Processes for the recovery or treatment of natural occurring
mineral oil which result in the production of a purified or modified
mineral oil or of coke.
Mineral oil products of the above processes or mixtures thereof
which include only mineral oil components.
Processes for the recovery of oily liquid or tar-like hydrocarbonaceous
material from a solid mineral source.
APPARATUS
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference apparatus
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
PROCESSES OF TREATING MINERAL OIL
Processes that treat a mineral oil to produce both a particular
carbon compound classified in Class 260, Class 518, Class 560,
Class 562, or Class 568 and a mineral oil classified in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference processes
of treating mineral oil.
PRODUCTS AND COMPOSITIONS
The products and compositions classified in this class (208)
are those which consist only of a mineral oil or mixtures of mineral
oils. Compositions including, in addition to a mineral oil, some
nonmineral oil component are classified in other composition classes,
usually upon the basis of the use, property or function of the composition.
Class 508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor, Lubricant
or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces,and Miscellaneous
Mineral Oil Compositions, is the residual class for heavy mineral oil
compositions not otherwise provided for.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHING THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclass 428 for a process of cooling solids by mere contact
with a gas; that is, quenching, per se, of a solid by use of a gas.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, and particularly
subclasses 443+ for miscellaneous methods of contacting solids
with gases or vapors.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclass, for processes of producing a heating or
illuminating gas from mineral oil wherein no liquid mineral oil
is recovered. Processes which result in the production of both a
modified mineral oil and a gas are classified in this class (208)
see also the reference of Class 48 in the definitions of
subclass 400 , below. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for a process in which metal (usually considered
a catalyst poison) is recovered in elemental form from a hydrocarbonaceous
material which has come out of the ground. Where a patent has a
Class 75 claim and a Class 208 claim, it is classified in Class 75
and cross-referenced in this class (208).
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separation of mineral oil from gases;
see the notes in
subclass 340 of Class 208 for the line between these classes.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Wells,
subclasses 244.1+ for processes of treating mineral oils involving
the use of wells, especially subclasses 256+ for processes involving
in situ combination, subclass 266 for a process involving treating
oil after it has left a producing well and placing a separated constituent
of the oil into an injection well, subclasses 272.1+ for
processes using injection and producing wells and heating the formation and
subclasses 302+ for miscellaneous processes involving heating.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Mineral Oils: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for carrying
out processes classifiable in Class 208 and not elsewhere classified.
(apparatus).
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 193+ for electrolytic apparatus and apparatus for treating
materials to cause a chemical reaction (other than by mere heating). (apparatus).
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclass, for the treatment of mineral
oil involving the use of electrical or wave energy, other than mere
electrical heating. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclass 767 for processes of separating or purifying mineral
oil by filtering or liquid settling or decanting. Purification of
mineral oil by treating with sorptive agents or an agent which exerts
some chemical or solvent action is classified in this class (208).
The line between Class 210 and Class 208 with respect to treatment
with a solvent chemical or sorbent treating agent is as follows:
Where the disclosure includes both water and a mineral oil, the
patent is classified in: (1) Class 210 if all claims are broad as
to the liquid treated. (2) Class 210 if any claim is limited to the
treatment of water (whether or not there are other claims limited
to the treatment of other liquids). (3) Class 208 if the only claimed
species of liquid treated is mineral oil. Where water is the only
disclosed liquid treated the patent will be classified in Class
210. If mineral oil is the only disclosed liquid treated the patent
is classified in Class 208.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for separating
or purifying a liquid within the scope of the definition thereof
even though mineral oil is disclosed as the liquid treated, including
apparatus for treating mineral oil with sorbtive agents, but excluding
apparatus for refining mineral oil with chemical agents. (apparatus).
Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, appropriate subclass for mining mineral oil and
oil bearing earth. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst. (apparatus).
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 210+ for purifying or separating gaseous mixtures by
a chemical reaction, and other appropriate subclasses for the recovery
of an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element from a hydrocarbonaceous
material which has come out of the ground. Where a patent has a Class
423 claim, and a Class 208 claim, it is classified in Class 423
and cross-referenced to this class (208). (Processes of treating
mineral oil).
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclass 281 for processes of treating or separating mineral
oil including a fermenting operation. (Processes of treating mineral
oil).
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for breaking
up a mixture of fluids or fluent substances into two or more components
by centrifuging within a generally solid-walled receptacle-like member.
(apparatus).
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators,
subclass 37 for a process for breaking up a mixture of fluids
or fluent substances into two or more components by centrifuging
within a generally solid-walled, receptacle-like member. (Processes
of treating mineral oil).
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product
or Process of Making, for a catalyst or sorbent which may be used in a
process of this class (208) and a method of making or regenerating
such composition.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, and when
there is no additional treatment of the oil. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for processes of producing hydrocarbons by the hydrogenation
of carbon oxides. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Organic Compounds,
subclasses 398.8 , 469.9, 910.5, and 949-959 for processes of oxidizing nonaromatic
hydrocarbon mixtures. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for hydrocarbon compounds, certain compositions containing
nonmineral oil hydrocarbons and processes for synthesizing or purifying
such materials. See the Class Definition of that class, Lines With
Other Classes, for statements of the line between Class 585 and
Class 208. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321and 405-415 wherein mineral are the hazardous or toxic
waste being destroyed or contained. (Processes of treating mineral
oil).
SECTION IV - GLOSSARY
ASPHALT
A brown to black solid bituminous substance either occurring
naturally or obtained as a residue from certain petroleums, coal
tars, lignite tar, etc.
COAL TAR
Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation
of bituminous coal.
COKING
A cracking type conversion in which solid, free carbon or
coke as a product thereof. Additional liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon
may also be obtained.
CONVERSION
A treatment of the mineral oil which results in an alteration
of the hydrocarbon molecule making up the mineral oil.
CRACKING
A conversion treatment in which the hydrocarbons of the
mineral oil are broken down to a shorter carbon chain length, resulting
in hydrocarbons having a lower boiling temperature, which may be
carried out in the presence of a catalyst (catalytic cracking) or
in the absence of any catalyst (thermal cracking).
FEED
The mineral oil which is subjected to treating processes provided
for in this class, which in most cases, is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
FRACTIONATION
The separation of one portion of the hydrocarbons of
a mineral oil from another, regardless of the steps employed for
affecting such separation. The separated fractions usually differ
from each other in some chemical or physical property as for instance
in boiling range (in the case of distillation) or solubility in
a solvent (as in extraction).
MINERAL OIL
Included in this term are natural petroleum, asphalt,
tars, pitches and waxes which are primarily mixtures of hydrocarbons.
Included also are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that is, the liquid hydrocarbonaceous
mixture resulting from the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood
tars and wood tar oils which are similar to coal tar in that they
include an unidentified mixture, including hydrocarbons. Solid carbonaceous
materials such as coal, lignite, peat, etc., (as distinguished from
solid asphalts or asphalt bearing shales or sands) are not included.
PERIODIC TABLE
In this class metals and metal compounds may be identified
as belonging to a certain "Group" distinguished
by Roman numerals. These groups are taken from Henry D. Hubbard"s "Periodic
chart of the Atoms" (1956 Ed.).
(1)
Note. The metals making up the various groups are as follows:
IA = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr (these metals are also
identified as "alkali metals").
IB = Cu, Ag and Au
IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba
are also identified as "alkaline earth metals")
IIB = Zn, Cd and Hg
III = Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, Y, Rare Earth metals and
Actinide series metals [Rare Earth Metals: La, Ce, Pr,
Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; Actinide Series Metals
(atomic numbers 89 and greater) Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk,
Cf, E, Fm and Mv]
IV = Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr and Hf
V = As, Sb, Bi, V, Nb and Ta
VI = Po, Cr, Mo and W
VII = Mn, Tc and Re
VIII = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. (Ru,
Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pf are also known as "Noble Metals")
REFINING
The removal of impurities or nonhydrocarbon, gums or gum
forming components from a mineral oil or the conversion of such
components to some less objectionable form (e.g., sweetening: conversion
of mercaptans to disulfides).
REFORMING
A chemical conversion operation which results in a change
of the hydrocarbon molecule such that the product has substantially
the same boiling range but has its "antiknock" or "octane" rating
improved or increased. Various types of reaction are believed to
be involved including cyclization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation,
isomerization and dealkylation. Such reactions, if applied to a
mineral oil, are classified in the subclass providing for reforming.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral oil products and compositions which have the properties
of and simulate natural drying oil in that they dry or harden in
contact with the air and processes of preparing the same.
(1)
Note. The mineral oil products classified herein must be claimed
or disclosed as having drying properties.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses and particularly
subclass 285 for coating or plastic compositions comprising
a mineral oil which has drying properties and nonmineral oil components.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 429 and 507+, for the synthesis of nonmineral
drying oil; and subclass 945 for a collection of patents which disclose
products having utility as drying oil.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral oil products and compositions which are phenolic
in character or have properties of killing, repelling or preventing
the growth of insects, fungi or bacteria, and the processes of preparation
thereof.
(1)
Note. This subclass also includes wood tars, wood tar oils,
and derivatives thereof which are phenolic or exhibit toxic properties
similar to coal tar, etc.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a toxic oil of this class (208) with some other ingredient,
e.g., active, carrier, diluent, etc., and seesubclasses 346+ for a phenolic composition.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321,405-415 and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of phenolic or toxic oil waste.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of preparation of a mineral oil which include
an oxidizing treatment to convert a part of the hydrocarbons into
oxygenated hydrocarbons resulting in the production of a mixture
thereof with hydrocarbons, and the products of such processes.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 132 and indented subclasses for processes of oxidizing
nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form mixtures of organic compounds.
Organic Compounds,
subclasses 398.8 , 469.9, 910.5, and 949-959 for processes of oxidizing
nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form mixtures of organic compounds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes for producing asphalts, tars or pitches by oxidation
of mineral oils and products of such processes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein the oxidation is carried out in the presence
of a solid contact material, e.g., a catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein the material subjected to the oxidizing
treatment is itself an asphalt, tar or pitch.
(1)
Note. The processes classified herein involve the modification
of the general properties of the asphalt, pitch or tar, e.g., raise
the melting point thereof.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses, and particularly
subclasses 273.1+ for coating or plastic compositions containing
oxidized asphalts, tars or pitches and a nonmineral oil additive.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes which include a mineral oil cracking step in addition
to the oxidation treatment.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of cracking
mineral oils wherein air or oxidizing gas is introduced into the
cracking zone during cracking to exercise some oxidizing of the
mineral oil.
for mineral oil cracking processes, per se, particularly
subclasses 128+ for cracking mineral oil in the presence
of nonreactive gases or vapors. See the definition to subclass 106
for the definition and scope of the term "cracking".
Organic Compounds,
subclass 132 and indented subclasses for the oxidation of petroleum
or other nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures to obtain definite organic
compounds of mixtures thereof.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of imparting a desired color property to mineral
oils and products of such processes.
(1)
Note. The processes classified herein involve a treatment
of the oil to give the desired color property which is more than
the mere addition of a color body thereto. However, some of the
patents classified herein recite the treatment of the oil with another
mineral oil which may impart bloom or fluorescence to the oil being
treated. Treatments with nonmineral oil color bodies (pigments or dyes)
are classified in the appropriate composition class.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclass for process and 521 compositions for dyeing oils
or waxes.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic,
subclass 272 for wax with a nonmineral oil dye or pigment and
subclasses 280-284 for bituminous compositions containing nonmineral
oil dye or pigment.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes which include the treatment of a sludge obtained
in the refining of mineral oils to recover additional mineral oil
values therefrom.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example patents dealing
with the treatment of the sludges obtained as a result of the sulfuric
acid or aluminum chloride refining of mineral oils.
(2)
Note. When the recovery of the inorganic compound (e.g., sulfuric
acid) is specifically claimed the patent will be classified in Classes
23, Chemistry: Physical Processes and 423, Chemistry of Inorganic
Compounds, whether or not mineral oil is also recovered. Processes wherein
an organic compound such as an organic sulfonic acid or sulfonate
is recovered in addition to a mineral oil are classified in this
subclass and cross referenced to Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon
Compounds, when desirable. Class 260 provides for such organic compound recovery
processes when no mineral oil is recovered.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321and 405-415 for the destruction of hazardous or
toxic waste refining sludge.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products and compositions which include only mineral oils
or mixtures of two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fractions,
and processes of preparation of such mixtures which include only
a mixing or blending of the mineral oils with each other.
(1)
Note. Mixtures of mineral oils with a nonmineral oil material
are not included in this or indented subclasses but are classified
elsewhere, usually on the basis of the use, property or function
of the composition. See (1) Note in the class definition of this
class (208).
(2)
Note. Processes of preparation of mineral oil compositions
which involve a chemical conversion of the hydrocarbon, a refining
treatment or fractionation step, whether or not combined with a
mixing or blending step, are classified in the subclass providing
for the particular treatments involved.
Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 591 and 607 for a fuel product containing a carbonized
component and subclass 599 for a method of making a consolidated
fuel product which includes carbonizing using a specified condition
or technique.
Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, for mineral oil lubricants with nonhydrocarbon or
solid polymeric hydrocarbon material added thereto and for miscellaneous heavy
mineral oil compositions with nonhydrocarbon or solid polymeric hydrocarbon
material added thereto. See (1) Note.
Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, for fuels disclosed for use in jet or rocket engines
and which comprise a mineral oil and a nonmineral oil material.
A mixture of mineral oils only which is a jet fuel is still classified
in this class (208).
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ , especially subclass 14 for a fuel comprising a
mineral oil component with a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon component.
Those processes of preparing fuel oils which involve a chemical
conversion of the mineral oil and subsequent treatment of a known
hydrocarbon component, separated therefrom or formed in the process,
which may be reblended with the mineral oil components are classified
in this class (208) in the subclass providing therefor (see (2)
Note to the definition of subclass 14).
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Products and compositions which are claimed disclosed for
use as fuels for internal combustion engines and which generally
have a boiling range of below 400 to 425°.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fraction and methods of
mixing or blending them.
(1)
Note. Products classified herein may be a blend or mixture
of two or more gasoline fractions or a mixture of a gasoline with
another mineral oil fraction (not a gasoline). Providing the product
has a boiling range within the limits set out in the definition
of subclass 16.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ , especially subclass 14 for a composition comprising gasoline
and a definite hydrocarbon which is not a mineral oil.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which are claimed or disclosed
for use as lubricants between relatively moving surfaces, and which
are liquid at normal atmospheric temperatures (lubricating oils).
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fractions and methods of
mixing such oils.
(1)
Note. Mixtures or blends classified in this subclass may include
a wax or asphaltic component if the mixture is liquid at normal
atmospheric temperatures.
Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ for lubricants containing nonhydrocarbon or solid
polymeric hydrocarbon additives. Subclass 110+ is the residual
place for compositions of heavy mineral oils admixed with nonhydrocarbon
or solid polymeric hydrocarbon ingredients not disclosed as lubricants
nor provided for elsewhere.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ for a lubricating composition containing a definite hydrocarbon,
in particular, subclasses 9 and 13 for a lubricant blended from a
mineral oil fraction and a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which include paraffin wax.
(1)
Note. Paraffin wax consists of a colorless, odorless, tasteless
mixture of solid hydrocarbons of the paraffin series and is slightly
greasy to the touch.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclass 9 for an all hydrocarbon composition containing mineral
wax plus a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon or a synthetically produced
wax; and subclass 946 for a collection of patents drawn to the production
of a greasy or waxy nonresinous hydrocarbon polymer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
petroleum waxes or of a wax and a mineral oil, and methods of mixing
such ingredients.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, particularly Class 524,
subclasses 487+ and 848 for mixtures of petroleum waxes with synthetic
resins or natural rubbers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which include asphalts, tars,
pitches or resins derived from petroleum, coal tar, or petroleum
tar sources, or from solid natural sources such as asphaltic rocks
or bituminous sands.
(1)
Note. Asphalts, tars, pitches and resins are relatively high
boiling, viscous or solid dark colored fractions or residues which
may result from petroleum distillation or treatment or which may
be natural occurring. Resins classified herein are those derived
from mineral oils, such as asphalts by solvent extraction or which
are residues of mineral oil treating processes.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, and particularly Class 526 thereunder and, subclass
290 for synthetic resins formed from an unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbon
fraction.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers-- Part of
the Class 520 Series,
subclass 1 for synthetic resins or natural rubbers preparation,
or treatment thereof; compositions containing synthetic resins or
natural rubbers preparation or treatment thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Products and compositions which are mixtures of a natural
asphalt, petroleum asphalt, tar, pitch, or resin with each other
or with some other mineral oil, and methods of mixing such ingredients.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, particularly
subclasses 273.1+ for compositions containing mixtures of asphalt,
tar, pitch or petroleum resin and a nonmineral oil material.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for the treatment, preparation, separation or
purification of paraffin waxes wherein the product retain its identity
as a wax.
(1)
Note. Paraffin waxes are the colorless mixtures of solid hydrocarbons
of the paraffin series. Petrolatum which is composed of a mixture
of heavy residual oils and paraffin wax is considered a paraffin wax.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass for apparatus for purifying
paraffin waxes by filtration, decantation or dialysis, not combined with
a treatment of the wax provided for in this class (208).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for treating
paraffin waxes with chemicals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes wherein a urea is employed as a treating agent.
(1)
Note. Included herein are those processes in which urea is
used to separate paraffin wax from wax containing mixtures by forming
an adduct with the wax which then is separated from the other material.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 1.5 for adducts of ureas and an organic compound and
processes for their preparation as well as processes of separating or
purifying organic compounds by forming adducts thereof with ureas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes wherein the paraffin wax is treated with a material
which exerts a chemical reaction on the wax or component associated
therewith.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are processes of refining
paraffin waxes and/or modifying their chemical and physical properties,
by treatment with chemicals, excluding processes of mere solvent extraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes for the separation of paraffin wax from another
mineral oil associated therewith.
(1)
Note. The separation may be by mechanical means or by the
addition of solvents or other materials to the mixture and the oil
may be recovered separately.
(2)
Note. Processes for the removal of paraffin wax from a liquid
mineral oil is generally known as "dewaxing" (of
the mineral oil) and the separation of the residual oil associated
with a solid paraffin wax is generally known as "deoiling".
Presses, appropriate subclasses for presses not provided for elsewhere, particularly
subclasses 104+ for presses having a drain duct or channel for
liquid expressed from the material pressed.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 175+ , 737, 766, and 774+ for liquid separating
processes and apparatus involving the use of heaters or coolers.
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate subclasses, for a separator of that
class, as explained in the references thereto appearing in Sections
3 and 5 of the definition of this class (208).
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating
to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions,
foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such
as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions
of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed
for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or
peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems;
processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes
of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance,
when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations
of emulsion breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided
for in Class 208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes for the separation of residual oil from paraffin
wax.
(1)
Note. Treatments included in this and indented subclasses
are those in which the material treated is primarily paraffin wax
which includes a relatively small amount of oil, usually occluded
or dissolved therein, and the treatments are for the purpose of
purifying the paraffin wax by the removal of this residual oil.
(2)
Note. Processes of separating paraffin wax from a mineral
oil (dewaxing) which include a broadly recited step of washing the
wax to remove residual oil are classified on the basis of the dewaxing
operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Processes wherein the separation is facilitated by the use
of a nonreactive material which exerts a solvent action upon some
component of the mixture.
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