This class includes all apparatus except as noted herein below
for distillation of either solids or liquids, and associations of
distillation apparatus and other apparatus adapted to prepare material
for distillation. For the purposes of this classification distillation
is defined as the volatilization of a substance for the purpose
of recovering material from the vapor produced by condensation or
absorption. The product obtained by condensation must be a liquid.
Generally the volatile material separated existed as a definite
chemical entity in the substance, but in the case of thermolytic
distillation it may be formed from other compounds during and by
the heating. The absence from the claims of means for performing
condensation or absorption in an apparatus patent does not exclude
it from this class if it is disclosed, evident or well known that
the apparatus is designed to be used in connection with such a step.
When all claims are generic and the disclosure indicates that
the apparatus is of wide utility, the patent is classified here
(class 202) and cross-referenced to the classes disclosed. When
the patent includes generic claims and the disclosure is limited
to a class other than Class 202, the patent is classified in the
class disclosed. When a patent contains generic distillation apparatus
claims and species claims including a Class 202 species, see Lines With
Other Classes, below.
For classification purposes in this class three forms of distillation
are recognized, defined as follows:
Autothermic distillation, in which the distilland, either by
combustion of a portion of itself or by other chemical change, furnishes
at least part of the heat for thermolysis and volatilization of
either the inherent or thermolized volatile matter.
Separatory distillation, in which the substances separated
pre-exist in the material subjected to distillation, called herein
the distilland, and are recovered usually without chemical change
of composition.
Thermolytic distillation, in which a compound or compounds
found in the distilland undergo chemical decomposition, thermolysis,
and form different chemical compounds, at least some of which are
volatile at the temperature employed, and can be recovered by condensation
or absorption. In this are included coal, oil shale, peat, and wood
distillation when the latter produces charcoal.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
(A) DISTILLATION PROCESSES
Patents claiming a distillation process and claiming distillation
apparatus of general utility within the purview of Class 202 are
classified in the appropriate distillation process class and cross-referenced
to this Class (202). See References to Other Classes, below, for
processes including a distillation operation.
(B) DISTILLATION APPARATUS
Patents claiming distillation apparatus of general utility are
classified here unless otherwise provided for.
(1) Class 34, Drying and Gas Vapor Contact With Solids, is
distinguished from Class 202 in that in Class 34 the combination
of means for removing an extraneous liquid from a solid and means
for condensing vapor produced must leave the solid chemically unchanged.
In Class 202 apparatus is utilized to chemically alter the solid
being treated.
(2) Class 48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, takes apparatus
for making heating and illuminating gases. The line between the
apparatus in this class (202) for thermolytic distillation and the
apparatus in Class 48 is that the apparatus in Class 48 has no solid
carbonaceous material left in the material acted upon.
(3) Class 62, Refrigeration, takes apparatus for vaporizing
a liquid mixture having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure
below 0°C. (32°F.) and condensing the vapor except
as otherwise provided in the Class Definition of Class 62. When
a patent contains claims to Class 62 apparatus and Class 202 apparatus,
the patent is classified in Class 62 and cross-referenced to Class
202.
(4) Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, takes
processes and apparatus for contacting solids with liquids for cleaning
or any purpose not provided for in other classes. The combination
of means for contacting a solid with a liquid and means for distilling
the liquid is in Class 134. The subcombination of distilling apparatus of
general utility is classified here (202).
(5) Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
takes processes for fermentation including a distillation operation
and apparatus that is peculiar to, or specialized and designed for
use in, processes classified in Class 435.
(6) Class 196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, takes all patents drawn
to apparatus for distilling mineral oil. When a patent contains
claims to apparatus for distilling mineral oil and claims to apparatus
for distilling within the purview of Class 202, the patent is classified
in Class 202 and cross-referenced to Class 196.
(7) Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, takes apparatus for
heating metalliferous material combined with means for condensing
the vapor. The line between Class 202 and Class 266 is that Class
266 takes apparatus for distilling metals, such as mercury and zinc,
from their ores.
(8) Class 588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
a process class, subclass 900 for a cross-reference art collection
of apparatus used in the destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
C. EVAPORATING APPARATUS
Apparatus designed to heat material to remove vapor therefrom
without condensing at least a portion of the vapor is excluded from
Class 202. Some classes which provide for apparatus including means
for concentrating or evaporating without necessarily including condensing means
are listed in References to Other Classes, below.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 73+ , for apparatus for separating liquids from solids
combined with means to condense vapors, subclasses 108+,
for apparatus including a hollow drum rotating about an axis and
subclasses 201+, for apparatus including a kiln; also see
appropriate subclasses for processes including a distillation operation.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for apparatus including means for concentrating
or evaporating without necessarily including condensing means
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses, for a process of reducing
an ore to the metallic state or refining molten metal involving
distillation or for a sublimation process.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses, for a coating composition
which may be applied to surfaces of the distillation apparatus or
utilized for making apparatus of a particular composition.
Furnaces,
subclass 235 , for a device for burning garbage or sewage, subclass
229, for a furnace having a special repository for fuel for eliminating
the combustible gases and burning them before the coked fuel is
fed to the fire and subclasses 101+, for a device for feeding
fuel to a furnace. Under Class 110, Class Definition, Search Class,
see Class 122, Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, and for lines among
these classes.
Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, for apparatus and methods for heating liquids, generating vapors
from liquids, treating the vapors generated and conserving the heat
remaining in the liquid or vapor after part of the heat has been used.
See particularly
subclass 66 , for devices containing a water cooled coking chamber
for fuel.
Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates,
subclasses 3+ , for apparatus for extracting carbohydrates from
solid material and subclass 16, for apparatus for evaporation to
crystallization of sugar solutions.
Concentrating Evaporators, for apparatus and processes not more specifically provided
for elsewhere, peculiar to the concentration of solids held in solution
or suspension by evaporation of the liquid containing them. See particularly
subclass 2.1 , for a flash evaporator, subclasses 3+,
for a spray evaporator and subclasses 5+, for a film type
evaporator.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for purifying
or separating any liquid by (1) filtration (2) sorption or ionic
exchange, (3) liquid-liquid extraction, (4) destruction or conversion
of a constituent thereof.
Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus adapted to
produce an intimate contact between gases and liquids and see (2)
Note under the class definition.
Metallurgical Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for furnaces limited to the treatment
of metals or metalliferous materials, particularly
subclasses 148+ , for apparatus for vaporizing metals and collecting
the vapor.
Agitating,
subclasses 219+ for apparatus for agitating a liquid or a particulate
material by motion of the container, and subclasses 241+ for
a fixed container with movable stirring apparatus, particularly
subclasses 262+ for pump type stirrers.
Material or Article Handling,
subclasses 147+ for a chamber of a type utilized for a heating function
and means for moving material to, into, within, out of, or from
the chamber; also subclasses 586+ for a subcombination
of subclasses 147+ subject matter.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, for concentrating or evaporating without necessarily
including condensing means
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products,
subclasses 11+ , for processes of preparing alcoholic beverages
including distillation.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses for processes including a
distillation operation.
SECTION IV - GLOSSARY
CHAR
The generic term applied to the carbonaceous residue from
a thermolytic distillation of any carbonaceous material. It encompasses
such terms as bone black, charcoal and coke.
COKE
Strictly this is the amorphous, solid residue of coal
after the volatile material has been distilled off in a thermolytic
distillation. The term is also applied in the art to the solid,
carbonaceous residue from the thermolytic distillation of such materials
as oil shale, petroleum and pitch.
CONDENSATE
See distillate in the Class Definition.
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
See thermolytic distillation.
DISTILLAND
The material which is undergoing a distillation operation.
DISTILLATE
The liquid product condensed from vapor during the distillation
operation.
EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION
A separatory distillation in which a generally less volatile
substance, often referred to as a solvent, is added to the distillation
column to preferentially remove some components of the vapor by
dissolving it. The added substance and the dissolved component are
removed below the point at which the less volatile substance is added
to the distillation column.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
A separatory distillation operation in which distillate
is collected over specific temperature intervals.
SUBLIMATION
A process in which a solid passes into the vapor state without
liquefaction and the vapor returns to the solid state without passing
through the liquid phase.
EVAPORATION
The process of changing a solid or liquid into a vapor. This
is the generic term for both sublimation and vaporization. It differs
from "distillation" in that distillation includes
the additional step of condensing vapor produced to a liquid.
VAPORIZATION
The process of changing a liquid into a vapor. See "Evaporation".
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus and devices relating to the art of distillation
not provided for in the subclasses below.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Groupings of distilling apparatus mounted for moving from
place to place as an entirety. This also includes patents claiming
movable heating elements used in connection with distilling apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Systems of apparatus including kilns, retorts, or chambers
in which the distilland is subjected to both separatory and thermolytic
distillation. The two species of distillation may occur simultaneously
in separate chambers or successively in a single chamber.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Associations of kilns, retorts, and/or chambers, in
which thermolytic distillation occurs, part of the necessary heat
being supplied by the combustion (or chemical change) of the distilland.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Assemblies of retorts in which material is distilled by
externally-applied heat, and chambers or kilns in which material
is distilled by combustion or a portion thereof. The retorts may
be heated by other means or by the heat carried by the distillate
from the kiln.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Assemblies of kiln and chamber. The distillation gases and/or
products of combustion from the kiln pass through the chamber in
direct contact with its contents.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. The chamber in which distillation is performed by the direct
action of the heated gas is also heated externally, frequently by
combustion of a part of the gas coming from the kiln.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Systems in which the kilns or chambers in which the destructive
distillation occurs are heated by chemical change (as combustion)
of the distilland itself.
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. The distilland is placed in a structure without a top or
is piled upon the ground or upon a platform and heated by means
of the combustion of a part or its substance.
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. The kiln is closed and partial combustion of its contents
furnishes the heat to distill the remainder. This is the broad subclass
for the beehive ovens.
This subclass is indented under subclass 93. A device for cooling the residue either by a liquid or a
fluid or by preservation from air is associated with the system.
The residue may be cooled within the kiln or after withdrawal therefrom.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 39 , for a thermolytic distillation process directed
to cooling the residue by quenching with an inert medium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Thermolytic systems in which thermolytic distillation occurs,
not provided for in the subclasses indented hereunder.
(1)
Note. Apparatus for treating the vapor or condensate from
thermolysis, unless provided for in the subclasses indented hereunder,
is found in this class, subclasses 182 and 202 and indented subclasses.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,
subclasses 390 , 391 and 400-435, for a process of recovering mineral
oils from solid natural material not otherwise classified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Horizontal chambers having one end closed, the other closable,
and heated either directly or indirectly, into which a receptacle
containing a distilland may be run and withdrawn.
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. The stall is openable and closable at both ends and not
necessarily horizontal, and the receptacles are introduced at one
end and withdrawn at the other. Heated directly or indirectly.
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. A chamber equipped with means introducing heat into its
interior in direct contact with the distilland, either by means
of heated solids or heated gaseous fluids.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclass 108 , for a rotating hollow receptacle through which the
material to be treated is carried and see (8) Note thereunder for related
fields of search.
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. The distilling chamber has the form of the beehive oven,
but is heated from the outside through walls or floor, or both.
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. The distilling chamber is heated from the bottom. Heating
flues in the lower portion of the side walls if auxiliary in function
do not exclude from this subclass. The chamber may have means also
for the introduction of gas or vapor to assist the distillation
or react with the distilland.
for a chamber having flues, subclasses 138+ and
220, for a retort having flues also subclasses 121, 129, and 134,
for a retort with fluid injection means.
Heating,
subclass 132 , for a residual material heating apparatus in which the
material is moved across vertically spaced heated shelves and drops
from shelf to shelf.
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Closed vessels of metal, clay, brick, or other material
designed to contain the distilland and with means for external heating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The distilling vessel is heated from the outside and has
associated with it, so as to be heated by the products of the combustion
which heat the retort, or by other sources of waste heat, means for
generation of steam.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The system contains a chamber in which the distilland is
treated with a liquid which frees the material to be distilled.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 10+ , for a thermolytic distillation process including
the step of heating the retort internally by direct contact with
a heating medium and subclasses 36+ for passing an extraneous
gas through the carbonizing zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The volatile matter distilled off is moved in a closed circuit
through the retort, with or without intermediate purification.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 28+ , for a process of thermolytic distillation including
removing, treating and recycling a product and subclass 43, for
a digest of heating by cyclically circulating a hot, extraneous,
inert gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The retort system is provided with means for maintaining
the distilland under pressure during distillation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The retort system has both double and single surface air
and/or gas heaters heated by the heat carried off by the
products of combustion. The double-surface heaters are in this class called
recuperators, the single surface, regenerators.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange, and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. The distillate is passed through tubes or chambers in which
it is subjected to high temperature in order to crack the higher
boiling portions thereof.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 26 , for a thermolytic distillation process of carbonizing
a plurality of charges in series or parallel.
for distillation apparatus so arranged that the
distilland passes through it in a vertical direction and subclass
136, for a horizontal retort having a rotary motion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. Means are provided for injection of fluid, including oil,
into the retort before or after or during the distillation.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 31 , for a process utilizing a fluidized bed and subclasses
36+, for a thermolytic distillation process including passing
an extraneous gas through the carbonizing zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. The retorts are vertical, and the air and/or gas for
combustion is heated by the waste products of combustion through
double surface heaters.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. The retorts are vertical, and the air and/or gas for
combustion is heated by the waste products of combustion through
single surface heaters.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. The vertical retorts are inclosed in a chamber through which
the heating gases pass. The chamber may have baffles to control
the direction of flow of the gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. The heating chamber is divided into vertical flues, alternate
ones of which carry flames and products of combustion in opposite
directions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. The heating chamber is divided into flues which are in the
vertical position, the flames or heating gases passing in either
direction.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 36+ , for a thermolytic distillation process including
passing an extraneous gas through the carbonizing zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. The retorts are inclined and associated with single or double
surface air and/or gas heaters which are heated by the
waste products of combustion.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ for a carbonizing process including indirectly
heating the carbonaceous material by burning a product of the carbonizing
step and subclass 37 for a carbonizing process in which combustion
gases are passed into the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. The retort is arranged to rotate around its longer axis,
and thus carry the distilland forward. It may have spiral vanes
or other means to assist the movement of the distilland.
for a thermolytic distillation system including
rotary horizontal retort, subclass 216, for a rotary directly heated chamber
and subclass 218, for a rotary thermolytic retort.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 108+ , for a receptacle rotating about an axis through
which receptacle the material being treated is carried.
Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,
subclasses 84 and 85+ for a rotating electric arc furnace
and subclasses 115 and 116, for a rotating electric resistance furnace.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. The retorts are of the well-known gas-bench retort form
and placed in inclined position within the ordinary gas retort furnace.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. The retorts have provisions for injection of fluid, either
to react with the distillate or for convective separation of the
distillate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. At least one of the fluids necessary for combustion in the
heating chamber or flues is admitted at separate points in the path
of the flame to lengthen the flame or to preserve a regulated temperature.
for a thermolytic distillation system including
a rotary inclined retort, subclass 216, for a rotary directly heated chamber
and subclass 218, for a rotary thermolytic retort.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 108+ , for a hollow drum rotating about an axis through
which the material to be treated is carried.
Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,
subclasses 84 and 85+, for a rotating electric arc furnace
and subclasses 115 and 116, for a rotating electric resistance furnace.
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. The retorts, either singly or in groups, are inclosed in
a chamber in which combustion takes place to heat them.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. The system contains chambers usually filled with refractory
material checkerwork through which hot products pass to the flues
in alternating periods, whereby the incoming combustible material
is heated.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Apparatus coming, in which the currents of combustible material
and those of air and/or gas are periodically reversed and
the latter heated. If rich gas is used, the heating of gas may be
omitted. There may be dilution of rich gas fuel with nitrogen, air,
or products of combustion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. The flues may be in distinct groups which may lie either
along or across the heating wall in which they are contained or
across the retort, the flame ascending in the flues of one group and
descending in those of another group, all the flues in which the
flame ascends in one wall or section of a wall being in connection with
one regenerator or regenerator group, and the flues in which the
flame descends connected with another regenerator or regenerator group,
these regenerators being at right angles to the system and reversal
taking place along the system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. The regenerators may be in groups and stand parallel or
transverse to the axis of the system, but in either case their reversal
occurs across that axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. The air and/or gas for combustion is heated by the
waste products of combustion by means of single-surface heaters.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 13+ , for a thermolytic distillation process including
the step of heating the combustion gas or air by indirect heat exchange
with the products of the carbonizing step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. The retorts are of the well-known gas-retort forms and inclosed
in the ordinary gas-bench furnace structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. The system is provided with means for heating the gas and/or
air for combustion by the waste products of combustion through double
surface heaters.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 15+ , for a carbonizing process including burning a
product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product
by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which
externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 13+ , for a thermolytic distillation process including
recovering heat from a product by indirect heat exchange.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Devices for controlling the flow of fuel gases and waste
gases. Burners, dampers, gas and air pipes, and reversing valves
when claimed in combination with the ovens are classified herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Systems and parts of apparatus directed to separation of
substances preexisting in the distilland where not provided for
in subclasses below.
Mineral Oils: Apparatus,
subclasses 98+ , for apparatus for treating mineral oils including
vaporizing and condensing means and subclasses 104+, for
apparatus including vaporizing means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Associations of still and fractionating column, either as
separate or integral structures.
(1)
Note. A still is defined for purposes of this class as a vessel
having a tube leading therefrom for the purpose of carrying vapors
generated within it to a condenser or a vessel adapted and designed
and used in connection with a condenser, which latter is not necessarily
shown or claimed. The vessel is to be heated only to a temperature
below that which would produce chemical change in the distilland.
For definition of "column" see subclass 158 below.
Mineral Oils: Apparatus,
subclass 100 , for a mineral oil distilling system including
a fractionating column and subclass 139, for a condensing apparatus
including a fractionating column.
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. The plurality of stills are so related that each delivers
its vapor direct to the column or columns. The stills may be used
alternatively as single stills or in groups.
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. A system of separatory distillation apparatus comprising
a device arranged to conduct a liquid and a vapor derived therefrom
by distillation in counter-current direct contact. At any plane
in the column the liquid has a greater concentration of low-boiling
substances and the vapor of high-boiling ones than that necessary
to maintain equilibrium as to these substances between the vapor
and liquid passing that plane, whereby the liquid becomes progressively
richer as to high-boiling substances and the vapor as to low-boiling
ones. The column, per se, is a gas and liquid contact apparatus
and is only classed herein when heating and/or cooling
elements are recited in the claims.
Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,
subclasses 75+ for specific contact elements or structures, and
subclass 148 for columns with heating or cooling means for the trays.
This subclass is indented under subclass 158. The distilland entering the system is passed through a device
in which it is heated previous to admission. The heat may be derived
from an extraneous source or from exchange with the outgoing hot
waste liquor (slop), or from condensation of the vapors, or from
both the latter sources.
Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
subclasses 160+ for electrical systems not otherwise classified and
see "SEARCH CLASS" under the class definition
for various types of electrical systems.
This subclass is indented under subclass 158. The final condensate is divided into two portions, one of
which returns to the column, the other being withdrawn either as
a finished product or to be conducted to some other part of the
system.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 75 and 82, for a plural distillation process including
returning a part of the condensate to a prior distillation zone
and subclasses 93, 94, 97, and 98, for a single distillation process
in which part of the condensate is returned to the distillation
zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Special arrangements and devices in apparatus for recovering
residues and waste from barrels, casks, and other containers by
vaporization.
Stoves and Furnaces,
subclasses 34 and 35 for a cooking stove having a water back,
subclasses 53 and 54 for a fluid fueled cooking stove having a water
back, subclasses 364.1 for a liquid heater and stovepipe, or subclasses
513 and 514 for a fireplace with a liquid heater.
Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,
subclasses 13.01 through 19.2for a stand boiler (e.g., water heater, etc.) that provides
hot water for domestic or household use (e.g., cooking, cleaning,
washing, bathing, space heating, etc.) that may be in other than
a house or home (e.g., apartment building, office building, restaurant,
laundry, recreational vehicle, etc.).
Stoves and Furnaces,
subclasses 361.1 through 363.1for a boiler receiving hot liquid or steam from
a stove or furnace (e.g., kitchen boiler, range boiler, etc.).
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 13+ , for a thermolytic distillation process in which
heat in the process is recovered by indirect heat exchange.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 21+ , for a separatory distillation process in which
heat in the process is recovered by indirect heat exchange and subclasses
10+, for a distillation process of purifying water.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Associations of a still and a vessel in which a substance
is removed from material by a solvent. The extract is then run into
the still and distilled. Either the solvent or substance dissolved,
or both, may be volatile.
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Apparatus coming for continuously extracting and distilling.
A condenser frequently returns its condensate upon the material
within the extractor at short intervals, which condensate is a solvent
of the material to be extracted, and passes it through to the still.
Final separation of the solvent and volatile is usually in the same still
assembly.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclass 11 , for a cleaning process including the step exposing the
work to a gaseous or vapor treating agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. The system includes more than one still with or without
individual condensers and arranged to be used either in parallel
or to be used alternately.
This subclass is indented under subclass 172. A plurality of stills so connected that either the vapor
or the residue of one flows into the other.
(1)
Note. When the vapor flows from one still to another in this
subclass, it enters into the still itself, and is not simply carried
through in pipes, which structure is found in the next subclass.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 71+ , for a separatory distillation process in which
the vapor or residue of a distillation operation is the distilland
in a subsequent distillation operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. The vapor from one still is carried through the distilland
of another in heat-interchange relation, but not in direct contact.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 14+ , for a process directed to using a conversion product
as an indirect source of heat to heat the carbonaceous material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Systems provided with means for treating the distilland
before or during distillation. This may include filtering, decanting,
aeration, preheating, or other treatment of the distilland.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate subclass for a process directed to treating
a solid, carbonaceous distilland before or during distillation.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory, appropriate subclass for a distillation process directed
to treating a distilland before or during distillation, particularly
subclasses 28+ for a process including a chemical reaction, subclasses
39+ for a process including a disparate physical separation
step and subclasses 50+, for a process including adding
a substance to alter the relative volatility of the components of the
distilland.
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Systems coming under the preceding subclass in which the
distilland is preheated. The preheating may be with agitation and
by the distilling residue.
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. The distilland enters a device for heat exchange with the
distillate vapors, from which it condenses the high-boiling-point
constituents.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 22+ , for a distillation process in which the feed is
heated by indirect heat exchange with the distillate vapor and subclass
87, for a process of fractional condensation of the vapor.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 10+ , for a process of purifying water by distillation
in which the feed water is used as the cooling fluid in the condenser.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Patents for apparatus directed to physical treatment of
the distillate, such as filtering, dephlegmating, washing, absorbing,
or condensing, when in combination with the elements of or limited
to being a part of a distilling system. Apparatus for treatment
of the volatiles from thermolytic distilling, unless provided for
under thermolytic apparatus, is included here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. System comprises a still and a second vessel in which the
vapor undergoes absorption either with or without intermediate physical
treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 183. Comprises a still which is heated to remove volatile material
from a distilland, then along with its contained residue, cooled
and the volatile material returned to the still and allowed to absorb
in the residue, either with or without intermediate physical treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter comprising the association of a still and
a device for condensing the vapors produced by the still to the
liquid state.
Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,
subclass 347 for cooking apparatus having means for condensing
vapors and returning the condensate to the material being cooked.
This subclass is indented under subclass 185.1. Subject matter in which the vapors to be condensed are cooled
by being mingled with a cooler gas or liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 185.1. Subject matter in which the cooling or the vapor is effected
by air at a lower temperature than the vapor on the outer surface
of the vapor container.
This subclass is indented under subclass 185.1. Subject matter in which the condenser comprises means for
circulating a coolant substance which is located in the topmost
part of the still in the top cap or closure thereof or a pipe connects
the top of the still with the condenser unit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 185.1. Subject matter in which the vapors to be condensed are passed
through a helical coil which is surrounded by a lower temperature
gas or liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 185.1. Subject matter in which the lower temperature gas or liquid
coolant is passed through a helical coil which is surrounded by
the warmer vapors which are to be condensed.
Stoves and Furnaces,
subclasses 381.1 and 382.1 for an open-top liquid heating vessel
that may include a lid having a condenser for steam from the vessel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. The condenser forms the cap of the still and is surrounded
or surmounted by a jacket to contain a cooling fluid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Means is provided for controlling the height of the distilland
in the still as it passes from the condenser.
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. The amount of liquid entering the still from the condenser
is automatically limited to that which will keep the level of the
distilland constant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. The vapors from the still pass through a vessel or chamber
in which they deposit the particles of liquid and of solids entrained
within them. These vapors do not pass through condensed liquids,
nor is there condensation except incidental.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 40 , for a separatory distillation process including
the step of removing entrained particles from a gas or vapor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. The vapors from the column or still pass through a condenser
in which the higher-boiling fractions are condensed and returned directly
to the column or still.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. The vapor from the still or column is passed through a condensate
from itself to which it surrenders its high-boiling constituents
and from which it evaporates its low-boiling constituents.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 42 , for a distillation process including sorption
of a component of a removed vapor in a liquid and subclass 87, for
a process including fractional condensation of the removed vapor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. The vapor from the still or column is passed through porous
material or other filter which removes from it entrained particles
of liquid and solids. The filtering material in some instances may
have a chemical effect.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 40 , for a distillation process including removing
entrained particles from a gas or vapor and subclass 41, for a distillation
process including utilizing a solid sorbent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Patents for apparatus or parts directed to physical treatment
of the condensate, such as filtering, decanting, aerating or reboiling,
when in combination with the elements of the still or limited to
the distilling art. Treatment of the condensate of thermolytic distillation
is here unless provided for in the thermolytic subclasses.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclasses 294+ for diverse separators, subclasses 348+ for
filters and subclasses 513+ for gravitational separators.
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Air or other gas is passed through the condensate for purification,
flavoring, preserving, or other purpose.
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. The condensate consisting of immiscible liquid is passed
into a vessel where it is allowed to separate into two or more layers,
one of which may be removed separately from the others.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclasses 294+ for diverse separators, and subclasses 513+ for
gravitational separators.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 73+ and 91+, for a separatory distillation
process utilizing a vacuum and see "SEARCH CLASS" thereunder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Means for automatically controlling or cutting off the heat
from the still when any conditions making it desirable are found
in the system.
Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, appropriate subclass for regulating-apparatus combinations.
Apparatus, Types:
This group is directed to the structure of the still, chamber,
kiln, heap, or retort which may be incorporated into the system
rather than to the system in which it is incorporated.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Separatory and thermolytic. A portable chamber designed to be placed over a stump and
heated from the outside, with means for carrying off the vapors,
the temperature being so controlled that first separatory, then thermolytic,
distillation occurs.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Separatory and thermolytic. A single chamber which is heated internally by heating medium
passed therethrough directly in contact with the distilland.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Separatory and thermolytic. A chamber heated either externally or by internal tubes
or furnace in such a way that first separatory, then thermolytic,
distillation occurs.
(1)
Note. The two heating stages here are distinct and do not
refer to the periods of gradual increase in temperature involved in
heating up a retort.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Autothermic. Arrangements of wood or other carbonaceous material in piles covered
with material to exclude air, mainly used in charcoal burning.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Autothermic. Structures in which carbonaceous material is to be placed and
carbonized by combustion of a part of its own substance. It may
also have flues in its walls and floors inside by means of which
it is heated, in addition to the heat of combustion of its contents.
Many beehive ovens are here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Kiln structures designed to be moved from place to place
and needing no base on which to place the carbonaceous material
or having a new base constructed at each new location. The kiln
may be constricted so as to be moved as a whole or in sections or
parts to be separated and reassembled in a new location.
This subclass is indented under subclass 211. The kiln is discharged at the bottom, which may either rotate,
and thus dump the residue, or have other provision for discharge.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Autothermic. A chamber arranged with means for introducing hot gaseous
substances into direct contact with the distilland. It may have
auxiliary external heating.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 108+ for a receptacle rotating about an axis through
which receptacle the material being treated is carried.
Metallurgical Apparatus,
subclass 145 , for fume handling structure associated with a
rotary furnace, see the search notes associated with this subclass.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Autothermic. The structure of the closed vessel constituting the retort.
It is heated externally, but may also have auxiliary means for indirect
heating.
Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, appropriate subclasses, for a closed liquid container
apparatus in which heat is applied directly or indirectly to the walls.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 108+ for a receptacle rotating about an axis through
which receptacle the material being treated is carried.
Metallurgical Apparatus,
subclasses 195+ and 236+ for furnaces and other vessels
having material discharge means associated therewith and 243+ for
pivotally mounted Bessemer type treating vessels.
Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,
subclasses 84 and 85+ for an electric arc furnace including
means for rotating the furnace chamber and subclasses 115 and 116.
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. The retort is surrounded by or contains a mass of fusible
substance through which the heat is conveyed to the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. Retorts designed to be charged at the top and discharged
at the bottom and to occupy the vertical position. The retort may
be of ring shape and may have jalousie walls.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 165+ for apparatus for vapor contact with solids in
which the material being treated is fed in at an elevated level
and flows generally downward through the treating zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. The retort is coated with protective material over a whole
or part of its surface or has a baffle or refractory substance shielding
it from the flame.
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Structures to be inserted within the retorts to subdivide
the charge. The core may have channels for removal of volatile material
and may be removed with the residue or remain in the retort.
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. The distilling retorts are associated with devices for crushing,
grinding, or compressing or otherwise treating the residue.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Autothermic. Miscellaneous means for quenching or cooling the residue
of distillation. It may consist of an open or a closed chamber attached
to or separate from the retort in which the residue is cooled by
gas or liquid or merely held to cool.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Receivers for hot distillation residue arranged to cool
or quench the residue by circulation through or over it of neutral
gas or by generation and/or circulation of steam or other
vapor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. A chamber or holder arranged to be lowered into a tank of
quenching liquid after filling with hot residue.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. A conveyor upon which the residue is held while it is being
quenched or cooled. The conveyor may itself be submerged in the
liquid.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Separatory. This group of subclasses is restricted to the structure
or shape of the still itself and to the means associated therewith
for heating it and other characteristic features of the still, apart
from the system in which it is used.
Heat Exchange, appropriate subclasses, for means for modifying
temperature not provided for in other classes and note "Search
Class" under the class definition for related fields of
search.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Single stills with heating furnace, tube, jacket, or other
means of heating its contents without contact of heating fluid and
contents and also means for introducing heating fluid directly to the
interior of the still.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. The distilland is heated by a heating fluid directly in
contact with it, by radiant heat (as by the sun, etc.), by electric
elements immersed in the distilland, or in contact therewith.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 19 for a thermolytic distillation process in which
electrical energy is applied directly to the distilland.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 10+ for a process of solar distillation of water and
subclass 100 for a collection of methods of heating in a separatory
distillation process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Stills heated by fluids carried in or through or around
them, in coils, pipes, or jackets, or in superficial contact, the
fluids being held from contact with the distilland.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclasses 14+ for a process directed to thermolytic distillation
in which a conversion product is used as an indirect source of heat.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 25+ and 27 for a process in which the vaporization
zone is indirectly heated by a product of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. The still has means for introducing the distilland in the
form of a spray or for forming a spray after its introduction, or
the distilland flows into or through the still in the form of a film.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 90 for a distillation process of spraying the distilland
into the distillation zone and subclasses 72 and 89 for distillation
utilizing filming.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 108+ for a receptacle rotating about an axis through
which receptacle the material being treated is carried.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Elements used in connection with stills, retorts, or the
like, not constituting a type of distilling apparatus, and not provided
for in other classes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Means for cleaning and decarbonizing or preventing the fouling
of the retort or still or the tubes of the heating system therefor.
(1)
Note. The means herein are either mechanical, as scrapers,
or chemical, as the introduction of air to unite with the carbon.
Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,
subclasses 104.001+ and subclass 246.5 for tank cleaner attachments,
or Class 414, Material or Article Handling, subclass 291 and other appropriate
subclasses, for carbon removing devices which are not claimed as
being permanently associated with the retort or still but may be applied
to other chambers.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,
subclass 48 for processes of removing deleterious carbon accumulations formed
on the equipment during a chemical conversion of the mineral oil.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclass 201 for enclosing apparatus which may be open on one
side, and see "(6) Note" for related fields of
search.
Movable or Removable Closures, appropriate subclasses, for closures of the type
provided for and see the search notes in section IV of Class 49 for
the loci of closures in other classes.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Dome ovens. Patents showing the structure of the openings for charging
dome ovens, the air and gas flues surrounding these, the castings
or other devices inserted for their protection, and the lids closing
the charging holes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Closures for retorts occupying the horizontal position.
This includes doors, lids, mouthpieces and securing devices.
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Doors and devices for handling them when claimed in combination,
which close the horizontal retorts of coke ovens.
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Patents disclosing means for closing and charging or discharging
rotary cylinders which claim means for other functions than merely
charging the distilland or discharging the residue.
Metallurgical Apparatus,
subclass 184 , for furnaces having bell and hopper type charging
structure and subclass 199, for shaft furnaces having specific top
structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Closures having devices for feeding the charge into the
distilling receptacle. The feeding device may be a simple magazine
or means for forcing the material into the retort and may have preheating
means in the top.
Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,
subclasses 750+ for devices disclosed as useful for moving coke through
a fluid treating zone for quenching the coke.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Hydraulic mains and gas pipes extending there into leading
from the gas generator. The mains may be provided with means for
maintaining a liquid seal for the pipes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. The retort or still is fitted with a plurality of tubes
for removal of the distillate. The removal may be from more than
one point.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. The pipe through which the distillate is removed from the
retort or still is jacketed to contain either a heating or cooling
agent.
Article Dispensing,
subclasses 208+ , for apparatus having means to affirmatively segregate,
separate or move articles from a supply source toward a point of
egress.
This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Means for disposing of the smoke and fumes produced while
charging or discharging hot distilling chambers.
Metallurgical Apparatus,
subclasses 144+ , for miscellaneous metallurgical apparatus including
means for arresting the fumes from the gases produced in the metallurgical
operation.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 115+ for processes of or compositions for or subcombination
compositions for the breaking of or inhibiting of foam colloid systems,
when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. The retort or still is provided with means to rock, shake,
or otherwise agitate it and the contained distilland or has agitating
means provided internally thereof for the same purpose.
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. The still or retort is furnished with supports upon or in
which the distilland rests. The container may be removable.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclass 301 for a furnace lining which reacts with the charge.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 86 for separatory distillation process including reciting
apparatus or an element in terms of its composition.
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclass 30 for forming or repairing furnace lining and see, "SEARCH
CLASS" thereunder for related fields of search.
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. The distilling assembly has provision for expansion and
contraction as the structure is heated and cooled. This may be in
the form of sliding or other joints or devices for allowing expansion
and forcing contraction.
Static Molds,
subclass 82 , wherein molding means is provided to adjust the
volume of the apparatus during the molding operation to compensate
for change in volume of the material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Miscellaneous devices for preventing access or exit of air
or gas to the chambers and pipes of the apparatus.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclass 242 , for drying apparatus having means to seal an opening
against gas or vapor leakage and providing for feeding material through
the opening.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Miscellaneous group of details of apparatus not provided
for above and devices accessory to the operation of the distilling
apparatus not otherwise provided for.
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