A. Systems and processes for transmission or reception of
radio wave energy for obtaining or utilizing information (using
radio wave transmitters or receivers), as to an object, or as to
the directional characteristics of the radio wave energy, per se.
B. This class includes radar systems wherein radio wave energy
from a transmitter is reflected or otherwise returned from an object
to a receiver which may be at the same location as the transmitter.
C. This class includes subsystems, components, and related
processes which are limited to use in connection with the above
and not provided for elsewhere.
D. This class is limited to electromagnetic radio frequency
waves in the radiation field. Radiation waves produces by lasing
(coherent addition) action and induction field electromagnetic waves
are excluded from this class, even though they may operate at radio
frequencies. See "radio wave" definition above
for other type exclusions.
Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 570+ for miscellaneous apparatus for testing devices
by means of vibratory forces (e.g., certain types of compressional
waves), see indented subclasses 584+ where sound waves
are used. Class 73 provides for measuring and testing methods and
apparatus which involve a radiant energy test and a nonelectrical
test. Class 73 is the generic class for measuring and testing methods
and apparatus, Search notes to the class definition of Class 73
should be consulted for other classes which provide for measuring
and testing processes and apparatus.
Ordnance,
subclasses 1.1+ and 41 for apparatus designed to control or move
a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such apparatus where
radiant energy is utilized and subclasses 1.51+ for radiant
energy actuated or controlled devices for releasing bombs, flares, etc.,
from aircraft.
Ammunition and Explosives,
subclass 384 for drop bombs with direction controlling means, including
those controlled by radiant energy; subclasses 416+ and
the subclasses specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines
adapted to be fixed automatically, the firing device of the mine
being actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy and
the igniting, per se, for such mines; and subclass 214 for fuses,
primers and igniting devices for explosives which involve the utilization
of electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy in their operation.
Telegraphy, appropriate subclasses with respect to inductive coupling
where the sole disclosure is of a radiant energy telegraph system,
but the claimed subject matter is not limited to radiant energy
transmission of the signals. See especially
subclass 18.07 and 19.03 for handwriting and drawing systems with
inductive coupling, subclass 43 for space induction systems, subclasses
66.1+ for miscellaneous systems using alternating current (including
high frequency current) to transmit the signal. Note that many
of the patents in subclasses 66.1+ of Class 178 are analogous
to the patents of Class 375, subclasses 259+ for miscellaneous
telegraph apparatus useful in either radio or wire telegraphy, for
example, subclasses 371+ for receivers and subclasses 348+ for
keys.
Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles,
subclass 10 for systems for transferring energy from a roadway
or other place to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic
induction.
Aeronautics and Astronautics,
subclass 3.1 for control means for missiles and subclass 77
for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical
apparatus and radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as
to the lines between the classes.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200 through 239for light sensitive systems and subclass 336.1 for
methods and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy for measuring
and detecting purposes; subclass 492.1 for methods and apparatus
utilizing invisible ray energy such as X-rays, ultraviolet infrared
rays. Class 250 is the generic class of radiant energy. It and other classes
specified in the search class notes to it should be searched for
the patents relating to radiant energy apparatus, processes and devices,
especially for processes and apparatus for subjecting materials
to radiant energy.
Electricity: Motive Power Systems,
subclass 16 for electric motor systems where the motor is controlled
or supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or electrostatic
energy (including radio energy), subclass 460 for electric motor
systems controlled by sound or supersonic vibrations, subclass 480
for electric motor systems controlled by radiant energy (e.g., light).
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for methods and apparatus for testing
to determine electrical properties by electrical means;
subclasses 323+ and 344+ provide for ore detection determination
by electrical means, including the use of radio waves, except such
methods and apparatus which involve the use of reflected or otherwise returned
radio waves, the excepted matter being in this class (342). Class
324 provides for electrical testing methods and apparatus which
include a test by means of radio waves and another electrical test.
Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate subclasses for wave transmission lines or networks
which may be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is
guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of appreciable
electrical length with respect to the wave length of the propagated energy.
For example,
subclasses 1+ provides for plural channel systems and subclasses
236+ provides for single channel long lines having distributed
electrical parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave guides
and shielded lines. This class also contains systems and networks useful
in communication with radiant energy. See particularly subclasses
109+ for directional couplers, subclass 117 for hybrid
type networks, subclass 13 for resonator type breakdown discharge
systems, e.g., T-R or R-T systems, subclass 23 for dissipating terminations
for long lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks including
filters, equalizers, dealt networks and impedance matching networks
and subclass 81 for attenuators.
Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for devices which utilize
visible light and optical principles for the measurement of angles,
distances, chromatic effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis
and fiducial instruments not provided for elsewhere.
Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, appropriate subclasses for facsimile systems whether
the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise.
Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems
and Devices, appropriate subclass for apparatus for detecting objects
or determining their distance or direction which are provided with
means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves, the sonic
or supersonic waves being either generated or received by electrical
means. See
subclasses 87+ for echo systems, subclasses 131+ for
underwater systems and subclasses 115+ for distance or
direction finding. (Note that the class for acoustics has similar
apparatus.)
Pulse or Digital Communication, appropriate subclass for pulse communication via radio waves.
(Note: See the Class 178 search note above for Class 375,
subclasses 259+ , 371+, for and 348+ reference).
Telecommunications, appropriate subclass for analog modulated carrier
wave. Class 455 includes transmitters and receivers of signals having
arbitrary information content, whereas Class 342 is limited to transmitter
beacons, directional receivers and radar transponders of regular,
periodic and in general nonvarying signals having fixed information
content relating to locating or identifying a target.
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 150+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly subclasses 202+ for electrical
communication systems.
Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications,
subclasses 1 through 89for generic data processing control systems; and
subclasses 90-306 for particular applications of digital data processing
systems or calculating computers.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location,
subclasses 200+ and 300+ for computer applications in
the area of navigation and determining the relative location between
two points.
Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics,
Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression,
subclasses 200+ for artificial intelligence systems that process speech
signals.
Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems
and Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems
that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating,
subclasses 1+ for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for
digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for
analog computers.
Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems:
Multiple Computer or Process Coordinating, appropriate subclassesfor data transfer among a plurality of spatially
distributed computers or digital data processing systems.
Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document,
Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing,
subclasses 700 through 866for computer operator interface processing.
SECTION III - GLOSSARY
ACTIVE ANTENNA
Part of the antenna which is directly coupled to free space
and radiates electromagnetic energy into, or collects electromagnetic
energy from, free space and is also directly coupled to a transmitter
or receiver.
COMMUNICATION
The conveying or transferring or information; specifically
a system, as a radio, television, telephone for conveying or transferring
information.
DISTANCE
The space between two points, which may be immediately
juxtaposed or widely spaced.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION CONVERTER
Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave
energy to modify the polarization pattern of the wave, for example,
to change a plane polarized wave into a circularly polarized wave.
FAR FIELD
The space beyond the near field of an antenna in which radiation
is essentially confined to a fixed pattern falls off inversely with
the square of the distance.
FREE SPACE
Space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially
unimpeded, such as the atmosphere, the ocean or the earth.
MESSAGE
A signal used to convey intelligence, such as telephone signals
(e.g., speech).
"Message" is used in a more limited sense
than "signal" for the purpose of classification
in this class, in that "signal" includes the transmission
of control impulses for operating mechanisms other than mere signal
reproducers.
NEAR FIELD
The electromagnetic field within a distance of 1 wavelength
from a transmitting antenna.
ORIENTING
Changing the beam direction of an antenna with respect to
some reference point.
RADAR
Acronym for radio detecting and ranging. A system that measures
distance (and usually the direction) to an object by determining
the amount of time required by electromagnetic energy to travel
to and return from an object. Called primary radar when signals
are returned by reflection. Called secondary radar when the incident signal
triggers a responder beacon and causes it to transmit a second signal.
RADIANT ENERGY
The energy (partially kinetic, partially potential) associated
with waves produced in free space by a source of energy, such as
light wave, electromagnetic radiation (including radio waves), or
neutron and similar radiation, subsonic, supersonic and sonic waves.
RADIATION
The emanation of energy into free space.
RADIATION FIELD
An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends
over a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound
waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light waves.
Values of 10 kilocycles and 30,000 megacycles have been given as
the lower the upper limits of the range for radio waves, although
values exist beyond these limits. Radio waves as defined here exclude
compressional waves, light waves, heat waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet
waves, X-ray, cathode rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio
waves are produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.
SIGNAL
Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence or message, such
as sing, or a noise indication agreed upon, under stood and used
to convey information at a distance.
TELEGRAPHY
The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited
with respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the utilization
of energy, the elements of the message being selected or composed
at will according to a prearranged code.
TELEPHONY
The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which
is transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for reproduction
of the speech or sounds.
TELEDYNAMICS
The transmission of signal energy for the control of apparatus
or mechanisms, at a distance.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a material or device takes up and
dissipates far field radar or radio wave signals.
(1)
Note. An example of a device used a radar absorber is an
anechoic chamber.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein there are means primarily intended
to echo or return far field radar signals.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes antenna reflectors
which are part of a radar antenna with nominal radar recitation.
(2)
Note. Nominal radar recitation for use with radar reflectors
is included in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter including means to vary the amplitude, frequency
of phase of a far field radar signal as it is being reflected.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes passive transponders.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflecting surfaces are arranged
to intersect so as to provided a retrodirective reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter wherein the corner reflector has the capability
of being: (1) distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of
gas; or (3) folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of space.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter wherein the corner reflectors is (1) either
part of a vehicle or part of a device pulled by a vehicle which
provides reflected signals which disguise the true location of the vehicle
or (2) used to move the primary point of reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector has the capability
of being: (1) distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of
gas; or (3) folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of space.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector includes a spherically
shaped structure transparent to radio waves having a relative dielectric
constant different from unity.
(1)
Note. A Luneberg lens is a lens with a circular cross section
having an index of refraction varying only in the radial direction
such that a feed located on or near a surface or edge of the leans
produce a major lobe diametrically opposite the feed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector including thin, narrow,
metallic strips of various length and frequency responses.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes chaff dispensing
means.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means for intentionally interfering
with systems or devices within the class, for avoiding such interference or
for use in support of such means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means for intentionally interfering
with the transmission or reception of signals of systems or devices
with the this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means to avoid interferences with
the transmission or reception of signals by systems or devices within
this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein a radar system being interfered with
changes its mode of operation in response to the interference.
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter wherein the receiver gain is reduced or the
receiver is gated off in response to being jammed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means to indicate only the presence
of systematic radio signal observation means.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes devices commonly called "Fuzzbuster".
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal extends over a broad
band of frequencies rather than being at a single carrier frequency.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system is used to assist
in bringing a vehicle to a space allowed for its safety or convenience
between other vehicles, piers, wharves or portals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect
of a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect
of a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
(1)
Note. The long antenna is synthesized through the motion
of a small antenna relative to the target with either the antenna
or the target or both moving. The signal received by the antenna
is processed coherently over an integration time. The synthesized
antenna length is given by the trajectory traversed by the small
antenna relative to the target during the coherent integration time.
Because of the two-way phase shift in forming the effective radiation
pattern, the effective half-power beam-width must be computed considering
twice the synthesized antenna length.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system senses the existence
of a target without quantifying any of its characteristics.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist
in preventing aircrafts from flying into one another, or other obstacles.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location,
subclass 17 for computerized radar for vehicle indication or
guidance; subclass 223 for computerized radar ground scanners; and
subclass 301 for computer avoidance collision systems.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including means to operate plural transponders
on separate aircraft or on the ground, on a common time base.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the transponder means are part of
a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) or an air traffic control radio
beacon system (ATCRBS).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used by an airborne
vehicle to enable the vehicle to land safely on the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including a ground radar system providing
information by which aircraft approaches to landing may be directed
via radio communications.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to maintain
cognizance or to regulate the movement of aircraft in relation to
each other or to other objects.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter including a radar beacon-transponder means
to maintain cognizance or to regulate the paths of selected vehicles
within a selected area such as an airport terminal area or air route.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter wherein the transponder signal includes information
about the vertical distance of an aircraft or other object above
a given reference plane such as the ground or sea.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter including circuitry means to exclude or greatly
attenuate a portion of the beam for an antenna, other than the main
lobe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter including means to eliminate random nonsynchronous
unintentional return signals in a beacon system or to decode multiple
overlapping signal transmission interference.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist
in preventing naval craft from running into one another.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having means wherein the radar signal is
received from an originating station, has information coded thereon
or added and is retransmitted to the originating station.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein the transponder system is combined
with a system in which the retransmitted (reply) signal is a reflection
of the transmitted energy from the surface of the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein the coded radar retransmitted (reply)
signal contains information used to distinguish the transponder
station from all others.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter including means to transmit radio signals
between two stations located on ships, aircraft, or the ground,
for automatic identification of particular station characteristics,
such as station type (e.g., ally or enemy, bomber or fighter, etc.).
(1)
Note. IFF is an acronym for Identification - Friend or Foe.
(2)
Note. SIF is an acronym for Selective Identification Feature.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including means to provide distance information
by measuring total round-trip time of transmission from an interrogator to
a transponder and return, with internationally recognized signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter wherein the interrogator station includes
circuit means which is self-activating to lock-on the reply signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter including means operating at VHF and providing
radial lines of positioning any direction as determined by bearing
selection within the receiving equipment, or means operating at
UHF using pulse techniques to provide a polar coordinate (rho-theta)
system of navigation.
(1)
Note. The VOR means emits a (variable) modulation whose phase
relative to a reference modulation is different for each bearing
of the receiving point from the interrogator station.
(2)
Note. For TACAN the distance, (rho), function operates as
DME and the bearing function is derived by rotating the ground transponder
antenna so as to obtain a rotating multilobe pattern for coarse
and fine information.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system operates in conjunction
with a different type of far field radiant energy system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device which operates using radiant
energy within the wavelength range 780 to 105 nanometers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device which provides an intense,
coherent, directional beam of light by stimulating electronic, ionic
or molecular transitions to lower energy levels.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device used to determine the
direction of arrival of remotely transmitted radio signals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the radar signal beam is used as
a carrier for transmitting information in addition to radar information.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used
to regulate a device separate from the radar system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter including means to compare radar data with
previously stored location information to derive guidance signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter including means either (1) to automatically
control the aircraft to follow ground contour or to prevent the
aircraft from hitting ground based obstacles or (2) to develop signals
to alert the aircraft operator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including means controlled by a return signal
indicative of the presence of a land vehicle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including radar means attached to a land
vehicle and the return signal is used to control the operation of
the land vehicle.
Motor Vehicles,
subclasses 167+ for motor vehicle control means responsive to electromagnetic
radiation including radio waves reflected from a surface located
apart from the vehicle.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used
to regulate the operation of the radar system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to align
the antenna in an aircraft with the actual path of the aircraft
along the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the rotation of the beam of the radar
system describes a cone, the axis of which coincides with that of
the antenna boresight.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the antenna"s maximum reception
orientation is periodically switched to each of two or more direction
in turn.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter including the use of a technique in which
information concerning the angular location of a source or target
is derivable from each pulse or signal detection by comparison of signals
received simultaneously in two or more antenna beams.
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter including control of which way the signal
emanating from the antenna is directed by varying the phase or frequency
of the signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter including control of the radar signal phase
or frequency other than pulse repetition frequency.
This subclass is indented under subclass 83. Subject matter wherein the radar transmitter frequency shift
component of the returned signal which is due to the target velocity
as it approaches toward or recedes from the radar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter wherein a constant phase relationship is
maintained between the transmitted and returned signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter wherein a constant beat frequency is maintained
between the transmitted and received signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter including self-acting means to distinguish
between the presence of a return signal from a source having predetermined characteristics
versus noise or clutter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter including control of a device having the
ability to permit or inhibit the passage of a signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Subject matter including self-acting circuit means to control
the timing of a gate in relation to the range of the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Subject matter including self-acting circuit means to control
a gate to keep a receiver locked on a target while continuing to
receive return signals from various elements in a given region.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein circuitry is provided to follow variations
in the doppler component of the returned signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to regulate
the frequency of the receiver local oscillator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to vary
the center frequency or the bandwidth of a receiver filter circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Subject matter including circuit means to compare the phases
of an output signal and the return signal of a target, with any
phase differences converted into a correction voltage that causes
the phase of the output signal to change so that it tracks the return
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including velocity determination other than
by measuring the doppler shift of the radar signal.
(1)
Note. For example, the velocity may be obtained by measuring
the rate of change of the range (i.e., range rate) of an object.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including the radar measurement of the distance
and direction of the object from a given point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter including a measurement of a relationship
between the transmitted and the received radar signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter wherein the returned signal corresponding
to the respective transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural
processing channels which are sequentially activated for short predetermined
periods of time to represent range increments.
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter including transmitting two or more discrete
frequencies and determining distance from changes in each of the
received frequencies.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including the use of two or more radar beams
in making the velocity determination.
(1)
Note. The "Janus"-type systems comprise
two "back-to-back" antennas, respectively facing
forward and rearward with nonoverlapping radiation patterns, each
antenna serving to provide transmitting and receiving functions.
The respective backscatter signal portions received by the antennas
are added and subtracted to derive sum and difference signals from
which the Doppler speed is determined.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
measure the range of an object from a reference point.
Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclasses 158+ for linear distance or length determination, and
subclasses 163+ for rotary distance or length determination.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including measuring the distance to an object
at the closest point of approach to a reference point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining the distance from the
earth"s surface to an aircraft from the ground.
(1)
Note. Earth curvature correction (ECC) circuits are included
in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining the distance between
the radar station and a station detached from the radar station
using means on the detached station to interact cooperatively with
the radar station"s radar signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including distance determination be radar
derived procedures of finding the location of a third point by taking
bearings from two fixed points a known distance apart from each
other or the third point; or by determining the distance from a
third point to two known points.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining distance by comparing
the phase of the transmitted radar with the returned radar carried
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter including the transmission of two or more
discrete frequency modulated radar carrier signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter including the use of pulse modified radar
carrier signals in making the distance determination.
(1)
Note. Frequency agile radar is a pulse radar in which the
transmitter carrier frequency is changed between pulses in a random
or pseudo-random way be an amount comparable to the reciprocal of the
pulse width, or multiple thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including the use of pulse modified radar
carrier signals in making the distance determination.
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein the returned signal corresponding
to respective transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural processing
channels which are sequentially activated for short predetermined
periods of time to represent range increments.
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter including changing the rate of the pulse
transmission or the width of the pulse transmissions from the radar
source.
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter including cathode ray tube display of the
returned radar signal as ordinates vs. time as abscissas (Type "A")
or with the time base as a circle and the returned signal appearing
as a radial deflection from it (Type "J").
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter including the object"s angular measurement
in a horizontal plane and in a clockwise direction and its angular
position tangent to the earth"s surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter including means for measuring the angle between
the antenna boresight and the line of sight to the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter wherein the display represents the signal
as a bright spot, with range indicated by the distance of the spot
from the center of the screen and the bearing by the radial angle of
the spot.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including a measurement of relationship between
the transmitted and the received radar signals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
indicate the direction of an object from a reference point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including direction determination of an object
at a low angle elevation with respect to the radar signal source.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains circuitry to eliminate indirect
radar signal returns due to reflection off the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including the use of a radar technique in
which the angular location information of a source or target object
is derivable from each pulse or signals received simultaneously
in two or more antenna beams, i.e., sum and difference channels
in the receiver compare the amplitudes or phases of the antenna
outputs.
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter wherein the "in phase" sum
signal is combined with the "quadrature" phase difference
signals.
(1)
Note. "In phase" signals have the same frequency
and pass through their maximum and minimum vales of like polarity at
the same instant.
(2)
Note. "Quadrature" signals exist when the
phase difference between them and the "in phase" signals
is one-fourth of a period of 90 degrees.
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter including control of which direction the
signal is emanating from the antenna by varying the phase or frequency
of the signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including periodically and discretely shifting
a directive radiation pattern in position so as to produce a variation
of the signal at the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including a receiving antenna system which
determines the angle of arrival of the radar signal by phase comparison
in the signals at several points on the antenna system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including means to adjust for the movement
of the craft in which the MTI radar is located.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including means to process the returned radar
signal as information in the form of one of a discrete number of
codes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter wherein circuitry is provided to compensate
for targets having radial velocities such that the returned signals
cancel each other to produce a false indication of a stationary
target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including a CRT that stores images on a separate
screen behind the viewing screen to distinguish between target return
signals having variations indicative of motion.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein either: (1) a determination is made
how the radar apparatus is functioning, including the existence,
type and location of any trouble; or (2) a comparison or measurement
is made of the radar apparatus with a standard in order to: (a)
determine its accuracy; (b) devise a corrected scale; (c) determine
the performance level of the equipment with regard to technical
order specification; or (d) generate a correction or compensation
signal.
Telecommunications,
subclasses 115.1 through 115.4for measuring, testing or monitoring radio wave transmitters,
per se, and subclasses 226.1-226.4 for measuring or testing radio
wave receivers, per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the radar apparatus under test includes
means to control the operation of a fuze device as it approaches
its target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the radar test apparatus includes
a device for transforming incoherent light of various frequencies
of vibration into a very narrow, intense beam of coherent light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter including means in the test apparatus to
produce random electrical disturbances or spurious signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the test apparatus includes means
to apply signals representative of radar return signals (e.g., simulating
a radar target object) to the radar apparatus.
(1)
Note. Systems for generating a simulated radar return signal
for testing a radar apparatus are classified here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein the radar testing apparatus utilizes
radio waves in the frequency range of 1 gigahertz and upward.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein the radar apparatus under test utilizes
the change of frequency of its transmitted signals caused by the
time rate of change of the effective distance travelled by the signals
between the source of signal transmission and the point of observation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter including circuit means in the simulator
to retard the passage of signals from one part of the apparatus
under test to another.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter including means to observe the performance
characteristics of the radar apparatus under test.
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter including means to adjust the radar apparatus
utilizing a correction or compensation signal as determined by monitoring, or
in order to devise an accurate scale.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for visual display systems with selective electrical
control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter wherein the display of the radar information
is provided by optical means causing the information to be represented
on a surface or screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to produce a three-dimensional
view or to indicate distance, azimuth and elevation on a single
display surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to electronically generate
symbols representative of radar target information.
(1)
Note. The marker may take the form of alphanumeric characters
or special symbols other than the usual radar video display.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter including the generation of a reference marking
(e.g., a line) which moves back and forth over the display surface
to enable accurate readings.
Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document,
Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing,
subclasses 856 through 862for a cursor operator interface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to control the orientation
of the display, or to compensate for movement to the display or
target indicia on display.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including circuitry for the measurement of
the relationship between the transmitted and the received signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter including means to identify and evaluate
harmonics that make up the returned radar signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including receiver circuit means to separate
returned radar signals into "in phase" and quadrature" components.
(1)
Note. "In phase" signals have the same frequency
and pass through their maximum and minimum values of like polarity
at the same instant.
(2)
Note. "Quadrature" signals exist when the
phase difference between them and the "in phase" signals
is one-fourth of a period or 90 degrees.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including receiver circuit means to process
the returned radar signal by transforming the information contained
therein into data carrying signals wherein the information is in
the form of one of a discrete number of codes.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating,
subclasses 403+ for digital computing of Fourier transforms and
subclass 821 for analog computing of Fourier transforms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein circuitry such as duplexes, T-R device,
or blanking circuit is provided to prevent the transmitter signal
from entering the receiver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein the circuitry is provided to maintain
the frequency of the radar at a constant value or in a fixed relation
with respect to some other section of the radar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein the frequency or phase of the transmitted
radar signal is variably controlled as a function of time or other
factor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including means to vary the gain (sensitivity)
of the radar receiver as a function of time within each pulse repetition interval
or observation time in order to prevent overloading of the receiver
by strong echoes from targets or clutter at close ranges.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices and processes for sending or receiving radio wave
energy which is characterized by some quality that varies according
to the relative direction or position of the sender or receiver.
(1)
Note. The received wave is not the reflected or returned
transmitted wave.
through 205+, for similar systems which
involve "echo" or reflected wave reception (radar
systems) including directive systems of the reflected wave type.
Multiplex Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
or devices involving the transmission or reception of multiplexed
signals, per se.
Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
or devices involving the transmission or reception of pulse or digital
signals, per se.
Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 1+ and 29+ for devices for instructing or
training in the characteristics or operation of navigational apparatus
including radio beacons, blind landing systems, radio direction finders,
etc.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location,
subclasses 200+ for computer navigation systems using electrical
computers or data processors.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the radio wave energy is transmitted
or received by an object in space, in orbit about the earth.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the attitude of the satellite is
controlled by a signal from a remote transmitter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the satellite speed in orbit is matched
to the speed of rotation of the earth on its axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.02. Subject matter wherein the degree of correctness is determined
by comparing measured values with predetermined values.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject matter wherein position is determined using the
magnitude of the change in the observed wave cycles per time when
the satellite and object are moving with respect to each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject matter wherein the position is determined from the
constellation of satellites known as GPS or GLONASS.
Subject matter under 357.06 in which location information,
in raw or processed form, is sent or received from a substantially
distant location, e.g., house, motor vehicle, mobile telephone.
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the position is utilized
in combination with a cartographic or topographic representation,
chart, atlas, etc. to either retrieve or store information.
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the GPS determined position
is combined or utilized in conjunction with alternate position-determining
data from e.g., LORAN, gyroscope, inertial, and dead reckoning.
Subject matter under 357.06 including hardware for choosing
a particular man-made orbiting object.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are systems which (1) select
the most suitable satellite or (2) recaptures lost satellite signals
due to e.g., traveling through a tunnel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. wherein upon the object being located, a function, such
as crop dusting, advertising, geocoding, earthmoving, or constructing,
is subsequently performed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the signal sent by the satellite
is corrected by a signal sent from a remote transmitter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including apparatus for providing a s:graphical
representation of the radiation properties of an antenna as a function
of space coordinates.
(1)
Note. Radiation properties include power flux density, field
strength, phase and polarization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including a transmitter/receiver apparatus
which utilizes radio wave energy have a quality that varies according
to the polarization of the signal.
(1)
Note. Since all radio systems have a transmitted wave which
is polarized, this and indented subclasses include only those systems
whose operation depends on, or is specially designed to produce,
a particular mode of polarization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter including the simultaneous transmission of
vertically and horizontally polarized radio waves, such that a vector
representing the waves has a constant magnitude and varies continuously
about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter including the polarization of the signal
such that the wave vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical
orbit about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter including the simultaneous transmission of
vertically and horizontally polarized radio waves, such that a vector
representing the waves has a constant magnitude and varies continuously
about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter including the polarization of the signal
such that the wave vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical
orbit about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including a system for sending or receiving
information for some purpose other than direction finding.
Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
including the transmission or pulse or digital information signals,
per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a receiving station includes means
for emitting signals of such character as to facilitate the alignment
of the directional pattern of the receiver with the direction of
travel of the received signal.
(1)
Note. Usually, the emitted signal is received by different
antenna elements of an array along with the received signal with
which it combines to accentuate the difference in phase or some
other characteristic of the signal as received in the different
antenna elements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a beam pattern is steered in the
exact reverse direction of the direction of a received wave.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a beam of radio-frequency energy
is directed successively over the antenna array elements of a given
region of the corresponding process in reception.
(1)
Note. For example, the phase of the transmitted/received
signals are shifted in a particular manner.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a connect/disconnect or
circuit selector means in the interface between the steerable array
and the electrical steering circuitry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a transmission line or equivalent
device designed to retard a signal or wave for a predetermined length
of time.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a separate transmitter of radio
wave energy which is located apart from the steerable antenna array,
and which drives the array.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a device capable of accepting electronic
signal information and performing arithmetic and logical operations with
the information to supply a signal to the steerable antenna array
circuitry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the directive communication includes
circuitry which provides a relationship between the signals from
two or more antennas.
(1)
Note. Generally, this subclass does not provide for correlation
between transmitted and received signals of the radar or sonar type.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating,
subclasses 422+ for correlation techniques involving the use of
an electrical digital computer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein a receiving apparatus utilizing correlation
techniques suppresses at least one portion of the beam from an antenna other
than the main lobe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected
to a summing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contain at
least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected
to a subtraction circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected
to a mixing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected
to a summing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected
to a subtraction circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter including one or more radiating stations
whose radiated energy when received, allows a determination of the
location of the receiving station in one or more lines or planes having
known fixed locations relative to the radiating stations.
(1)
Note. Frequently two or more bearing determinations are used
to fix the position of the receiving station by intersection of
bearing lines or planes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter wherein a distinctive signal or pulse, emitted
by one radiating station, and a similar signal or pulse, emitted
by a second remote radiating station and bearing a fixed time relationship
to the first signal or pulse, are received by a navigation receiver
and compared as to their time relationship.
(1)
Note. The time difference in the signals is a measure of
the difference in distances between the receiving station and each
of the radiating stations thereby enabling the fixing of the position
of the receiving station along a hyperbola or hyperboloid which
are the loci of all points in space having a constant difference
in distance to the radiating stations. These loci are known as
"iso-chromes".
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter wherein the loran system provides a coarse
measurement of time-difference through the matching of pulse envelopes,
and a fine measurement by the comparing of phase between the carrier
wave.
(1)
Note. Loran-C is generally useful to distance of 1,000 to
1,500 nautical miles (1,850 to 2,800 kilometers) over water; it uses
a baseline of about 500 nautical miles and operates at approximately
100 kilohertz.
(2)
Note. A typical example of Loran-C system would include a
master station nine at a repetition rate of 10 to 25 groups per
second with a spacing of 1,000 micro sec between the pulses of a group;
a slave station which after a delay of at least the one-way time
from master to slave, plus and additional 2,000 micro sec transmits
an eight pulse group, also spaced 1,000 micro sec and later still another
slave station which transmits a similar group, and wherein the apparatus receiving
these pulses conducts the following operations. (1) Searching for
the master signal; (2) Identifying it by repetition rate and phase
code; (3) Locking a local reference oscillator onto the master signals;
(4) Locking onto the two or more slave signals; and (5) Determining their
time difference from the master (commonly these differences are
manually translated to hyperbolic lines on a chart).
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter providing cycle tracking of received master
an slave transmissions on a predetermined cycle identified from
a predetermined Loran pulse envelope point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter wherein the Loran system provides time-difference
measurement by matching the leading edges of the pulses (usually with
an oscilloscope).
(1)
Note. Loran-A is generally useful to distances of 500 to
1,500 nautical miles (900 to 2,800 kilometers) over water and it
uses a baseline of about 300 nautical miles 550 kilometers) while
operating at approximately 2 megahertz.
(2)
Note. A typical example of a Loran-A system would include
a master station transmission of pulses which are received and rebroadcast
by the slave stations to be ultimately received by the vehicular
receiver which measures the differential delay between reception
of the master pulses and slave pulse (usually by oscilloscope observation
of the time difference), and for each such differential time, there
is a hyperbolic line of position with master and slave as foci, wherein
the intersection of two such lines, one from each slave, provides
a fix (commonly the oscilloscope readout is manually translated
to a chart on which the hyperbolic lines are already printed).
(3)
Note. Various chains or Loran-A systems are distinguished
from each other by using three carrier frequencies and twenty four
sets of pulse repetition rates.
This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Subject matter including means to regulate by automatically
equalizing or otherwise compensating for differences in the received
signal strength in the navigation receiver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter in which similar frequency modulated signals
or pulses, simultaneously emitted by two or more remote radiating
stations, are received and compared as to their instantaneous frequencies.
(1)
Note. The difference in frequencies between the two received
signals is a measure of the difference in the times required for
the radiations to travel to the receiving station and so is a function
of the difference in distance between each radiating station and
the receiving station, thereby enabling the fixing of the position
of the receiving station along a known hyperbola or hyperboloid
which are the loci of all points in space having a constant difference
in distances to the radiating stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter wherein a distinctive signal or pulse in
emitted by one radiating station and a similar signal or pulse (bearing
a know, fixed phase relationship to the first signal or pulse) is emitted
by a second remote radiating station, and wherein both are received
and compared as to their phase relationship by a receiving station
to provide a measure of the difference in distance between each
radiating station and the receiving station, thereby enabling the
fixing of the receiving station position along a known hyperbola
or hyperboloid which are the loci of all points in space having
a constant difference in distances to the radiating stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter including spaced transmitting stations which
are not phase synchronized.
(1)
Note. The transmitted signals are received by a fixed reference
or link station and hetrodyned. The resulting beat frequency is
transmitted to the mobile craft for phase comparison with a beat frequency
developed in the craft from direct reception of the signals from
the spaced transmitting stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter wherein hyperbolic lines of position are
determined by measuring the changes in distances from the transmitters
by counting radio-frequency wavelengths in space or lanes (iso-phase
lines) as a vehicle moves from a known position, the lanes being
counted by phase comparison with a stable oscillator aboard the
vehicle.
(1)
Note. Omega is a very-long-distance navigation system which
operates at approximately 10 kilohertz usually transmitting signals
in long bursts of continuous waves every 10 seconds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter wherein sets of hyperbolic lines of position
are determined by comparison of the phase of (1) one reference continuous
wave signal from a centrally located master transmitter with (2)
each of several continuous wave signals from plural slave transmitter
located in a star pattern, each about 70 nautical miles (130 kilometers)
from the master.
(1)
Note. Decca is a radio navigation system which transmits
on several frequencies near 100 kilohertz and is generally useful
to about 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers).
(2)
Note. A typical decca transmitting chain comprises a master
station which is referred to by the "color" of
the phase meter associated with each at the receiver. Each station
transmits a stable continuous-wave frequency that bears a fixed
relationship to the frequencies of other three stations, and therefore
phase comparison produces a family of hyperbolic lines of position
where the phases are equal (the spaces between the lines are called
lanes).
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter including a complete ultra-high-frequency
polar coordinate (RHO-THETA) navigation system using pulse techniques, wherein
the distance (RHO) function operates as distance measuring equipment
(DME) and the bearing function is derived by rotating the ground
transmitter antenna so as to obtain a rotating multiple pattern
for coarse and fine bearing information.
(1)
Note. A typical TACAN system is comprised of the following:
(a) a parasitic antenna element rotating at 900 RPM, generating
an amplitude-modulated pattern at 15HZ, with phase proportional
to the bearing of the receiver, (b) nine other parasitic elements,
also rotating at 900 RPM, generating a multilobe pattern at 135
HZ, to improve the bearing accuracy; and (c) Reference pulses at
15 and 135 HZ to which the above variable phase signals are compared
in the receiver to establish its bearing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter including receiver means operating at VHF
and providing radial lines of position in any direction as determined
by comparing the phase of the beacon signal, which is a variable
modulated signal, with that of a nondirectional reference modulated
signal, within the receiver.
(1)
Note. The variable signal has a phase relative to the reference
signal which is different for each bearing point of the receiver
from the beacon station.
(2)
Note. A typical VOR system operates in the following manner:
(a) The ground station (beacon) radiates a cardioid pattern that
rotates at 30 CPS, generating a 30 Hz sine wave at the output of
any airborne receiver; (b) The ground station also radiates and
omni directional signal, modulated with a fixed 30 Hz reference tone;
(c) The phase between the two 30 Hz tones varies directly with the
bearing of the aircraft.
(3)
Note. VOR us as abbreviation for VHF or omnirange.
This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Subject matter wherein the variable signal has been developed
by sequentially feeding a radio-frequency signal to a multiplicity
of antennas and detecting the subsequent "Shift in the
signal frequency" by the receiver.
(1)
Note. The operation of feeding the signal sequentially to
the antennas simulates the rotation of a single antenna.
(2)
Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the frequency
of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the effective distance
travelled by the wave between the source and the point of observation.
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