757,	for antennas having means for moving the antennas for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
768,	for slot type antennas with periodic control of the slot or coupling which may involve scanning, sweeping or orienting.
777,	for plural wave guide type antennas with control of the individual antenna.
780,	for pillbox type antennas which may be adapted for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
839,	for antennas wherein the reflector and active antenna are relatively movable.
854,	for antennas in general with an adjustable coupling network.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 755]

755

With reflector:

This subclass is indented under subclass 753. Subject matter including a reflector, or wherein the refractor is also adapted to perform a reflecting function.

(1) Note. For definitions of a reflector per se and associated with an active antenna, see subclasses 912 and 834, respectively.

(2) Note. The reflector may be spaced from the refractor or may be contiguous with the refractor to form a backer for the refractor. Further, the refractor may inherently reflect the impinging radio waves at a surface opposite to that where the waves impinge, due to differences which may exist in the refractor material and that of the contiguous or surrounding material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

775,	779, 780, and 781+, for wave guide type antennas with reflectors.
815,	817 and 818+, for center‐fed balanced doublets with reflectors.
832,	for an active antenna as a reflector.
834+,	for antennas in general with parasitic reflectors.
909+,	for refracting means, per se, together with a reflector.
912+,	for reflectors, per se,and for definition of a reflector.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

362,	Illumination, subclasses 327+ for combined illumination reflectors and refractors.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 756]

756

With polarization filter or converter:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is combined with structure which acts directly on the radio wave to filter out wave energy of an undesired polarization or to modify the polarization pattern of the wave.

(1) Note. The polarizing structure is usually a series of parallel rods (polarization grating) through which the waves pass or from which impinging waves are reflected. The polarizing structure may be spaced from or within the antenna, such as, in the latter case, within a wave guide horn or within a dielectric rod antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

753+,	for active antennas with spaced electromagnetic refractors which may also include polarization modifying means.
909+,	for refracting means and radio wave filters, per se, including polarization modifying means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclass 21 for wave mode converters.
359,	Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 483+ for optical polarizers.
362,	Illumination, subclass 19 for illuminating means combined with polarization means.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 757]

757

With means for moving directive antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the complete antenna is movably (e.g., pivoted or rotatably) supported for motion as a unit or wherein the reflector and antenna are supported to be relatively movable, together with structure that effects or is peculiarly adapted to effect motion of the antenna or relative motion between the antenna and reflector in such fashion that the radiation pattern is scanned, swept or oriented.

(1) Note. An adjustable support for an antenna or reflector which permits an antenna beam to be scanned, swept or oriented is classified in subclasses 880+ below. For classification in this subclasses (757+), there must be some structure which positively acts, or may be actuated to produce this beam scanning, sweeping or orienting. Examples of such structure are a motor, crank or handle, or a mechanism connecting such motor, crank, or handle to an antenna or reflector.

(2) Note. For classification in this subclass the entire antenna must move on its support or there must be relative motion between the antenna and reflector on their support or supports. Mere motion of a part of the antenna, such as a mechanical change in the relative position of antenna parts in the coupling path for such purposes as switching or changing the electrical characteristic of the radiated energy, is not sufficient for classification here, but would involve such subclasses as 854 and 876, below.

(3) Note. An adjustable support together with means for effecting positive adjustment of the antenna for purposes other than scanning, sweeping or orienting, such as raising or lowering the antenna is not classified here, but in subclasses 880+ below.

(4) Note. Sweeping an antenna beam usually involves moving the antenna beam repeatedly along a single line (which may be straight or curved) in space. Scanning such a beam usually involves repeatedly moving the beam over an area in space. Orienting usually involves mere change of the direction of the antenna beam.

(5) Note. Where in addition to directional modification of the beam means are claimed whereby a distinctive signal or signals associated with the received radio wave energy and indicating or denoting direction are involved, classification is not in this subclass but in Class 342, subclasses 350+, above.

(6) Note. For classification in this and indented subclass, there must be recited in the claims antenna details relating to the signal energy path, for example, details of the active antenna or reflector such as dipole antenna, parabolic reflector. The recitation of both an antenna and reflector by name only in a claim is considered a recitation of details of the radiant energy structure for classification in this subclass. Recitation of an antenna by name only or a reflector by name only in combination with means for moving the antenna or reflector is not sufficient for classification in this subclass but is classified in the appropriate class taking the means for moving, such as Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, for mechanical motions, Class 318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for motor controls, Classes 211, Supports: Racks, and 248, Supports, for adjustable supports.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

754,	for antennas with spaced or external radio wave refractor, e.g., lens, with means for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
768,	for slot type antennas with periodic control of the slot or coupling which may involve scanning, sweeping or orienting.
777,	for plural wave guide type antennas with control of the individual antennas which may involve scanning, sweeping or orienting.
816,	for plural balanced doublets with a coupling network wherein the coupling network may be controlled for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
839,	for antennas wherein the reflector and active antenna are relatively movable.
854,	for plural antennas with adjustable coupling networks which may involve scanning, sweeping or orienting.
869,	for loop type antennas with rotatable supports.
876,	for antennas with switching between the antennas and lines which may involve scanning, sweeping or orienting.
882,	for antenna with pivoted or rotatable supports.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, particularly subclass 1 for mechanical movements for antennas. See also (6) Note, above.
174,	Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 86 for conduits, cables and conductors with angularly movable or adjustable joints.
211,	Supports: Racks, and 248, Supports, for supports which permit movement of the article supported. See also (6) Note, above.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for motor controls. See also (6) Note, above.
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 245+ for long line elements and components which may include rotatable couplings.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1 through 205and subclasses 350+ for reflected or otherwise returned wave system and directly radio wave energy systems, respectively, which may involve means for moving a directive antenna.
362,	Illumination, for illuminating means, particularly subclasses 37+ for dirigible light supports.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 758]

758

Plural relatively movable:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter combined with another relatively movable antenna, together with structure that effects relative motion between the complete antennas or between the active antenna portions or the reflectors.

(1) Note. The plurality of antennas may have individual reflectors or a common reflector.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

879,	for plural antennas with a support therefor.
893,	for plural antennas in general. See also the Search Notes thereunder for a field of search pertinent to plural antennas.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 759]

759

Spiral motion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter wherein the directive antenna is supported for movement of the axis of its beam over a spiral path and wherein the means for moving includes structure which causes the antenna to move its beam axis cyclically over a spiral path.

(1) Note. If the means for moving is such that it only may be manipulated to move the axis of the antenna over a spiral path, as for example, an antenna mounted for azimuthal rotation and nod together with a handle, classification is not here, but in such subclasses as 761 or 765 below. For classification in this subclass, the moving means must be effective to maintain the antenna continuously repeating the same spiral scanning movement.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, subclass 1 for complex mechanical movements for moving an article, which may be an antenna, for scanning or sweeping.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 760]

760

With signal, indicator or alarm:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter together with signal, alarm, or indicator structure which is responsive to the scan, sweep or orientation of the antenna, independent in its operation from the collected or radiated signal.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass the signal, indicator or alarm structure must be claimed in combination with the means for moving the directive antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting to indicate some function or result of such motion of the antenna, as for example, direction of the antenna or angle swept through by the antenna; as opposed to subclass 894 where general signal indicator or alarm structure combined with an antenna for indicating some condition of the antenna is classified.

(2) Note. Where an indicator is claimed broadly in combination with an antenna and means for moving such antenna, although such indicator is disclosed as not only showing a condition of the antenna, as the position of its sweep or scan from point to point but also as showing some condition in response to a received signal (as in a cathode‐ray tube, the location of a remote signal), such subject matter is not classified in this subclass but as a direction finding receiver under this Class 342, subclasses 417+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

703,	for measuring the antenna signal energy.
894,	for antennas with indicator, signal or alarm structure in general. See also (1) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, for mechanical signal, alarms and indicators in general.
340,	Communications: Electrical, for electrical signaling devices in general.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1 through 205and subclasses 350+ for reflected wave and directive, which may involve antenna indicators. See also (2) Note above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 761]

761

Reflector and antenna relatively movable:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter wherein the reflector and active antenna are supported to be relatively movable, together with structure that effects or is peculiarly adapted to effect relative motion between the antenna and reflector element.

(1) Note. Usually the patents in this subclass involve a parabolic reflector and active antenna in an unsymmetrical relationship, which upon rotation produce conical scanning.

(2) Note. The term reflector as used in this subclass includes any parasitic element such as a director.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

759,	for active antennas and reflectors which may be relatively movable to produce a spiral scan.
839,	for antennas with reflectors which are relatively movable for purposes other than scanning sweeping or orienting, such as focusing or changing the beam pattern; or where no means is claimed for moving the antenna and reflector relatively for scanning, sweeping or orienting.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 762]

762

Wave guide type antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter wherein the active antenna is of the wave guide type as defined in subclass 772 below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

759,	for antennas of the wave guide type together with means for moving the antenna or the reflector in a spiral path.
761,	for antennas of the wave guide type having a reflector together with means for moving the reflector and antenna relative to each other.
772+,	for wave guide type antennas, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 763]

763

Rotary or rotary oscillatory motion:

This subclass is indented under subclass 757. Subject matter wherein the antenna is rotatably supported together with structure for imparting continuous or oscillating angular motion to the complete antenna as a unit relative to its support.

(1) Note. When means for rotating the antenna is a hand operated control level or linkage system and the antenna is claimed by name only classification is elsewhere (see the Search Class notes below); otherwise (when antenna details are claimed), classification is herein.

(2) Note. For classification in this or indented subclasses the claimed combination of the antenna and the means to impart rotary motion thereto must include detailed antenna structure as opposed to the mere recitation of an antenna or reflector by name only. In the latter case classification is with the type of combination claimed for imparting motion (see the Search Class notes below).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

761,	for antennas with means for moving the reflector and antenna relative to each other.
869,	for loop type antennas with a rotatable support.
882,	for antennas with a pivoted or rotatable support.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, particularly subclasses 1 and 491, for hand operated control lever and linkage systems. See (1) and (2) Notes, above.
192,	Clutches and Power‐Stop Control, for clutches and power stop controls. See (2) Note, above.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for motor control systems wherein the motor may move an antenna.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 764]

764

Loop‐type antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 763. Subject matter wherein the rotatable antenna is of the loop type as defined in subclass 866, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

866+,

and the search notes thereunder for loop type antennas, per se, and particularly subclass 869 for such antennas with rotatable supports.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 765]

765

In different planes:

This subclass is indented under subclass 763. Subject matter wherein the antenna is supported for rotation in different planes (i.e., rotatable about two or more angularly disposed axes) together with structure for imparting continuous or oscillating angular motion to the antenna as a unit in these planes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

759,	wherein the antenna may be rotated in different planes to cover a spiral path.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 766]

766

Motor‐driven:

This subclass is indented under subclass 763. Subject matter wherein the means imparting motion to the antenna is a motor.

(1) Note. The term motor as used above contemplates all devices other than manual for imparting motion to the antenna. The motor is usually electrical, but may be of another type such as fluid. To be classified herein the motor must be claimed as such, or as a means to rotate the antenna, or some similar recitation. Subject matter involving manual means to impart motion when combined with a rotatable antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting is not classified herein but in subclass 763, above. As distinct from a motor drive, a manual drive is usually structure such as a handle, affording means to apply the manual force. In this latter case where the antenna is claimed by name only and involves, for example, a handle and mechanical motion transmitting means, classification is in Class 74 and not herein.

(2) Note. For classification in this subclass the claimed combination of the motor and antennas must include detailed antenna structure as opposed to the mere recitation of the antenna or reflector by name only. In the latter case, classification is with the motor if the motor is claimed in detail. For example, subject matter involving a combination of an electric motor for rotating an antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting, motor control, and antenna, where the antenna is claimed by name only, is not classified herein. The Search Class section below contains a list of the classes involving motors.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

765,	where one or more motors may be used to effect rotary motion of the antenna in different planes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

60,	Power Plants, (see (2) Note above).
91,	Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, (see (2) Note above).
123,	Internal‐Combustion Engines, (see (2) Note above).
170,	Motors, Fluid Current, (see (2) Note above).
185,	Motors: Spring, Weight, or Animal Powered, (see (2) Note above).
253,	Motors, Fluid, (see (2) Note above).
290,	Prime‐Mover Dynamo Plants, (see (2) Note above).
310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, (see (2) Note above).
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for subject matter involving a combination of an electric motor for rotating an antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting, motor control, and antenna, where the antenna is claimed by name only (see (2) Note above).

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 767]

767

Slot type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter including a conducting surface, such as a metallic sheet which may be flat or curved, and an aperture in the surface, which may be completely surrounded by the surface or extended inwardly from an edge of the surface, together with coupling means which establishes a potential difference at spaced points along the aperture or extracts received energy from these points, these points usually being across the aperture, the surface furnishing a conductive path between these spaced points to permit current to flow therebetween.

(1) Note. In the event the gap completely separates the surface into two parts with the spaced points being across the gap, an electrical short circuit must be provided across the gap as by a galvanic connection or a resonant short circuiting line.

(2) Note. The slot is usually resonant (e.g., a half wave length long, or a perimeter of one wave length) to present a high slot impedance across the coupling thereto.

(3) Note. Antennas having an aperture in a conductive surface, wherein the aperture is used merely for coupling the energy to an antenna are not classified here but in the appropriate subclass below, for example, subclasses 772+ for wave guide type antennas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

741+,	for high frequency loops, wherein the loop may be formed of a conductive sheet having a slot‐like space between the adjacent ends.
772+,	for wave guide type antennas. See (3) Note, above.
789,	for antennas within a conductive apertured wall.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, particularly subclasses 208+ , 239+ and 248+ for resonant slots in wave guides.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 768]

768

With periodic control of slot or coupling:

This subclass is indented under subclass 767. Subject matter wherein structure is provided for modifying the transmission characteristic of a slot or its coupling, the structure being normally operated in a cyclical or repetitive manner.

(1) Note. Examples of the subject matter of this subclass are variable width wave guide coupling, or variable length wave guide coupling, or a movable shutter in front of or behind the slot or in the wave guide coupling. The purpose of this modification of the transmission characteristic is usually for scanning, sweeping or orienting the antenna pattern.

(2) Note. In the subject matter of this subclass physical motion of parts of the antenna may occur for control of the transmission characteristic for scanning, sweeping or orienting the pattern. However, where the antenna and/or its reflector moves as a unit or where relative motion occurs between the active antenna and its reflector for scanning, sweeping or orienting the antenna pattern, classification is in subclasses 757+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

757+,	for directive antennas with means for moving the antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting. See also (2) Note, above.
777,	for plural wave guide type antennas with control of the individual antennas.
854,	for antennas with adjustable coupling.
876,	for antennas with switching between the antennas and the associated lines.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 422+ and subclasses 428+ for direction finding receivers with effectively moveable directional patterns.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 769]

769

Ring‐shaped slot:

This subclass is indented under subclass 767. Subject matter wherein the aperture is shaped as a narrow annulus on a flat conducting surface or a band removed from the wall of a conducting cylinder.

(1) Note. Usually the opposing walls of the aperture are electrically connected at a point remote from the coupling.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 770]

770

Plural:

This subclass is indented under subclass 767. Subject matter including two or more apertures in a surface, or two or more surfaces each having at least one aperture, all as defined in subclass 767, above.

(1) Note. A single physically continuous slot composed of a plurality of discrete and separately identifiable sections is classified in this subclass, if each section operates separately and independently as a slot antenna. For example, a zigzag slot where each straight section is in itself a separate resonant slot is classified in this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

768,	for plural slot type antenna with periodic control of the slot or its coupling.
774,	for stacked bi‐conical horn antennas.
776+,	for plural wave guide type antennas in general.
893,	and the Search Notes thereunder, for plural antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 771]

771

With wave guide coupling:

This subclass is indented under subclass 770. Subject matter wherein at least one of the apertures is combined with a wave guide (or resonant cavity) for energizing the aperture or conducting energy therefrom.

(1) Note. The wave guide must perform the coupling function. Plural slot antennas wherein the apertures are directly fed by a transmission line connected to the opposite edges of the slot, and having a resonant cavity in back of the aperture as a reflecting means for confining the energy in one direction but not performing the coupling function, are not classified in this subclass but in subclass 770, above.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

762,	for moving wave guide type antennas with means for moving, scanning, sweeping or orienting.
772+,	for wave guide type antennas.
853+,	for plural antennas with a coupling network.
844,	for plural antennas in general spaced a fractional or full wave length apart.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 772]

772

Wave guide type (e.g., horn):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a wave guide is provided between free space and a generator or receiver of radio wave energy, or between free space and a nonwave guide coupling or connecting structure which establishes in or collects from the wave guide radio wave energy, the wave guide constraining this energy in its passage to or from free space, and being directly connected with free space without any intervening nonwave guide coupling (such as a probe and dipole).

(1) Note. The guide may be a cavity resonator, or a horn.

(2) Note. The wave guide must guide the wave energy between free space and the nonwave guide coupling, oscillator or receiver for classification in this subclass.

(3) Note. Usually the wave guide has a configuration or structure which substantially matches the impedance to that of free space, such as a horn.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

762,	for wave guide type antennas with means for moving the antennas for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
767+,	for slot type antennas which may involve wave guide structure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

181,	Acoustics, for mechanical acoustical devices which collect or emit sound waves to or from an unconfined space containing a sound conducting medium.
219,	Electric Heating, subclasses 678+ for microwave heating.
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, particularly subclasses 1+ , 227 and 239, for wave transmission lines and networks involving wave guides and cavity resonators.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 773]

773

Biconical horn type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide has its opposing surfaces formed as conical or flared surfaces of revolution on a common axis, the spacing between the surfaces increasing from the apices towards the peripheries, the coupling to the source or collector extending from the apices, as by a coaxial line or wave guide, through one of the surfaces of revolution, the surfaces guiding the wave energy between the apices and the peripheries.

(1) Note. The patents of this subclass resemble somewhat in structure the sleeve and ground plane antennas of subclasses 790+ and 829+. However, in this subclass (773) the opposing surfaces act merely as a wave guide; while in the other two subclasses this wave guide action is not present, but one or both of the surfaces acts directly as a radiator or collector of radio wave energy.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

786,	for wave guide type antennas with horns.
790+,	for sleeve type antennas. See also (1) Note, above.
807,	for tapered balanced doublet antennas.
809,	for fractional, multiple or full wave type antennas including grounding structures. See also (1) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 774]

774

Stacked:

This subclass is indented under subclass 773. Subject matter wherein a plurality of bi‐conical horn type antennas as defined in subclass 773 above are spaced along a common axis, their respective axes coinciding with the common axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

776+,	for plural wave guide antennas in general.
884,	for antennas with a transmission line or wave guide as a support.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 775]

775

With reflector:

This subclass is indented under subclass 773. Subject matter wherein the bi‐conical horn type antenna as therein defined is combined with external conductive structure which reradiates into free space impinging radio waves coming from or going to the antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

755,	for antennas with spaced radio wave lenses or diffractors and reflectors.
779,	for plural wave guide type antennas generally with a reflector.
780,	for "pillbox" type antennas.
781+,	for single wave guide type antennas with a reflector.
834+,	and the Search Notes thereunder, for antennas with reflectors in general.
912+,	for reflectors, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 776]

776

Plural:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein two or more wave guides are provided at the connection to free space to result in two or more wave guide paths each directly coupled to free space.

(1) Note. The wave guides may be formed as branches from a common guide remote from the free space coupling end, or may be separate and distinct guides independently coupled by non‐wave guide structure to their transmitter and/or receiver, or may be merely a divided guide such as a baffled horn with separate wave guide paths existing on each side of the baffle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

773+,	for bi‐conical horn type antennas.
844,	for plural antennas spaced a fractional or full wave length apart.
853+,	for coupling networks for plural antennas.
879,	for supports for plural separate antennas.
893,	and the Search Notes thereunder, for plural antennas in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 777]

777

With control of individual antenna (e.g., lobe switching or steering):

This subclass is indented under subclass 776. Subject matter wherein at least one antenna has in its wave guide path or its coupling to the transmitter or receiver, structure such as a switch or adjustable impedance, which alters the amplitude or phase of the energy passing through the path or coupling to modify the radiation or polarization pattern of the antenna.

(1) Note. Included here are plural wave guide antennas having switches in the coupling paths for lobbing the antenna beam, or having variable impedance in the coupling paths for steering the composite beam from the antennas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

757+,	for antennas having means for moving the antennas for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
768,	for slot type antennas with control of the slot or coupling.
854,	for antennas in general with adjustable coupling networks.
876,	for antennas with switching between the antennas and the associated lines.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 2+ for plural channel wave transmission systems with automatic control, and subclasses 101+ for branched wave transmission lines with switching.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 385+ wherein a distinctive signal is sent or received denoting course, direction, or orientation.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 778]

778

With phasing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 776. Subject matter wherein the wave guide or coupling path of the respective antennas have significant phase characteristics in the transmission of energy therethrough, to modify the relative phase relationship of the transmitted radio wave energy of the respective antennas at their coupling to space, or to modify the relative phase relationship of the received radio wave energy in passing through the antennas and/or coupling paths.

(1) Note. The different phase characteristic is usually secured by a delay network in the coupling path of one of the antennas or a dielectric delaying mass in the wave guide path of one of the antennas.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

844,	for plural antennas spaced a fractional or full wave length apart.
853+,	for plural antennas with coupling in general.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 100+ for branched wave transmission lines and networks which may involve phasing.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 779]

779

With reflector:

This subclass is indented under subclass 776. Subject matter wherein the plural wave guides as defined therein are combined with external conductive structure (usually metallic) which reradiates into free space impinging radio waves coming from or going to the wave guides.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

775,	for bi‐conical horn type antennas with a reflector.
780,	for "pillbox" type antennas.
781,	for single wave guide type antennas with an external reflector or director.
834+,	and the Search Notes thereunder, for antennas with parasitic reflectors in general.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 780]

780

"Pillbox" type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide includes two parallel plates which are closed along a portion of their perimeter by a reflector, the spacing between the plates being small compared to their surface dimensions, the plates being electrically open to free space over a relatively large portion of their perimeter.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

781+,	for wave guide type antennas with a reflector or director.
834+,	and Search Notes thereunder, for antennas with parasitic reflectors in general.
912+,	for reflectors or directors, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 781]

781

With external reflector or director:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide antenna as defined therein is combined with external conductive structure (usually metallic) which reradiates into free space impinging radio waves coming from or going to the antenna.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

755,	for antennas with spaced radio wave lenses or diffractors and reflectors.
775,	for bi‐conical horn type antennas with a reflector.
779,	for plural wave guide type antennas with a reflector.
780,	for "pillbox" type antennas.
833,	for antennas with directors in general.
834+,	and the Search Notes thereunder, for antennas with reflectors in general.
912+,	for reflectors or directors, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 782]

782

With means reducing re‐radiation into active antenna:

This subclass is indented under subclass 781. Subject matter wherein structure or arrangement is provided to reduce reflection or the effect or reflection of the transmitted wave energy from the reflector back into the active transmitting antenna.

(1) Note. This effect is sometimes referred to as matching the reflector to the active antenna. The effect is obtained, for example, by means of a second compensating reflector or tilting the antenna with respect to the reflector.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

762,	for wave guide type antennas with means for moving the antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
837+,	for antennas with plural reflectors, particularly subclass 838, where one of the reflectors is a screening reflector.
841,	for antennas with electrical shields.
862+,	for antennas with coupling networks for impedance matching of an antenna to its coupling means, which include long line elements.
912+,	for reflectors, per se.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 783]

783

With internal‐wave refraction means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide contains a mass (usually dielectric) which freely passes radio waves, and which is shaped or positioned to delay or accelerate waves passing therethrough an amount which varies over the wave front for such purposes as focusing, changing direction, or changing the wave front as from circular to planar.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

753+,	for antennas having spaced radio wave lenses or diffractors associated therewith.
756,	for antennas having polarization filters associated therewith.
785,	for dielectric wave guide type antennas.
909+,	for refracting means and radiant energy filters (e.g., lenses and polarizers), per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, particularly subclasses 239+ and 248+, for wave guides having lenses or refracting means.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 784]

784

With closure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide has a mass extending across the wave guide adjacent the end coupling the wave guide to free space, the mass being of material which freely passes electromagnetic wave energy.

(1) Note. The purpose of this mass is usually protection against weather, sealing the interior of the guide, or matching the guide to free space.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

789,	for antennas within an apertured wall, which may have a closure.
872+,	for antennas with housings or protective coverings.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 785]

785

Dielectric type (e.g., polystyrene rod):

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide is formed of an elongated dielectric mass, which may be hollow, the source or receiver of energy being adjacent one end of the mass and the coupling for radiation to or from free space occurring along the sides or at the other end.

(1) Note. By dielectric is meant a material having a dielectric constant materially greater than air.

(2) Note. The mass may be a solid, or confined gas or liquid. This dielectric mass should be the essential conductor of the electromagnetic waves between the source or receiver of the energy and free space. A dielectric mass in a wave guide antenna which merely modifies the characteristic of the energy passing through the guide, the guide itself being the essential conductor, is not classified in this subclass but in subclass 783.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

753+,	for antennas with spaced radio wave lenses or diffractors which may be of dielectric material.
776+,	for plural wave guide antennas which may be of the dielectric type.
783,	for wave guide antennas with internal dielectric refracting means. See also (2) Note, above.
907+,	particularly subclasses 909+, for antenna components which may be constructed of dielectric materials.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 786]

786

With horn:

This subclass is indented under subclass 772. Subject matter wherein the wave guide diverges, or flares, in at least one dimension towards free space.

(1) Note. While in a horn a reflecting function may be performed, the general purpose of the confining walls between the emitter or collector and the mouth of the horn is for guiding the energy to or from the emitter or collector and the mouth, while reflectors as in subclasses 834+, etc.., do not perform this guiding function but merely reradiate the impinging energy.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

762,	for horn type antennas with means for moving the antenna for scanning, sweeping or orienting.
773+,	for biconical type horns.
776+,	for plural horns, or sectionalized horns, having two or more wave guide paths.
784,	for horns with closures.
834+,	and 912+, for antennas with reflectors, and reflectors, per se, respectively. See (1) Note, above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

181,	Acoustics, subclasses 177+ , for megaphones.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 787]

787

Including magnetic material:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter including magnetic material which modifies the inductance of the active portion of the antenna.

(1) Note. The magnetic material may be in the path of the radio waves to or from the active portion of the antenna, or in a permanent magnet or energized magnet which increases the magnetic field around the active portion of the antenna.

(2) Note. Magnetic material in the coupling circuit, such as a magnetic core coupling transformer, is not sufficient for classification here. Such subject matter with an antenna in general is found in subclasses 850+, below.

(3) Note. See (2) Note under subclass 866 below for the line between loop antennas and the inductor devices classified in Class 336, Inductor Devices.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

745+,	for antennas with reactance for tuning the antenna.
850+,	for antennas having a coupling network or impedance in the leadin which may involve inductors having magnetic material such as iron cores.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

336,	Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses for inductors involving magnetic material, and subclass 110 where the inductor is combined with a permanent magnet.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 788]

788

Loop type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 787. Subject matter wherein the active antenna comprises a coil of one or more turns adapted to be connected at its ends to a pair of leadin terminals.

(1) Note. For a field of search pertinent to loop antennas see the Notes under subclass 866, below.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 789]

789

Within conductive apertured wall:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a definite space is provided beneath an aperture in a conducting surface, and at least one antenna is mounted in the space with its active portion at least partially beneath the surface to transmit or receive radio wave energy when so mounted.

(1) Note. The subject matter in this subclass usually involves an antenna mounted in a recess below the skin of an airplane to avoid the air currents. The recess may be covered, as by an insulating cover which passes radio wave energy.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

702,	for antennas with significantly related cabinet structure.
705+,	and 709+, for antennas with significantly related aircraft or watercraft structure, respectively.
767+,	for slot type antennas.
872+,	for antennas with housings in general.
889,	for rod type antennas retractable into a support.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 790]

790

Active sleeve surrounds feed line:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein an active antenna element, which may be a complete antenna or a portion of one (such as an arm of a dipole), is formed as a cylinder, prisms, or frustum of a cone or prism, or defines such a surface (such as series of circularly arranged parallel wires), is combined with a feed line which supplies radiating energy to or from this antenna element or to or from another antenna element; and which enters the cylinder at one end and extends within the cylinder at least a portion of the distance to the other end; and where the feed line is electrically coupled to this cylinder the coupling is remote from the entrance end, there being a substantial insulating space between the inner surface of the sleeve and the portion of the feed line extending within the cylinder.

(1) Note. The feed line may be the feed to the sleeve element, or to another active element, or to both. The feed line may also be a support for the sleeve element or for other antenna elements. The feed line may be the ground return, such as the connection to the outer conductor of a coaxial line where the inner conductor is connected to any portion of the active element.

(2) Note. In this subclass the feed line is spaced along its length from the inner surface of the sleeve, as opposed to the case of telescoping parts as in subclasses 823 and 901+, wherein the parts are in substantial engagement over their telescoping length. Further, in these last mentioned subclasses, the feeding portion usually surrounds the free end portion.

(3) Note. The sleeves forming active antennas of this subclass are distinguished from superficially similar sleeves as found in subclass 830 in that the latter sleeves form ground planes performing no active function as collectors or emitters of radiation (though they usually have reflecting properties); whereas the sleeves of this subclass are active radiators or collectors of radiation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

773,	for bi‐conical horn wave guide type antennas.
807,	for doublets whose active elements are thick or enlarged to form a sleeve.
823,	for doublet type antennas having telescoping arms. See (2) Note, above.
830,	for fractional, multiple or full wave linear antenna with grounding structure, and having coaxial feed line. See (3) Note, above.
884,	for antennas where a plural wire transmission line or wave guide is the support.
901+,	for rod type telescoping antennas. See (2) Note, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 791]

791

With coaxial active rod:

This subclass is indented under subclass 790. Subject matter wherein an active rod, which may be hollow, forms an extension of and is electrically connected to the feed line and is coaxial with the active sleeve.

(1) Note. The active rod and sleeve are often in electrical effect a doublet as defined in subclass 793 below; but are structurally different in that the rod and sleeve are not similar. The rod is usually of a smaller diameter than the sleeve.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

725,	for plural separate diverse type antennas. See also (3) Note, under subclass 725.
801,	for doublet antennas formed of three or more collinear elements.
823,	for doublet antennas with telescopically arranged respective arms. See (3) Note under subclass 790, above.
827,	with collinear arranged fractional, multiple or full wave length linear type antennas.
830,	for linear type antennas with ground planes fed by coaxial lines. See (3) Note under subclass 790, above.

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 792]

792

Doublet type:

This subclass is indented under subclass 790. Subject matter wherein the sleeve is combined with a mass having a substantially similar external shape, and wherein the sleeve and mass are fed in balanced relation, at least one of the feed lines extending from one end within the sleeve at least a portion of the distance to the other end.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

791,	for sleeve type antennas having in addition a rod type radiator.
793+,	for balanced doublet type antennas in general, particularly subclass 802 for such antennas with distributed reactance, subclass 807 for such antennas thick or enlarged, and subclass 823 for such antennas having telescoping arms.

792.5