Class Definition for Class 434 - EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION

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CLASS 434,	EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for apparatus and processes not elsewhere classifiable for: providing instruction about a subject or means; testing or grading a person’s knowledge, skill, discipline, or mental or physical ability; displaying for purpose of comparison contrast, or demonstration; demonstrating characteristics and advantages of apparatus, objects, or processes; and cryptography apparatus.

SECTION II - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for means to display cards, pictures, and signs of both a fixed and changeable nature. Class 40 contains devices which are directed to the general purpose of conveying information by displaying words or the like (e.g., alpha-numeric indicia). This class contains devices limited to the specific purposes of comparing, contrasting, or demonstrating the qualities of objects, machinery, and materials.
54,	Harness for Working Animal, subclasses 71+ for breaking and training harness.
73,	Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for physical measuring and testing.
84,	Music, subclasses 470+ for devices and methods of teaching music.
116,	Signals and Indicators, for signals and indicators which may be used for educational purposes, especially subclasses 306+ for hand set indicators which indicate some fact or information.
119,	Animal Husbandry, subclasses 712+ for animal breaking and training, and subclass 905 for a breaking and training method.
177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for a weigher not limited to mere teaching or demonstrating.
250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for testing objects or materials by invisible radiation.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, for a game which tests the skill of a person in accomplishing some sought result or for a means by which a contest of skill or chance may be engaged in among two or more players.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for general electric testing.
345,	Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for operator interfaces.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, for the testing of visible light or material by means of visible light or optical principles, particularly subclass 51 for the testing of materials by optical means by means of ultraviolet or infrared radiation.
358,	Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses 1.1 through 1.18for methods or apparatus for processing data for static presentation (hard copy).
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclasses 1+ for chemical analytical processes.
446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, appropriate subclasses for a device whose purpose is for amusement rather than education. An amusement device having a specific modification in its design or operation to effect instruction of the individual is classified originally in Class 434.
472,	Amusement Devices, for an amusement device proper therefor which may simulate an actual event or apparatus or provide an environment in which physical training may occur.
473,	Games Using Tangible Projectile, for an amusement game or sport device adapted to be used in a competitive and amusing contest of skill or chance between two or more participants, whereby the results of the contest can be indicated according to rules defined for the game or sport, which device may also have an educational effect, benefit, or value. Class 473 contains devices which are to be used for practice by, or for perfecting the skill of, a person who already knows how to play the game, sport, or the like. Class 434 contains devices which are to be used for instructing an unknowledgeable person in some aspect of the game, sport, or the like. A device which is used for both instruction and practice or perfecting game skills is classifiable in Class 434 and cross-referenced into Class 473.
482,	Exercise Devices, for an exercise device proper therefor which may involve training a human user in an exercise activity.
715,	Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing, appropriate subclassesfor document processing performed by a computer for presentation.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 1]

DETECTION OR RANGE DETERMINATION OF DISTANT OBJECT BY APPARATUS USING SENSOR OF ELECTROMAGNETIC OR SOUND ENERGY:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of a means for locating, or finding the distance to, a remote object (e.g., an enemy aircraft, etc.) by use of electromagnetic or sound energy detecting means.

(1) Note. Instruction can be done by any means, actual or simulated; however, when using actual means the input signal representing the remote object is a simulated signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 850+ for underwater systems.
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 17.7 for devices which use a simulated signal for testing or calibrating equipment.
367,	Communication, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclasses 87+ for echo systems.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 207+ for equipment which determines position.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 2]

Radar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of radar.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclasses 5+ for radio wave energy object detecting and ranging systems.

3	Cathode ray screen display simulated by light means (e.g., light spot projected onto screen, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein light is used to provide a display that looks like a blip or sweeping line seen on the face of a cathode ray tube.

4	Optical means (e.g., image projector, etc.) or light or sound sensor (e.g., television camera, microphone, etc.) included in a simulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein an apparatus simulating a radio wave sensing means includes some optical device (e.g., a lens, etc.), a light detector, or a sound detector.

5	Interference simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter relating to the limitation of means or conditions interfering with detection of reflected radio waves, such as pieces of metallic material dropped into the atmosphere (chaff or window), interfering radio waves transmitted by an enemy (jamming), or natural electrical disturbances of the atmosphere.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 6]

Sonar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of sonar.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 850+ for underwater systems.
367,	Communication, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclass 1 for sonar counter-measure apparatus; and subclasses 87+ for echo systems.

7	Interference simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to the limitation of means or conditions interfering with the detection of reflected sound waves, such as water turbulence or propeller sound associated with a ship carrying a sound-sensing means.

8	Simulation of doppler shift of echo:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the effect of the direction of movement of a distant object upon the frequency of sound waves reflected therefrom.

9	Simulation of plural detector system:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of apparatus using multiple means for sensing sound.

10	Simulation by use of sound recording:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of sound produced by object detecting apparatus by employing a sound recording, e.g., a magnetic tape or a phonographic disk.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 11]

ORGANIZED ARMED OR UNARMED CONFLICT OR SHOOTING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to conducting wars between nations and states, to tactics employed by a military, police, or like unit, or to the discharging of firearms or other ordnance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

42,	Firearms, subclass 1 for dummy guns.
89,	Ordnance, for means used in waging war.
124,	Mechanical Guns and Projectors, subclass 28 for devices converting a firearm into a mere target masking device for practicing aiming.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 348+ for targets, per se.
348,	Television, subclasses 121+ for training devices utilizing television systems to simulate conditions relating to activities in war.
352,	Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 39 and 95 for motion picture methods and apparatus used in marksmanship training.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 12]

Self-propelled projectile:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to a missile that is moved by some means contained therein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

89,	Ordnance, subclasses 1.8+ for rocket-launching means.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 13]

Launched underwater:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter wherein the missile is released from a carrier below the surface of a body of water.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclasses 238+ for torpedo-launching means.
235,	Registers, subclass 403 for computers used in torpedo direction.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 14]

Aerial warfare:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to conflict involving an aircraft or means carried thereby.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclasses 400+ for computers associated with ordnance or weapon systems.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 360+ for airplane-towed targets.
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 18 for targets with radio wave absorbing, reflecting, or countering features.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 15]

Bombing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter relating to attacking an enemy target with an explosive or incendiary device dropped from an aircraft.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclasses 401+ for computers associated with bombing apparatus.

16	Gunnery:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to the effective use of guns.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 17]

Gunfire spotting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to training in observation of the impact of projectiles, generally for the purpose of supplying information to a gun crew from an observation point.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

27,	for means for teaching the proper use of range-finding apparatus.

18	Gun recoil simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the kickback of a gun when it is fired.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 19]

Gun aiming:

This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to pointing a gun toward something intended to be hit by a projectile discharged therefrom.

(1) Note. Devices which are used to instruct an unknowledgeable person in the use of a gun are classified in this subclass and subclasses indented hereunder. Devices which are used for practice by a person who already knows how to use a gun are classified elsewhere. (See the search notes below). Devices which are used for both instruction and practice are classified in this subclass and indented subclasses and cross-referenced into Class 463, appropriate subclasses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

42,	Firearms, subclass 1 for gun-sighting devices.
235,	Registers, subclasses 404+ for computers used in gun-aiming apparatus.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 348+ for combinations of targets with projectile projecting or aiming devices used for amusement.
463,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 2+ and 49+ for a simulated projectile game.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 20]

Cinematographic or cathode ray screen display:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein a motion picture film or a cathode ray tube presents a representation of an object or scene to a person.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

352,	Optics: Motion Pictures, appropriate subclasses for motion picture methods and apparatus.

21	Training apparatus using beam of infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet radiation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein apparatus for instructing a person in pointing a gun uses a beam of electromagnetic radiation having a wave frequency in the range of infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet energy.

22	Beam sensor included in apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter including means for detecting the electromagnetic radiation.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 23]

Means (e.g., target, terrain model, etc.) marked or pierced to simulate projectile impact point:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein the place where a projectile contacts a target or other surface is represented by applying something (e.g., an ink spot) to, or puncturing, an object (e.g., a simulated target or a terrain model used as a background for a target).

(1) Note. This subclass does not include a projectile such as a frangible ball that contains a dye or the like for marking a target at the point of impact of the projectile, since a projectile of this type actually strikes the target and there is no simulation of an impact of the type included in apparatus herein.

24	Gun loading or projectile preparation (e.g., fuse setting, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to making a projectile ready for use or placing a projectile in a gun.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 25]

Water warfare:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to conflict waged on or below the surface of a body of water.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

13,	for training means relating to torpedoes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclasses 1+ for warships.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 26]

Periscope view simulation:

This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter including means for presenting to a viewer an imitation of a scene observed through the tube used for viewing a seascape from an underwater combat vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclass 340 for actual submersible vessels having periscopes.
359,	Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclasses 402+ for periscopes.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 27]

Range finding:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to determining the distance between an object such as an enemy target and a second point such as a gun site.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclass 414 for computers used in range finding.

28	AIRCRAFT WIND DRIFT SIMULATION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to means for imitating the effect of wind upon the path of an aircraft.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 29]

VEHICLE OPERATOR INSTRUCTION OR TESTING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to controlling a conveyance during its movement or operation preparatory thereto.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

348,	Television, subclasses 121+ for television systems utilized in a vehicle simulator.
472,	Amusement Devices, particularly subclasses 27 and 28 for an amusement roundabout having a carriage which may simulate a vehicle, subclasses 59+ for a device for causing a person to experience an illusion of being in motion, e.g., travel simulating, etc., subclasses 88+ for a surface for a wheeled or gliding vehicle which may be used to simulate travel, e.g., skiing, skating, etc., and subclass 130 for an amusement device for simulating an aircraft or space vehicle or the movement thereof.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 1+ for vehicle operation or guidance involving data processing or calculating techniques.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 30]

Flight vehicle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to an aircraft-type conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 229 for dual control aircraft used for student instruction.
446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, subclass 7 for a toy simulation of an aircraft cockpit; and subclasses 30+ for remotely controlled tethered toy aircraft.
472,	Amusement Devices, particularly subclass 130 for an amusement device for simulating an aircraft or space vehicle or the movement thereof used primarily for entertainment.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 120+ for traffic control of aircraft.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 31]

Automatic pilot:

This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to means for automatically directing the course of the conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 1+ for computers used in vehicle guidance.

32	Model viewed and maneuvered by trainee from point remote therefrom:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including a miniature or model of a conveyance, the movement of which is controlled by a student or examinee watching the conveyance from a location spaced therefrom.

33	Helicopter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the conveyance is supported by blades rotating in a substantially horizontal plane and located above its passenger-carrying fuselage or framework.

34	Outer space vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the conveyance is a type that travels outside the atmosphere of the earth.

35	In flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a real conveyance that flies through the atmosphere without restriction of its path is used for instruction.

36	With simulation of night or reduced visibility flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Subject matter wherein travel in darkness, or under conditions which restrict a pilot"s view, is imitated.

37	Aircraft, aircraft simulator, or means connected thereto travelling on ground or water during simulated flight training:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a real aircraft, a representation of such a vehicle, or something connected to the aircraft or representation (e.g., a boat or truck attached to an airplane by a universally pivoting boom, etc.) travels in any desired direction on land or water during simulated flight training.

38	Simulation of view from aircraft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the scene observed by a person looking out from the conveyance.

39	View simulating means located on belt or cylinder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter including a continuous flexible band or a barrel-like element on which a drawing, painting, print, photograph, or other graphic scene imitation (e.g., a terrain model, etc.) is carried.

40	View simulating means located on element having spherical surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter including a means having a surface all points on which are equidistant from a point (e.g., a hemisphere) and on which a drawing, painting, print, photograph, or other graphic scene imitation (e.g., a terrain model, etc.) is carried.

41	Simulation of night or reduced visibility flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein travel in darkness, or under conditions which restrict a pilot"s view, is imitated.

42	Runway outlining or approach lights simulated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter including an imitation of a light source used to show the limits of an airfield landing strip or the path leading thereto.

43	View simulated by cathode ray screen display:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the scene is imitated by a cathode ray tube.

44	View simulated by projected image:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the scene to be viewed is contained on a film slide, or the like, and is projected upon a viewing surface.

45	Simulation of feel of control means (e.g., flight control stick, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein touch-perceived handling characteristics of means for operating the conveyance are imitated.

46	Ground trainer agitated to simulate rough air buffeting or engine induced vibration of aircraft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein movement imparted to an aircraft by turbulent air or engine vibration is imitated.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 47]

Display or recordation of simulated flight path of ground trainer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including an earth supported representation of the conveyance and means for exhibiting or recording the path that would be followed by the conveyance if maneuvered in accordance with a trainee"s handling of its control means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 24 for means for plotting the position of a vehicle.
346,	Recorders, subclass 8 for means for recording the course of a vehicle.

48	Aircraft sound simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including an imitation of noise made by an aircraft.

49	Aircraft or ambient condition simulated electrically or indicated by instrument or alarm:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the functioning of an aircraft or a characteristic of the environment in which an aircraft is operated is imitated by electrical apparatus or is indicated by a dial, audible warning, or other informative means.

50	Takeoff or preparation therefor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein departure of an aircraft from the ground, or preparation therefor is imitated.

51	Aircraft attitude (e.g., roll, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein the condition simulated or indicated is roll, pitch, or yaw of an aircraft during its maneuvers.

52	Ice formation or aircraft weight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter including means for imitating (a) an accumulation of ice on an aircraft, e.g., on its wings or in a fuel tank, or (b) the weight of such a conveyance.

53	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter including a means for showing force per unit of area in some component of an aircraft.

54	Propulsion means or accessory:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter relating to apparatus for moving an aircraft, e.g., an engine or the fuel supply means associated therewith.

55	Tiltable or turntable ground trainer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein an earth supported representation of the conveyance is mounted so that it can be inclined or pivoted to imitate roll, pitch, yaw, or turning movement during flight.

56	With fan or simulated propeller:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein a spinning blade is mounted on or associated with the representation of the conveyance.

57	With means for stabilizing trainer when idle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter including apparatus for preventing movement of the representation of the conveyance when it is not being used.

58	By fluid actuated piston/cylinder ram:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the representation of the conveyance is moved by a fluid driven means comprising a piston slidable in a cylinder.

59	Simulation of flight generated force applied to aircraft occupant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to an imitation of a force exerted upon a person by motion of an aircraft, e.g., the force exerted upon a pilot when his aircraft is pulled out of a dive.

60	Sail-equipped vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a conveyance having a panel against which wind force is exerted to propel the conveyance.

61	Bicycle or motorcycle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a conveyance having only two wheels and propelled either by a person or an engine.

62	Automobile or truck:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a powered nontrack land conveyance commonly known as an automobile or truck.

63	Model viewed and maneuvered by trainee from point remote therefrom:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter including a miniature or model of a conveyance the movement of which is controlled by a student or examinee watching from a location spaced therefrom.

64	Driver"s skill measured by time or vehicle travel distance:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the ability of a person in controlling operation of the conveyance is appraised in terms of time lapsed or distance travelled by the conveyance during the performance of a task (e.g., stopping the conveyance, etc.).

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 65]

Recordation of driver"s performance:

This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter including apparatus for making a record of the manner in which a student or examinee controls the conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 24 for means for plotting the position of a vehicle.
346,	Recorders, subclass 8 for means for recording the course of a vehicle.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 66]

Real vehicle used in instruction or testing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein an actual conveyance is controlled by a student or examinee.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

180,	Motor Vehicles, subclasses 321+ for dual control motor vehicles used for student instruction.

67	Vehicle positioned on rollers, belt, or platform:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter wherein the conveyance is supported upon (a) rotatable cylinders, wheels, or the like (b) a continuous flexible band, or (c) a generally planar man-made structure.

68	Obstacle or other means contacted by improperly driven vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter wherein a conveyance not correctly controlled by a student or examinee contacts some object located on or near a path or parking position of the conveyance.

69	Simulation of view from vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the scene observed by a person looking out from a conveyance of the aforesaid type.

70	View simulating means located on belt or cylinder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Subject matter including a continuous flexible band or a roller-like element on which a drawing, painting, print, photograph, or other graphic scene imitation (e.g., a terrain model) is carried.

71	Manipulation of gear shift lever or clutch pedal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter relating to operation of a lever or clutch pedal used for controlling the drive shaft power transmission of the conveyance.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 72]

ARCHITECTURE, INTERIOR DECORATION, OR INDUSTRIAL PLANT LAYOUT:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to design or construction of a building, design or furnishings of the interior of a building, or layout of machines or other equipment used in an industrial facility.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), for various types of buildings.

73	Magnet included in display or demonstration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter wherein an exhibiting means therefor includes a magnet.

74	Brick, tile, roofing, or siding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter relating to small ceramic blocks used for forming a wall or floor surface, a material such as asphalt shingles for sheathing a roof, or a material such as aluminum or wood strips for sheathing the exterior of a building.

75	Curtain or wall, ceiling, or floor cover:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter relating to a material such as cloth used to cover a window or form a space divider, or any material used to cover a wall, ceiling, or floor of a house or building.

76	Light, mirror, or image projector included in display or demonstration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein an exhibiting means therefor includes a source of illumination, a polished means such as silvered glass for reflecting an image, or a means for projecting an image upon a viewing surface.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 77]

Roller-mounted belt or strip included in display or demonstration:

This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein an exhibiting means therefor includes a rotatable cylinder on which a continuous flexible band or elongate sheet is mounted.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

426,	for similar belt or reel devices used for other purposes.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 78]

Plaque (e.g., disk, etc.) turntable relative to index (e.g., window in card, etc.) to selectively align different points on plaque therewith:

This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter including a stiff sheet or board pivotal relative to a pointer, an aperture in a second stiff sheet or board, or other indexing means so that various points on the first sheet or board can be brought into register with said pointer, aperture in said second sheet or board, or other indexing means as desired.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

198,	and 404, for similar devices used for other purposes.

79	Building or room interior represented pictorially or by model:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the appearance of a roofed structure or a room therein is exhibited by a picture or a miniature structure.

80	Representation of furniture, bathroom or kitchen accessory, or cabinet placeable in different locations on representation of room interior:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter including a facsimile or illustration of (a) an item used in a house or building to support a person or an object (e.g., a bed, chair, or table), or (b) an accessory used in a kitchen or bathroom (e.g., a sink or dishwasher), the facsimile or illustration being movable to different places on a picture, model, or other exhibit of the inside of a room for the purpose of showing different arrangements of the furnishings.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 81]

VISUAL ART OR CRAFT, ARTISTIC ADORNMENT, OR COLOR TRAINING OR DEMONSTRATION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to (a) a visually aesthetic object (e.g., a painting), (b) a personal beautifying means, (c) a craft involving artistic skill, or (d) color training or exhibiting means.

(1) Note. To be included in this subclass as related to a color training or demonstrating means, or in subclasses indented thereunder, a patent must disclose means for teaching color recognition or must demonstrate color for its aesthetic effect. A means using color for identification or other subsidiary purpose is classified in another subclass according to the primary subject matter involved.

(2) Note. Included in this subclass or subclasses indented hereunder are certain aids for making an artistic object, e.g., a support framework for modeling clay used in a statue or a device for facilitating creation of a perspective drawing.

(3) Note. Mechanical drawing is considered an artistic craft for purpose of this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

33,	Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses for drafting instruments.
248,	Supports, subclasses 441.1+ for an easel, book, or music score holder.

82	Sculpture or craft involving manual carving or shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to an artistic object or work involving cutting or molding by use of the hands.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 83]

Shape defined by filament (e.g., string, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to an artistic form delineated by a cord, wire, or like tenuous material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 32 for an article having ornamentally wound or woven strands.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 84]

Color application (e.g., painting, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter involving placement of color on a surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

427,	Coating Processes, subclasses 256+ for processes of forming a nonuniform coating on a substrate.

85	Drawing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter involving production of a likeness or impression by making lines on a surface.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 86]

Animal or human body model having movable parts:

This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to an animal or human body model having limb representations or other parts which can be adjusted to different positions.

(1) Note. Models included in this subclass are used by artists drawing the body of a human being or other animal in different positions.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

267+,	for anatomical representations used in medical training.
295+,	for artificial body parts used in taxidermy or specimen displays.

87	Stencil:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to a masking plaque having therein a perforation through which a marking implement or material can be applied to a surface underlying the plaque.

88	Tracing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter involving creation of a drawing by moving a pencil or other marking means over a path viewed through a transparent sheet.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 89]

Model support:

This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to a means for supporting a subject while it is being drawn.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

248,	Supports, subclasses 441+ for an easel.

90	Grid included in drawing aid or scene viewer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to a means for facilitating creation of a drawing or a device through which a scene or object to be drawn is viewed, the means or device including a network of lines, usually to aid in proportioning the drawing.

91	Perspective:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to a drawing which gives the impression that parts thereof are at different distances from the viewer.

92	Orthogonal projection:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter relating to drawing an object by projecting lines representing its shape onto mutually perpendicular planes.

93	Flower arranging or landscaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to the artistic arrangement of a collection of flowers or the decorative features of a tract of land.

94	Hair or wig styling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to the artistic arrangement of (a) a person"s hair, or (b) a representation thereof.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 95]

Decorative sewing, needlework, weaving, or textile designing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to the artistic creation of items with a needle and thread, forming fabric by interlacing strands, or creating textile patterns.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

26,	Textiles: Cloth Finishing, subclass 69 for ornamental textiles.
428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a textile fabric of single or plural layers which may have an ornamental design or indicia thereon, see especially subclasses 175+ , 187, 190, 193+, and 196+.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 96]

Design formed of identical or complementary elements:

This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to the creation of an artistic arrangement of elements which are the same or which cooperate with each other with respect to shape, color, or other design feature.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclass 63 for laminating processes combined with manually arranging different element to form a design.

97	Strips:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein said elements are narrow, flat pieces of material.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 98]

Color display:

This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter relating to a means for showing color or presenting color characteristics, e.g., a chart naming harmonious colors.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 421+ for an effective multicolor chart or standard.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 99]

Personal appearance or wearing apparel:

This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter relating to color of an item or material worn to cover a person"s body or to enhance appearance.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

377,	for means for demonstrating characteristics of beauty aids not involving color.

100	Cosmetic or nail polish:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Subject matter relating to color of a material applied to the face or nails.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 101]

101

Produced by spinning means (e.g., plural rotating color disks, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter including a rapidly rotating means for producing color.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

104+,

for rotatably mounted color disks which are stationary when viewed.

102	Display produced by superposed color filters:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter including color filters which are disposed in layers to produce a color.

103	Including mixing receptacle or holder for color material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter which includes a means for holding a color material while it is being mixed or until it is used.

104	Including relatively rotatable elements (e.g., concentrically mounted color disks, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter including parts which turn relative to each other.

105	Automobile:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter relating to the color of an automobile.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 106]

106

ASTROLOGY:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the divination of the supposed influence of the stars or planets upon human affairs and terrestrial events by their positions and aspects.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

284+,

for teaching means relating to astronomy.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclass 161 for fortune-telling devices.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 107]

107

BUSINESS OR ECONOMICS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to activities involved with managing a commercial or industrial enterprise or to analysis of factors involved with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

219+,	for occupational training.
365+,	for means for demonstrating or displaying an item of manufacture or an industrial operation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

283,	Printed Matter, subclass 115 for graphic charts for illustrating statistical information; subclass 54 for insurance; subclass 56 for advertising; subclass 57 for banking; and subclasses 66.1+ for accounting forms, books and sheets.
705,	Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice, Management, or Cost/price Determination, subclasses 1+ for business or financial management data processing.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 108]

108

Work schedule:

This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter relating to means for exhibiting a plan for, or the status of, labor or production matters of a commercial or industrial enterprise.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

705,	Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice, Management, or Cost/price Determination, subclass 5 for a work or task assignment data processing system; and subclass 32 for a time accounting data processing system.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 109]

109

Record keeping:

This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter relating to a means for maintaining information about finance or other concerns of a commercial or industrial enterprise, such as records of income or expenses of operation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

705,	Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice, Management, or Cost/price Determination, subclasses 30+ for an accounting data processing system.

110	Coin or currency identification or counterfeit detection:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter relating to instruction in the relative value of different denominations of money or in recognizing bogus currency.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 111]

111

CELESTIAL NAVIGATION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the use of a star for determining an object"s position, course, or distance traveled in relation to a reference such as the surface of the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

186,	for means for instructing in the use of magnetic or gyro compasses.
239+,	for means for instructing the use of radio navigation apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclass 200 for electrical navigation equipment.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 112]

112

COMMUNICATION AIDS FOR THE HANDICAPPED:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to devices which enable a handicapped person to communicate with another person.

(1) Note. Excluded from this class and subclass are devices which merely give a signal to the handicapped person upon detection of an obstacle in the person"s path.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, digest 17 for tactile signalling devices.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 407.1+ for tactile signals in electrical communication apparatus.
348,	Television, subclasses 62+ for television aids for the blind.
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 258+ for speech synthesis.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 113]

113

Tactile reading aid (e.g., braille, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Subject matter wherein information is given to the handicapped person in tactile form.

(1) Note. Included here are tactile alphabets.

114	Converting information to tactile output:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein the information is initially in another sensory medium (e.g., Visual, Aural, etc.) and is changed to a tactile output.

115	Braille writing slate:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter relating to a surface having protrusions or depressions arranged in a particular form, selected ones of which can be pressed against paper or the like to form tactile characters thereon.

116	Converting information to sound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Subject matter wherein information is initially in another medium (e.g., visual, tactile, etc.) and is changed to sound output.

117	Writing guide for the blind:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Subject matter relating to devices having guide means for a writing instrument, whereby handwriting by a blind person is facilitated.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 118]

118

COMPUTER LOGIC, OPERATION, OR PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to instruction in the operation of a computer, the logic involved in its operation, or the technique of programming a computer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

700,	Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications, appropriate subclasses for particular computer applications.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 126]

126

FLUID FLOW OR WAVE MOTION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to movement of a fluid.

(1) Note. Included in this subclass are patents dealing with the demonstration of pipeline networks, water waves, the simulation of sound waves by mechanical analogy, and devices which use fluid mechanics or hydraulics to demonstrate a machine or the like, regardless of whether the machine itself demonstrates a principle of fluid flow or wave motion.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 127]

127

FOOD:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to an edible substance.

(1) Note. Included in this subclass are devices relating to dieting, nutrition, cooking, etc.

128	GAME, BOARD OR TABLE TYPE:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to an amusement of the type played on a surface of limited area, e.g., chess or checkers.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 129]

129

Using playing card:

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter relating to an amusement using small pasteboard type cards with indicia thereon commonly referred to as playing cards.

(1) Note. Actual playing cards need not be used. A hand to be played may be displayed on a surface such as a disk, slide, or the like.

130	GEOGRAPHY:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the study of features of an area of the earth.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 131]

131

Terrestrial globe or accessory therefor:

This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter relating to an earth-representing sphere or spherelike body or to means associated therewith to facilitate the use thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

284+,	for astronomy teaching apparatus including a representation of the earth which is not intended to illustrate geographic features thereof.
287+,	for a celestial globe.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 132]

132

Relief globe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter relating to a globe which represents the positions and varying elevations of different land masses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, appropriate subclasses for making spherical articles by laminating processes.
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for methods of shaping or molding plastic materials within the class definition.

133	Having diverse use (e.g., pencil box, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein the sphere or like body is also useable for a purpose not involved with study of the earth.

134	Having magnet associated therewith:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein a magnet is used in combination with the sphere or like body.

135	Having plural planar or curved surfaces (e.g., flat or frustoconical surfaces, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter relating to a spherelike body having multiple planar or curved surfaces.

136	Rotated by mechanical drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein the sphere or like body is turned by mechanical means (e.g., belt, gears, etc.) about an axis passing therethrough.

137	Collapsible or arranged for convenient assembly, disassembly, or storage:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein the sphere or like body can be collapsed or is designed so that elements thereof can easily be put together, taken apart, or stowed.

138	Inflatable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein the sphere or like body can be distended from a collapsed state to a taut state by introducing fluid therein.

139	With means representing vehicle movement relative to earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including a representation of a conveyance movable relative to the sphere or like body.

140	Space vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter wherein a conveyance travelling outside the atmosphere of the earth is represented.

141	With means indicating distance between points on earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including means giving the distance between two locations on the earth.

142	With means indicating time at different points on earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including means giving the relative time at various locations on the earth.

143	With means demonstrating solar illumination of earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including means representing sunlight striking the earth.

144	With means demonstrating wind currents over earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including means representing flow of atmospheric air streams relative to the surface of the earth.

145	With internal light:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including a source of light located inside the sphere or like body.

146	With means to facilitate finding or reading indicia thereon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including means for helping a user locate or read markings, printing, or other indicia on the surface of the sphere or like body, e.g., a magnifying lens or a pointer movable relative to the surface of a globe.

147	With map segments attachable thereto (e.g., continent, nation, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including a plaque representing a portion of the surface of the earth and mountable on the sphere or like body.

148	With suspension type support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter including a cord or other means from which the sphere or like body is suspended.

149	Means indicating time at different points on earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter including means giving the relative time at various locations on the earth.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 150]

150

Map or terrain model:

This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter relating to a representation of an area of the earth on a generally flat surface.

(1) Note. The maps in this and indented subclasses are limited to instruction in geography.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

149,	for maps including means giving the time at various locations on the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

283,	Printed Matter, subclasses 34+ for maps of general utility which merely delineate geographical features.

151	With model or sample of natural or man-made item associated therewith:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Subject matter relating to a generally flat representation or three-dimensional model of an area of land combined with a model or sample of something occurring in nature (e.g., animal, plant, etc.) or made by man at a particular place.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 152]

152

Relief:

This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Subject matter relating to a map or model having an irregular surface which represents the positions and varying elevations of different land masses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclass 59 for processes of making relief representations of three-dimensional surfaces.

153	Means for facilitating location of different points on map:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Subject matter including a device for helping a person find various points on a generally flat representation of an area of land.

154	HISTORY OR GENEALOGY:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the recordation or explanation of significant facts or events of the past, or to the descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 155]

155

IDENTIFICATION OF PERSON OR HANDWRITING ANALYSIS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to aids for identifying an individual, or for determining information concerning a person whose handwriting is being studied.

(1) Note. Included are devices comprising a plurality of elements, each bearing a portion of a facial characteristic of a person, such as eyes, nose, chin, etc., which can be selectively assembled to form a composite picture of an individual, and devices for facilitating the identification of fingerprints.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 156]

156

LANGUAGE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to instruction in language skills.

(1) Note. Crossword puzzle aids, because they involve spelling and reading devices, because they involve word recognition, are indented under subclass 167, spelling, phonics, word recognition, or sentence formation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

222+,	for devices relating to instruction in code communication.
307,	308+ and 319+, for use of audio means for teaching a subject other than language.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

283,	Printed Matter, subclass 46 for printed sheets of language characters.
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 1+ for linguistics and subclasses 200+ for speech signal processing.

157	Foreign:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to a language not generally used in a student"s native country.

158	Shorthand:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to writing in which characters, abbreviations, or symbols are substituted for letters, words, or phrases.

159	Alphabet letter formation, recognition, or sequencing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to instruction in forming, recognizing, or sequentially arranging letters of the alphabet.

160	Letter formed by segments:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein an alphabet letter is formed by assembling selected ones of a set of pieces, such as short of long, straight or curved elements, in the shape of the letter.

161	Letter displayed upon manipulation of mechanism:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein some mechanism, such as a key having an alphabet letter associated therewith is manipulated (e.g., depressed) and as a result, a letter-bearing member is brought into viewable position.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 162]

162

Writing or printing by hand:

This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to instruction in formation of letters or words with a hand-held means such as a pen or pencil.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

248,	Supports, subclass 118.5 for a hand or arm rest movable with the hand of a writer during writing.

163	Tracing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter wherein a trainee moves some means over an exhibited path (e.g., a writing sample, etc.) to learn proper movement of his hand in writing or printing.

164	Slotted or grooved path:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Subject matter wherein the path is a slot or groove.

165	Writing sample included in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter including an exhibit of a properly written or printed letter or word.

166	Mechanical means for teaching proper position of body part while writing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter including a mechanical structure for teaching a person how a body part should be placed during writing, e.g., a means which holds fingers in proper gripping position on a pen or pencil.

167	Spelling, phonics, word recognition, or sentence formation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to instruction in the way letters are arranged in words, the sound of letters, groups of letters, or words, the meanings of words, or the way in which sentences are correctly formed.

168	Magnet included in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter having a magnet in the instructing means.

169	Electrical component included in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter having an electrical part in the instructing means.

170	Color used in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter including color in the instructing means.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 171]

171

Letter or word bearing elements (e.g., cards, blocks, etc.) with interfitting surface configurations:

This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter including components having letters or words thereon and shaped so that surfaces thereof interfit.

(1) Note. Including are devices to ensure that the components must be properly arranged relative to each other to form a word or sentence.

172	Letter-bearing elements (e.g., cards, blocks, etc.) selectively aligned to form word or sentence:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter including components which have letters thereon and which are selectively placed in order to form a word or sentence.

173	Letter-bearing belt or reel-mounted strip:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 172. Subject matter wherein a letter-bearing component consists of a strip formed into a loop or wound on a reel.

174	Rotatably mounted letter bearing element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 172. Subject matter wherein a letter-bearing component is arranged to turn about an axis passing therethrough.

175	Letter-bearing elements slidable between different grooves:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 172. Subject matter including letter-bearing components slidable from one groove to another groove associated therewith, e.g., blocks disposed in grooves in the shape of a T and slidable from the horizontal portion of the T into the vertical stem portion or vice versa.

176	Display of word or picture upon correct manipulation of teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter wherein a word or picture is exhibited when an instructing means is properly manipulated, e.g., a keyboard arranged to display a word when its keys are depressed in proper sequence or plaques bearing portions of a picture and words which when placed in proper alignment complete the picture.

177	Crossword puzzle aid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter relating to aids for creating or working on a crossword puzzle.

178	Reading:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter relating to instruction in reading.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 179]

179

Speed:

This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Subject matter relating to devices used to train a person to read rapidly.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

351,	Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting, subclasses 237+ for tachistoscope type vision testing apparatus. See also (1) Note under this subclass for the distinction between the tachistoscope type instruments as classified in Classes 351 and 434.

180	Projected image of reading matter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Subject matter wherein the matter to be read is contained on a film, slide, or the like and is projected upon a viewing surface.

181	Apertured mask moved past reading matter carrier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Subject matter wherein a member having a viewing opening therein passes between reading matter and a viewer, the latter attempting to read the matter during the time it is exposed through the viewing opening.

182	Reading matter carrier moved past viewing position:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Subject matter wherein the matter to be read is located on a carrier such as a sheet or roll and is moved past a viewing position.

183	Pacer moved down reading matter carrier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Subject matter wherein an element such as a bar passes down reading matter at a controlled rate, the viewer attempting to read at the speed of the moving element.

184	Directionality training (e.g., for dyslexics, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Subject matter relating to training a person to correctly read from left to right, and including aids for training a person to recognize or distinguish between letters which are mirror images of each other, such as "b" and "d" or "p" and "q".

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 185]

185

Speech:

This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter relating to instruction in proper speech, including public speaking and corrective training for persons with speech impediments.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

600,	Surgery, subclass 590 for a diagnostic device placed in a person"s mouth to detect the locations where a person"s tongue touches the palate during speech in order to determine abnormal speech patterns.
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 200+ for speech signal processing.

186	MAGNETIC OR GYRO COMPASS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to a device for determining directions by means of (a) a magnetic needle turning freely on a pivot and pointing to the magnetic north, or (b) a direction indicator controlled by a gyroscope.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 187]

187

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OR VOLUME:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to determination of (a) the distance between points, or (b) volume.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, digest 47 for scale conversion means.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 188]

188

MATHEMATICS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, and abstractions, and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations, and generalizations.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

283,	Printed Matter, subclass 44 for printed sheets of mathematical values.

189	Base conversion or use of base other than ten:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter relating to a set of numbers based on calculations with any number except ten, or to transformation between bases.

190	Magnet included in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter including a magnet.

191	Arithmetic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter relating to computations with real numbers.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 192]

192

Chalkboard or equivalent means having readily erasable surface:

This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including a panel having a surface from which marks made by chalk or other means can easily be erased.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

408+,

for chalkboards and equivalent readily erasable means.

193	Manually manipulated numeral shaped elements:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including pieces handled by hand and having the form of a symbol which represents a number.

194	Numeric value represented by weight placed on balance:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including a weight which represents a numeric value and which is placed on a balance to illustrate a mathematical relationship.

195	Manually manipulated elements having size proportional to numeric value:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including pieces handled by hand and sized according to their numeric value.

196	Fraction representing elements:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the pieces represent two numbers whose quotient is to be determined, e.g., 3/4.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 197]

197

Indicia-bearing belt or reel-mounted strip:

This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including indicia such as numbers located on a continuous flexible band or on a web wound on a reel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

426,	for similar devices not used for teaching mathematics.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 198]

198

Plaque (e.g., disk, etc.) turntable relative to index (e.g., window in card, etc.) to selectively align different points on plaque therewith:

This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including a first stiff sheet or board pivotal relative to a pointer, an aperture in a second stiff sheet or board, or other indexing means so that various points on the first sheet or board can be brought into register with said pointer, aperture in said second sheet or board, or other indexing means as desired.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

78,	and 404, for similar devices not used for teaching mathematics.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 199]

199

Plaque slidable relative to index (e.g., window in card, etc.) to selectively align different points on plaque therewith:

This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including a first stiff sheet or board translatable relative to a pointer, an aperture in a second stiff sheet or board, or other indexing means so that various points on the first sheet or board can be brought into register with said pointer, aperture in said second sheet or board, or other indexing means as desired.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

405,	for similar devices not used for teaching mathematics.

200	Manually manipulated pin or peg:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including an elongate member inserted by hand into a hole or a material.

201	Electric component included in teaching means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including an electrical part.

202	Keyboard or like manually manipulated array (e.g., slides, levers, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including an assemblage of systematically arranged keys, slidable or turntable members, or the like by means of which a machine is caused to function.

203	Apertured elements threaded on elongate means (e.g., abacus, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including apertured pieces through all of which a wire, a rod, or the like extends.

204	Elements manually placed on or removed from elongate means during use:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Subject matter wherein the apertured pieces are placed by hand on the wire, rod, or like means during instruction of a student.

205	Means having number of marks (e.g., dots, etc.) or associated physical units (e.g., sticks, indentations, etc.) corresponding to numeric value:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including teaching means with a collection of marks or physical elements equal in number to a particular numeric value, e.g., a block representing the number 10 and having ten dots or ten notches on a surface thereof, or a bundle of five sticks representing the number 5.

206	Rotatable wheel-shaped element (e.g., ring, disk, cylinder, etc.) having indicia on perimeter thereof:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including indicia such as numbers located on the circumference of a means having a circular cross section.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 207]

207

Color used in teaching means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter wherein color is employed to relate to a specific number or set of numbers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

98+,	for color training devices or charts.

208	Ball, block, or disk:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter including a sphere, a generally cubical element, or a thin circular object.

209	Division or multiplication:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter relating to dividing or multiplying one number by another.

210	Place value relative to decimal point:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter relating to the value of a number according to its position relative to a decimal point, e.g., a number located two places to the left of a decimal point represents units valued at 10 each.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 211]

211

Geometry, trigonometry, or physical mathematical model structure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter relating to the branches of mathematics that deal with (a) the measurement, properties, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids, (b) the study of trigonometric functions and their applications, or (c) relating to a physical representation of some mathematical relationship, e.g., a model of a parabola.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

33,	Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses for geometrical instruments.
708,	Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 811+ for the evaluation of trigonometric functions by analog computations.

212	Pythagorean theorem:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter relating to the theorem stating that for a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other sides.

213	Property of sphere or spheroid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter relating to characteristics of a globular body or an ellipsoid of revolution.

214	Property of circle or ellipse:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter relating to characteristics of a closed plane curve every point of which is equidistant from a fixed point within the curve, or characteristics of a closed plane curve generated about two points in such a way that the sums of its distances from two fixed points is a constant.

215	Demonstration means using relatively turnable elements:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter demonstrated by a means including elements that turn relative to each other.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 216]

216

Demonstration means using filament (e.g., string, etc.) to define geometric shape:

This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter demonstrated by means including a strand such as string or wire which delineates a geometric form.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 32 for an article having ornamentally wound or woven strands.

217	METEOROLOGY:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to atmospheric conditions, weather, or weather forecasting.

218	NUCLEAR ENERGY OR RADIOACTIVE RADIATION DETECTION OR SIMULATION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to energy released by atomic fission or fusion, or to sensing or representing radiation released from atoms.

219	OCCUPATION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to a vocation.

220	Air traffic control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to guidance of airplanes along airways and during takeoff and landing.

221	Audiometry:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to the skill of determining a patient"s hearing ability, e.g., instruction in the use of an audiometer.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 222]

222

Code communication:

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to a system such as Morse code signals for transmitting information.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

116,	Signals and Indicators, appropriate subclasses for mechanical signalling apparatus.
178,	Telegraphy, subclass 113 for telegraph codes; and subclass 115 for electrical learner"s instruments.
246,	Railway Switches and Signals, appropriate subclasses for operative railway signals.
340,	Communications: Electrical, for miscellaneous electric signalling.

223	Visual signalling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter relating to a system such as semaphore using signals that can be seen.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 224]

224

Electricity or electronics:

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to the assembly or connection of resistors, capacitors, or other electrical components in one or more ways to complete an electrical circuit for training, demonstration, or experimental purposes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

234,	for devices for teaching soldering, wherein electricity or an electrical component is only nominally disclosed.

225	Dairying, farming, ranching, or other occupation involving care of plants or animals:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to operation of a dairy, farm, or ranch, or to any other occupation involving cultivation or care of plants or animals.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 226]

226

Fire fighting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to the art of extinguishing fires.

(1) Note. Included in this subclass are devices for simulating a fire or for simulating fire-fighting equipment (e.g., a pumper, etc.).

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 227]

227

Keyboard operation (e.g., typing, key punching, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to the proper technique of operating the keyboard of a machine.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

84,	Music, subclasses 465+ and 470+ for teaching keyboard musical instruments.
199,	Type Casting, for lino-type machines. 234, Selective Cutting (e.g., Punching), appropriate subclasses, and particularly subclass 123 for keyboard means in a card or tape punch.
235,	Registers, for registers and calculators.
276,	Typesetting, appropriate subclasses for machines pertinent to that class.
346,	Recorders, appropriate subclasses for recorders.
400,	Typewriting Machines, subclasses 472+ for a keyboard of a typewriter.

228	Means for selectively illuminating character on simulated keyboard:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter including a replica (such as a display panel) of an actual keyboard, with a light associated with each key or representation so that a character can be illuminated to indicate that it is to be typed.

229	Means for selectively rendering key operable or inoperable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter including means to lock one or more keys of a keyboard in an inoperable position and means to release a selected key so that it can be depressed.

230	Means for selectively producing sound of character:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter including means having the sounds of characters recorded thereon, and means for reproducing the sound of a selected character either before or after the key therefor is depressed.

231	Practice keyboard having individually depressible keys:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter wherein the training is performed on a dummy keyboard having individual keys each of which can be depressed without affecting another key.

232	With means to display character upon depression of key:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 231. Subject matter including means which will cause a character to be displayed when the key bearing the corresponding character is depressed.

233	Means on hand or finger for indicating finger to be used:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter including structure to be worn on the hand or finger of a trainee, the structure having characters thereon associated with individual fingers to indicate to the trainee which finger is to be used to strike a selected character.

234	Soldering or welding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Subject matter relating to welding or soldering, including devices for simulating the "puddle" created by a welding torch.

235	PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the proper conduction of a meeting or the like according to recognized rules of order.

236	PSYCHOLOGY:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the behavioral characteristics of an individual or group.

237	Cooperation of plural pupils:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 236. Subject matter involving interaction between two or more persons.

238	Behavior or performance display (e.g., board for showing completed chores, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 236. Subject matter wherein a record of a person"s diligence in completing a chore or a student"s academic success is displayed.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 239]

239

RADIO NAVIGATION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of a means for determining position, course, or distance traveled by use of radio waves.

(1) Note. Instruction can be done by any means, actual or simulated, however, when using actual means the input signal representing position, course, or distance is a simulated signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclasses 385+ for radio wave energy directive beacons for guiding aircraft along a course or on a glide path in landing operations; and subclasses 417+ for direction finding receivers.
346,	Recorders, subclass 8 for recorders responsive to the direction and/or extent of motion of a translating member or vehicle.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclass 200 for electrical navigation equipment.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 240]

240

Light sensor included in simulator of radio navigation equipment:

This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein an imitation of radio navigating apparatus includes a means for detecting light.

(1) Note. Light is usually substituted for the radio wave.

241	Simulation of upwardly directed airfield or landing approach marker radio beam:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter including an imitation of a vertically directed radio beam used to designate the location of an airport or the path to be followed by an aircraft landing thereon.

242	Simulated radio signal generated by use of data storage means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein an imitation of a radio signal is produced by means of information storing apparatus such as an electronic computer.

243	Simulated bearing or position of vehicle relative to radio transmitter or directional beam indicated to trainee by instrument:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein an imitation of the heading or location of a conveyance with respect to a radio station or directed radio beam is exhibited to a trainee by a dial indicator or other instrument used in navigation.

244	Simulation of radio directional beam carrying morse code signal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter including an imitation of a directed radio beam modulated by a signal used in transmitting Morse code, generally signals for the letters A and N.

245	RELIGION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the worship of God or the supernatural, or to personal or institutionalized moral attitude, belief, or practice.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 246]

246

Rosary:

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter relating to a string of beads used to count prayers.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclass 68 for ball calculators.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 247]

247

PHYSICAL EDUCATION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to teaching a physical activity engaged in for pleasure, or to instruction, discipline, drill, or evaluation of the body or its use.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, subclasses 379.01+ for devices for measuring muscular strength.
473,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 131+ for golf equipment and devices used in practicing the game of golf and subclasses 422+ for a practice or training device for a playing field or court game such as baseball, basketball, football, soccer, tennis, etc.
482,	Exercise Devices, for a muscle conditioning or developing exercising device which is selftraining or which may be used in practicing an athletic activity appropriate therefor, e.g., track or field sports, gymnastics, etc.

248	Basketball:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to a court game in which each of two teams tries to toss a ball through a raised hoop.

249	Bowling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to a game in which balls are rolled on a green or down an alley at an object or group of objects.

250	Dancing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to a rhythmic and patterned succession of bodily movements usually performed to music.

251	Football, soccer, or rugby:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to a game played on a rectangular field by two teams whose objects is to get a ball over opposite ends of the field or between goal posts located thereon solely by the use of hands or feet, without the use of clubs or the like.

252	Golf:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to a game whose object is to advance toward and sink a ball into each of a series of holes on a course with a club by using as few strokes as possible and avoiding various obstacles.

253	Skiing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to the art of sliding and jumping on one or two narrow strips of wood, metal, or plastic, either on land or water.

254	Swimming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to the art of propelling the body through water by use of the limbs.

255	Traversing ground (e.g., crawling, running, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to movement of the body over a surface by use of the limbs.

256	Body model with articulated parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter including a physical representation of the body having pivotally joined segments, e.g., a cardboard representation of the body the torso of which includes parts pivotal relative to each other for illustrating good or bad posture.

257	Picture or image of body included in display or demonstration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter including a drawing, painting, or photographic image of the body.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 258]

258

Developing or testing coordination:

This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter relating to teaching, or determining ability in, control of the body.

(1) Note. A patent which discloses utility both as a coordination testing device and as a diagnostic device is classified in this class and cross-referenced into Class 128 unless there is one or more claims directed solely to the use as a diagnostic device, in which case, the patent is classified in Class 128 and cross-referenced into this class.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 440+ for a reaction timer used as, or in conjunction with, an amusement device or game.
600,	Surgery, subclasses 300+ for a device for diagnosing an abnormal physical condition wherein the diagnosis involves a response to a stimulus.

259	Associating dissimilar objects with apertures or pegs having matching size, shape, or color:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein elements of different size, shape, or color are respectively placed by an examinee or trainee in holes or on pegs which are identified by the same or different colors or which have corresponding size or shape.

260	Manipulation of tool or fastener (e.g., zipper, shoelaces, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein an examinee or trainee manually handles a work implement or a means for securing elements together.

261	Tracing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein an examinee or trainee attempts to move a stylus or the like over or along a defined path.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 262]

262

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT, OR SURGERY RELATING TO HUMAN BEING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to human anatomy or physiology, treatment of the human body to cure some disease or disorder, or a cutting operation on the human body to correct some improper condition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, subclasses 268+ for a figure toy (e.g., doll) or a portion thereof which is intended for amusement only.

263	Dentistry:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter relating to care of the teeth.

264	Means mounting upper and lower tooth models for relative movement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 263. Subject matter including means supporting upper and lower tooth facsimiles so that they can move toward or away from each other.

265	Cardiac massage or artificial respiration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter relating to manipulation of the heart to revive its beat or to assistance of breathing by any means.

266	Simulation of body sound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter relating to an imitation of a noise made by the body.

267	Anatomical representation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter including a facsimile of body structure.

268	Simulation of flow of body liquid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter relating to an imitation of movement of a liquid in or from the body, e.g., simulation of blood circulation in the body or blood flow from a wound.

269	Including superposed sheets respectively depicting different body parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including thin panels placeable one on top of another and respectively picturing diverse portions of the body.

270	Head or part thereof:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including a facsimile of the portion of the body that contains the brain, chief sense organs, and mouth.

271	Eye:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 270. Subject matter including a facsimile of the visual organ or a portion thereof.

272	Internal organ, blood vessel, or nerve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including a facsimile of: (a) one of the assemblages of body tissue which perform particular functions (e.g., the heart or liver); or (b) a body conduit for carrying blood or a neural impulse.

273	Female genital:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 272. Subject matter including a facsimile of a reproductive organ of a female.

274	Skeleton or bone:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including a facsimile of the rigid framework which supports soft tissue of the body, or a portion of such framework.

275	Palpation or manual force application (e.g., chiropractic adjustment, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 274. Subject matter relating to feeling a bone to detect an abnormal condition thereof, or to exerting force against a bone for any purpose, e.g., to adjust the position of a vertebra in the spinal column.

276	SCIENCE:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the systematic study of matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations, or to objectively measurable phenomena of nature.

277	Crystal structure model or display having discrete element (e.g., geometric shape, light, etc.) representing atom:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to a representation of the lattice arrangement of atoms of a crystal and including a separate means such as a ball or light bulb which serves as a representation of an atom.

278	Molecular model or display having discrete element representing atom or radical:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to a representation of the arrangement of atoms of a molecule and including a separate means which serves as a representation of an atom or a group of atoms that act as a unit in a chemical reaction.

279	Model having helical chain of elements (e.g., dna model, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 278. Subject matter including a helical string of atom representing elements, e.g., a model of a molecule of deoxyribo nucleic acid.

280	Atom or radical represented by element formed of sheet material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 278. Subject matter wherein an atom or radical is simulated by a means formed of a thin, flat material such as cardboard.

281	Model or display demonstrating structure or property of atom or radical:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to a representation of the arrangement or characteristics of an atom or group of atoms that act as a unit in a chemical reaction.

282	Indicia chart (e.g., periodic table, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter including a sheet presenting information in tabular form, e.g. an arrangement of the elements bases on Mendeleev"s periodic law.

283	Means demonstrating physical property (e.g., osmotic pressure, solubility, etc.) of substance:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter illustrating a physical characteristic of a material, e.g., the tendency of a substance to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane or the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance.

284	Astronomy:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to celestial bodies or material and their magnitudes, motions, and constitution.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 285]

285

Representation of light generating celestial body:

This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter including representation of celestial body which produces light.

(1) Note. A representation may comprise a physical object such as a ball, or a dot or an aperture on a surface.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 286]

286

Light spot:

This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter wherein the body is simulated by a dot of light on a surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

353,	Optics: Image Projectors, subclass 62 for projection of an image of a stencil in the sky or on a cloud.

287	Celestial globe:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter wherein a simulation of the body is situated on a surface, all points on which are equidistant from a point (e.g., a sphere).

288	And earth representation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 287. Subject matter including a simulation of the earth.

289	Finding or identifying aid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter including means for locating or naming the body.

290	Simulation of sun and earth:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter including representations of the sun and the earth.

291	Simulation of motion of earth and another major planet around sun:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter including an imitation of the movement of the earth and one of the other major bodies moving around the sun.

292	And moon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter including a representation of the natural satellite orbiting the earth.

293	Moon model moved around earth model by mechanical or electrical means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 292. Subject matter wherein the satellite representation orbits the earth representation without being touched by a person.

294	By belt drive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter wherein the satellite representation is moved by a continuous flexible band.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 295]

295

Biology or taxidermy:

This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to the branch of knowledge that deals with organisms and vital processes, and the preparation, stuffing and mounting of animal skins.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8,	Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclass 94.11 for reactive treatment of biological specimens.
27,	Undertaking, subclass 22 for manipulative methods of embalming or preserving corpses.
119,	Animal Husbandry, subclasses 712+ and 905 for training animals.
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, subclasses 271+ for processes wherein a body or element is embedded in or surrounded by shaped material in which said body or element may be a plant, flower, or a biological specimen.
424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclass 3 for a composition for preparing animal (including human) tissue for pathological examination including the staining and fixing of a histological tissue specimen.
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclass 2 for a plastic product manufacturing apparatus employing an anatomical body portion as a shaping surface.
427,	Coating Processes, subclass 4 for processes of coating a plant member or animal specimen.
428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 15+ for a three-dimensional imitation or "treated" natural product (e.g., imitation flower, natural Christmas tree with coating, replica of an animal, etc.).
446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, subclass 389 and 392 for an artificial eye for taxidermy use.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 296]

296

Specimen display:

This subclass is indented under subclass 295. Subject matter relating to means for exhibiting a sample of an organism.

(1) Note. Included are forms for use in taxidermy.

297	Specimen enclosure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 296. Subject matter including means for closing in the sample.

298	Chemistry or metallurgy:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to the science dealing with the composition, structure, and properties of substances such as chemicals or metals and the transformations that they undergo.

299	Geology:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to the history of the earth and its life, as recorded in rock or other mineral deposit.

300	Physics:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter relating to the study of matter and energy.

301	Electricity or magnetism:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter relating to the phenomena of electrically or magnetically charged particles, the interrelationship therebetween, the fields produced by charged particles, the flow of electrons in a circuit, or electrical waveforms.

302	Statics or dynamics:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter relating to the phenomena of mechanical energy or force, or the effect they produce on a physical body.

303	Optics:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter relating to light, its genesis or propagation, or the effect that it undergoes or produces when propagated through a substance or object (e.g., a lens or prism.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 304]

304

TELLING TIME OR CALENDAR READING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to devices used to teach people how to tell time or read calendars.

(1) Note. Included herein are simulated watches and clocks whose hands may be manually turned.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

154,	for educational devices wherein events are listed in chronological order.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, subclasses 107+ for calendars, per se.
368,	Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, particularly subclass 45 for actual operative watches and clocks; and subclasses 28+ for calendar indicators combined with clocks.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 305]

305

VEHICLE MOVEMENT OR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT OR CONDITION:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the movement of a vehicle through or over a pathway is demonstrated, e.g., by the use of a model, or wherein a vehicle representation is positioned on a support surface (e.g., a board) in simulation of a traffic situation or accident.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, particularly subclasses 584+ for support surfaces for displaying general information.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 306]

306

VOTING MACHINE OR BALLOT MARKING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the structure or operation of a ballot recording device.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclasses 51+ for voting machines.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 307]

307

CATHODE RAY SCREEN DISPLAY AND AUDIO MEANS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein visual and sound information is presented by means including a cathode ray tube.

(1) Note. This subclass includes cathode ray screen displays which originate from wireless broadcasts, closed circuit systems, and videotape.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

323,	for cathode ray screen displays which present a question or problem for eliciting a response from an examinee.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 308]

308

AUDIO RECORDING AND VISUAL MEANS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein instruction is presented both audibly from a sound recording and visually.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

156,	for an audio recording used in language instruction.
319,	for subject matter wherein instruction is presented only from an audio recording, with no visual presentation.
322,	for visual means for presenting a question or problem for eliciting a response from an examinee, with no audio recording.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

352,	Optics: Motion Pictures, subclasses 1+ for motion pictures with sound accompaniment where the invention relates to the film and/or projector structure even though the intellectual content may be educational.
353,	Optics: Image Projectors, subclasses 15+ for slide projectors with film accompaniment.

309	Common carrier for visual means and audio recording:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Subject matter wherein both visual and sound information are included on the same carrier structure.

310	Carrier used with image projector:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter wherein the visual information is projected by optical means from an image carrier onto a viewing screen.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 311]

311

Card, sheet, or block:

This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter wherein the carrier structure is a card, sheet, block or the like.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

360,	Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclass 2 for cards having sound information recorded thereon where the information recorded thereon is of a noninstructional nature.

312	Reading head moved past stationary audio track:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the sound information is reproduced by moving a reproducing head past an audio track on a stationary card, sheet, or block.

313	Manually:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter wherein the reproducing head is moved by hand.

314	Image projector:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Subject matter wherein the visual information is projected by optical means from an image carrier onto a viewing screen.

315	With code on image carrier for controlling operation of apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 314. Subject matter wherein the visual information carrier carries a code (e.g., light or opaque area, notch, aperture, etc.) to control the operation of the devices.

316	With code on audio carrier for controlling operation of apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 314. Subject matter wherein the sound information carrier carries a code (e.g.., a tone of selected frequency, etc.) to control the operation of the device.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 317]

317

Visual information in book form:

This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Subject matter wherein the visual information carrier is a book or the like.

(1) Note. Included herein are devices commonly known as "talking books".

318	Audio recording on disk:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Subject matter wherein the sound information carrier is a circular plaque (e.g., a phonograph record, etc.).

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 319]

319

AUDIO RECORDING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein instruction is reproduced from an audio carrier such as a magnetic tape or a phonograph record.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

156+,	for an audio recording used in language instruction.
308+,	for subject matter wherein instruction is presented from both an audio recording and a visual means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

360,	Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, appropriate subclasses for audio reproduction from a magnetic recording.
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 84+ for audio reproducing devices in general.

320	Listener"s voiced response recorded:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter wherein a listener makes a voice recording in response to the sound information.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 321]

321

Operation of apparatus controlled by listener"s response to question or problem:

This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter including means for receiving a listener"s response (e.g., an input key) and the quality of the response (e.g., correct) causes the audio carrier to move to a new location to present new information.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

327+,

for devices for visually presenting a question or problem for eliciting a response from an examinee, with no audio recording, and the correctness of the response causes a new question or problem to be presented.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 322]

322

QUESTION OR PROBLEM ELICITING RESPONSE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a question or problem concerning an academic subject is presented to an examinee to obtain his or her response.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

156+,	188+, and other appropriate subclasses for devices presenting a problem specific to these subjects.
308+,	for devices which present a question or problem in both audio and visual form.
319+,	for devices which present a question or problem in audio form.
365+,	for devices for presenting educational subject matter not in question or problem form.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 429+ for a problem eliciting game response which is based on the participant"s existing knowledge.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 323]

323

Cathode ray screen display included in examining means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter wherein the question or problem is presented by use of a cathode ray tube.

(1) Note. This subclass includes cathode ray screen presentations which originate from wireless broadcasts, closed circuit systems, and videotape.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

307,	for cathode ray screen displays accompanied by audio information.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

348,	Television, for television, per se.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 324]

324

Image projector included in examining means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter wherein the question or problem is projected by optical means from an image carrier onto a viewing screen.

(1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are devices wherein the question or problem is directly viewed through a magnifying lens.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 325]

325

And light detector:

This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the examining means includes a light sensing means (e.g., photocell, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

337,	for light detectors in examining means which do not have an image projector included therein.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 326]

326

Mark transfer sheet (e.g., carbon paper, etc.) included in examining means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter including a first surface for receiving an examinee"s marked or written response and means transferring it to a second surface.

(1) Note. The first and second surfaces may be the obverse and reverse surfaces of single sheet or they may be a first, upper, visible sheet and a second, underlying, hidden sheet.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

462,	Books, Strips, and Leaves for Manifolding, subclass 78 for leaves with mark transfer means, per se.
503,	Record Receiver Having Plural Leaves or a Colorless Color Former, Method of Use, or Developer Therefor, subclass 201 for leaves with mark transfer means, per se.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 327]

327

Correctness of response indicated to examinee by self-operating or examinee-actuated means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter wherein after an examinee has responded to a presented question or problem, such as by manipulation of some means (e.g., key, etc.), an indication of the correctness of the response is given.

(1)