3. Processes . . . (a) Processes of producing or separating by
a chemical reaction a product a product of 1. or 2. supra, (b) chemical
reaction processes not elsewhere provided for, (c) processes of
separating or purifying a gaseous mixture including a chemical reaction
and (d) processes which are directed to extracting, leaching or dissolving
a product or 1. or 2. supra from a mixture either, per se, or in
combination with steps not otherwise provided for and for dissolving
of such a product to make a water solution thereof.
AMPLIFICATION OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This class provides for what is generally termed the field
of inorganic chemistry. It includes inorganic compounds, nonmetallic
elements and processes of producing the same involving a chemical
reaction. The products are generally in a relatively pure state
but may be a mixture with no other utility than as a source material
for an inorganic compound or element. This includes metal compound
products useful in metallurgical processes of obtaining free metals
(see Subclass References to the Current Class, below).
A mixture of an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element
with a preserving agent whose sole function is to prevent physical
or chemical change of such compound or element is provided for in
this class, unless the mixture is disclosed or claimed as having
a function or utility provided for in the composition classification
(see Subclass References to the Current Class, below). Also, processes
of merely incorporating a preservative are included in this class.
The rules for determining class placement of the original
reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the class definition for compositions. See the (17) Note under
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS for additional information.
This class also provides for processes of separating or purifying
a normally gaseous mixture by a chemical reaction, unless the resulting
mixture has a disclosed utility provided for in the composition
classification.
This class is also the residual class for all chemical reactions
not provided for elsewhere, e.g., a reactive process where no specific
product compound is disclosed.
For this class, the nonmetallic elements are: the halogens
including astatine, the inert gases, hydrogen, boron, carbon, silicon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
This class is also the class for extracting, leaching or dissolving
processes not provided for elsewhere (see Subclass References to
the Current Class, below).
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
(1)
Note. An inorganic compound for this class must contain a
nonmetallic element; intermetallic compounds, or union of metallic
elements only are excluded and will be found in Class 420.
(2)
Note. Subclasses which recite nitrogen or hydrogen in their
titles do not include the ammonium radical (NH4+)
within their definitions; the NH4+radical
is considered to be, and is treated as, an entity or element, equivalent
to Na, Ca, N, etc.
(3)
Note. When a radical is indicated in a subclass title, (e.g.,
sulfide, carbonate, phosphate, etc.), all forms thereof (i.e., the
acid forms, such as HSO3-,
HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-)
are also included within the definition, unless specifically stated
otherwise. Generally, however, in the metal recovery area, subclasses
1+, only the radicals listed in the titles are involved
and no other. For example, in subclass 36, "sulfating" means that
only the sulfate (SO42-)
radical is intended. In the remaining areas of the schedule all
forms of the radical are generally intended.
(4)
Note. Use of a chemically reactive material, e.g., acid or
base is considered to involve a chemical treatment for this class, unless
there is evidence to the contrary or where otherwise stated, (see
subclass 210, reference to Class 95, for example).
(6)
Note. Processes of purification which involve oxidation or
chemical conversions of impurities, as well as those processes wherein
the compound sought to be purified is first converted into some
other form or derivative from which it is reverted to the original
compound are also considered to be chemical treatment.
(7)
Note. Processes of preparation of an inorganic compound or
a nonmetallic element which include chemical treatment or preparation
are classified in the appropriate compound or element subclass,
unless a process subclass is specifically provided therefor under
the compound or element subclass, even though combined with a purely
physical operation precedent, subsequent, or both. However, a patent
containing a claim to the product and a claim to the process of manufacture
thereof, which process is indented under the product subclass, should be
placed in the outdent (product subclass) and cross-referenced to
the other. A claim to the product of making it is considered to be
a product claim and should be classified in the appropriate product
subclass and cross referenced to the process, if any.
(8)
Note. Processes of preparation or treatment of inorganic
compounds and nonmetallic elements which involve only physical treatment
except for extracting, leaching or dissolving, per se, are classified
in 23, Chemistry: Physical Processes, subclasses 293+ unless
specifically provided for in some other main class. When extracting, leaching
or dissolving processes are combined with significant crystallization
steps, see Class 23, Chemistry: Physical Processes, subclasses
295+. Also see Class 23, Chemistry: Physical Processes,
subclasses 293, 294 and 306 thru 308 for extracting, leaching or
dissolving which may be combined with physical steps therein provided for.
When patents include claims to a physical process and also claims
to the compound or element treated, the original patent is classified
in Class 423 in the appropriate subclass providing for the compound
or element and cross-referenced to the appropriate process subclass
in Class 23.
(9)
Note. Varying the amount of water of crystallization or hydration
is considered to involve a chemical reaction; merely changing from
one crystalline form to another or from or to a non crystalline
form is not considered to be a chemical reaction.
(10)
Note. The combination of a nominal molding step and a chemical
reaction is properly classified in Class 423. See definition of Class
264 for examples of "nominal" molding steps.
(11)
Note. The combinations of a chemical reaction and magnetic
separation is in Class 423.
(12)
Note. A compound having water of hydration or crystallization
attached thereto is classified with the basic compound unless there
is a specific subclass provided for the hydrated compound. In this
respect, the water (H2O) is treated as a unit
and the hydrogen and oxygen therein of themselves do not cause classification
in the oxygen area (579+) or the hydrogen area (644+).
(13)
Note. A material or substance containing a metal or other
element in a range of absolute values or mole ratios compared to another
metal or other element, (e.g., 1.7-3.5 parts, mole ratio of M to
X in the range of 1.1-3.7, etc.), will be considered proper for
a composition class; if the metal or other element is present in
specifically defined whole integer values, (e.g., 1, 2 or 3 parts,
etc.), it will be considered a compound properly classified in
Class 423. Similarly if atoms or molecules in a chemical formula
are not present as whole small integer values or cannot be multiplied
by a factor to yield integer values, then the substance represented
by the formula will be considered to be a mixture or composition classifiable
in a locus other than Class 423. However, see (1) Note in subclass
328 for exception to general rule stated above.
(14)
Note. A water solution (whether preserved or not) of a Class
423 compound or element is classified in Class 423 unless its use
is claimed or a single use is disclosed, in which case classification
in the use class is indicated.
(15)
Note. When a patent includes (1) a single claim directed
to the formation of 2 or more desired products, or (2) plural, equally comprehensive
claims defining processes or products wherein the individual claims would
be classified in separate classes, the following rules apply: (1)
As between Class 423 and other classes providing for compounds the
patent is placed in Class 423. (2) As between Class 423 and Class
75 the patent is placed in Class 75. (3) As between Class 423 and
classes providing for compositions, the patent is placed in the
composition class.
(16)
Note. Where a process includes a step of recovery of the
energy in a fluid (e.g., expansion in a motor to produce mechanical
or electrical power, use in a heat exchanger for utilization outside
of the process, etc.) the intent of the patentee must be considered
for proper classification. If the intent is to conduct the chemical
reaction, make the product or purify a gas or separate a mixture
as provided for in Class 423 and recovery of the energy in the fluid
is simply for economic reasons the classification is proper for
Class 423. If the intent of the chemical reaction, is to increase
the energy level in the fluid for the purpose of producing the mechanical
or electrical power, then classification in another main class is
indicated. If the power produced is used in the process, e.g.,
pumping, refrigeration, heat exchange, etc. classification in Class
423 in proper.
(17)
Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES
AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION
CLASSES.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
.for products or processes comprising a compound
or a nonmetallic element physically interrelated with another substance
which serves to improve, protect or modify the product, which substance
does not take part in the reaction, which makes the product, but
is added to the reaction or to the product or is made by a separate
and distinct reaction.
Chemistry: Physical Processes, for processes of preparing or treating inorganic
compounds or nonmetallic elements which involve only physical treatments
except for extracting, leaching, or dissolving, per se, and not
specifically provided for in some other class; for processes for
analysis which involve a chemical reaction.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, for processes for making heating and illuminating
gas in general and processes and apparatus for purifying a heating
and illuminating gas; processes involving a chemical reaction for
making or purifying heating or illuminating gas consisting of a
single element or organic compound, per se, are classified in Class
423.
Package Making, appropriate subclasses especially
subclasses 428+ for methods of manufacturing chemical compounds
followed by a subsequent packaging step.
Glass Manufacturing, for a process or apparatus for chemically manufacturing
silicon or silicon dioxide (arbitrarily considered to be glass for
Class 65) combined with significant shaping or heat treating.
Chemistry: Fertilizers, appropriate subclasses for compositions, and processes
of making such compositions, having a nutrient action on plant growth.
See (1) Note in the definition of Class 71 and (13) Note and (15)
Note in the definition of Class 423 for lines between these two
classes.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, the line with the Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical
Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions,
and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, is generally as follows: Class
75 provides for metals and processes for their manufacture. Class
423 provides for chemically modifying metal bearing compositions
to form intermederiary products which comprise inorganic compounds
even if intended for subsequent reduction to free metals. When
it is not clear from the claimed disclosure whether the product
produced is an intermediary of a free metal, it is assumed to be
intermediary. A smelting process is assumed to produce a free metal
unless otherwise stated. Class 75 provides for ore beneficiating
processes which claim a sintering or agglomerating step, even though
the production of a free metal is not claimed, and compounding of
ingredient to make a composition which is in better form for pyrometallurgy,
even though some chemical reaction is involved. Patents including
claims classifiable in Class 423 and equally comprehensive claims
classifiable in Class 75 are classified in Class 75 and cross-referenced
to Class 423. Processes resulting in the production or separation
of undesired metallic material,e.g, impurities, during the manufacture
of Class 423 compounds are classified in Class 423. If the metal
is a desired material, however, the patent is classified in Class
75. See also the note to Class 420, Alloy or Metallic Composition
below. As between Class 75 and Class 423, intermetallic compounds
are in Class 75. Processes resulting in the production or separation
of undesired metallic material, e.g., impurities, during the manufacture
of Class 423 compounds are classified in Class 423. If the metal
is a desired material, however, the patent is classified in Class
75.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of a purely physical nature involving steps
resulting in separation of a gas from a fluid mixture comprising
(a) a gas and solid or liquid particles entrained therein, (b) a
liquid and gas entrained therein, or (c) a plurality of gases. For
patents to be placed in Class 423, a particular chemical must be
claimed and the chemical reaction must be inherent or disclosed.
Broadly reciting the separating material as a "chemical" or
as "gas purifying material" does not exclude the
patent from Class 95. Absorption and adsorption are not considered
chemical reactions in this respect. Processes for separating a
gaseous fluid mixture having therein ammonia (NH3)
or acid anhydrides (e.g., CO2, SO2,
etc.) by contacting the gaseous fluid mixture with water and thus
dissolving these gases out of the gaseous fluid mixture are in Class
95, notwithstanding the fact that a chemical reaction occurs in
the solution and that ammonium hydroxide or the acids are formed.
See also, search class note to Class 95 in Class 423,
subclass 210 .
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses for coating or plastic compositions not
otherwise provided for. For the line between Classes 106 and 423.
In regard to materials and ingredients, e.g., pigments, see the
note to the definition of Class 106 under the heading "Materials
or Ingredients". See also (13) Note and (15) Note in the
definition of Class 423 and (4) Note in
subclass 265 of that class.
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
inorganic or organic.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 2+ for the process of treating a mixture to remove
foreign matter from the surface. The line between this Class 134
and Class 423 is as follows: in Class 423 the intent is to recover
a metal compound from a mixture thereof, while in Class 134, the
intent is merely to clean the mixture, whether or not the removed
foreign matter is later treated to recover valuable by-products.
Metal Treatment, for processes for making case hardened metals and
the corresponding products (e.g., carbided or nitrided metals) in which
a metal is treated so as to form the nitride or carbide of the metal
in more or less as a layer thereon, but which layer varies in composition
towards the inside, the intention being to form case hardened metal,
not to form a definite compound for recovery thereof.
Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses for process of chemically preparing
or recovering inorganic compound with a fiber liberation step, and
especially
subclasses 29+ for processes of regenerating, for purposes of
reusing, a fiber treating liquor, even though a compound or nonmetallic
element for Class 423 is recovered. For the line between this Class
162 and Class 423 in regard to regeneration, the intent of the disclosure must
be considered. If there is an intent to regenerate, reconstitute,
reclaim or recycle the waste or used liquor being treated, whether
or not a Class 423 product is recovered, classification is in Class
162.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate subclasses for a process of carbonizing solid
carbonaceous material, or for calcining coke to produce a coke or
other impure carbon containing material, not otherwise provided for.
A document having claims to both the process of coking and the
additional steps of producing carbon black will be classified in
Class 423 and cross referenced to Class 201.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory, for a process of separating a liquid mixture by
vaporizing and condensing a portion thereof to isolate in the distillate
or in the residue a relatively pure compound which was present as
such in the original mixture, and for a process including a chemical
reaction and a separatory distillation operation when the chemical
reaction merely facilitates the isolation by the distillation process
of a pre-existing substance in the original mixture. Class 423,
Inorganic Chemistry, takes a process of preparing a compound and
isolating it by a separatory distillation process or vaporizing
a mixture and contacting the vaporous mixture with a substance which
purified the mixture and prepares a compound for that class.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for processes of producing an inorganic compound or
nonmetallic element by directly employing electrical or wave energy.
The general line between this Class 423, and Class 204 is as follows:
Class 423 provides for (1) process steps falling within the definition
of Class 204 wherein a simultaneous or subsequent chemical reaction
takes place which modified the product of the Class 204 to produce
a different compound or element, and (2) branching processes wherein
one of the branches comprises a process falling within the definition
of Class 204 and at least one branch falls within the definition
of Class 423. Class 204 takes processes wherein an initial or preparatory
reaction of the type provided for in Class 423 is followed by process
step of the type provided for in Class 204 which modifies the product
of the initial reaction. In processes where a useful by-product
is formed, the patent is classified accordingly.
(1)
Note. If electrolysis takes place in a reagent which immediately
reacts with a product of the electrolysis to yield a Class 423 product,
classification is proper for Class 423.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, for processes of separating
a mixture of compounds by magnetic action. However, processes which
include both a chemical reaction and a magnetic separation are classified
in the appropriate chemical class, e.g., Class 423, etc.
Liquid Purification or Separation, for chemical processes where the main intent is
to purify a liquid, not to purify or recover a compound or nonmetallic
element for Class 423, in regard to treatment of an effluent or
waste liquor, the intent of the disclosure must be considered.
If it be the main intent to purify the effluent liquor for disposal,
classification is in Class 210 even though a product for Class 423
is recovered as an incident to the purification. If the main intent
is to treat the effluent to recover a Class 423 product then classification
in Class 423 is indicated. If the disclosure contains both intentions
and it cannot be determined which is the primary intention, then
classification is in Class 423 with cross reference to Class 210
where necessary.
Compositions, appropriate subclasses, for compositions of matter
not otherwise provided for. See the definitions of Class 252 for
its scope and the notes thereto for classification of other compositions.
See also (13) Note and (15) Note in the definition of Class 423.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses, for claimed chemical processes
in which an organic compound is the end result, even though the
intent is to make an inorganic compound from this organic intermediate.
However, a process which results in several different chemical
compounds, one of which is classifiable in Class 423 and another
is classifiable in Class 260, is classified in Class 423 and cross
referenced into Class 260, except where the compound classifiable
in Class 423 is only incidentally produced by the reaction, such
as, for example, HC1 and is not an objective of the process.
Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems,
and Elements, for appropriate subclasses for changes in the chemical
nature of materials brought about by nuclear reactions; and
subclasses 156+ and 323+ for production of materials,
other than or in addition to the conversion of nuclear fuel, by
means of nuclear reactions.
Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for alloys, intermetallic
compounds or compounds or composition containing a continuous phase
of metal and methods of making them. See the class definition of
Class 420 for the line between Class 420 and Class 75 for processes
fo making alloys.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 1 through 44for processes for disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving,
or sterilizing. Inorganic compounds or nonmetallic elements claimed
with an additive which only serves to preserve the product are in
Class 423. See also the notes in Class 423, subclasses 265+ and
subclasses 45+ for chemical reactors and apparatus for
carrying out chemical physical processes.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a Class 423 product combined
with an additive which is claimed or solely disclosed as having
a Class 424 utility. A Class 423 product having combined therewith
an additive which protects the product, itself against biological
attack is proper for Class 423, see
subclasses 265+ .
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products,
subclasses 160+ , for baking powder compositions, which in some
cases are made to deliberately contain impurities to stabilize the
same and to cause proper reaction rates. In many instances, the
compound is calcium acid pyrophoshate and the impurity is a calcium
or aluminum compound.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for metallic compounds having specific
outer structure, especially
subclasses 379+ for a structurally defined or coated rod, strand,
fiber or particle which may include a metal compound; subclasses
432 and 469+ for a non structural composite web or sheet
including a layer of a metal compound.
Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process,
subclasses 188+ for electrolyte compositions; subclass 247 for
materials used to make a battery separator; and other appropriate
subclasses having compositions combined with structure.
Heating,
subclasses 1+ , for a residual process of heating. The line between
Classes 423 and 432 is generally as follows: Class 423 takes heating
processes which involve a chemical reaction to produce an inorganic
compound or nonmetallic element. Materials identified by, terms
such as "lime", "limestone" and "gypsum",
are considered to be compounds for Class 423, but terms such as "cement" and "clay" are
not. Residual processes which do not include a chemical reaction
or do not result in a compound are in Class 432. The terms "calcining", "burning", "removing
water of hydration", etc. are considered to involve a chemical
reaction.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for processes of making separating or purifying
compounds or elements by operations that include fermentation, and
compositions and apparatus that are specialized for use therein
and processes of making such compositions for such use.
Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for compositions, and processes
of making such compositions, having a stimulating or regulating
action on plant growth. See (13) Note and (15) Note in the definition
of Class 423 for lines between these two classes.
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 100+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting materials, per se, or subclasses 300+ for
processes of producing same.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses for a claimed chemical process
to synthesize a hydrocarbon. When a process produces an inorganic
compound for Class 423 and a hydrocarbon compound for Class 585,
both of which are intended to be recovered, the patent is classified
as an original in Class 423 and cross-referenced to Class 585.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, appropriate subclasses for the process of chemical destruction
of hazardous or toxic waste, other than gas (except chemical warfare
agents), by way of incineration heating or other chemical reactions
when the destruction of the waste is the intended purpose. Class 423
takes all intended production or recovery of marketable products
in the form of inorganic compounds or elements, and
subclasses 210+ provide for the chemical destruction of gaseous hazardous
or toxic waste (except chemical warfare agents). Note that subclasses
245.1+ provide for an organic component.
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
Terms used throughout the schedule and definitions
are to have the meanings ascribed below. In some instances all the
limitations found below may not have been included in the subclass
definitions; all discrepancies should be resolved in favor of the
following definitions.
ABSORPTION
The ability of a substance to retain or concentrate gases, liquids
or dissolved substance (absorbate) within its bodies.
ADSORPTION
The ability of a substance (usually a solid) to retain
or concentrate gases, liquids or dissolved substances (adsorbate)
upon its surface.
ALKALI METALS
The metal elements of the first group of the periodic system,
consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs.
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
The metal elements in Group II A of the periodic system,
consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba.
BINARY COMPOUND
A chemical compound consisting of 2 elements only with
2 or more atoms; e.g., NaC1, FeC13, Fe304,
etc.
CHALCOGEN
Also known as chalcogenide(s), the elements oxygen, sulfur,
selenium, tellurium and polonium.
CATALYST
A substance which either increases or decreases the speed
of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change.
COMPLEX COMPOUND
A chemical combination of two or more compounds or ions;
e.g., 4 KCN and Fe (Cn)2 give the complex compound
K4Fe (Cn)6; 2 HF and Si
F4give the complex acid H2 Si
F6. An electrically charged radical or group
of atoms, e.g., Cu (NH3) 2+,
is a complex ion.
COMPOUND
The elements or compounds comprising a material or produced
from it by analysis.
COMPOUND
A substance whose molecules consist of unlike atoms, whose
constituents cannot be separated by physical means, whose properties
are entirely different from those of its constituent elements and
which contains definite proportions of its constituent elements,
depending on their atomic weights.
FLOTATION
A process for the concentration of selective separation of
components of ores by grinding the ores with a frothing agent, floating
them on water and agitating the mixture with compressed air, causing
the wet gangue (earthy portion of the ore) to settle and permitting
the concentrated ore to be skimmed off.
FLUIDIZED BED
A mass of solid particles maintained in a state of constant
turbulent motion in a gas stream, resulting in a suspension of finely
divided particles in a stream of gas thus increasing the surface
area and therefor surface activity of the particles.
HALOGENS
Also known as halogenides, the nonmetallic elements of the
seventh group of the periodic system and consisting of F, C1, Br,
I, At.
INERT GASES
The noble gases of the zero group of the periodic system,
consisting of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, which have no valency and
combine only with great difficulty, if at all, with other elements.
ION EXCHANGE
A process in which ions are chemically transferred from a
material to a liquid or solid separatory substance or exchanger
which, because of its chemical structure of loosely bound ions,
has an affinity for certain ions and gives up some of its own ions
to the material. The exchange occurs between ions of like charge;
the exchanger substance can usually be regenerated by passing another
material through it to elute the previously sorbed ions and replace
them with the original kind of loosely bound ions. These ion exchange
substances are usually resins or zeolites or chelates.
IRON GROUP METALS
Those metals in the central part of the third period
of the periodic system consisting of Fe, Co and Ni, all of which
form colored salts and 2 or more series of compounds.
LEACHING
The process of extracting or dissolving a soluble component
from a mixture by contacting the mixture with a solvent, resulting
in dissolution or solution of the solubles and leaving an insoluble
material.
(Note. Solution of a substance in a normally solid, molten
material is not considered to be "leaching" as defined
above.)
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
The process of transferring a substance (fluid or solid) from
one liquid phase in which it is dispersed or dissolved to a second
liquid phase which is immiscible with the first liquid.
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
The electronegative elements on the right of the periodic system,
which generally exist in several stages of oxidation and whose oxides
form acids. See main class definition for list of nonmetals for
this class.
ORGANIC COMPOUND
A compound as defined in the definition of Class 260, Chemistry
of Carbon Compounds as qualified by (34) Note.
PLATINUM METALS
A group of noble metals that occur together in nature and
form 2 groups in the periodic system, i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and
Pt.
PROMOTER
A substance which stimulates or aids the effect of a
catalyst.
RADIOACTIVE
Able to give off rays by spontaneous disintegration.
The radioactive elements are usually those having an atomic number
of 84 or greater and the phenomenon of radioactivity is not affected
by chemical or physical influences.
RARE EARTHS
The oxides of the rare earth metals consisting of the
elements having atomic numbers 21, 39, 57-71, inclusive.
RECOVERY
The extraction or removal of a valuable constituent from a
raw material, by-product or waste product.
REFRACTORY METALS
Those metals in Group IV B, V B and VIB of the periodic
system, consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W, some
of which are used in making bricks or cement which resist heat and
are slow to soften.
TERNARY COMPOUND
A chemical compound consisting of 3 elements only, such
as NaOH, H2SO4, KCN, etc.
VOLATIZING
Converting a normally solid or liquid material into a
gas or vapor state; mere volatization of water or a solvent is excluded
under this definition.
TREATING MIXTURE TO OBTAIN METAL CONTAINING COMPOUND
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes wherein a mixture is chemically treated to obtain
or recover a compound of a metal contained in the original mixture
as an element, a compound or a precursor transmutable to the metal.
(1)
Note. The chemical reaction need not involve the desired
metal, it may be with another constituent of the mixture for easier
separation of the desired compound.
(2)
Note. The following are assumed to be mixtures unless otherwise
specifically disclosed or stated: the slightly impure compound,
ores, metalliferous materials, minerals, alloys, amalgams, scrap
metal, clay, metals coated, plated or jacketed on other metals,
or on other material, spent or waste liquors (regenerating, purifying or
recovering from) limestone, flue dust, gypsum.
(3)
Note. It must be the inventor"s intent that a metal
in compound form be obtained, but it is not necessary that this compound
be separated from the mixture. For example, the process of changing
Fe2O3in ore to Fe3O4by
magnetic roasting in order to obtain a better form for smelting
is properly classified in this group of subclasses (151+).
Further the initial or starting material must be considered in
order to determine whether or not the claimed process is for isolating
a metallic compound from a mixture. Where two compounds are first
mixed together, as disclosed, and subsequent to a chemical reaction,
a separation is made, classification of such a process is not in
this group of subclasses even though the initial step of mixing
is not claimed; such a patent may be classified in other areas of
this class on other features. Also, where a mixture results from
an intermediate step in a process for making a product and the mixture
is separated, that is not considered as treating a mixture to obtain
metal compounds for this group of subclasses.
(4)
Note. Changing the form of a compound to render it less effective
as an impurity or to make it nondetrimental is not considered to
be recovery under this definition. Further, converting part of
a mixture which is considered an impurity to the desired part is
not considered to be recovery under this definition. For example
converting the Na2CO3in
a mixture with Na2S to Na2S,
therefore resulting in all Ma2S, is not recovery.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses, for a process of (1) purifying
mixtures and obtaining the free metal, (2) making agglomerates for
metallurgical purposes, (3) smelting (which is assumed to result
in the free metal unless otherwise specifically disclosed), (4)
cementation of one metal on another, (5) deposition of a metal on
another material (6) making an impure metal but in the elemental form.
As between Classes 423 and 75, the claimed process which goes to
the metallic compound indicates classification in Class 423, whether
the purpose is to commercially use the compound or to later dissociate
the compound to obtain the free metal, while the additional claimed
step of yielding the free metal brings the claim to Class 75; in
the situation where some of the claims recite the metal and others
recite the metallic compound, the most comprehensive or combination
claim controls (free metal) and the document is classified in Class
75; similarly if the intent is to obtain both the metal and the
compound and both processes are claimed the patent goes to Class
75, as an original. If a metal which is definitely only an impurity
is removed as an element and the desired metal is in compound form,
classification of the original is in Class 423.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclasses 2+ , for a process of removing foreign matter from
a metallic substance, where the intent is merely for cleaning purposes,
not to recover a metal containing compound.
Alloy or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for alloys, intermetallic
compounds or composition containing a continuous phase of metal
and methods of making them.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the compound comprises a metal which
exhibits spontaneous nuclear disintegration with emission of radioactive
particles, either as (1) the naturally unstable metal which has
an atomic number of at least 84, or (2) a metal which has been treated
to render an isotope thereof radioactive; see Glossary.
(1)
Note. Compounds of the trans-actinide elements, i.e., those
having atomic numbers greater than 103 will be found in this group
of subclasses.
(2)
Note. Patents wherein the claims are directed to making an
element radioactive or to forming a different isotope of a radioactive
element are classified in Class 376, Induced Nuclear Reactions:
Processes, Systems, and Elements, subclasses 156+ even
when the element is in compound form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes in which the radio-active compound comprises a
metal of the actinide series, i.e., one having an atomic number
of 89 or greater.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for processes in general of obtaining pure metal values
in a metallurgical process and particularly
subclass 84.1 for pyrometallurgical processes for obtaining actinide
and trans-actinide series metals. Production of the metal, e.g.,
uranium, plutonium, etc., compounds or concentrates as products
even if disclosed for metallurgical purposes are classified in this
and indented subclasses.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclasses for electrical or wave energy
preparation, separation, or recovery of actinide series products.
Also see the References to Other Classes section of the Class 204
definition for the general class line between Class 204 and Class
423.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 43+ for electrolytic processes involving an actinide
series element or compound, including preparation, separation, or
recovery of actinide series products.
Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems,
and Elements, for processes of producing a reaction product by an impact
or bombardment of a nucleus and in
subclasses 189 , 195, 198, and 201 for such processes followed
by product treatment for recovery or separation.
Alloys or Metallic Compositions,
subclasses 1+ for alloys, metallic compositions or intermetallic
compounds containing an actinide or transactinide series metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes in which the actinide metal comprises a nuclear
fuel element and is obtained by treating the fuel element to remove
the covering or casing material therefrom.
Organic Compounds, for organic actinide compounds and methods of making the
same, in particular
subclasses 11+ for carbocyclic or acyclic actinide compounds.
See also main class definition of Class 260.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes which include (1) attracting and retaining a component
of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance or (2) using
a substance which has an affinity for and retains a selected component
or portion of the mixture being treated; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes which include the step of selectively dissolving
a compound in one of two contacting immiscible liquids for separation;
see Glossary.
54, 63, 70, 112, 139, 157, and 181, for processes
of treating mixtures including a desired metal to form a compound
of the metal, in which the step of liquid-liquid extraction if utilized.
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Processes in which one of the immiscible liquids is an organic
solvent containing nitrogen, e.g., amines, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Processes in which another substance is caused to become
insoluble and acts to carry out ions of the actinide series metal
while coming out of solution.
(1)
Note. In some instances, the carrier compound acts to sorb
the additional ions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Processes in which a compound formed contains the ammonium
(NH4+) radical or another metal in
addition to an actinide series metal.
(1)
Note. In this subclass will be found, for example, double
salts of uranium compounds, i.e., those containing at least two cations
and which crystallize as a single substance but ionize as two substances, and
compounds of uranic acid (U2O72-).
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Processes which include making a separation by using a carbonate
as an active ingredient to leach, wash, or dissolve; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Processes which include making a separation by using an
acid as an active ingredient to leach, wash, or dissolve; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes including the step of causing a normally liquid
or solid substance in element or compound form to be changed into
a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
(1)
Note. Mere volatization of water or a solvent to concentrate
a solution is not included under this definition; classification
of such a process is based on other features.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes which include making a separation by using an
acid as an active ingredient to leach, wash, or dissolve; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the compound comprises one of the metals
known as the "rare earth metals" and which has
an atomic number of 21, 39, or 57-71, inclusive.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415for the treatment of hazardous or toxic waste containing
rare earth metals (atomic numbers 21, 39, or 57-71).
This subclass is indented under subclass 21.1. Processes which include the step of (a) attracting and retaining
a compound of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (b) selectively dissolving a compound in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes in which the compound comprises one of the metals
known as the platinum group metals, i.e., ruthenium rhodium, palladium, osmium,
iridium or platinum.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 407+ , 412 and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing platinum group elements (ruthenium,
rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 100 , 117 and 118, for hydrometallurgical processes wherein
the metal values recovered consist of copper, silver or gold in
elemental form.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste being volatilized or containing Cu,
Ag, or Au.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Processes, which include the step of (1) attracting and
retaining a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange
substance or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two
immiscible liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Processes which include the step of attracting or retaining
a component or portion of the mixture by means of magnetic lines
of force or by selective adherence to the surface of a solid; see
Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Processes which include the step of floating or causing
concentrated metal values of the mixture to rise to the top and
to be skimmed off while the earthy portions of the ore are permitted
to settle; see Glossary.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 101+ , for a process of obtaining a pure elemental metal
and including the step of leaching with a chemical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Processes which specify a particular particle size or range
for the starting mixture, the intermediate or the final product.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclass 105 for the process of obtaining a pure elemental metal and
which includes the step of leaching with a cyanide compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Processes in which a pressure above atmospheric is employed
while the leaching is being effected.
(1)
Note. Included under this definition is the use of gas under
pressure contacting the mixture either above the surface thereof
or as a submerged blast.
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Processes, wherein the reaction mixture is subjected to
stirring, vibration or mixing while being leached.
(1)
Note. The agitation of the mixture may be effected by any
means, e.g., fluid, mechanical or sonic, etc.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclass 103 , for a process of obtaining a pure elemental metal and
which includes the step of leaching with ammonia or an ammonium compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein, and comes out of solution
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Included under this definition of insolubilization
is that wherein a substance crystallizes out of solution due to temperature
or concentration change.
(2)
Note. The compounds formed by the titles specifically set
out in the indented subclasses need not be those which come out
of the solution; they may remain soluble while others formed by
the process precipitate out.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 101+ for a process of obtaining a pure elemental metal,
which includes the step of chemical leaching and which may involve
precipitating a substance or causing it to come out of solution;
and subclasses 106+ for a process of obtaining a pure elemental
element by causing it or a compound thereof to come out of solution
and which involves leaching with a cyanide compound.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 110 and 115+ for a process of obtaining a
pure elemental metal and which involves the formation of a sulfate
compound.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 111+ for a process of forming a pure elemental metal
which includes the step of chloridizing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Processes in which a specific temperature or a range of
temperatures is recited during at least part of the process either
for the mixture or for a substance involved in the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Processes in which the halogen in the compound formed is
chlorine and is provided by using as a reactant either chlorine
gas or chlorinated water.
for a process of forming a similar metal compound
which includes the step of forming a sulfate as well as the steps
of leaching or dissolution and causing a substance to become insoluble
in, or precipitate out of a liquid or slurry.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 110 and 115+ for a process of obtaining a
pure elemental metal which includes the step of sulfating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and other materials which remain
soluble in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 108+ for a process of obtaining a pure elemental metal
and which includes step of precipitation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Processes including the step of causing copper, silver or
gold in either the elemental or compound form to pass into the form
of a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 111+ for a process of obtaining a pure elemental metal
which may include a step of volatizing a substance.
for a process in which a similar sulfate compound
is formed, but in which also a substance is caused to come out of
solution in a liquid or slurry and in which leaching is effected.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 110 and 115+ for a process of obtaining a
pure elemental metal and which involves the formation of a sulfate
compound.
for a process of obtaining a similar metal compound
in which a halogen containing compound is formed and in which the
step of leaching or dissolution is included.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidatedr Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 110 and 111+ for a process of obtaining a
pure elemental metal and which involves the formation of a chlorine
containing compound.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclass for a process of removing at least a portion
of the sulfur or of the arsenic from an ore for the purpose of concentrating
the metal values of the ores.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes wherein the compound comprises manganese, technetium
or rhenium.
(1)
Note. Technetium does not occur naturally; it is a fission
product of uranium. Compounds of technetium are known, however,
e.g., Tc2°7, NH4Tc°4,
etc.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Mn, Tc, or Re.
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble substance can be separated from
the liquid and the materials which remain soluble in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste being volatilized or containing Cr,
Mo, or W.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Processes including the step of chemically forming a compound
which contains the ammonium (NH4+)
or nitrate (NO3-) radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes including the step of causing a normally solid
or liquid substance in either elemental or compound form to be changed
into a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
for process of forming a plural metal containing
compound containing a Group VIB metal from a mixture, which process
also includes forming an insoluble substance in a liquid.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing V, Nb, or Ta.
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance,
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Processes wherein the compound is separated from liquids
which are organic compounds, i.e., those nonpolar compounds consisting
of carbon and hydrogen with or without other elements (except for
those compounds in which carbon plays an unimportant part, as carbonates)
e.g., petroleum oils, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Processes including the step of chemically forming a compound
which contains the ammonium (NH4+)
radical or the sulfate (SO42-)
radical.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, especially
subclasses 84+ for a process in which Ti, Zr, or Hf is reduced
to metallic state from a compound thereof after a treatment to separate
such compounds from mixtures.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance,
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes in which the mixture contains at least two members
from the group comprising Ti, Zr, and Hf, and in which one of these
members is recovered separately from any other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes in which solids are suspended in upward flowing
gas or vapor, the upward force of the fluid on the solids being
countered by gravity, resulting in the formation of a zone in which
the particles are compacted into a dense phase; see Glossary.
(1)
Note. The particles are in a state of hindered settling and
the dense bed resembles a boiling liquid and above this dense bed
some solids may be suspended in a dilute or dispersed phase.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of causing a normally solid
or liquid substance in either elemental or compound form to be changed
into a gas or vapor; see Glossary.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 28+ for a process which includes a chemical reaction
solely for the purpose of facilitating the isolation by distillation
of a component of the original mixture. A process which includes
vaporizing an impure mixture and then chemically treating the impure
vapor to recover or separate therefrom a desired metal compound is
classified in Class 423; see also reference to Class 203 in section
III, Line and Search Notes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Processes in which the vapor stream is treated to remove
undesired materials, the Group IVB metal values remaining in vapor
form during the separation.
and 76, for a process in which either the undesirable
material or the Ti, Zr, or Hf is volatilized, there being no separation
of one from the other in the vapor stream.
This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Processes in which volatilization takes place using solids
which have been given a claimed physical shape; e.g., briquettes,
pellets, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Processes in which the vaporization of the Ti, Zr, or Hf
is effected during contact of a solid feed material with gaseous
chlorine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes in which a chemical reaction is performed upon
the mixture to enable two solid components of the mixture, usually
of different compositions, to be more readily separated from each
other by nonchemical methods and while the components are still
in a solid-state.
(1)
Note. Examples of solid-solid separation are: magnetic,
gravity, centrifugal, etc. Solution (leaching) of one of the solids
is not considered to be solid-solid separation for this subclass.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for methods and apparatus for solid-solid separation, per
se, especially
subclasses 3+ for treatments, preliminary to a solid-solid separation,
which do not involve a chemical reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of reacting or contacting
the mixture with a compound which contains nitrogen, e.g., nitric
acid, ammonia, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of reacting or contacting
the mixture with an acid which contains sulfur or a halogen, e.g.,
H2S, H2SO4, HC1,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Processes which include the formation of iron in elemental
form or of an insoluble iron containing compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of reacting or contacting
the mixture with a compound which contains an alkali metal or an
alkaline earth metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes in which a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance containing a Group IVB metal and which substance is
insoluble in, and comes out of solution from, the liquid or slurry, or
the composition of the liquid is changed so that the part of the
mixture containing the Group IVB metal becomes insoluble therein, so
the insoluble substance can be separated from the liquid and the
materials which remain soluble in the liquid or slurry.
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes which include the step of dissolving or leaching
iron and thereby separating it from part of the original mixture;
see Glossary.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Sb, Bi, or As.
This subclass is indented under subclass 87. Processes which include the step of causing a normally solid
or liquid substance in either elemental or compound form to be changed
into a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Ge, Sn, or Pb
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Processes in which the compound comprises tin and is obtained
by treating an article or waste material of a mixture of metals
which includes tin (e.g., terne plate, tin plate, cans, etc.).
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclasses 2+ for a process of treating articles or material
for the purpose of cleaning or removing foreign matter therefrom,
not to remove or strip a metal coating to recover the metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90. Processes in which the article or waste material is treated
with a halogen which is either in the free state or combined with
hydrogen as a halogen containing acid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Processes in which a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble in and comes out of solution, or
wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain
soluble in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes in which a chemical reaction takes place while
the pressure on the mixture is higher than atmospheric or while
the mixture is agitated or vibrated.
(1)
Note. Agitation or vibration can be effected by any means,
e.g., mechanical, sonic, fluid, etc. Pressure increase can be effected
by any means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a liquid or slurry
mixture, pumping of the liquid or slurry mixture, increase in pressure
of the gas space above a liquid surface, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes which include the step of chemically forming a
compound which contains the nitrate (NO3-)
radical or the sulfate (SO42-)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Processes including the step of causing germanium or tin
in elemental or compound form to be changed into a gas or vapor;
see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Processes including the step of causing lead in elemental
or compound form to be changed into a gas or vapor; see Glossary.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 407 , 412 and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Zn, Cd, or Hg.
This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (2) attracting and separating a component of the mixture from
another component by means of magnetic lines of force; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Processes wherein a liquid or a slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Processes including the step of causing zinc, cadmium or
mercury in elemental or compound form to be changed into a gas or
a vapor; see Glossary.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing, Al, Ga, In, Tl, or Be.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes wherein a separation is made by attracting and
separating a component of the mixture from another component by
means of magnetic lines of force; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes including the step of chemically forming a compound
which contains the ammonium radical and a metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Processes wherein the compound is an aluminosilicate, other
than a zeolite, containing silicon, oxygen, aluminum, and another
metal; e.g., sodium aluminosilicate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Processes wherein the compound is an alkali metal aluminate,
e.g., sodium aluminate (Na2Al204 or
Na Al O2).
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Processes wherein the mixture or source material includes
the mineral alunite, which is naturally occurring K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 4Al(OH)3 or KAl3(OH) 6(SO4)3.
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Processes wherein the mixture or source material is the
mineral bauxite, which is naturally occurring Al2O(OH)4.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Processes wherein a chemical reaction takes place while
the pressure on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric;
or while steam or water vapor is brought into contact with the mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase, or decrease can be effected by any
means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a slurry or liquid, pumping
of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease in pressure of the gas
space above a liquid surface, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes in which the mixture contains an impurity which
meets the definitions of an organic compound and the process includes
a step of (1) removing the impurity from the mixture or (2) doing
away with or breaking up completely the impurity.
(1)
Note. The organic impurity may be done away with or broken
up completely by any means, as for example, chemical or flame oxidation,
or combustion, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Processes including the step of causing a normally solid
or liquid substance in either element or compound form to be changed
into a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes wherein the compound comprises one of the three
metals in Period 4, Group VIII of the periodic system, i.e., iron,
cobalt or nickel, commonly known as the iron group metals; see Glossary.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 407 , 412 and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Fe, Co, and Ni.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance,
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes wherein a liquid or a slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Processes wherein a chemical reaction takes place while
the pressure on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric;
or while steam or water vapor is brought into contact with mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase or decrease can be effected by any
means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a slurry or liquid, pumping
of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease in pressure of the gas
space above a liquid surface, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Processes wherein a nitrogen containing compound is formed,
reacted, or placed in contact with the mixture during part of the
process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Processes including the step of chemically forming a hydroxide,
or a hydrate, or a compound having the carbonate (CO32-)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes including the step of chemically forming a hydroxide,
or a hydrate or a compound containing a halogen element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes in which solids are suspended in upward flowing
gas or vapor, the upward force of the fluid on the solids is countered
by gravity resulting in the formation of a zone in which the particles
are compacted into a dense phase; see Glossary.
(1)
Note. The particles are in a state of hindered settling and
the dense bed resembles a boiling liquid and above this dense bed
some solids may be suspended in a dilute or dispersed phase.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes including the step of causing any of the iron
group metals either as an element or a compound to be changed into
a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes which include removing or bringing into solution
matter by leaching, washing, or dissolving out a portion of the
mixture - see glossary.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making,
subclasses 22+ for processes of treating in a liquid phase to
regenerate or rehabilitate a catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150.1. Processes which include treatment of iron containing product
stream that is a by-product or discarded product of another process
(e.g., products of pickle liquor).
This subclass is indented under subclass 150.1. Processes in which the mixture is a matte or nodule containing
material (i.e., in form of roasted or smelted ore) or relatively
small lumps of mineral.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150.4. Processes which include a step of injecting matter that
is gaseous at ambient temperature into the mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150.1. Process which include a step of removing a component from
the mixture by electric current or magnetomotive force.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses for processes of separating
a mixture by magnetic action without a chemical reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes including the step of changing a metal from a
nonmagnetic to a magnetic form.
(1)
Note. Although many patents in this subclass are drawn to "magnetic
roasting", i.e., roasting of Fe2°3 to
form magnetic Fe3°4 (FeO.
Fe2°3) other
forms of conversion from nonmagnetic to magnetic forms may also
be found.
(2)
Note. Magnetic separation may also be included in the processes
classified in this subclass.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 38 through 40and 212-232, for processes and apparatus for magnetic
separating of materials, including ores, where no chemical change
takes place.
This subclass is indented under subclass 151. Processes wherein the temperature or range thereof at which
the conversion is made is recited specifically.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes wherein the temperature or range thereof at which
the sulfur removal takes place is specifically recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes wherein the compound comprises one of the metals
belonging to the group known as the alkaline earth metals, i.e.,
magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium, or the Group 11A metals
of the periodic system except for beryllium and radium.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes which include the step of attracting a component
or portion of the mixture by means of magnetic lines of force to
effect a separation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separation; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes wherein the initial mixture is a naturally formed
aggregate material of earth in the form of rock or ore containing
phosphate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.3. Processes in which the treatment includes the step of chemically
forming a compound containing the sulfate, (SO4)-2,
radical.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are treatments with materials
such as sulfuric acid and (SO4)-2 salts.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Cystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 158. Processes wherein a chemical reaction takes place while
the pressure on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric;
or while steam or water vapor is brought into contact with the mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase or decrease can be effected by any
means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a liquid or a slurry,
pumping of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease on pressure
of the gas space above a liquid surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 158. Processes in which a specific particle size is either employed
or formed.
(1)
Note. The particle size may be specified in any way, e.g.,
mesh size, dimension, etc., and may be formed or employed in any
process step prior, during or subsequent, to a chemical reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 158. Processes including the step of chemically forming a compound
which contains the nitrate (NO3-)
radical or the ammonium (NH4+)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes wherein the mixture treated has asbestos, a native
magnesium calcium silicate (e.g., chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite).
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 411 for the chemical destruction of asbestos, and subclass
154 for the permanent containment of asbestos.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes wherein the original mixture includes magnesium
and calcium and wherein each is separated from the other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Processes wherein at least some of the water of hydration
is removed from gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O)
by applying heat.
(1)
Note. Usually gypsum or calcium sulfate dehydrate (Ca SO4.2H2O)
is calcined to obtain plaster of Paris or calcium sulfate hemihydrate
(CaSO4.1/2H2O).
This subclass is indented under subclass 171. Processes in which the heat for removing the water of hydration
is supplied by steam or water vapor, or the particular heating temperature,
or range thereof, is specified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes wherein the original mixture contains the carbonate
of an alkaline earth metal.
(1)
Note. Limestone, magnetite, oyster shells, etc., are assumed
to be impure since they are naturally occurring carbonates. Patents
which claim treating calcium carbonate which is disclosed as being
limestone, for example, are classified here. Processes for treating
dolomite or oyster shells are classified here when no separation
of the calcium and magnesium from each other is made.
for treating impure carbonates, such as dolomite,
to separate magnesium and calcium from each other, and subclass
167, for treating phosphate rock which contains some calcium carbonate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Processes wherein the mixture is subjected to a pressure
below atmospheric or the heat is supplied by steam or water vapor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Processes including the step of agitating or vibrating the
mixture while it is being heated or in which a particular heating
temperature or range thereof is specified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes wherein the compound comprises one of the metals
belonging to the group known as the alkali metals, i.e., lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium or cesium or the metals of Group 1A of the periodic
system except for francium.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste being volatilized and containing Li,
Na, K, Rb, and Cs.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes which include the step of (1) attracting and retaining
a component of the mixture by contact with an ion exchange substance
or (2) selectively dissolving a component in one of two immiscible
liquids to effect a separations; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes in which the alkali metal is contained in a solution
used in a process, and has become ineffective to properly function
in such a process because of dilution, impurities or other reason,
and the solution is then regenerated or rehabilitated to approximately
its original state or condition.
(1)
Note. The purpose of the processes classified here is merely
regeneration. A process for another purpose which includes the subcombination
of regenerating a solution is classified with the more comprehensive
process. The solutions treated here are generally those used to
react with an organic substance such as wood pulp and petroleum.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes wherein a liquid or slurry is treated to form
a substance which is insoluble therein and comes out of solution,
or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed so that one part
of the mixture becomes insoluble therein, so the insoluble substance
can be separated from the liquid and the materials which remain soluble
in the liquid.
(1)
Note. Crystallization of a substance is included under this
definition of insolubilization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes including the step of (1) chemically forming a
compound having fluorine therein, (2) using fluorine in any form
as a reactant or (3) treating the mixture to remove fluorine therefrom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 186. Processes wherein a compound containing nitrogen is formed,
is reacted or is in contact with the mixture during at least part
of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 186. Processes wherein a reaction takes place while the pressure
on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric, or wherein
steam or water vapor is brought into contact with the mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase or decrease can be effected by any
means; e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a liquid or a slurry,
pumping of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease in pressure
of the gas space above a liquid surface, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes wherein a compound containing nitrogen is formed,
is reacted, or is in contact with the mixture during at least part
of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes wherein a reaction takes place while the pressure
on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric; or wherein
steam or water vapor is brought in contact with the mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase or decrease can be be effected by
any means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a liquid or a slurry,
pumping of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease in pressure
of the gas space above a liquid surface, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes including the step of causing an alkali metal
in either the element or compound form to pass into a vapor; see
Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes wherein the mixture is agitated or vibrated while
being heated or while a reaction is occurring.
(1)
Note. Agitation or vibration may be effected by any means,
e.g., fluid, mechanical or sonic, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes including the step of using a compound which yields
hydrogen (H+) ions in solution and
gives a pH of below 7, such as an acid or acid salt, e.g., NaHSO4,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes wherein the reaction or heating takes place while
the pressure on the mixture is either higher or lower than atmospheric,
or wherein steam or water vapor is brought in contact with the mixture.
(1)
Note. Pressure increase or decrease can be effected by any
means, e.g., submerged blast of a gas into a liquid or slurry, pumping
of the liquid or slurry, increase or decrease in pressure of the gas
space above a liquid surface, etc.
for a process which includes a step of regenerating
or rehabilitating a solution, usually containing an organic impurity
to obtain or recover alkali metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Processes including the step of dissolving out part of a
solid, or chemically forming a substance while is soluble in water;
see Glossary for leaching.
This subclass is indented under subclass 206.1. Processes wherein the original mixture contains trona; i.e.,
an ore characterized by containing sodium carbonate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes including the step of dissolving out a portion
of a solid with water as a solvent, or forming a substance which
is soluble in water; see Glossary for leaching.
MODIFYING OR REMOVING COMPONENT OF NORMALLY GASEOUS MIXTURE
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which an initial gaseous or vaporous mixture
is treated so as to remove therefrom or change to a different chemical form
at least one of the components therein, resulting in a heterogeneous
composition.
(1)
Note. As between coordinate subclasses distinguished by specified
chemical components, the original placement of a patent is in the
first appearing subclass providing for a component which has been
chemically modified.
(2)
Note. A chemical reaction must be involved in the process.
(3)
Note. Wherever the recovery of a definite chemical compound
or element as a product is claimed, original classification of the
patent is in the subclass following subclass 215.5 which provides for
the compound or element. However, where the claim does not include
the step of separating the modified component, the patent is classified
here (subclasses 210+) even though disclosed intent is
to ultimately effect separation of the component.
(4)
Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous; it may contain
entrained solids or liquids. It must however be handled and distributed
as a gas and must be in this form at the onset of the treatment.
for rendering an impurity ineffective in a process
in which either the starting mixture is not gaseous, or if gaseous,
the intent is to make a compound; see preceding notes.
Gas Separation: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes of purifying a gaseous
mixture or separating a constituent therefrom where no chemical
reaction is involved in the separation or purification, per se.
In this respect sorption on a solid (e.g., silica gel, charcoal
etc.) or in water even of gases such as NH3,SO3,
etc. which may form alkalis or acids with the water is considered
to be a nonchemical separation proper for Class 95. However, adsorption
on a basic or acidic solid, or absorption in acid or a base is considered
to be a chemical reaction and proper for Class 423,
subclasses 210+ , unless the acid or base is the solvent for itself,
i.e., hydrochloric acid for gaseous hydrogen chloride, sulfuric
acid for sulfur trioxide, etc.
Combustion, for processes of burning exhaust gases where the intent
is to use the gas as a fuel primarily and not to separate or purify
the gas. Note
subclass 224 in Class 423 where combustion is used to purify
or separate a gas.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 401 for the chemical destruction of chemical warfare
agents, which may be gaseous. This class, 423, provides for the treatment
or chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic gasses in general.
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes in which the treatment includes the direct contact
between the gaseous mixture and a material in the molten state.
(1)
Note. Molten material for this defines only those substance,
which are solid at ambient conditions but have been rendered liquid
by a change in conditions.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 168+ for apparatus for purifying exhaust gases from an
internal combustion engine in which apparatus a catalyst is employed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Processes, in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture is in the solid-state and comprises a transition element,
or compound thereof, and which functions to (1) modify a component,
or (2) attract and retain a component, or (3) react with and chemically
change a component.
(1)
Note. The transition elements are those having atomic numbers
of 21 through 30, 39 through 48, 57 through 80, 89 through 103.
This subclass is indented under subclass 213.2. Processes in which there are at least two serial treatments
of the gaseous mixture, each treatment modifying or removing a component
different than that affected by the other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes in which the component removed is in the solid-state
in the gaseous mixture.
(1)
Note. The solid component is usually particulate in form
and may be foreign matter (e.g., dust), or a chemical element or
compound.
(2)
Note. The usual method of removing a solid component from
a gas stream is by physical means, e.g., filtering, washing, deflecting,
electrostatic precipitating, etc. However, a chemical reaction
is required with the solid component for placement of a patent in
this Class 423; see search note following for separating a gaseous
mixture by physical means only.
Gas Separation: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for separating a gas mixture
by mere physical means, e.g., filtering, deflecting, electrostatic
precipitating, washing with liquid, etc. where no chemical reaction
is involved.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating carbon dioxide (CO2)
or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from a gaseous fluid
mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture comprises a thionate or thiosulfate compound (S2O32-).
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture comprises sulfur dioxide or a solution thereof or a sulfite
(SO32-) or bisulfite (HSO3-)
compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture comprises arsenic, phosphorus or boron or compounds thereof.
(1)
Note. Catalysts containing arsenic, boron or phosphorus are
not included under this definition of reactant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the component is removed or changed by
causing (1) it to combine with oxygen, or to produce a flame, or
(2) the augmentation of the valence number of an ion or atom thereof
as the result of the loss of negative charges as electrons thereby
making it more electropositive.
(1)
Note. Excluded from this subclass is a process in which a
sorbent containing the removed constituent is revivified or regenerated
by treating with an oxidizing gas. For such a step, see subclasses
221, 222, or 233.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture comprises solid particles of an oxide or hydroxide of a
metal dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the material used to treat the gaseous
mixture comprises an organic compound, at least in part.
(1)
Note. An organic compound under this definition is as defined
in the definition of Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, as
qualified by (34) Note therein.
(2)
Note. The organic part may be present as the organic radical
part of a compound or as the organic portion of a mixture of organic
and inorganic materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes wherein the compound has an aromatic nucleus in
which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a hydroxyl
group.
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes wherein the organic compound is one derived from
ammonia by substituting an organic radical for at least one of the
hydrogens.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the treating material is in the solid-state
and functions to (1) modify a component, (2) attract and retain
the component, or (3) react with and chemically change the constituent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the treating material comprises a carbonate
(CO32-) or bicarbonate (HCO3-)
compound in solution.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Processes in which the material is revivified after being
used by being contacted with a gas to cause the constituent to be
separated or removed therefrom so that the material may again be
used to treat the gaseous mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Processes in which the gaseous mixture in contacted with
a treating material comprising the hydroxide of a metal or of ammonium,
is solution.
for processes of separating ammonia from a gas mixture
which also includes a carbon containing nitrogen compound (e.g.,
a mixture of ammonia and hydrogen cyanide).
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating ammonia from a gaseous fluid
mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
through 282, 286-288, 305-315, 352-363, 396, 420, 470, 471, 517,
545-550, and 593.1-594.16, for processes of preparing an ammonium
compound from a gas where it is clear that the main intent is to
use the gas as the feedstock source of the ammonia and not to purify
the gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 235. Process in which the treating material is a solid and functions
to (a) modify a component, (b) attract and retain a component, or
(c) react with and chemically change a component.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating nitrogen (N2)
or nitrogen containing compounds from a gaseous fluid mixture by
physical means only; particularly,
subclasses 90+ for solid sorption, per se.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating a halogen from a gaseous fluid
mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Processes in which the component is free or molecular halogen.
(1)
Note. The constituent must be initially present in the gaseous
mixture in the free or molecular form may be removed as such, or
may be combined prior to removal or discharge.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating sulfur (S) or a compound thereof
from a gaseous fluid mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.1. Process wherein the sulfur or sulfur containing component
is removed or changed by treatment with a reactant, a portion of
which is an organic compound radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.2. Process wherein the organic portion is an alcohol, an aryl
radical, or an organic radical having one or a plurality of hydroxyl
groupings (i.e., (OH)-1).
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.2. Process wherein the organic portion is a radical from a
sweet carbohydrate, having a general formula of CNH2NON or
CNH2N-2ON-1 (e.g.,
sucrose).
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.2. Process wherein the reactant contains an organic ring portion
having a dissimilar atom (e.g., S or N) in the ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.2. Process wherein the nitrogen containing reactant is an
amine (i.e., NR3 grouping wherein at least
one of the R groups is an organic radical).
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.1. Process wherein the sulfur or sulfur containing component
is removed or changed by treatment with a reactant dissolved in
or contained in water (e.g., solution or slurry).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.01. Process wherein a reactant is added that is in a gaseous
state at ambient condition (e.g., NH3, Cl2).
(1)
Note. Excluded from this subclass are those liquid reactants
that have been formed by dissolved gases such as NH4OH
that have no specifically recited undissolved gaseous component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.02. Process wherein the gaseous reactant includes elemental
oxygen.
(1)
Note. Elemental oxygen includes oxygen combined only with
itself, such as free oxygen (O2) and ozone
(O3), but does not include oxygen chemically combined
with any other elements or compounds such as carbon monoxide (CO).
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.01. Process wherein the treatment takes place by immediate
reaction with a product of an ionic separation process, (i.e.,
dialysis, either by separation using a semipermeable membrane or
by electrolysis).
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 600+ for processes of ion separation where a reagent
does not immediately react with a product of the separation wherein
the intent is to purify a liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.01. Process wherein the treatment includes addition of a reactive
component whose function is specified to restrain or stop corroding
or scaling of processing equipment.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 7+ for processes of maintaining an environment non-destructive
to metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.08. Process wherein the reactant also contains a dissociated
ionic reactant other than the alkali or the alkaline earth compound
reactant.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are dissociated ionic components
that take part in a reaction that removes or changes the sulfur
containing component.
for processes of using additives which do not take
part in the reaction, but which serve to improve, protect, or modify
a product produced by a separate and distinct reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.01. Process wherein the reactant, after removing or changing
the sulfur or sulfur containing component from the gaseous mixture, is
subjected to a further reactive treatment wherein sulfur or a sulfur
containing component is removed from the reactant.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains processes for removing or recovering
a sulfur or sulfur containing component.
Gas Separation: Processes,
subclasses 149+ , for gas separation processes including liquid
contacting to remove sulfur or a compound thereof and regenerating
of the liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242.1. Process wherein the sulfur or sulfur containing component
is removed or changed by treatment with a reactant or catalyst that
is in a solid-state.
This subclass is indented under subclass 244.02. Process wherein the support is composed of a material containing
a compound of aluminum, oxygen, and silicon.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making, appropriate subclasses for zeolites specifically
structured to catalyze a component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Process wherein the component is an organic compound, at
least in part.
(1)
Note. See subclass 226 (1) Note for the structural requirement
of an organic compound.
(2)
Note. The phase of the modifying or removing agent that reacts
with the organic component is what determines whether classification
is proper in subclass 245.1, subclass 245.2, or substrate wetted
with an aqueous hydrogen peroxide removing agent is properly classified in
subclass 245.2. Removing agents comprising gases or solids dissolved
in liquids are considered to be liquid reactants.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating an organic compound from a
gaseous fluid mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for solid
sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245.1. Process wherein the organic component is either burned or
catalytically combusted using oxygen, air, ozone, or a mixture thereof.
for a process for separating or removing constituents
from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, one of which
constituents may be carbon monoxide.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating carbon monoxide (CO) from a
gaseous fluid mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Processes in which the treating material is in the solid-state
and functions to (1) modify a component, (2) attract and retain
a component or (3) react with and chemically change a constituent.
for a process in which a solid sorbent, catalyst
or reactant is used to separate or remove carbon monoxide from the exhaust
of an internal combustion engine.
for a process of treating a gaseous mixture to separate
or purify carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide with a reactant containing
boron, phosphorus or arsenic, which reactant may be in the solid-state.
239 and 244 for processes for separating or purifying
a gaseous mixture by using a solid catalyst, sorbent or reactant
where a constituent is carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen or
a nitrogenous compound or sulfur or a compound thereof respectively.
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separating hydrogen from a gaseous fluid
mixture by physical means only. See particularly
subclasses 43+ for selective diffusion of gases, subclasses 90+ for
solid sorption, and subclasses 149+ for liquid contacting.
RADIOACTIVE (AT. NO. 84+ OR RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF ANOTHER ELEMENT)
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products , or processes for making such products, which
exhibit spontaneous nuclear disintegration with emission of radioactive
particles and which comprises (1) the compound of an element which
is naturally unstable and has an atomic number of at least 84, (2)
compound of an element which has been treated to render an isotope
thereof radioactive or (3) a nonmetallic element which is naturally
or has been treated to make it or an isotope thereof radioactive;
see Glossary.
(1)
Note. In this subclass will be found radon, astatine, or
compounds thereof.
(2)
Note. Compounds, of the trans-actinide elements i.e., those
having atomic numbers greater than 103, will be found in this group
of subclasses.
(3)
Note. Patents wherein the claims are directed to making an
element radioactive or to making a different isotope of a radioactive
element are classified in Class 376, Induced Nuclear Reactions:
Processes, Systems, and Elements, subclasses 156+ even
when the element is in compound form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 249. Products or processes in which the compound comprises an
element having an atomic number of 93 or greater.
for a process of treating a mixture containing uranium
to recover uranium tetraoxide or peroxide, UO4) which
process includes the step of precipitating a compound out of solution.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products or processes in which the product is a noble or
inert gas having atomic nos. 2, 10, 18, 36, or 54, or a compound
thereof; the gas being a member of the "zero" group
of the periodic table, having no valency and combining with other
elements only with difficulty.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products or processes in which the product is a compound
of a metal which is a member of the "rare earth" or
lanthanide series and which has an atomic number of 21, 39, or 57 through
71.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclass 407 , 412, and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing rare earth or lanthanide
elements (atomic numbers 21, 39, or 57-71).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which a compound whose color is, or would be,
adversely affected by an impurity therein, is treated to chemically
modify the impurity and thus improve the color.
(1)
Note. Sometimes it is not economically feasible to remove
an impurity from a compound which is to be used as a pigment, and
so the impurity is changed to a nondetrimental form. For example, Fe2O3 is
changed to Fe O which does not effect the color characteristics
of titanium dioxide as much as Fe2O3 does.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products or processes comprising a compound or a nonmetallic
element physically interrelated with another substance which serves
to improve, protect or modify the product, which substance does
not take part in the reaction, which makes the product, but is added to
the reaction or to the product or is made by a separate and distinct
reaction.
(1)
Note. A catalyst or other reaction promoter is excluded under
this definition of additive.
(2)
Note. If in a chemical reaction a reagent is added to combine
with a portion of the reactants to form an additive by a reaction
other than that which makes the desired product, classification
is proper for this group of subclasses.
(3)
Note. A substance added to a feedstock to control or modify
the product and is carried along in the reaction to be mixed with
the product is considered to be additive for this group of subclasses.
The final mixture is not considered to be proper for Class 106,
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, or Class 252, Compositions unless
the disclosure is clear and specific that the product is intended
to be a mixture or composition for a specific utility or use. For
example, in making carbon black various substances are added to
the feedstock to be carried along to the final product and to modify the
properties of the carbon black, e.g., oil absorption, crystal structure,
etc. These patents are properly classified in this Class 423, subclasses
265+. However, the modified carbon black when disclosed
for use as a filler for rubber articles is proper for Class 106,
Compositions: Coating and Plastic, subclasses 400+.
(4)
Note. Processes of preventing corrosion of metal containers
or receptacles by a Class 423 product by admixing an anti-corrosion
additive therewith are properly classified in Class 423, subclass
269, since this is the mere use of a product to which an anti-corrosion
additive has been added, and since corrosion of the metal causes
corrosion of the product. See (1) Note in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus
and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass
7.
(5)
Note. Mixing ingredients to form a composition which is in
better form for pyrometallurgy, even though some chemical reaction
is involved, excluded from this Class 423 and will be found in Class
75.
(6)
Note. Class lines
A. A Class 423 product, per se, is classified in Class 423
regardless of its utility.
B. A Class 423 product admixed with an additive whose sole
function (claimed or disclosed) is to otherwise perfect the product
is classified in Class 423.
C. The process of making a Class 423 product and adding a
preservative thereto is classified in Class 423; the process of
merely adding a preservative to a Class 423 product is also classified in
Class 423.
D. A Class 423 product admixed with a substance which has
one utility other than preserving attributed thereto is classified
in the class providing for such utility if such class exists; otherwise classification
is proper in Class 252, Compositions.
E. A Class 423 product admixed with a substance which has
plural utilities other than preserving attributed thereto, all of which
are unclaimed and such utilities are subjects matter for different
classes, is proper for Class 252, Compositions.
F. A Class 423 product admixed with a preserving substance
and the mixture is disclosed or claimed as having an art use is
classified in the class providing for such use, e.g., table salt
is properly classified in Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes,
Compositions, and Products, a fertilizer comprising a phosphate
and a preservative is proper for Class 71, Chemistry: Fertilizers.
G. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, SUBSECTION COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which
includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers,
subclasses 101+ for bleaching processes under the Class 8 definition,
and especially Class 107 for processes using specific chemicals.
Compositions,
subclasses 186.1+ for oxidative bleaching compositions, per se, and
397+ for anti oxidant and chemical change inhibiting compositions,
per se. See also (6) Note. Par. E. above.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (a) carbon compounds of known and undetermined constitution.
In the situation wherein it is uncertain whether the compound is
prepared by reacting two or more reactants, the original will be
classified in Class 260 in accordance with the rule set forth in the
Class 260 Definition (Page 260-2) (b) essential oils of undetermined
constitution and their reaction products. See
subclass 236.6 . Single source essential oils of known constitution combined
with plural ingredients having a claimed, or solely disclosed food use
are classified in Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes,
Compositions, and Products. (c) extracts of both plant and animal
origin. Same rule applys as in (b) above. (d) proteins, oils and
fats from a single source.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body-Treating Compositions,
subclass 62 , for bleach compositions, per se, to be used on
live hair or skin, and subclasses 613+ for compositions
under the 424 class definitions containing peroxide as an active
ingredient.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Products or processes in which the compound or nonmetallic
element has a crystalline form and the substance serves to attain
a desired crystal shape or size or to prevent change of the desired
shape or size.
Chemistry: Physical Processes,
subclasses 295+ for processes of crystallization which involve
no chemical reaction, in particular, subclasses 300+ for
those processes in which an additive is employed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Products or processes in which the substance acts to prevent
or reduce (1) the absorption of moisture into the mixture or (2)
the cohering of individual particles into larger masses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Products or processes which the substance prevents or inhibits
the compound or non metallic element from eroding or eating away
materials external to the product.
Compositions: Coating and Plastic, especially
subclass 14.05 , for compositions of the Class 106 type having
a specific corrosion resisting effect beyond mere coating.
Metal Treating, especially
subclasses 240+ for methods of inhibiting corrosion of metals which
include coating the metal with a substance which reacts with the
metal.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 1+ for processes of preventing corrosion not elsewhere
provided for.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Products or processes in which the substance is interrelated
as a (1) covering over at least part of the surface of the product
or (2) a binder causing the particles of the product to adhere to one
another.
(1)
Note. The coating or binder generally does not interfere,
to any undue extent, with the reactivity of the product when such
reactivity is desired.
Coating Processes, for general processes of coating. The process of making
and coating a Class 423 product is properly classified in Class
423 where the purpose of the coating is merely to preserve or stabilize
the product. The process of coating a Class 423 product is proper
for Class 427, and a coated Class 423 product is proper for Class
423.
This subclass is indented under subclass 277. Products or processes wherein the compound contains only
boron, oxygen and either a metal or the ammonium radical.
(1)
Note. Under this definition the ammonium (NH4+)
radical is considered as only 1 element of the ternary compound; see
(2) Note of the main class definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Products or processes in which the compound contains only
the three elements boro, hydrogen and nitrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Products or processes in which the compound also contains
hydrogen and either a metal or the ammonium (NH4+).
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Processes which include the step of reacting a metal containing
hydride or an organic derivative thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 289. Products or processes wherein the other element is titanium,
vanadium chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum,
or tungsten, commonly known as a refractory metal.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing, halogen, oxygen, sulfur,
metal, and phosphorus.
for a process of preparing ammonium phosphate from
the ammonia in gas where the mains intent is to purify the gas,
the recovery of the product being of secondary importance.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Products or processes wherein the product contains two metals
or a metal and the ammonium (NH4+)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Products or processes wherein the product contains lithium,
sodium, potassium, rudidium, cesium or the ammonium (NH4+)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Products or processes wherein the product contains the meta-phosphate
(PO3-), (P2O62-)
or (P6O186)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Products or processes wherein the product contains the triphosphate
(P3O105-)
or the tetraphosphate (P4O136-)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Products or processes wherein the product is elemental phosphorus.
(1)
Note. Changing yellow phosphorus to red phosphorus involves
a chemical reaction since the water of hydration is changed, see
(9) Note in the class definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes which include the step of reacting a material
which contains a phosphate (PO43-) radical,
e.g., phosphate rock, etc.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products and processes wherein the product is silicon or
a compound thereof.
(1)
Note. Silicon and silicon dioxide are arbitrarily considered
to be glass. A process of chemically manufacturing silicon or silicon
dioxide combined with significant shaping or heat treatment will
be found in either Class 438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing:
Process, or Class 65, Glass Manufacturing.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing silicon, oxygen, and metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 328.1. Products and processes in which the products have geometrically
arranged plane faces or surfaces and a symmetrical internal structure
(e.g., pillared or phyllosilicates).
(1)
Note. Crystalline aluminosilicates, such as sorbents, are
to be considered products for Class 423, unless mixed with an additive
whose function is not solely to perfect the product. See (6) Note
to the definition of subclass 265.
(2)
Note. Three dimension crystalline structural products that
are zeolites are excluded from this subclass. See (2) Note to the
definition of subclass 700.
This subclass is indented under subclass 328.2. Products and processes in which the geometrical arrangement
has a lamina structure which can be split into thin sheets (e.g.,
biovite, muscovite, phlogopite, zinnwaldite).
This subclass is indented under subclass 328.1. Products wherein the aluminosilicate structure is identified
by a diffraction grating produced by an X-ray passing through
it.
(1)
Note. Original patents in this subclass require that an X-ray
diffraction pattern be referenced in the claim.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Products or processes in which the product contains magnesium,
calcium, strontium or barium (i.e., the alkaline earth metals).
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Products or processes in which the product contains lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium (i.e. an alkali metal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Processes which include the step of causing a substance
to become insoluble and come out of solution or to become a jelly
like mass in a solution, the solution being that of the silicate of
an alkali metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Processes which include the step of reacting the alkali
metal with silica (silicon dioxide) while heating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Processes which include the step of causing (1) a volatile
silicon compound to unite with oxygen or (2) an increase of electronegative
elements or radicals in a volatile silicon compound.
(1)
Note. Combustion is a form of oxidation and is included under
this definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Products or processes in which the product is similar to
a halogenated hydrocarbon in which a tetravalent silicon replaces
the carbon atom; (silane is SiH4, trichlorosilane
is SiHCl3).
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Processes which include the step of causing a normally solid
substance to pass into a gas or a vapor; see Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Products or processes wherein the product is a compound
containing silicon and only one additional element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Processes which include the step of reacting carbon or a
carbon containing compound with a silicon containing compound that
is in the vapor phase.
Semiconductor Device Manufacturing, particularly
subclasses 478+ for methods of depositing semiconductive silicon
which is to function as an active region of a barrier layer device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Processes which include the use of a reducing element, compound
or composition to release the silicon from the compound.
(1)
Note. Heat is not a reducing "substance" for
the purposes of this subclass. If only heat is used to reduce the
silicon containing compound the patent is classified in subclass
349 above.
NITROGEN OR COMPOUND THEREOF (EXCEPT AMMONIUM SALT OF NON-NITROGEN ACID)
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products or processes in which the product is nitrogen or
a compound thereof, limited as follows: where the compound is an
ammonium (NH4+) salt, the anion must
contain a nitrogen atom.
(1)
Note. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) is included
under this definition.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing nitrogen, oxygen, halogen,
and metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Processes in which the product is made from the nitride
of a metal or of silicon.
(1)
Note. Where a metal or metal compound is contacted alternately
with free nitrogen and free hydrogen and ammonia is produced, it
is assumed that the nitrogen contact produces a nitride which is
converted to ammonia in the later contact with hydrogen, and classification
in this subclass is proper.
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Processes in which the product is made from a substance
which contains nitrogen and is of organic structure.
(1)
Note. The organic material is frequently a waste product
or of undetermined constitution.
(2)
Note. The reaction often is a steam hydrolysis.
(3)
Note. See subclass 226 (1) Note for structural requirement
of an organic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 359. Processes including the step of exchanging heat values between
a catalyst used in the process and the mixture of gases either prior
to, or subsequent to, the reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 359. Processes which include the use of more than a single catalyst
bed, or in which different portions of a single catalyst bed are
subjected to different processing conditions, e.g., temperature,
pressure, composition of reactant mixture, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Processes in which the metal is lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium.
for processes producing carbonitrides having formulas
wherein carbon and nitrogen atoms are present in the ratio of one
carbon to two nitrogens, but are not clearly cyanamide compounds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Products or processes wherein the compound contains hydrogen
and is usually named cyanamide, but may also be called cyanogenamide
or carbodiimide, and has the formula HN:CNH (H2CH2)
or N:CNH2 (H2NCH).
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Products or processes in which the product consists of only
one element in addition to the carbon and nitrogen.
(1)
Note. The ammonium (NH4+!)
radical is considered to be a single element, see (1) Note to the
class definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Products or processes in which the product is hydrogen cyanide
(HCN), which may also be designated as hydrocyanic acid, prussic
acid, or formonitrile.
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Processes including the use of formamide (HCONH2)
or of a compound containing the formamide (HCONH-)
radical or of a compound containing the formate (HCOO-)
radical.
(1)
Note. The formate is usually in the form of the ammonium
salt.
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Processes including the use of a cyanide of a metal in a
reaction.
(1)
Note. Solutions and solids which contain undefined "cyanides" and
are acidified, thus producing the product, are presumed to be metal
cyanides for this subclass.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclass 36 for process of sterilizing or disinfecting using
cyanide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Processes including the use of elemental or free nitrogen
in a reaction.
(1)
Note. The presence of atompheric air in the reaction is not
sufficient to classify a patent in this subclass, unless clearly
disclosed as the source of nitrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Processes which also include the use of carbon in a reaction
and which is further disclosed as originationg from a particular
source, e.g., charcoal, a carbide, oil, etc.
(1)
Note. Where the reactant is described merely as "carbon" or "carbonaceous", this
is not sufficient for classification herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Products or processes wherein the product is sulfamic acid
or aminosulfonic acid, having one of the following formulas: HSO-3HN2, NH2SO3H
or H2NSO3H.
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Processes in which an oxide of nitrogen is used as a reactant.
(1)
Note. For this and the indented subclass the "reactant" may
or may not be the starting material. The "reactant" may
be used to make an intermediate product which is then used to make
the desired product or the "reactant" may be used
to directly make the desired product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Processes which include the use of a nitrate compound containing
a metal or the ammonium (NH4+)
ion as a reactant.
Metal Treatment,
subclasses 16.6 and 317+ for processes of making case hardened
(nitrided) metals and the corresponding products, the intention being
to form such case hardened metal, not to form a definite compound
for recovery thereof, see reference to Class 148 in Line and Search Note
Section of the Class Definition (423).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 236+ for consolidated metal power compositions containing
a carbide.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for organic compounds and processes of making such compounds,
meeting the structural requirements set out in the class definition
thereof; see also (1) Note in
subclass 226 of this class 423.
Power Metallurgy Processes,
subclasses 14+ for processes of making articles from particulate
material including a metal and a carbide compound comprising pressure
and heat.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon, appropriate subclasses for compounds containing
carbon and hydrogen only, methods for their synthesis and purification,
and certain compositions containing hydrocarbons.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and
metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 415.1. Products or processes wherein the product contains the carbonyl
group (CO) such as in iron penta carbonyl, Fe (CO)5,
or carbonyl sulfide, COS.
This subclass is indented under subclass 415.1. Products or processes wherein the product contains a carbonate
(CO32-) or bicarbonate (HCO3-)
radical.
(1)
Note. A percarbonate may also be expressed as a carbonate
in addition to a peroxide (e.g., Na2CO3 + H2O2);
such compounds are assumed to have a percarbonate (CO42-)
radical.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain a zinc
(Zn), cadmium (Cd), or mercury (Hg) carbonate including (a) forming
an insoluble substance in a liquid and (b) chemically forming a compound
having the carbonate (CO32-)
radical.
for a process of preparing ammonium carbonate from
ammonia in waste gas, the carbonate being recovered as a by-product,
where the main intent is to purify the gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 419.1. Products or processes wherein the carbonate contains an
alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium).
for processes of treating mixtures with a carbon
containing compound to form an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate,
including the step of forming an insoluble substance in a liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Products or processes in which the product is a sesquicarbonate,
i.e., a combination of a simple normal carbonate (e.g., Na2CO3)
and simple bircarbonate (e.g., NaHCO3).
This subclass is indented under subclass 419.1. Products or processes wherein the carbonate contains magnesium,
calcium, strontium or barium, i.e., the alkaline earth metals.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain an
alkaline earth metal carbonate, including the steps of (1) forming an
insoluble substance in a liquid, and (2) chemically forming a carbonate having
the CO32- radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Processes which include the step of reacting an oxide or
a hydroxide that contains the metal of the carbonate product.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain an
alkaline earth metal carbonate including the steps of (1) forming an
insoluble substance in a liquid, and (2) chemically forming a carbonate having
the CO32-) radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 437.1. Processes in which the product is made from a compound containing
the carbonate (CO32-)
or the bicarbonate (HCO3-) radical.
Metal Treatment,
subclass 16.5 and 316+ for processes for making case hardened
(carbided) metals and the corresponding products, the intention being
to form such case hardened metal, not to form a definite compound
for recovery; see reference to Class 148 in line and Search Note Section
of the Class Definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Products or processes wherein the other element is chromium,
molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium
or hafnium, known as the refactory metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Products or processes wherein the product is free carbon
in substantially pure form.
(1)
Note. See the note in the Class 264 class definition II.
A. (10) for the line between Class 264 and Class 423 subclasses
445+ concerning combined processes of molding and carbonizing.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making,
subclasses 174+ for compositions of and methods of making inorganic
carbon containing catalyst or precursor therefor, subclasses 416+ for
compositions of and methods of making solid sorbent compositions including
elemental carbon.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclass 32 for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid or semisolid
material which is primarily Carbon (such as graphite or diamond) dispersed
in primarily organic continuous liquid phase, subclasses 38+ for colloid
systems of colloid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon phase dispersed
in aqueous continuous liquid phase, cross-reference art collection 901
for collection of art under the Class definition related to colloid
systems of substantially pure elemental Carbon (such as graphite,
diamond, Carbon black, lamp black, Fullerenes); or agents for such
systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each
instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Products or processes wherein the product is carbon crystallized
in the isometric form, usually in octahedral shape.
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,
subclass 79 for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal
of diamond and subclass 929 for the art collection of carbon single-crystal
references. Class 423, subclass 446, is a mandatory search and
cross-reference for patents directed to forming a free-standing
single-crystal diamond even though properly placed in Class 117 as
an original.
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclass 84 for the process of molding with a high pressure
generated by an explosive force.
Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating:
Apparatus,
subclass 1 for apparatus for molding with a high pressure
generated by an explosive force; subclass 77 for making diamonds
by applying ultra high pressure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Products and processes ... wherein the product is substantially
pure carbon in the form of a slender threadlike structure (fiber)
a woven, knitted or fetted sheet material (fabric) or a woven fabric
or cloth (textile).
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers,
subclasses 115.51+ for processes and compositions for treating textiles
and fibers to effect a chemical modification thereof, where the
resulting product is other than an inorganic compound or element
(e.g., carbon) as provided for in this class 423.
This subclass is indented under subclass 447.1. Processes wherein prior to a reaction to convert a fiber,
fabric or textile article to carbon, the article is treated with
a substance other than gaseous oxygen which substance either (a) chemically
reacts with the article or (b) is retained in the article at least
until the commencement of a reaction to convert the article to carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 447.4. Processes wherein the treating substance is a metal, a metal
containing compound or a phosphorus containing compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 447.1. Processes wherein a carbonizing reaction is carried out
by (1) varying the temperature over a given time span or by (2)
heating to two or more distinct temperatures.
(1)
Note. Heating to cure binder or dry is not considered a carbonizing
reaction without positive disclosure that carbonizing occurs under
those conditions.
(2)
Note. Heating a temperature to cause a change in crystalline
form of the carbon (e.g., graphitizing) is considered a step of
carbonizing for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 447.1. Processes wherein the material carbonized is natural cellulose
or its derivatives (e.g., esters, ether, regenerated cellulose,
etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Products or processes wherein the product is graphite, which
is the crystalline allotropic form of carbon, characterized by a
hexagonal arrangement of the atoms.
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclass 84 for processes of molding with high pressure generated
by an explosive force.
This subclass is indented under subclass 449.2. Processes wherein the carbon black material is treated with
a compound that is an acid or with a gas that in an aqueous state
would form an acid (e.g., H2S).
This subclass is indented under subclass 449.1. Processes wherein a compound that is a synthetic polymer
(e.g., polyanylonitrite) is reacted or decomposed to form the product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 449.6. Processes wherein the polymer is obtained from tires or
parts thereof.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are polymeric material from
scrap tires composed of compounds that include those produced by
vulcanization of natural or synthetic rubber.
This subclass is indented under subclass 449.1. Processes which include feeding stock material that is
in a solid-state, either homogeneous or heterogeneous (e.g., wood
or coke).
This subclass is indented under subclass 449.1. Processes wherein the carbon is made from the direct pyrolysis,
cracking or decomposition of a compound containing only carbon and
hydrogen (i.e., hydrocarbon) which is normally in the liquid or
gaseous state.
(1)
Note. Any "oil" or any "gas" (e.g.,
natural) is considered to qualify under this definition of hydrocarbon
unless it is clear from the disclosure that an element other than
carbon and hydrogen is present in the gas or oil. However, impurities
in the fluid are disregarded if they are not the source for the
carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes wherein the carbon is formed from the hydrocarbon
by rapid and discontinuous oxidation such as in an explosive reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes wherein the carbon is deposited from a flame by
causing the flame to directly contact a relatively cool surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes in which the decomposition takes place on contact
between the hydrocarbon and (1) catalytic material or (2) a solid
surface heated to a temperature at which the pyrolysis can occur.
This subclass is indented under subclass 453. Processes in which the contact is with a heated solid surface
comprising particulate solids or the inner surface or firebrick
of the zone in which the decomposition takes place.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes in which the speed of entry into the reaction
zone of any feed material associated with the process is specifically
stated.
(2)
Note. The term "feed material" under this
definition is not limited to the hydrocarbon being decomposed to
result in the carbon; it also includes atomizing, heating, combustion
or carrier gas, fuel, heat exchange medium, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes in which the angle of entry into the reaction
zone of any feed material associated with the process is specifically
stated.
(1)
Note. The term "feed material" under this
definition is not limited to the hydrocarbon being decomposed; it
also includes any material associated in any manner with the process,
e.g., atomizing, heating, combustion, or carrier gas, fuel, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Processes in which at least one feed material enters the
reaction zone in a direction which, if extended would intersect
the longitudinal axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Processes in which the hydrocarbon feed consists of a fluid
which is normally in the gas or vapor state.
(1)
Note. A normal gas or vapor is considered to be a compound
having between 1 and 4 carbons only.
(2)
Note. Excluded under this definition is a process in which
a liquid had been vaporized before entering the reaction zone.
The initial starting material must be a normal gas or vapor for
this subclass; if liquid, classification is in subclass 450.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products or processes in which the product is a nonmetallic
element of Group VII A of the periodic system having atomic numbers
9, 17, 35, or 53, or a compound thereof.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing halogens, oxygen, sulfur,
and metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Products or processes in which the product is a compound,
which contains either (1) two or more diverse and distinct metal
elements or (2) a metal and the ammonium (NH4+)
radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 467. Products or processes wherein the product is a ternary compound
and contains only oxygen in addition to the sulfur and halogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Products or processes in which the ammonium halide is obtained
by separation or purification from a mixture (usually waste material).
for a process of preparing an ammonium halide from
the ammonia in waste gas where the main intent is to purify the
gas, the halide being recovered as a by-product and the recovery being
of secondary importance.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Products or processes wherein the product is a ternary compound
and consists of two elements in addition to the halogen.
(1)
Note. For purposes of this and indented subclasses, the ammonium
radical is considered to be a single entity (element) and is classified
as a ternary compound when combined with two other elements, but
not as a hydrogen containing ternay compound; see also (1) Note
in class definition.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain a ternary
compound wherein two of the elements are metals and the third is
a halogen, one of the metals being beryllium or a Group III A element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Products or processes which consist of oxygen and a halogen
as the (XO-) radical in combination with a
third element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Products or processes which consist of oxygen and a halogen
as the (XO3-) radical
in combination with a third element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Products or processes which consist of oxygen and a halogen
as the (XO4-) radical
in combination with a third element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Processes wherein the impure initial material is the mineral
fluorspar (calcium fluoride, fluorite, CaF2).
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Processes wherein both the hydrogen and halogen are supported
in the elemental form and are reacted with each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 481. Processes which include the step of removing an impurity
either from the product or from the initial mixture, e.g., removing
H2O, free halogen, etc.
for processes of treating a mixture to obtain a
binary fluorine containing compound, including the step of forming
an insoluble substance in a liquid, and 483+ for a binary
compound which contains fluorine and hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Products and processes in which the other element of the
binary compound is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium,
magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain a Group
II B metal halide including the steps of (1) forming an insoluble
substance in a liquid and (2) chemically forming a halogen containing
compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 491. Products and processes in which the metal is of Group IV
B, V B, or VI B, i.e., titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium,
tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten, commonly known as the
refractory metals.
for processes of treating a mixture to obtain a
metal containing compound, wherein the metal is beryllium or a Group
III A metal, including the steps of (1) forming an insoluble substance in
a liquid and (2) chemically forming a halogen containing compound.
for processes of treating mixtures to obtain a compound
containing a halogen and an alkaline earth metal, including the
steps of (1) forming an insoluble substance in a liquid and (2) chemically
forming a halogen containing compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 491. Products or processes wherein the metal is an alkali metal
(i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Processes wherein the elemental halogen is derived from
an initial mixture which contains lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,
cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 504. Processes wherein a substance is formed in a liquid or slurry,
which substance is insoluble therein and can be or is separated
from the liquid and the other materials which remain soluble in
the liquid; or wherein the composition of the liquid is changed
so that one part of the mixture becomes insoluble therein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Processes which include the step of reacting a compound
of sulfur with the halide of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium
or rubidium.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products and processes wherein the product is either selenium
or tellurium, or a compound thereof.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing Se or Te.
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Products and processes wherein the product is a binary compound
which contains only one element in addition to the selenium or tellurium.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 300 through 415and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of hazardous or toxic waste containing sulfur, halogen, nitrogen,
and metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 512.1. Products or processes wherein the product contains the peroxymonsulfate
(SO52-) or the peroxydisulfate
(S2O82-)
radical.
(1)
Note. These radicals may also be identified as the permonosulfate
or the perdisulfate, respectively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 512.1. Products or processes wherein the compound also contains
both a metal and the ammonium (NH4+)
radical in addition to sulfur and oxygen.
(1)
Note. Examples of the compounds included in this subclass
are K NH4 SO4, (NH4)2 H2ZrO(SO4)3 and
5 K2SO4 (NH4)2SO4.
(2)
Note. Many of the ammonium and metal containing compounds
belong to the class known as alums which are double salts of the
general formula M"M" (SO4)2.
12H2O) where M" may be certain univalent
cations (e.g., Na, K, NH4+, Li, Ag,
etc.) and M""" may be certain trivalent
cations (e.g., A1, Ga, Ti, Fe, Cr, etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 512.1. Products or processes , wherein the compound contains two
or more different metals in addition to sulfur and oxygen.
(1)
Note. Examples of the compounds included in this subclass
are K2SO4A12 (SO4)3 24
H
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