A. Systems and processes for transmission or reception of
radio wave energy for obtaining or utilizing information (using
radio wave transmitters or receivers), as to an
object, or as to the directional characteristics of the radio
wave energy, per se.
B. This class includes radar systems wherein radio wave
energy from a transmitter is reflected or otherwise returned from
an object to a receiver which may be at the same location as the
transmitter.
C. This class includes subsystems, components, and related
processes which are limited to use in connection with the above
and not provided for elsewhere.
D. This class is limited to electromagnetic radio
frequency waves in the radiation field. Radiation waves produces
by lasing (coherent addition) action and induction
field electromagnetic waves are excluded from this class, even
though they may operate at radio frequencies. See "radio
wave" definition above for other type exclusions.
Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 570+ for miscellaneous apparatus for testing devices
by means of vibratory forces (e.g., certain
types of compressional waves), see indented subclasses 584+ where
sound waves are used. Class 73 provides for measuring
and testing methods and apparatus which involve a radiant energy test
and a nonelectrical test. Class 73 is the generic class
for measuring and testing methods and apparatus, Search
notes to the class definition of Class 73 should be consulted for other
classes which provide for measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
Ordnance,
subclasses 1.1+ and 41 for apparatus designed to control or move
a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such apparatus
where radiant energy is utilized and subclasses 1.51+ for
radiant energy actuated or controlled devices for releasing bombs, flares, etc., from
aircraft.
Ammunition and Explosives,
subclass 384 for drop bombs with direction controlling means, including
those controlled by radiant energy; subclasses 416+ and
the subclasses specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines
adapted to be fixed automatically, the firing device of the
mine being actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave
or radiant energy and the igniting, per se, for
such mines; and subclass 214 for fuses, primers
and igniting devices for explosives which involve the utilization
of electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy
in their operation.
Telegraphy, appropriate subclasses with respect to inductive coupling
where the sole disclosure is of a radiant energy telegraph system, but
the claimed subject matter is not limited to radiant energy transmission
of the signals. See especially
subclass 18.07 and 19.03 for handwriting and drawing
systems with inductive coupling, subclass 43 for space induction
systems, subclasses 66.1+ for miscellaneous
systems using alternating current (including high frequency
current) to transmit the signal. Note that many
of the patents in subclasses 66.1+ of Class 178
are analogous to the patents of Class 375, subclasses 259+ for miscellaneous
telegraph apparatus useful in either radio or wire telegraphy, for
example, subclasses 371+ for receivers and subclasses 348+ for
keys.
Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles,
subclass 10 for systems for transferring energy from a roadway
or other place to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic
induction.
Aeronautics and Astronautics,
subclass 3.1 for control means for missiles and subclass 77
for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical
apparatus and radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as
to the lines between the classes.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200 through 239for light sensitive systems and subclass 336.1 for
methods and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy for measuring
and detecting purposes; subclass 492.1 for methods
and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy such as X-rays, ultraviolet
infrared rays. Class 250 is the generic class of radiant
energy. It and other classes specified in the search class
notes to it should be searched for the patents relating to radiant
energy apparatus, processes and devices, especially
for processes and apparatus for subjecting materials to radiant
energy.
Electricity: Motive Power Systems,
subclass 16 for electric motor systems where the motor is controlled
or supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or electrostatic
energy (including radio energy), subclass
460 for electric motor systems controlled by sound or supersonic
vibrations, subclass 480 for electric motor systems controlled
by radiant energy (e.g., light).
Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for methods and apparatus for testing
to determine electrical properties by electrical means;
subclasses 323+ and 344+ provide for ore detection determination
by electrical means, including the use of radio waves, except
such methods and apparatus which involve the use of reflected or
otherwise returned radio waves, the excepted matter being
in this class (342). Class 324 provides for
electrical testing methods and apparatus which include a test by
means of radio waves and another electrical test.
Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate subclasses for wave transmission lines or networks
which may be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is
guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of appreciable
electrical length with respect to the wave length of the propagated energy.
For example,
subclasses 1+ provides for plural channel systems and subclasses
236+ provides for single channel long lines having distributed
electrical parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave
guides and shielded lines. This class also contains systems
and networks useful in communication with radiant energy. See
particularly subclasses 109+ for directional couplers, subclass
117 for hybrid type networks, subclass 13 for resonator
type breakdown discharge systems, e.g., T-R
or R-T systems, subclass 23 for dissipating terminations
for long lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks
including filters, equalizers, dealt networks
and impedance matching networks and subclass 81 for attenuators.
Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for devices which utilize
visible light and optical principles for the measurement of angles, distances, chromatic
effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis and fiducial
instruments not provided for elsewhere.
Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, appropriate subclasses for facsimile systems whether
the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise.
Communications, Electrical:
Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, appropriate subclass for apparatus for detecting objects
or determining their distance or direction which are provided with
means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves, the
sonic or supersonic waves being either generated or received by electrical
means. See
subclasses 87+ for echo systems, subclasses 131+ for
underwater systems and subclasses 115+ for distance or
direction finding. (Note that the class for acoustics has
similar apparatus.)
Pulse or Digital Communication, appropriate subclass for pulse communication via radio waves. (Note: See
the Class 178 search note above for Class 375,
subclasses 259+ , 371+, for and 348+ reference).
Telecommunications, appropriate subclass for analog modulated carrier
wave. Class 455 includes transmitters and receivers of
signals having arbitrary information content, whereas Class
342 is limited to transmitter beacons, directional receivers
and radar transponders of regular, periodic and in general
nonvarying signals having fixed information content relating to
locating or identifying a target.
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,
subclasses 150+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly
subclasses 202+ for electrical communication systems.
Data Processing: Generic Control Systems
or Specific Applications,
subclasses 1 through 89for generic data processing control systems; and
subclasses 90-306 for particular applications of digital
data processing systems or calculating computers.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location,
subclasses 400 through 541and 300+ for computer applications in the
area of navigation and determining the relative location between
two points.
Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language
Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression,
subclasses 200+ for artificial intelligence systems that process speech
signals.
Data Processing: Intelligent Processing
Systems and Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems
that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating,
subclasses 1+ for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for
digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for
analog computers.
Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems:
Multiple Computer or Process Coordinating, appropriate subclassesfor data transfer among a plurality of spatially
distributed computers or digital data processing systems.
Data Processing: Presentation Processing
of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen
Saver Display Processing,
subclasses 700 through 866for computer operator interface processing.
SECTION III - GLOSSARY
ACTIVE ANTENNA
Part of the antenna which is directly coupled to free space
and radiates electromagnetic energy into, or collects electromagnetic
energy from, free space and is also directly coupled to
a transmitter or receiver.
COMMUNICATION
The conveying or transferring or information; specifically
a system, as a radio, television, telephone
for conveying or transferring information.
DISTANCE
The space between two points, which may be immediately
juxtaposed or widely spaced.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION CONVERTER
Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave
energy to modify the polarization pattern of the wave, for
example, to change a plane polarized wave into a circularly
polarized wave.
FAR FIELD
The space beyond the near field of an antenna in which radiation
is essentially confined to a fixed pattern falls off inversely with
the square of the distance.
FREE SPACE
Space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially
unimpeded, such as the atmosphere, the ocean or
the earth.
MESSAGE
A signal used to convey intelligence, such as
telephone signals (e.g., speech).
"Message" is used in a more limited sense
than "signal" for the purpose of classification
in this class, in that "signal" includes
the transmission of control impulses for operating mechanisms other
than mere signal reproducers.
NEAR FIELD
The electromagnetic field within a distance of 1 wavelength
from a transmitting antenna.
ORIENTING
Changing the beam direction of an antenna with respect to
some reference point.
RADAR
Acronym for radio detecting and ranging. A system
that measures distance (and usually the direction) to
an object by determining the amount of time required by electromagnetic
energy to travel to and return from an object. Called
primary radar when signals are returned by reflection.
Called secondary radar when the incident signal triggers a responder
beacon and causes it to transmit a second signal.
RADIANT ENERGY
The energy (partially kinetic, partially
potential) associated with waves produced in free space
by a source of energy, such as light wave, electromagnetic
radiation (including radio waves), or
neutron and similar radiation, subsonic, supersonic
and sonic waves.
RADIATION
The emanation of energy into free space.
RADIATION FIELD
An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends
over a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound
waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light waves.
Values of 10 kilocycles and 30,000 megacycles have been
given as the lower the upper limits of the range for radio waves, although
values exist beyond these limits. Radio waves as defined
here exclude compressional waves, light waves, heat
waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, X-ray, cathode
rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio
waves are produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.
SIGNAL
Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence
or message, such as sing, or a noise indication
agreed upon, under stood and used to convey information
at a distance.
TELEGRAPHY
The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited
with respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the
utilization of energy, the elements of the message being
selected or composed at will according to a prearranged code.
TELEPHONY
The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which
is transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for reproduction
of the speech or sounds.
TELEDYNAMICS
The transmission of signal energy for the control of apparatus
or mechanisms, at a distance.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a material or device takes up and
dissipates far field radar or radio wave signals.
(1)
Note. An example of a device used a radar absorber is an
anechoic chamber.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein there are means primarily intended
to echo or return far field radar signals.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes antenna reflectors
which are part of a radar antenna with nominal radar recitation.
(2)
Note. Nominal radar recitation for use with radar reflectors
is included in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter including means to vary the amplitude, frequency
of phase of a far field radar signal as it is being reflected.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes passive transponders.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflecting surfaces are arranged
to intersect so as to provided a retrodirective reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter wherein the corner reflector has the capability
of being: (1) distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of
gas; or (3) folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of space.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter wherein the corner reflectors is (1) either
part of a vehicle or part of a device pulled by a vehicle which
provides reflected signals which disguise the true location of the vehicle
or (2) used to move the primary point of reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector has the capability
of being: (1) distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of
gas; or (3) folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of space.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector includes a spherically
shaped structure transparent to radio waves having a relative dielectric
constant different from unity.
(1)
Note. A Luneberg lens is a lens with a circular cross section
having an index of refraction varying only in the radial direction
such that a feed located on or near a surface or edge of the leans
produce a major lobe diametrically opposite the feed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the reflector including thin, narrow,
metallic strips of various length and frequency responses.
(1)
Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes chaff dispensing
means.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means for intentionally interfering
with systems or devices within the class, for avoiding such interference or
for use in support of such means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means for intentionally interfering
with the transmission or reception of signals of systems or devices
with the this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means to avoid interferences with
the transmission or reception of signals by systems or devices within
this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein a radar system being interfered with
changes its mode of operation in response to the interference.
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter wherein the receiver gain is reduced or the
receiver is gated off in response to being jammed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter including means to indicate only the presence
of systematic radio signal observation means.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes devices commonly called "Fuzzbuster".
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal extends over a broad
band of frequencies rather than being at a single carrier frequency.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system is used to assist
in bringing a vehicle to a space allowed for its safety or convenience
between other vehicles, piers, wharves or portals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect
of a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect
of a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
(1)
Note. The long antenna is synthesized through the motion
of a small antenna relative to the target with either the antenna
or the target or both moving. The signal received by the antenna
is processed coherently over an integration time. The synthesized
antenna length is given by the trajectory traversed by the small
antenna relative to the target during the coherent integration time.
Because of the two-way phase shift in forming the effective radiation
pattern, the effective half-power beam-width must be computed considering
twice the synthesized antenna length.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system senses the existence
of a target without quantifying any of its characteristics.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist
in preventing aircrafts from flying into one another, or
other obstacles.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and
Relative Location,
subclass 17 for computerized radar for vehicle indication or
guidance; subclass 514 for computerized radar ground
scanners; and subclass 301 for computer avoidance collision
systems.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including means to operate plural transponders
on separate aircraft or on the ground, on a common time
base.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the transponder means are part of
a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) or an air
traffic control radio beacon system (ATCRBS).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used by an airborne
vehicle to enable the vehicle to land safely on the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including a ground radar system providing
information by which aircraft approaches to landing may be directed
via radio communications.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to maintain
cognizance or to regulate the movement of aircraft in relation to
each other or to other objects.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter including a radar beacon-transponder
means to maintain cognizance or to regulate the paths of selected
vehicles within a selected area such as an airport terminal area
or air route.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter wherein the transponder signal includes information
about the vertical distance of an aircraft or other object above
a given reference plane such as the ground or sea.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter including circuitry means to exclude or greatly
attenuate a portion of the beam for an antenna, other than
the main lobe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter including means to eliminate random nonsynchronous
unintentional return signals in a beacon system or to decode multiple
overlapping signal transmission interference.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist
in preventing naval craft from running into one another.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having means wherein the radar signal is
received from an originating station, has information coded
thereon or added and is retransmitted to the originating station.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein the transponder system is combined
with a system in which the retransmitted (reply) signal
is a reflection of the transmitted energy from the surface of the
target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein the coded radar retransmitted (reply) signal
contains information used to distinguish the transponder station
from all others.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter including means to transmit radio signals
between two stations located on ships, aircraft, or
the ground, for automatic identification of particular
station characteristics, such as station type (e.g., ally
or enemy, bomber or fighter, etc.).
(1)
Note. IFF is an acronym for Identification - Friend
or Foe.
(2)
Note. SIF is an acronym for Selective Identification
Feature.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including means to provide distance information
by measuring total round-trip time of transmission from
an interrogator to a transponder and return, with internationally
recognized signals.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and
Relative Location,
subclasses 400 through 541for computer navigation systems and particularly subclass
492 for computer navigation systems utilizing VOR/DME equipment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter wherein the interrogator station includes
circuit means which is self-activating to lock-on
the reply signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter including means operating at VHF and providing
radial lines of positioning any direction as determined by bearing
selection within the receiving equipment, or means operating
at UHF using pulse techniques to provide a polar coordinate (rho-theta) system of
navigation.
(1)
Note. The VOR means emits a (variable) modulation
whose phase relative to a reference modulation is different for each
bearing of the receiving point from the interrogator station.
(2)
Note. For TACAN the distance, (rho), function
operates as DME and the bearing function is derived by rotating
the ground transponder antenna so as to obtain a rotating multilobe
pattern for coarse and fine information.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a radar system operates in conjunction
with a different type of far field radiant energy system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device which operates using radiant
energy within the wavelength range 780 to 105 nanometers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device which provides an intense, coherent, directional
beam of light by stimulating electronic, ionic or molecular
transitions to lower energy levels.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a device used to determine the
direction of arrival of remotely transmitted radio signals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the radar signal beam is used as
a carrier for transmitting information in addition to radar information.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used
to regulate a device separate from the radar system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter including means to compare radar data with
previously stored location information to derive guidance signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter including means either (1) to automatically
control the aircraft to follow ground contour or to prevent the
aircraft from hitting ground based obstacles or (2) to
develop signals to alert the aircraft operator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including means controlled by a return signal
indicative of the presence of a land vehicle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including radar means attached to a land
vehicle and the return signal is used to control the operation of
the land vehicle.
Motor Vehicles,
subclasses 167+ for motor vehicle control means responsive to electromagnetic
radiation including radio waves reflected from a surface located
apart from the vehicle.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used
to regulate the operation of the radar system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to align
the antenna in an aircraft with the actual path of the aircraft
along the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the rotation of the beam of the radar
system describes a cone, the axis of which coincides with
that of the antenna boresight.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the antenna"s maximum reception orientation
is periodically switched to each of two or more direction in turn.
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter including the use of a technique in which
information concerning the angular location of a source or target
is derivable from each pulse or signal detection by comparison of signals
received simultaneously in two or more antenna beams.
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter including control of which way the signal
emanating from the antenna is directed by varying the phase or frequency
of the signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter including control of the radar signal phase
or frequency other than pulse repetition frequency.
This subclass is indented under subclass 83. Subject matter wherein the radar transmitter frequency shift
component of the returned signal which is due to the target velocity
as it approaches toward or recedes from the radar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter wherein a constant phase relationship is
maintained between the transmitted and returned signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter wherein a constant beat frequency is maintained
between the transmitted and received signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter including self-acting means to distinguish
between the presence of a return signal from a source having predetermined characteristics
versus noise or clutter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter including control of a device having the
ability to permit or inhibit the passage of a signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Subject matter including self-acting circuit means
to control the timing of a gate in relation to the range of the
target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Subject matter including self-acting circuit means
to control a gate to keep a receiver locked on a target while continuing
to receive return signals from various elements in a given region.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein circuitry is provided to follow variations
in the doppler component of the returned signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to regulate
the frequency of the receiver local oscillator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the returned signal is used to vary
the center frequency or the bandwidth of a receiver filter circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Subject matter including circuit means to compare the phases
of an output signal and the return signal of a target, with
any phase differences converted into a correction voltage that causes
the phase of the output signal to change so that it tracks the return
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including velocity determination other than
by measuring the doppler shift of the radar signal.
(1)
Note. For example, the velocity may be obtained
by measuring the rate of change of the range (i.e., range
rate) of an object.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including the radar measurement of the distance
and direction of the object from a given point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter including a measurement of a relationship
between the transmitted and the received radar signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter wherein the returned signal corresponding
to the respective transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural
processing channels which are sequentially activated for short predetermined
periods of time to represent range increments.
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter including transmitting two or more discrete
frequencies and determining distance from changes in each of the
received frequencies.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter including the use of two or more radar beams
in making the velocity determination.
(1)
Note. The "Janus"-type
systems comprise two "back-to-back" antennas, respectively
facing forward and rearward with nonoverlapping radiation patterns, each
antenna serving to provide transmitting and receiving functions. The
respective backscatter signal portions received by the antennas
are added and subtracted to derive sum and difference signals from
which the Doppler speed is determined.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
measure the range of an object from a reference point.
Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or
Testing,
subclasses 158+ for linear distance or length determination, and
subclasses 163+ for rotary distance or length determination.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including measuring the distance to an object
at the closest point of approach to a reference point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining the distance from the
earth"s surface to an aircraft from the ground.
(1)
Note. Earth curvature correction (ECC) circuits
are included in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining the distance between
the radar station and a station detached from the radar station
using means on the detached station to interact cooperatively with
the radar station"s radar signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including distance determination be radar
derived procedures of finding the location of a third point by taking
bearings from two fixed points a known distance apart from each
other or the third point; or by determining the distance
from a third point to two known points.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including determining distance by comparing
the phase of the transmitted radar with the returned radar carried
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter including the transmission of two or more
discrete frequency modulated radar carrier signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter including the use of pulse modified radar
carrier signals in making the distance determination.
(1)
Note. Frequency agile radar is a pulse radar in
which the transmitter carrier frequency is changed between pulses
in a random or pseudo-random way be an amount comparable
to the reciprocal of the pulse width, or multiple thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including the use of pulse modified radar
carrier signals in making the distance determination.
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein the returned signal corresponding
to respective transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural processing
channels which are sequentially activated for short predetermined
periods of time to represent range increments.
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter including changing the rate of the pulse
transmission or the width of the pulse transmissions from the radar
source.
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter including cathode ray tube display of the
returned radar signal as ordinates vs. time as abscissas (Type "A") or
with the time base as a circle and the returned signal appearing
as a radial deflection from it (Type "J").
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter including the object"s angular measurement
in a horizontal plane and in a clockwise direction and its angular
position tangent to the earth"s surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter including means for measuring the angle between
the antenna boresight and the line of sight to the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter wherein the display represents the signal
as a bright spot, with range indicated by the distance
of the spot from the center of the screen and the bearing by the
radial angle of the spot.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter including a measurement of relationship between
the transmitted and the received radar signals.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
indicate the direction of an object from a reference point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including direction determination of an object
at a low angle elevation with respect to the radar signal source.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains circuitry to eliminate
indirect radar signal returns due to reflection off the ground.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including the use of a radar technique in
which the angular location information of a source or target object
is derivable from each pulse or signals received simultaneously
in two or more antenna beams, i.e., sum and
difference channels in the receiver compare the amplitudes or phases
of the antenna outputs.
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter wherein the "in phase" sum
signal is combined with the "quadrature" phase difference
signals.
(1)
Note. "In phase" signals have
the same frequency and pass through their maximum and minimum vales
of like polarity at the same instant.
(2)
Note. "Quadrature" signals exist
when the phase difference between them and the "in phase" signals
is one-fourth of a period of 90 degrees.
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter including control of which direction the
signal is emanating from the antenna by varying the phase or frequency
of the signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including periodically and discretely shifting
a directive radiation pattern in position so as to produce a variation
of the signal at the target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter including a receiving antenna system which
determines the angle of arrival of the radar signal by phase comparison
in the signals at several points on the antenna system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including means to adjust for the movement
of the craft in which the MTI radar is located.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including means to process the returned radar
signal as information in the form of one of a discrete number of
codes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter wherein circuitry is provided to compensate
for targets having radial velocities such that the returned signals
cancel each other to produce a false indication of a stationary
target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter including a CRT that stores images on a separate
screen behind the viewing screen to distinguish between target return
signals having variations indicative of motion.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein either: (1) a determination
is made how the radar apparatus is functioning, including
the existence, type and location of any trouble; or (2) a
comparison or measurement is made of the radar apparatus with a
standard in order to: (a) determine its
accuracy; (b) devise a corrected scale; (c) determine
the performance level of the equipment with regard to technical
order specification; or (d) generate
a correction or compensation signal.
Telecommunications,
subclasses 115.1 through 115.4for measuring, testing or monitoring radio
wave transmitters, per se, and subclasses 226.1-226.4
for measuring or testing radio wave receivers, per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the radar apparatus under test includes
means to control the operation of a fuze device as it approaches
its target.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the radar test apparatus includes
a device for transforming incoherent light of various frequencies
of vibration into a very narrow, intense beam of coherent
light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter including means in the test apparatus to
produce random electrical disturbances or spurious signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter wherein the test apparatus includes means
to apply signals representative of radar return signals (e.g., simulating
a radar target object) to the radar apparatus.
(1)
Note. Systems for generating a simulated radar return
signal for testing a radar apparatus are classified here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein the radar testing apparatus utilizes
radio waves in the frequency range of 1 gigahertz and upward.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein the radar apparatus under test utilizes
the change of frequency of its transmitted signals caused by the
time rate of change of the effective distance travelled by the signals
between the source of signal transmission and the point of observation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter including circuit means in the simulator
to retard the passage of signals from one part of the apparatus
under test to another.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter including means to observe the performance
characteristics of the radar apparatus under test.
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter including means to adjust the radar apparatus
utilizing a correction or compensation signal as determined by monitoring, or
in order to devise an accurate scale.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for visual display systems with selective electrical
control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter wherein the display of the radar information
is provided by optical means causing the information to be represented
on a surface or screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to produce a three-dimensional
view or to indicate distance, azimuth and elevation on
a single display surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to electronically generate
symbols representative of radar target information.
(1)
Note. The marker may take the form of alphanumeric
characters or special symbols other than the usual radar video display.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter including the generation of a reference marking (e.g., a
line) which moves back and forth over the display surface
to enable accurate readings.
Data Processing: Presentation Processing
of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and
Screen Saver Display Processing,
subclasses 856 through 862for a cursor operator interface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter including means to control the orientation
of the display, or to compensate for movement to the display
or target indicia on display.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including circuitry for the measurement of
the relationship between the transmitted and the received signals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter including means to identify and evaluate
harmonics that make up the returned radar signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including receiver circuit means to separate
returned radar signals into "in phase" and quadrature" components.
(1)
Note. "In phase" signals have
the same frequency and pass through their maximum and minimum values
of like polarity at the same instant.
(2)
Note. "Quadrature" signals exist
when the phase difference between them and the "in phase" signals
is one-fourth of a period or 90 degrees.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including receiver circuit means to process
the returned radar signal by transforming the information contained
therein into data carrying signals wherein the information is in
the form of one of a discrete number of codes.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing
and Calculating,
subclasses 403+ for digital computing of Fourier transforms and
subclass 821 for analog computing of Fourier transforms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein circuitry such as duplexes, T-R
device, or blanking circuit is provided to prevent the
transmitter signal from entering the receiver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein the circuitry is provided to maintain
the frequency of the radar at a constant value or in a fixed relation
with respect to some other section of the radar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein the frequency or phase of the transmitted
radar signal is variably controlled as a function of time or other
factor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter including means to vary the gain (sensitivity) of
the radar receiver as a function of time within each pulse repetition interval
or observation time in order to prevent overloading of the receiver
by strong echoes from targets or clutter at close ranges.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices and processes for sending or receiving radio wave
energy which is characterized by some quality that varies according
to the relative direction or position of the sender or receiver.
(1)
Note. The received wave is not the reflected or
returned transmitted wave.
through 205+, for similar systems which
involve "echo" or reflected wave reception (radar
systems) including directive systems of the reflected wave
type.
Multiplex Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
or devices involving the transmission or reception of multiplexed
signals, per se.
Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
or devices involving the transmission or reception of pulse or digital
signals, per se.
Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 1+ and 29+ for devices for instructing or
training in the characteristics or operation of navigational apparatus
including radio beacons, blind landing systems, radio
direction finders, etc.
Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and
Relative Location,
subclasses 400 through 541for computer navigation systems using electrical computers
or data processors.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the radio wave energy is transmitted
or received by an object in space, in orbit about the earth.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the attitude of the satellite is
controlled by a signal from a remote transmitter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the satellite speed in orbit is matched
to the speed of rotation of the earth on its axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter including a receiver which interacts with
the object in space for determining the location, speed
or bearing of the receiver, transmitters and receivers
for such systems, ancillary equipment contributing to the
proper function of such systems, or methods or devices
for calculating location, speed or bearing of the receiver, based
on signals received from the object in space.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/00.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.2. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for calculating
the location or orientation of a receiver based on signals transmitted
by a satellite-borne radio wave transmitter.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/38.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.21. Subject matter wherein the transmitter sends a message encoded
with time of transmission for used in determining travel time; e.g., at
receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/39.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.22. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for eliminating
or reducing errors in the calculation of the location of the receiver, its
velocity with respect to a relatively stationary reference or the
inclination of the axes of a body to some frame of reference.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/40.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.23. Subject matter wherein the correction is based on error
information from a source at another location.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/41.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.25. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for (1) measuring
carrier phase at a plurality of spaced antennas and using the difference, (2) for
counting the number of cycles that carry the code signal, or (3) using
the accumulated phase of the carriers of the system signal.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/43.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.25. Subject matter wherein the position is calculated by combining
distances measured from a satellite with data from some other measurement.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/45.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.28. Subject matter wherein the other measurement is based on
the dynamics of a fixed or moving mass; e.g., IMU
or INS.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/47.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.25. Subject matter wherein position is determined by combining
or switching between two calculated positions of which one is derived
from a satellite radio beacon positioning system and one from another
type of system.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/48.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.31. Subject matter wherein the calculated position of the other
type of system is derived from the dynamics of a fixed or moving
mass; e.g., IMU or INS.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/49.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.25. Subject matter wherein the determined position is confined
to a set of values associated with a given curve or surface.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/50.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.25. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for determining
a first location relative to a second location.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/51.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.22. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for determining
the time rate of change of position of the receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/52.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.22. Subject matter wherein the inclination of the axes of a
body to some frame of reference is determined.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/53.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.36. Subject matter comprising devices or methods for (1) measuring
carrier phase at a plurality of spaced antennas and using the difference
therebetween for generating attitude information, (2) for
counting the number of cycles that carry the code signal, or (3) using the
accumulated phase of the carriers of the system signal.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/54.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.2. Subject matter wherein the transmitter sends a message encoded
with time of transmission for use in determining travel time; e.g., at
receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/01.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.39. Subject matter comprising features of the satellite’s
communication or data processing systems or features of ground based
satellite tracking, monitoring or data uploading systems.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/02.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.39. Subject matter comprising additional elements or subsystems, including
receivers of other users, which interact or communicate with
the receiver or the satellite positioning systems or details of
the interactions or communications between such additional elements or
subsystems.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/03.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element supplies
information to the receiver regarding the phase of the carrier wave
transmitted by the satellite.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/04.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter under subclass 357.4 wherein the
cooperating element provides information to a receiver (e.g., ephemeris
data, Doppler or timing information) which either
speeds up the acquisition process in the receiver by obviating the
need to decode the navigation message transmitted by a satellite, or
allows acquisition in environments where decoding of the navigation
message is not possible.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/05.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.42. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element provides
approximate location data to the receiver or uses the approximate
location data to generate aiding data.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/06.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element supplies
information for improving the accuracy of the receiver’s
positioning data, or for correcting the positioning data
for the effects of the ionosphere on the received satellite signal.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/07.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element provides
information relating to the ability of the receiver to detect and
indicate system malfunctions (not operating within specified performance
limits).
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/08.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element performs
such data processing or calculations as are usually performed by
the receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/09.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.4. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element transmits
additional positioning signals to the receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/10.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.47. Subject matter wherein the cooperating element is a ground-based
transmitter which transmits or re-transmits positioning
signals to a receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/11.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.47. Subject matter wherein the supplementary signal is provided
via a telecommunication transmitting station.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/12.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.39. Subject matter comprising features of the detector and processor
of positioning signals from the satellite.
(1)
Note. If the modification enables the application
of more than a specific application, then it is not classified
here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter comprising features of a receiver which make
it particularly useful for purposes other than or in addition to
the determination of position in general.
(1)
Note. If the modification enables the application
or more than the specific application, then it is not "specifically adapted
for specific application".
(2)
Note. Documents classified here on the basis of use
should also be classified elsewhere on the basis of structure.
(3)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/14.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.52. Subject matter comprising receivers specifically adapted
for use in tracking or locating articles or persons illegally removed.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/16.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.52. Subject matter comprising receivers specifically adapted
for use in games involving physical activity and skill.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/19.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter wherein the receiver detects improper functioning
of systems on the satellite or which prevents such improper functioning
from affecting the receiver’s position determination.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/20.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter comprising means or processes to detect or
ameliorate the effect on the receiver of signals from undesired
sources.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/21.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter whereby the effects of a signal from a satellite
arriving at the receiver over more than one path are detected or
ameliorated.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/22.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter comprising receiver means or methods for
detecting a system signal or maintaining receipt of a system signal
over time.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/24.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter wherein the acquisition or tracking of system
signals in the receiver is facilitated by data provided from elements
or subsystems, including receivers of other users, which
interact or communicate with the receiver.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/25.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter wherein the acquisition or tracking of signals
transmitted by the systemis facilitated or assisted by the output
of a sensor device or element.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/26.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter wherein ephemeris or almanac data transmitted
by, and normally received from, the satellite
is created, predicted or corrected by the receiver itself.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/27.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter comprising receiver means or methods for
selecting which satellites to acquire or track.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not cover the selection
of satellites on the basis of satellite geometry; i.e., Dilution
of Precision (DOP) information, since
such satellites have been acquired and traced and since the DOP
is used in the selection of positions.
(2)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/28.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter wherein the acquisition or tracking of a
signal is based on a characteristic of the signal’s carrier
wave.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/29.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.63. Subject matter wherein the acquisition or tracking of a
signal is based on a characteristic of the data modulated onto its
carrier wave.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/30.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter in which the receiver processes two or more
different types of signals from the system wherein the different types
conventionally include different carrier frequencies (e.g., L1, L2, L5, etc.) or
different codes (e.g., C/A
and P).
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/32.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter in which the receiver is able to selectively
process signals from two or more different satellite radio beacon
positioning systems transmitting time-stamped messages.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/33.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.51. Subject matter comprising structural features of the receiver
or features of its data processing circuitry or of the control thereof.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/35.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.75. Subject matter relating to the processing of signals between
the receiver’s antenna and its data processing circuits.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/36.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.75. Subject matter comprising that part of the receiver that
calculates its position from the data received by its antenna.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 19/37.
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.2. Subject matter wherein position is determined using the
magnitude of the change in the observed wave cycles per time when
the satellite and object are moving with respect to each other.
(1)
Note. The subject matter in this subclass is substantially
the same in scope as IPC G01S 5/10.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter wherein the signal sent by the satellite
is corrected by a signal sent from a remote transmitter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including apparatus for providing a s:graphical
representation of the radiation properties of an antenna as a function
of space coordinates.
(1)
Note. Radiation properties include power flux density, field
strength, phase and polarization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including a transmitter/receiver apparatus
which utilizes radio wave energy have a quality that varies according
to the polarization of the signal.
(1)
Note. Since all radio systems have a transmitted
wave which is polarized, this and indented subclasses include
only those systems whose operation depends on, or is specially
designed to produce, a particular mode of polarization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter including the simultaneous transmission of
vertically and horizontally polarized radio waves, such
that a vector representing the waves has a constant magnitude and
varies continuously about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter including the polarization of the signal
such that the wave vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical
orbit about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter including the simultaneous transmission of
vertically and horizontally polarized radio waves, such
that a vector representing the waves has a constant magnitude and
varies continuously about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter including the polarization of the signal
such that the wave vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical
orbit about a point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including a system for sending or receiving
information for some purpose other than direction finding.
Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses for nondirective type systems
including the transmission or pulse or digital information signals, per
se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a receiving station includes means
for emitting signals of such character as to facilitate the alignment
of the directional pattern of the receiver with the direction of
travel of the received signal.
(1)
Note. Usually, the emitted signal is received
by different antenna elements of an array along with the received
signal with which it combines to accentuate the difference in phase
or some other characteristic of the signal as received in the different
antenna elements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a beam pattern is steered in the
exact reverse direction of the direction of a received wave.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter wherein a beam of radio-frequency
energy is directed successively over the antenna array elements
of a given region of the corresponding process in reception.
(1)
Note. For example, the phase of the transmitted/received
signals are shifted in a particular manner.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a connect/disconnect or
circuit selector means in the interface between the steerable array
and the electrical steering circuitry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a transmission line or equivalent
device designed to retard a signal or wave for a predetermined length
of time.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a separate transmitter of radio
wave energy which is located apart from the steerable antenna array, and
which drives the array.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter including a device capable of accepting electronic
signal information and performing arithmetic and logical operations with
the information to supply a signal to the steerable antenna array
circuitry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the directive communication includes
circuitry which provides a relationship between the signals from
two or more antennas.
(1)
Note. Generally, this subclass does not provide
for correlation between transmitted and received signals of the
radar or sonar type.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing
and Calculating,
subclasses 422+ for correlation techniques involving the use of
an electrical digital computer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein a receiving apparatus utilizing correlation
techniques suppresses at least one portion of the beam from an antenna other
than the main lobe.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which
are connected to a summing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contain at
least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which
are connected to a subtraction circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which
are connected to a mixing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which
are connected to a summing circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter wherein the receiving apparatus contains
at least two antenna channels (main and auxiliary) which
are connected to a subtraction circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter including one or more radiating stations
whose radiated energy when received, allows a determination
of the location of the receiving station in one or more lines or
planes having known fixed locations relative to the radiating stations.
(1)
Note. Frequently two or more bearing determinations
are used to fix the position of the receiving station by intersection
of bearing lines or planes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter wherein a distinctive signal or pulse, emitted
by one radiating station, and a similar signal or pulse, emitted
by a second remote radiating station and bearing a fixed time relationship
to the first signal or pulse, are received by a navigation
receiver and compared as to their time relationship.
(1)
Note. The time difference in the signals is a measure
of the difference in distances between the receiving station and each
of the radiating stations thereby enabling the fixing of the position
of the receiving station along a hyperbola or hyperboloid which
are the loci of all points in space having a constant difference
in distance to the radiating stations. These loci are
known as "iso-chromes".
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter wherein the loran system provides a coarse
measurement of time-difference through the matching of
pulse envelopes, and a fine measurement by the comparing
of phase between the carrier wave.
(1)
Note. Loran-C is generally useful to distance
of 1,000 to 1,500 nautical miles (1,850
to 2,800 kilometers) over water; it uses
a baseline of about 500 nautical miles and operates at approximately
100 kilohertz.
(2)
Note. A typical example of Loran-C system
would include a master station nine at a repetition rate of 10 to
25 groups per second with a spacing of 1,000 micro sec
between the pulses of a group; a slave station which after
a delay of at least the one-way time from master to slave, plus
and additional 2,000 micro sec transmits an eight pulse
group, also spaced 1,000 micro sec and later still another
slave station which transmits a similar group, and wherein
the apparatus receiving these pulses conducts the following operations. (1) Searching
for the master signal; (2) Identifying
it by repetition rate and phase code; (3) Locking
a local reference oscillator onto the master signals; (4) Locking
onto the two or more slave signals; and (5) Determining their
time difference from the master (commonly these differences
are manually translated to hyperbolic lines on a chart).
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter providing cycle tracking of received master
an slave transmissions on a predetermined cycle identified from
a predetermined Loran pulse envelope point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter wherein the Loran system provides time-difference
measurement by matching the leading edges of the pulses (usually with
an oscilloscope).
(1)
Note. Loran-A is generally useful to distances
of 500 to 1,500 nautical miles (900 to 2,800
kilometers) over water and it uses a baseline of about
300 nautical miles 550 kilometers) while operating at approximately
2 megahertz.
(2)
Note. A typical example of a Loran-A system
would include a master station transmission of pulses which are received
and rebroadcast by the slave stations to be ultimately received
by the vehicular receiver which measures the differential delay
between reception of the master pulses and slave pulse (usually
by oscilloscope observation of the time difference), and
for each such differential time, there is a hyperbolic
line of position with master and slave as foci, wherein
the intersection of two such lines, one from each slave, provides
a fix (commonly the oscilloscope readout is manually translated
to a chart on which the hyperbolic lines are already printed).
(3)
Note. Various chains or Loran-A systems
are distinguished from each other by using three carrier frequencies
and twenty four sets of pulse repetition rates.
This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Subject matter including means to regulate by automatically
equalizing or otherwise compensating for differences in the received
signal strength in the navigation receiver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter in which similar frequency modulated signals
or pulses, simultaneously emitted by two or more remote
radiating stations, are received and compared as to their instantaneous
frequencies.
(1)
Note. The difference in frequencies between the
two received signals is a measure of the difference in the times required
for the radiations to travel to the receiving station and so is
a function of the difference in distance between each radiating
station and the receiving station, thereby enabling the
fixing of the position of the receiving station along a known hyperbola
or hyperboloid which are the loci of all points in space having a
constant difference in distances to the radiating stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter wherein a distinctive signal or pulse in
emitted by one radiating station and a similar signal or pulse (bearing
a know, fixed phase relationship to the first signal or
pulse) is emitted by a second remote radiating station, and
wherein both are received and compared as to their phase relationship
by a receiving station to provide a measure of the difference in distance
between each radiating station and the receiving station, thereby
enabling the fixing of the receiving station position along a known hyperbola
or hyperboloid which are the loci of all points in space having
a constant difference in distances to the radiating stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter including spaced transmitting stations which
are not phase synchronized.
(1)
Note. The transmitted signals are received by a
fixed reference or link station and hetrodyned. The resulting
beat frequency is transmitted to the mobile craft for phase comparison
with a beat frequency developed in the craft from direct reception
of the signals from the spaced transmitting stations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter wherein hyperbolic lines of position are
determined by measuring the changes in distances from the transmitters
by counting radio-frequency wavelengths in space or lanes (iso-phase
lines) as a vehicle moves from a known position, the
lanes being counted by phase comparison with a stable oscillator aboard
the vehicle.
(1)
Note. Omega is a very-long-distance navigation
system which operates at approximately 10 kilohertz usually transmitting
signals in long bursts of continuous waves every 10 seconds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter wherein sets of hyperbolic lines of position
are determined by comparison of the phase of (1) one
reference continuous wave signal from a centrally located master
transmitter with (2) each of several continuous
wave signals from plural slave transmitter located in a star pattern, each
about 70 nautical miles (130 kilometers) from
the master.
(1)
Note. Decca is a radio navigation system which transmits
on several frequencies near 100 kilohertz and is generally useful
to about 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers).
(2)
Note. A typical decca transmitting chain comprises
a master station which is referred to by the "color" of
the phase meter associated with each at the receiver.
Each station transmits a stable continuous-wave frequency
that bears a fixed relationship to the frequencies of other three
stations, and therefore phase comparison produces a family
of hyperbolic lines of position where the phases are equal (the
spaces between the lines are called lanes).
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter including a complete ultra-high-frequency
polar coordinate (RHO-THETA) navigation
system using pulse techniques, wherein the distance (RHO) function
operates as distance measuring equipment (DME) and the
bearing function is derived by rotating the ground transmitter antenna
so as to obtain a rotating multiple pattern for coarse and fine bearing
information.
(1)
Note. A typical TACAN system is comprised of the
following: (a) a parasitic antenna element
rotating at 900 RPM, generating an amplitude-modulated
pattern at 15HZ, with phase proportional to the bearing
of the receiver, (b) nine other parasitic
elements, also rotating at 900 RPM, generating
a multilobe pattern at 135 HZ, to improve the bearing accuracy; and (c) Reference
pulses at 15 and 135 HZ to which the above variable phase signals
are compared in the receiver to establish its bearing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter including receiver means operating at VHF
and providing radial lines of position in any direction as determined
by comparing the phase of the beacon signal, which is a variable
modulated signal, with that of a nondirectional reference modulated
signal, within the receiver.
(1)
Note. The variable signal has a phase relative to the reference
signal which is different for each bearing point of the receiver
from the beacon station.
(2)
Note. A typical VOR system operates in the following manner:
(a) The ground station (beacon) radiates a cardioid pattern that
rotates at 30 CPS, generating a 30 Hz sine wave at the output of
any airborne receiver; (b) The ground station also radiates and
omni directional signal, modulated with a fixed 30 Hz reference tone;
(c) The phase between the two 30 Hz tones varies directly with the
bearing of the aircraft.
(3)
Note. VOR us as abbreviation for VHF or omnirange.
This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Subject matter wherein the variable signal has been developed
by sequentially feeding a radio-frequency signal to a multiplicity
of antennas and detecting the subsequent "Shift in the
signal frequency" by the receiver.
(1)
Note. The operation of feeding the signal sequentially to
the antennas simulates the rotation of a single antenna.
(2)
Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the frequency
of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the effective distance
travelled by the wave between the source and the point of observation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter including means operating at VHF and providing
radial lines of position in any direction as determined by comparing within
the receiving equipment the phase of variably modulated beacon signal
with that of a modulated nondirectional reference signal.
(1)
Note. The variable signal has a phase relative to the reference
signal which is different for watch bearing point of the receiver
from the beacon station.
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter wherein the variable signal has been developed
by sequentially feeding a radio-frequency signal to a multiplicity
of antennas and detecting the subsequent "Shift in the
signal frequency" by the receiver.
(1)
Note. The operation of feeding the signal sequentially to
the antennas simulates the rotation of a single antenna.
(2)
Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the frequency
of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the effective distance
travelled by the wave between the source and the point of observation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter wherein signals transmitted from one or more
beacons are so modulated or directed that a characteristic signal
or lack of signal is received so long as the receiver is maintained
within a fixed bearing line or plane.
(1)
Note. Usually a plurality of directional radiators are so
arranged that they have overlapping directional patterns, the signal
received in the overlap region determining the bearing or course.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein superposition of two or more visual
images is presented within the field of view of an aircraft pilot
as an aid to landing or navigation.
(1)
Note. Included are systems which superimpose either a facsimile
image of a landing area, or flight path marked images, upon a screen
so as to be viewed simultaneously with the "real world" by the
aircraft pilot.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter including means to transmit or receive bearing
line or plane informating including the landing or take-off path
of an aircraft where the glide slope is the vertical guidance portion
of the path.
(1)
Note. The glide slope antenna establishes a radiation pattern
is space from which a signal is derived proportional to the vertical
displacement from the glide path.
(2)
Note. For example a modulated carrier signal by 90 and 150
Hz in a spatial pattern that allows the 90 Hz modulation to be detected
above the glide path at an amplitude proportional to angular displacement
from the path. Below the glide path, the 90 Hz signals radiated
by the antenna are 1805 out of phase and subtract leaving the 150
Hz signal to be detected. Predominance of the 150 Hz signal causes
a "fly up" indication in the cross-pointer meter
off light direction; predominance of the 90 Hz signal causes a
"fly down" signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter including transmission or reception of signals
for the lateral guidance of aircraft with respect to the center
line of a runway.
(1)
Note. The localizer course is aligned with the projected
runway center line. The carrier is modulated at 90 and 150 Hz in
a spatial pattern that makes the 90 Hz modulation predominate when
the aircraft is to the left of the course, with a difference in
depth modulation proportional to the angular displacement from the
course. The left-right cross-pointer meter or flight director show "fly
right" when it receivers 90 Hz signals. To the right of
the course the 90 Hz signals subtract, leaving the predominant 150
Hz signal proportional to the displacement from the course.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter in which a beacon is caused to radiate along
two fixed, angularly disposed, directional patterns with radiations
in each pattern being given a modulation which is a distinctive
frequency.
(1)
Note. The different frequencies when received in equal or
proportional strengths, given an indication that the receiver is
located on course, while predominance of one frequency over the other
indicates the sense of the deviation from course.
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter in which a beacon is caused to alternately
radiate in accordance with either one of two fixed angularly disposed
directional patterns with the alternations being so timed that the
radiation is each pattern is interrupted in accordance with a code
which is distinctive with that pattern.
(1)
Note. Classified here are patents on range beacons of the "A
and N" type in which one pattern radiates a dot and a dash
(A) and the other radiates a dash and a dot (N) which when received
in equal strength by a single receiver combine to produce an uninterrupted
signal indicative of the fact that the receiver is on course, while
predominance of either the "A" or the "N" over
the other indicates the sense of the deviation from course.
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter in which the alteration of the directional
patterns is produced by alternating the effectiveness of two reflecting
units.
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter including a receiver station which is capable
of determining the time of travel or bearing of the received signals
with respect to the station.
for systems under subclass 350 which include a directional
transmitting station and a receiving station so that the location
of the receiving station in a line or plane with respect to the
transmitting station may be determined.
for receivers especially designed to receive a characteristic
signal or lack of signals transmitted from one or more beacons,
so long as the receiver is maintained within a fixed bearing line
or plane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the received signals have an apparent
change in frequency due to the doppler effect.
(1)
Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the frequency
of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the effective distance
travelled by the wave between the source and the point of observation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter including means which apply to the direction
indication, a correction for known errors of the indication or for
a desired deviation from the indication, or which are provided with
means to eliminate or reduce the effects of unwanted signals or
for deviations in the signal wave caused by disturbing influences.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains patents for systems in which
means are provided to compensate for or to eliminate the errors caused
by metallic masses. Many of the systems in this subclass are designed
for use on ships and airplanes where large metallic masses and other
disturbing devices are located near the receiver. Included are
systems where a screen is applied between the mass and the receiving
antenna, and systems which include means so that the reading obtained
is corrected for known errors. In the indented subclass are systems
where the wave transmitted is in the form of pulses, the system
being provided with means to eliminate or compensate for unwanted signal
pulses, such as reflected sky waves.
This subclass is indented under subclass 420. Subject matter wherein the signal is in the form of pulses.
(1)
Note. The systems in this subclass are usually provided with
means to eliminate or compensate for unwanted signal pulses, such
as reflected sky waves.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the receiver automatically alters
its directional characteristic to coincide with the line of travel
of selected radio waves.
This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter wherein means for the combined reception
pattern of the antennas is automatically adjusted to direction of
and in response to, an incoming signal.
(1)
Note. Usually the signals received by the antenna are compared
in a phase discriminator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein the antenna of the receiver is operated
in a conical pattern about a pointing axis of the tracking system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein the antenna of the receiver is aimed
at a signal source through rotation in discrete angular steps about
an axis.
(1)
Note. The direction of the antenna rotation is controlled
usually by signals developed from incoming signal strength comparison.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein tracking of the signal source is
accomplished by comparing overlapping pattern or lobe signals received
by the receiver antenna to determine any discrepancy between the
direction of the signal source, and any discrepancy is reduced to
pointing error signals used for correcting the pointing direction
of the antenna.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein means are provided for constantly
altering a direction characteristic of the receiver.
(1)
Note. The alteration of the directional characteristic is
frequently by rotation of a directional antenna for the receiver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter wherein means receiving energy from two or
more antennas having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly disposed
fields whose resultant field bears a fixed angular relation to the
direction of the received energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the receiving station provides for
comparison of the energy received by a plurality of fixed directional
antennas or by two antennas having dissimilar or received directional
characteristics.
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter wherein the receiver is periodically connected
to the various antennas by diode switching means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter wherein commutation is effected by varying
the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a wave by impressing one wave
on another wave of constant properties.
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter wherein comparison is made by a single indicating
device which is responsive to at least two of the quantities to
be compared.
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter wherein means receiving energy from two or
more antennas having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly disposed
fields whose resultant field bears a fix angular relation to the
direction of the received energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein means receiving energy from two or
more antennas having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly disposed
fields whose resultant field bears a fixed angular relation to the
direction of the received energy.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the received signals are coupled
to a phase detector to provide resultant bearing signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Subject matter wherein the distance from the first receiving
antenna to the second receiving receiving antenna is different than
the distance from the second receiving antenna to the third receiving
antenna.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the direction finding receiver is
coupled to an antenna which has the form of a helix.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the direction finding receiver is
coupled to an antenna which consists of one or more loops of wire.
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter wherein the direction finding receiver is
coupled to an antenna which changes position, usually around an
axis and is not classified elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter including apparatus for determining the position
in space of an object, vehicle or atmospheric condition by the reception of
signals not having distinctive bearing or position determinative
characteristics.
(1)
Note. Usually position is fixed by triangulation using two
or more bearing determinations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter including the use of a device capable of
accepting the signal information and applying prescribed computational
processes to this form of the information for the determination
of the position indication.
(1)
Note. Subject matter classified in this subclass must include
significant details of the structure of the directional device or
apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the receiver signals have been deflected
by an object or a surface or have been retransmitted by a repeater
station.
(1)
Note. The receiver is at a remote location from the transmitter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the positions of a plurality of vehicles
or objects are continuously monitored either with respect to each
other or to a common reference point of both.
This subclass is indented under subclass 454. Subject matter including means to enable vehicles to steer
clear of each other or other obstacles.
(1)
Note. Airborne collision avoidance equipment may perform,
for example, one or more of the following functions: (a) Detecting
all potentially dangerous aircraft in the surrounding airspace;
(b) Evaluating the actual occurrance or miss distance of a collision
hazard; (c) Determining the precise maneuver needed, if any, to
avoid a collision; (d) Specifying when the maneuver should be initiated
in order to ensure safe clearance.
This subclass is indented under subclass 454. Subject matter including means to regulate the positions
of the vehicles or objects.
(1)
Note. For example, air-traffic control would provide for
the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of aircraft to an from the
airspace around an airport.
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