This class provides for projectors not elsewhere classified. This
class includes the projectors for particular types of objects to
be projected; such as maps and aerial photographs, targets, transparent
plates, information data, microscopic objects, scales
and indicators, and stencils or perforated plates. Various
other species and types of projectors are also included here such
as kaleidoscopic, heliostats, stereoscopic and
relief, pointers, gun type, moving images
on screens, episcopes and cabinets including screens.
Various plural and composite types of projectors are included
such as projectors involving plural projected images including multicolor, projectors
for images combined with real objects, projectors with
manual delineation, and plural projection with a single
light source.
Projectors selective at the operators choice are also included
as where the selection is between a slide and a film strip, between
a cabinet and a distant screen, and between opaque and
transparency projection i.e., epidiascope.
Certain combinations and perfecting features are included
such as with vehicles, with sound accompaniment, with
editing or auxiliary viewing, additional illumination of
or near screen, temperature control, distortion
compensation, housings, structurally related projectors
and screens, and lamp control. Included also are
improvements in particular elements of or their relation to the
projector, when the elements are claimed in combination
with other projector structure. These improvements may
be in the projector filters, prisms, shutters, gates, reflectors, lens
supports, condensers, and slide changers.
Certain subcombinations of projectors are included here, usually
where they are peculiar to projectors, such as slide changers, housings
and picture carriers.
Methods of projection are included here. This is
usually the method of operating projection apparatus in a particular
manner.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
PROJECTORS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Class 434, Education and Demonstration, subclasses 180, 314+, and
324+, provides for projectors with some limitation
for use with teaching. Class 178, Telegraphy, especially
subclass 23 for telegraphic printing which may involve projection. These
may also be considered as projectors combined with telegraphy apparatus. Class 250, Radiant
Energy, subclass 329 has the projection of invisible radiant
energy images onto a fluorescent or phosphorescent screen, subclasses
458.1+ has the irradiation of fluorescent and
phosphorescent devices and subclasses 483.1+ for
fluorescent and phosphorescent devices, per se. Class
359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses
369 and 400 provides for compound lens systems with viewing screens. Class
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing
and Correcting, subclasses 210+ and 237+, for
eye examining instruments with chart or target projection. Class
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, for motion
picture projectors. Class 396, Photography, subclass
430 for a camera convertible to developed image projectors or viewer. Class
355, Photocopying, subclasses 18+ for
copying cameras or projecting printers involving projection on a
photographic film for recording the projected image; the copying
background in a patent is sufficient for classification in Class
355 as opposed to this Class 353. Class 356, Optics: Measuring
and Testing, subclasses 391+ provides for configuration
comparison involving projection on a viewing screen. Class
348, Television, subclasses 744+ for
television projection devices.
PROJECTORS COMBINED WITH OTHER STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Class 33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass
1, provides for image projectors combined with measuring
means; subclasses 20.1+ for image projectors
in combination with a claimed scribing or tracing means; and
subclasses 501+, for patents including an image
projector and a feeler which contacts an article to be tested. Class
434, Education and Demonstration, subclasses 180, 314+, and
324+ provides for an image projector having mechanism for
uncovering an answer or in combination with an educational device
which includes means by which a student controls or operates the
device and subclass 286 for planetarium projectors. Class
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), provides
for a projector in combination with a stadium or auditorium. Class
368, Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, subclasses
41+, 82+, and 239+, for
clocks including projection of the hands or dial. Class
116, Signals and Indicators, subclasses 246+ for
radio tuning indicators with projectors, Class 177, Weighing
Scales, subclass 178 for projection scales. Class
178, Telegraphy, especially subclasses 23+ for
telegraphic printing which may include projection. Class
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass
131 provides for a projector in combination with a motion picture
projector and Class 355, Photocopying, subclasses 18+ for
copying cameras which contain projection systems. Class
348, Television, subclasses 744+ for
television projection devices.
PROJECTOR SUBCOMBINATION CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Class 206, Special Receptacle or Package, subclass
456 provides for slide magazine, per se, i.e., with
no limitation for operation in a projector; Class 226, Advancing Material
of Indeterminate Length, especially subclasses 52+ for
film advancing mechanisms; Class 242, Winding, Tensioning, or
Guiding, subclasses 324+ for a device for unwinding
and rewinding a machine convertible information bearing carrier
which may include image film, and subclasses 520+ for
a convolute winding process or machine in general use; Class
362, Illumination, subclasses 257+, for
projection lamps which may be used in projectors; Class
248, Supports, subclasses 637+ for projection
machine supports; Class 359, Optical: Systems
and Elements, subclasses 443+ for projection screens; subclasses
642+ for lenses; subclasses 838+ for
reflectors; and subclasses 885+ for optical filters.
FACSIMILE, TELEVISION, AND TELEGRAPHIC PRINTING
Exhibitors involving conversion from electrical to optical
form are in Class 348, subclasses 744+ when a
television receiver is claimed in combination with projection structure (such
as lens, filter and reflector combinations) to
transmit the image from a cathode-ray tube to a viewing
surface. Class 359 provides for lenses, filters
and reflectors set forth as being for use with a television or in
a television cabinet. This Class 353 provides for combinations
or subcombinations of projectors which employ a concentrated source
of light where the source of light is not a cathode-ray
tube. Since the cathode-ray tube has the image
thereon and no concentrated light is projected through or reflected
from that image, the combination of a cathode-ray
tube and a lens, for example, is not within the
Class 353 definition.
Class 178, subclasses 23+ provides for detailed
stock tickers or other Class 178 printers in combination with either
a detailed or a broadly claimed projector. This Class 353, in
subclasses 46+ provides for a detailed projector in combination
with a nominal stock ticker. Class 178, subclass
42 provides for the combination of a nominal printer, a
nominal projector, and a detailed tape-feeding
mechanism, since Class 226 does not provide for this combination. Class
226 does provide for tape-advancing means in combination
with a projector when only one optical element is claimed, or
in combination with a nominal printer; but does not provide
for a combination including a projector and a printer.
PROJECTION LIGHTS
Class 362 in subclasses 257+ provides for light projectors
or subcombinations of image projectors which merely claim elements
such as lights, condensing lenses, filters, screens
for filtering, masks, or reflectors. However, this
Class 353 provides for image projectors which include elements such
as a slide guideways, filmgates, objective lenses, viewing
screens, or means to dissolve images.
A light or shadow spot projector for pointing out part of an
image on a viewing screen is classified in this Class 353, subclass
42 even though other light projectors are in Class 362.
Class 362 includes patents where the mere image of the light
source or its filament is obtained.
OPTICAL ELEMENTS (E.G., LENSES
AND SCREENS)
Class 359 includes projection lens systems, lens
mounts, lens supports, and optical elements where
no other image projector structure such as a slide changer shutter, film
gate, viewing screen or light source is recited in the claims.
Class 359, subclasses 443+ also provides
for projection screens, per se, or in combination
with lenses. However, when a projection screen
is in combination with an image projector having a concentrated
source of light, classification is in Class 353.
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTORS
Motion picture image projectors which create an illusion of
motion by employing the persistence of vision of a person are provided
for in Class 352. If there is a recitation in the claims
of "a motion picture projector," "animation projector,"
or equivalent terminology; or if structure definitive of
motion picture mechanism is made, classification is in
Class 352. However, the mere motion picture background
is not sufficient to remove subject matter from Class 353 to Class
352. Patents which set forth the combination of a still
and a motion picture projector are classified in Class 352, subclass 131; and
those patents which claim devices convertible from still to motion
or from motion to still picture projector are classified in Class
352, subclass 131; and those patents which claim
devices convertible from still to motion or from motion to still
picture projectors are in Class 352, subclasses 136 and
147.
Class 352, subclasses 1+ provides for motion
picture projectors accompanied by sound where the "motion" is either
claimed or disclosed.
SLIDE EXHIBITORS AND SLIDES
Class 40, subclasses 701+ provides for slides
and slide mounts where no particular image or optical relationships
are recited. However, this Class 353, subclass
120 includes slides where there is a relationship of the images
thereon, or where the slide has both a visual and a sound
record.
Slide changers disclosed as being useful with a mere viewer
are in Class 40, while slide changers disclosed for use
with image projectors or for either viewers or image projectors
are in this Class 353.
Geometrical Instruments,
subclass 1 , for image projectors combined with measuring
means; subclasses 20.1+ for image projectors
in combination with a claimed scribing or tracing means; and
subclasses 501+, for patents including an image
projector and a feeler which contacts an article to be tested.
Special Receptacle or Package,
subclass 456 for a photo slide magazine, per se, where
no relationship or means for connecting to a projector is claimed.
Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, especially
subclasses 52+ for film advancing means in a projector where no
more than one optical element is claimed and where no detailed optics
is recited.
Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
subclasses 324+ for a device for unwinding and rewinding a machine
convertible information bearing carrier which includes image film, and
subclasses 520+ for a convolute winding process or machine
in general use.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 330+ for methods and apparatus to convert infrared radiation
into a visible image, subclass 361 for invisible radiant-energy-responsive
electric signalling devices which include a luminescent device responsive
to the radiant energy, subclasses 458.1+ for
methods and apparatus for irradiating fluorescent and phosphorescent
devices and subclasses 483.1+ for fluorescent
and phosphorescent devices, per se.
Optics: Eye Examining, Vision
Testing and Correcting,
subclasses 210+ and 237+ for chart or target projection
devices employed for examining and testing eyes.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 391+ for measuring and testing patents which involve
image projection where an article is compared to a scale or where
an article is compared to a standard by superimposing the two or
by viewing the two concurrently when they or their images are immediately
adjacent each other.
Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices,
subclasses 41+ , 82+, and 239+ for
a projector in combination with a clock where more than the mere
hands and face of the clock is claimed.
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for
controls, subclasses 130+ for image formation, subclasses
168+ for charging, subclasses 177+ for
exposure, subclasses 222+ for development, subclasses
297+ for transfer, subclasses 320+ for
fixing, subclasses 343+ for cleaning, and
subclasses 361+ for document handling.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for a stock-material product
in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet, and
which may be useful as a projection screen, but with no
optical limitations; and especially
subclasses 143+ for such a stock-material product comprising
embedded particulate matter (e.g., glass) which
acts to diffuse or reflect light.
Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 180 , 314+, and 324+ for
an image projector having mechanism for uncovering an answer or
in combination with an educational device which includes means by
which a student controls or operates the device and subclass 286
for planetarium projectors.
SECTION IV - GLOSSARY
CONCENTRATED LIGHT SOURCE
The source of illumination for the projector. It
may be either a projection lamp or a lens and mirror system utilizing
sunlight.
CONDENSING LENS
A lens which parallels the light from the light source
for uniform distribution over the object to be projected and makes
the light impinge on the object at right angles to the plane of
the object.
FILM STRIP
An indeterminate length of film having a plurality of images
thereon.
IMAGE
The optical counterpart of an object produced by a lens or
other optical system. In an image projection system an
image of an object is formed on a screen or other viewing surface. A
photographic camera forms an image of an object on a photosensitive
film. After the film is developed, a picture of
the original object appears on the film. A picture of this
type is generally employed as the object in image projectors.
LIGHT PARALLELING STRUCTURE
Optical elements for directing the light from the concentrated
light source so that it impinges on the object perpendicular to
the plane of the object and uniformly illuminates the object to
be projected.
OBJECT
The object is the subject, the image of which
is to be projected (see definition of image).
OBJECT HOLDER
Structure for holding the object in the projecting position, as
well as for moving the object in and out of such position. Examples
are slide transfer mechanisms and film holders.
PROJECTION OBJECTIVE OR PROJECTION LENS SYSTEMS
Forms an image of the object on the viewing surface, and
is located between the object and viewing surface.
PROJECTOR OR STEREOPTICON
A device for projecting an image of an object by passing light
through or around the object or reflecting light from the object
on a viewing screen for the purpose of more conveniently viewing
the image of the object. The image is usually enlarged
or reduced in size with reference to the object; and the
image is also usually in a more convenient position for viewing
or recording. Since projection is a common property of
lenses and mirrors, the projectors in this class involve
some structure for facilitating or enhancing the projection over what
incidentally occurs in these optical elements. A projector
generally includes (a) a concentrated light source
from either an artificially or natural emanation, (b) a
light paralleling element (e.g., condensing
lens), (c) a holding or positioning
device for the object to be projected, (d) a
projection objective or projection lens system comprising one or
more optical elements for directing the light after it passes through
or is reflected from the object to form an image, and (e) a
screen for receiving the image and making the image formed by this
light available for use. The projectors in this class utilize
natural or artificial (usually) light within the
visible spectrum. The object to be projected is usually
planar in natural with the plane extending transverse to the direction
of projection, and may be transparent (e.g., slide
or transparency) or reflective (e.g., opaque
sheet). The projection may be limited to the outline
of an opaque object such as a shadow, and in this case
the object need not be planar. The term projector as used
in this class designates the above structure either with or without
the screen. In operation the object is positioned outside
one focal plane of the projection lens system and the image is formed
on a viewing surface outside the opposite focal plane of the projection
lens system. The closer the object is to the one focal
plane the farther the image will be from the other focal plane, and
the bigger the image will be. In the projector the relative
positioning of the object is usually obtained by moving the projection
lens system and adjusting its focal length rather than by changing
the position of the object. As indicated in FACSIMILE, TELEVISION, AND
TELEGRAPHIC PRINTING, above, the projectors including
or adapted for use with recording surfaces are classified elsewhere.
SCREEN
This is a planar (usually) light diffusing
surface positioned with its plane surface substantially transverse
to the projector light for presenting the image in viewable form.
SLIDE
A piece of transparent film having a single image thereon, and
also having a frame or two glass plates to help keep the piece of
film from bending.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a plurality of reflecting surfaces
so arranged in the optical path that images of objects viewed as
multiple images of the objects arranged in a symmetrical pattern
and relative motion between the objects and the reflecting surfaces
or between the reflecting surfaces and observer changes the patterns.
(1)
Note. The reflecting surfaces are usually elongated
and at an angle to each other which forms a V-shaped trough
when two mirrors are employed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including a chamber of loosely assorted objects, usually
of irregular shapes, transparent and varicolored, which
may be tumbled over each other by rotation of the chamber or moved
in other ways to give ever-changing visual effects.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein solar light is employed to project
an image and comprising essentially a reflector and mechanism for
causing it to follow the apparent movement of the sun so as to keep
the direction of the reflected light constant and appropriate for
projecting the image.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for subcombinations
of a Heliostat not provided for elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein an object to be projected is moved
to and from the projection position by convection currents of air
which usually move a fan which in turn moves the object.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projection system is especially
adapted to project an image (usually an aerial photograph
of the terrain) on a surface for making a map, or
to compensate for the orientation of the camera which produced the
aerial photograph being projected, or to align or superimpose
parts of such aerial photographs.
Geometrical Instruments,
subclass 1 for similar subject matter combined with measuring
means and subclasses 20.1+ for similar subject
matter combined with a claimed scribing or tracing means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the projected pictures were taken
from different points of view and have separate perspectives corresponding
to the perspective offered by the right and left eyes of a viewer.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 2 for structure responsive to two stereoscopic images
and furnishing a contour plot of the earth based on the distinctions
of the images.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter where the projection system is adapted to
project pairs of individual picture elements having separate perspectives corresponding
to the perspective offered by the right and left eyes of a viewer.
(1)
Note. The individual picture elements are taken from
two different points of view and each eye of the viewer receives only
the information obtained from one point of view when viewing the
projected images on a screen.
(2)
Note. This subclass also provides for attachments
which convert a conventional still projector to a stereoscopic projector.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter including light polarizing material in at
least one light path for allowing light of a certain polarization
to pass therethrough and blocking certain other light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter including mechanism for moving stereoscopic
slides into the projection path; or portions of this mechanism
such as a slide changer which moves slides from a magazine into
the projection path and back to the magazine or a magazine which
moves to position individual slides next to the slide changer.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projection system is adapted
to provide an illusion of depth from a single projected image obtained from
only one point of view.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projector is especially adapted
to project an image of a map or navigation chart; an image
of a target onto a map or chart; or a target which represents
a vehicle such as an aircraft onto a screen.
Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 44 and 69+ for similar structure where training
mechanism is claimed which the student controls, adjusts
or handles to help train him.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter wherein the projector is in combination with
a mobile carrier such as a ship, automobile, or
airplane; or in which the projector is adapted to be employed
in a vehicle.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the projector is in combination
with a mobile carrier, such as a ship, automobile, or
airplane; or in which the projector includes structure
which significantly adapts the projector for operation in a vehicle.
(1)
Note. To be termed a vehicle for purposes of classification
in this subclass (13) the vehicle must be for
some purpose other than to merely transport the projector such as
a cabinet projector on rollers. Such cabinet projectors
are elsewhere (see Search This Class, subclass below).
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter wherein the image projected is of the face
of an instrument which informs the driver about a condition or position
of the vehicle such as a speedometer or compass.
(1)
Note. Where details of the instrument are claimed, classification
is in the class having the given instrument.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the image projector is synchronized
or otherwise combined with a means to reproduce sounds, such
as music or speech, and which sounds bear a relationship
to the projected pictures.
(1)
Note. The Optics: Motion Pictures, class provides
for motion picture projectors accompanied by sound where the "motion"
is either claimed or disclosed (see Search Class note below). This Class (353) provides
for sound accompanied slide or still picture projectors.
Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval,
subclasses 1+ and 80 for magnetic recorders or reproducers combined
with nominal projector apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter wherein the sound accompaniment is an instrument
for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus or
needle following a spiral groove on a revolving circular disc or
cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter including a cabinet which encases the projector
and part of the viewing screen and usually also encases the phonograph; and
which excludes outside light from the projection path to form a
unitary device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter wherein the picture to be projected and the
audio record are both on the same film strip or slide or where both
are mounted in a common frame.
(1)
Note. This subclass (19) provides
for an image projector and sound reproducer in combination which
employs a common picture and sound record carrier. Subclass
120, below, provides for the common carrier, per
se.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a polarizing element or interference
filter in the optical path to modify the light in said path.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projector is particularly designed
so that the pictures to be projected may be directly inspected for
faults or arranged in a particular position or sequence; or
where the projector has auxiliary means so that the pictures may
be previewed before projection or may be viewed on an auxiliary
screen during projection on the main screen.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a transparent plate having parallel
flat surfaces in the optical path through which the projecting light
beam passes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Subject matter wherein the transparent plate is an essential
part of the gate to position a film strip in the focal plane of
the projector.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a desired one of a plurality of individual
units of information may selectively be moved into the optical path
for projection from a stored or nonprojectable position either by
positioning the unit in the optical path or by moving the optical
path to the individual unit.
(1)
Note. The subject matter here (subclasses
25, 26, 28) involves the selection of
any one of the units from the group without regard to any sequential
arrangement of the units as is provided for in the subclasses below.
(2)
Note. The data or information projected here is a
record such as an account or real estate register rather than a
mere picture to be viewed for enjoyment.
Static Information Storage and Retrieval,
subclasses 185.01+ for floating gate memory storage (e.g. flash
memory), subclass 120 for the storage and retrieval
of information which has inherent means for reading information
into and out of the storage system.
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for controls, subclasses
130+ for image formation, subclasses 168+ for
charging, subclasses 177+ for exposure, subclasses
222+ for development, subclasses 297+ for
transfer, subclasses 320+ for fixing, subclasses 343+ for
cleaning, and subclasses 361+ for document handling.
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein the data is stored on a strip of
film of indeterminate length which usually is supported on a pair
of reels which are rotated to bring selected portions of the data into
position for projection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein the data is stored in numerous individual
areas which are arranged in a plurality of rows or columns on a
rectangular sheet of microfilm which is in a flat condition during
projection; the optical path and microcard usually being
relatively movable to select the individual area to be projected
by alignment with the optical path which may include moving a mask
to block light from going through the undesired data.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projected image is combined with
a real object so that the two may be viewed simultaneously.
(1)
Note. The real object may be a person or a sign or
screen having indicia thereon. However, a mere
sign or screen without inherent indicia is not considered a real object
for the purpose of this definition since it would add nothing informative to
the viewed scene.
(2)
Note. This subclass provides only for apparatus which
produces a scene including a real object and a projected image; if
the real object also is projected, classification is in
subclasses 30+ below.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 391+ for a projected image in combination with a real
object for the purpose of measuring or comparing the two.
Amusement Devices, particularly
subclass 61 for a projected image in combination with a stage
which includes a real object and subclasses 75+ for a stage
apparatus or setting appropriate therefor.
ADDITIONAL ILLUMINATION OF OR NEAR PROJECTED IMAGE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector for projecting an image
on a surface and also means to illuminate the periphery of that
surface to form a lighted border or means to direct additional illumination
on the surface for the purpose of improved contrast, picture
definition, brilliancy or tinting.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including at least one image projector to
project a plurality of images on a screen in superimposed or in
mosaic relationship so that the images each contribute a part of
the composite image.
(1)
Note. One of the images may merely be projected on
the screen at intervals while the other is steadily projected. However, if
one image is faded in while the other is faded out with no cooperation
of the images, classification is not here but in one of
subclasses 83, 86, 90 or 93, below.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including means to project a composite image
from a set of pictures, each picture corresponding to a
particular color which is different from the color of the other pictures
of the set.
This subclass is indented under subclass 31. Subject matter wherein the projector is adapted for projecting
images from lenticular film and usually includes a multizone color
filter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 31. Subject matter including a prism, usually for directing
light to the respective pictures or for combining light which has
come through the respective pictures.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including a single lamp and two or more optical
paths and means to simultaneously direct light from the lamp to
the optical paths.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a plurality of slides or film strips
are aligned in the optical path of the projector so that light passes
sequentially through more than one of them to form a composite image
on a viewing screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a plurality of numbers or letters
are individually projected adjacent each other on a viewing screen
to form a meaningful image or where indicia is projected adjacent
or upon a scene on the viewing screen, usually for the
purpose of advertising.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the light source and the viewing screen to direct light
along the optical path.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a transparent structure having
a plurality of discrete surfaces, such as lenticles or
facets, which extends across the optical path for modifying
the light which passes therethrough.
(1)
Note. This subclass (38) provides
for a diffusing element, such as a glass plate having a
ground-glass surface for softening the projected image, in
the optical path of the projector.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a lens system (usually
of the compound type) which provides great magnification
of the projected image of microscopical objects.
(1)
Note. Said lens system may be in a common microscope
which is in combination with means to project an image on a viewing
screen to form a projection microscope or the microscope and projection
structure may be built as a unit to form a microprojector.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 237.1+ for similar structure employed to detect flaws
in a material or article and subclasses 391+ for similar
structure where the image is compared to a standard.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a scale or scale indicator together
with optical elements arranged to project an image of the scale
or scale indicator.
(1)
Note. The broad recitation of the scale or indicator
actuator does not preclude classification here. However, where
the scale actuator is claimed in detail classification is with the
art to which the actuator relates. Examples of such are
in the Search Notes below. Where the scale is projected
in conjunction with the object to be measured, projected
or not, classification is in Class 356 Optics: Measuring
and Testing, subclasses 391+. The combined
recitation of the scale and indicator broadly does not preclude
classification here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter including more than one scale, such
as in a vernier or micrometer for making fine or exact measurements.
(1)
Note. One of the scales may give the general reading
while the other gives a finer or decimal reading or the two scales
may slide side-to-side and the reading be where
scale lines from the two respective scales intersect. Only
one of the plural scales need be projected.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projector includes an optical
or mechanical pointer for indicating to the observer particular
parts of a projected image on a projection screen, or light-spot
pointers, per se.
(1)
Note. Generally light projectors for mere illumination
are classified elsewhere (see Search Class note below). However, in
the case of a light-spot pointer, the device, per
se, is classified here even though it is not combined with
an image projector.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector housing shaped like
a pistol, gun or flashlight or such projector or other
projector which uses a dry-cell battery for a power source.
(1)
Note. A conventional flashlight may be attached to
other structure to make a complete projector.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projector is constructed to permit
a person to write or draw simultaneously on a surface while an image
of that writing or drawing is projected from the surface on a viewing
screen; or including means such as tracing paper on which
an image is projected while a person simultaneously makes a record
corresponding to the image by tracing the image with a pencil or
the like.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector adapted to project
an image which moves on or across the viewing screen.
(1)
Note. Usually the object is on a moving tape as in
a combined-stock ticker tape and projector.
(2)
Note. Subclasses 46+ takes a detailed projector
in combination with a nominal stock ticker. The Telegraphy
class takes the combination of a detailed stock ticker or other
printer in combination with either a detailed or a broadly claimed
projector. Class 178, subclass 42 takes the combination
of a nominal printer, a nominal projector and a detailed
tape-feeding means since Class 226 does not provide for
the combination. Class 226 provides for tape-advancing
means in combination with a projector when only one optical element is
claimed, or in combination with a nominal printer but does
not provide for a combination including a projector and a printer.
Telegraphy,
subclasses 23+ for the combination of a detailed stock ticker or
other Class 178 printer in combination with either a detailed or
a broadly claimed projector; also see subclass 42 for a
stock ticker in combination with a projector. See (2) Note
above.
Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, for means to pull a tape where only a single optical
element such as a film gate or lens is claimed. See (2) Note
above.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including a cabinet which encases the projector
and part of the viewing screen and which excludes outside light
from the projection path to form a unitary device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including a plurality of projectors as there
defined or two or more optical paths for projecting onto separate
viewing screens or separated areas on a viewing screen.
(1)
Note. Subclasses 30+ above has plural projectors
for projecting to form a composite image on a common viewing screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Subject matter including only one lamp for the two or more
optical paths and means to direct light from the lamp to the optical
paths.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the light source and the viewing screen to direct light
along the optical path.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to heat, cool, reduce
the rise in temperature, or ventilate all or part of the
projection system or the picture to be projected.
Illumination,
subclass 293 for such structure having a heat filter and subclass
294 for light-projection structure having ventilating and
cooling means. See the note to Class 362 below the class
definitions to this Class 353.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including means to conduct heat or direct
heated air to a film-slide magazine or to a film strip
to heat the film before projection to prevent unequal expansion
of the film (known as "popping") and thus prevent
distortion of the projected image.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a liquid, usually water, in
or near the projection path which absorbs heat energy thus reducing
the amount of heat transmitted to the film or other object to be
projected.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a sheet of material in the optical
path which at least partially separates the heat or infrared energy
from the visible-light energy; by absorbing the
heat energy, by reflecting the heat energy and transmitting the
visible light, or by transmitting the heat energy while
reflecting the visible light toward the object to be projected.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a low heat-transmitting
shield, liner, or partition which absorbs or reflects
heat and stops heat from reaching particular parts of the projector; a
mask having an aperture in the optical path which blocks part of
the heat and light rays; a mask which alternately blocks
the optical path for the purpose of reducing the heat energy reaching
the object; or nonheat-conducting material employed
in constructing the projector to reduce the transfer of heat to
particular projector parts.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including a fan or rotor and means to rotate
the fan or rotor to move cooler air into the projector and to move
warmer air out of the projector to cool the parts of the projector.
Illumination,
subclass 294 for a light projector or a subcombination of an image
projector with no image-projecting structure including
ventilating or cooling means. See also, section VII
of the Class Definitions of this Class 353.
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the projector includes a plurality
of fans or rotors which force air through parts of the projector.
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the motor which rotates the blower
is operatively connected with the slide-transferring mechanism
to provide the force which moves the slides.
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the air is particularly forced against
and moves substantially perpendicular to the front or back side
of an object to be projected to hold the object in place during projection
or to merely cool the object.
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter including special passages or deflectors
to direct air to certain parts of the projector for cooling thereof.
STENCIL OR PERFORATED PLATE PROJECTOR (E.G., SKY
OR CLOUD PROJECTOR):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the projector is particularly adapted
to project an image of an opaque stencil or opaque plate which is
perforated so as to form a particular message or design on a viewing
screen or on a cloud in the sky.
(1)
Note. The projectors in this subclass direct light
on the far side or side of the opaque object opposite the viewing screen
or cloud as in transparency projector. In the opaque projectors
in subclasses 63+ and 65+ below light is projected
onto and reflected from the near side or side of the object nearer
the viewing screen.
EPIDIASCOPE (I.E., SELECTIVE OPAQUE
AND TRANSPARENCY PROJECTOR):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector which selectively projects
an image from an opaque object by light reflection therefrom or alternatively
projects an image from a transparency by directing light therethrough.
for a projector which projects the image of a stencil
or perforated object by projecting light from the far side of the
object to produce a profile or silhouette on a viewing screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter including a plurality of mirrors or reflecting
prisms positioned between the light source and the viewing screen
to direct light along or toward the optical path.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to project the image of an
opaque object by reflecting light from the object rather than projecting light
through a slide or film as in a transparency projector.
(1)
Note. The object may be a page of a book, a
three-dimensional object or other generally-opaque
object.
for a projector which projects the image of a stencil
or perforated object by projecting light from the far side of the
object to produce a profile or silhouette on a viewing screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the light source and the viewing screen to direct light
along the optical path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter including a cabinet which encases the projector
and part of the viewing screen and which excludes outside light
from the projection path to form a unitary device.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector which is particularly
adapted to selectively project an image to a viewing screen from
a slide or from a film strip.
(1)
Note. These devices usually have means to adjust
a projection gate for either slides or strip film or have two such gates
in sequence and means to focus on either one or the other.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a rectifying element in the optical
path, or means to adjust an element in the optical path
to offset the undesired effects of abnormalities of the film or slides
or undesired effects of the screen and projector alignment.
(1)
Note. This subclass 69 has means to compensate for
warped film or for film or slides of different size, thickness
or density so that an undistorted image of the object on the film
will be focused on the viewing screen; while indented subclass
70 has means to compensate for the projection axis being inclined
to the viewing screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass (69). Subject matter including means to eliminate the keystone
effect or other distortion when the projector is above the viewing
screen, as in most theaters, or when the projection
axis is oblique to the screen or some other purpose.
SELECTIVE PROJECTION ON DISTANT OR CABINET SCREEN:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a cabinet which encases a projector
and part of a viewing screen, wherein the projector may
be employed to project an image on said viewing screen or wherein
the projector may be employed alternatively to project an image
on a distant, detached viewing screen.
(1)
Note. The screen in the cabinet may be removed and
the projector focused on the distant screen or a reflector may be moved
into or out of the optical path so that the projected rays bypass
the screen in the cabinet and form an image on the distant screen.
PROJECTOR OR SCREEN REMOVABLE FROM COMMON HOUSING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a projector and a screen in a common
housing wherein the housing is opened and the projector or screen
is at least partially removed when projecting the image on the screen.
Supports: Cabinet Structure,
subclass 10.1 for a cabinet for a projector where an optical
part of the device is only nominally claimed. A patent which
claims a projector and a screen or a plurality of optical elements
is in this Class 353.
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter including two or more mirrors or reflecting
prisms in the optical path between the lamp and the viewing screen
during use.
CABINET ENCLOSES PROJECTOR AND ONE SIDE OF SCREEN:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a cabinet which encases the projector
and part of the viewing screen and which excludes outside light
from the projection path to form a unitary device.
Supports: Cabinet Structure,
subclass 10.1 for a cabinet for a projector where an optical
part of the device is only nominally claimed. A patent which
claims a projector and a screen or a plurality of optical elements
is in this Class 353.
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter including opaque or translucent light-limiting
means such as a diaphragm, hood, curtain, aperture
plate, framing plate, light baffle or shield.
(1)
Note. The light-limiting or controlling means
may be positioned either in the light path to block a portion of
the light from the lamps or may be positioned near the light path
to reduce undesired light to or from the light path.
Optical: Systems and Elements,
subclasses 738+ for a lens in combination with a diaphragm or mask
of general utility and subclasses 227+ for light control
by an opaque element or medium movable in or through a light path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter including adjustable structure to focus the
image of the object on the screen or to increase or decrease the
size of the image relative to the size of the object.
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for controls, subclasses
130+ for image formation, subclasses 168+ for
charging, subclasses 177+ for exposure, and
subclasses 222+ for development.
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the light source and the viewing screen to direct light
along the optical path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter including a plurality of reflectors as there
defined, which usually direct the light to form a folded
light path inside the cabinet.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter where the projector is connected to a viewing
screen by physical means such as mechanical linkage to space the screen
from the projector or electrical wiring to control movement of the
screen from the position of the projector.
This subclass is indented under subclass 79. Subject matter wherein a shadow image of an article is projected
on the viewing screen.
(1)
Note. In this subclass the structure relating the
projector and viewing screen may be parts of a machine tool. However, where
specific structure of the machine tool is claimed, classification elsewhere, depending
on the type of machine tool, see the Search Class Notes below.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a prism in the optical path to
reflect or refract the light rays of the path.
and 36, for a projector for producing a composite
image which includes a prism, especially subclass 33 for
a composite projector for multicolor pictures which includes a prism.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a single lamp and two or more optical
paths and means to direct light from the lamp to the optical paths, usually
alternately.
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter including means to fade in a picture in one
projection path or to fade out the picture in the other projection
path, usually by means of a shutter or by gradually shifting
the lamp from one projection path to the other.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means in the optical path to block
or absorb particular wavelengths of light.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to switch the lamp off and
on or to otherwise modify the illumination intensity or means to
adjustably position the lamp relative to other parts of the projector.
(1)
Note. The projection light sources as here classified
include a light source together with some picture-projector structure
such as a slide changer or film gate. See Search Class
note for illumination generally or where the picture projector is
only nominally claimed.
(2)
Note. Shutters or screens which merely block the
light are provided for in subclass 88 below and are not in this
subclass 85.
Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,
subclasses 541+ for illuminated signs, and subclasses
442+ for display devices with selective or intermittent illumination.
Optics: Motion Pictures, for illumination generally or where the picture projector
is only nominally claimed;
subclasses 198+ for motion-picture projection light sources.
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for controls, subclasses
130+ for image formation, subclasses 168+ for
charging, and subclasses 177+ for exposure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter including means to gradually extinguish the
lamp to fade out a picture or to gradually increase the illuminating
power of the lamp to fade in a picture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter including means to movably position the light
source, usually relative to a reflector or lens in the
projector.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to interrupt the light from
the lamp in the projector, usually during movement or changing
of the picture carrier.
Optical: Systems and Elements,
subclasses 738+ for lenses combined with such shutters or diaphragms
and subclasses 227+ for shutters or diaphragms, per
se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Subject matter including two or more optical paths for projection
of pictures with either a shutter for each path or a shutter which
alternately blocks the two paths.
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter including means to gradually increase the
intensity of an image (i.e., fade
in) or to gradually diminish the intensity of an image
until it is no longer recognizable (i.e., fade
out).
(1)
Note. When one picture is being faded in and the
other is faded out at the same time both pictures are at least partially on
the screen at the same time. This is not considered a composite
image, however, since the various parts must cooperate
to form such an image as defined in subclass 30 about.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Subject matter including a periodically-energized
electromagnet which either directly operates the shutter or which
operates some other part of the projector which is connected to
the shutter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Subject matter including a slide magazine and mechanism
to horizontally move the slides individually into the projection
path and back into the magazine and to advance the magazine all
in cooperation with movement of the shutter.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Subject matter including means to gradually increase the
intensity of an image (i.e., fade
in) or to gradually diminish the intensity of an image
until it is no longer recognizable (i.e., fade
out).
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for projectors having
shutters disclosed as being for dissolving views and shutters having multiple
elements which move into the light path to block the light.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a plurality of projectors as there
defined or two or more light sources with their respective associated
optical paths.
(1)
Note. The projectors may be in the same or in different
casings.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including structure in the optical path which
positions a film strip in the focal plane of the projector and masks
the film edges so that a single frame or picture area is projected.
(1)
Note. Usually the gate includes an aperture plate
for framing and a pressure plate for positioning the film against
the aperture plate.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including opaque or translucent light limiting
or controlling means such as a diaphragm, hood, curtain, aperture
plate, framing plate, light baffle or shield.
(1)
Note. The light-limiting or controlling means
may be positioned either in the light path to block a portion of
the light from the lamp or may be positioned near the light path
to reduce undesired light to or from the light path.
Optical: Systems and Elements,
subclasses 738+ for a lens in combination with a diaphragm or mask
of general utility and subclasses 227+ for light control
by an opaque element or medium movable in or through a light path.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a surface, which specularly
reflects light, positioned behind the light source or anywhere
in the light path between the light source and the viewing screen.
Photocopying,
subclasses 43 , 45, 49, 51, 57, 60, 65, and
66 for a projection printer having a reflector between the original
and the photosensitive paper.
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for controls, subclasses
130+ for image formation, subclasses 168+ for
charging, subclasses 177+ for exposure, subclasses
222+ for development, subclasses 297+ for
transfer, subclasses 320+ for fixing, subclasses 343+ for
cleaning, and subclasses 361+ for document handling.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to position a lens in the
projector.
(1)
Note. Subclass in the Search This Class, Subclass
note below has projector housings which may be recited as having
lens apertures in their walls. A patent in this subclass (100) must
have structure to support the lens, inside or outside the projector, which
is more than a mere aperture in the projector casing.
(2)
Note. Class 359 has lens mounts for projectors where
the projector is only nominally claimed. However, if
a lamp, slide changer or other projector structure such as
details of the housing are claimed the patent is in this Class (353).
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter wherein the support movably positions the
lens for a purpose such as focusing, varying the magnification
or facilitating insertion of the film in the projector near the lens.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a lens in the optical path between
the lamp and the object to form and direct parallel rays along the
optical axis toward the object or to secure a desired distribution
of the light over the surface of the object, the lens usually
having a specific surface, shape, index of refraction, or
dimensional relationship to the lamp or object whose image is to
be projected.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including mechanism for moving slides into
the projection path; or portions of this mechanism such
as a slide changer which moves slides from a magazine into the projection
path and back to the magazine or a magazine which moves to position
individual slides next to the slide changer.
(1)
Note. This subclass (103) and those indented
hereunder provide for slide changers disclosed for use with projectors
while Class 40 provides for slide changers disclosed for use in
viewers only. This class provides for slide changers where
the indicated use is both for projectors and viewers.
(2)
Note. The indented subclasses provide for magazines
which are to be employed with certain kinds of slide changers. Class
206, Special Receptacles and Packages, subclass
456 provides for slide magazines, per se, where
no relationship or means for connecting to a projector is claimed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein the slide changer or carrier is particularly
adapted to hold or move slides of different lengths, widths, or
thicknesses or slides which are distorted or warped.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein a magnet, either permanent
or electromagnetic, is employed to aid in getting the slides
into the correct position for projection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Subject matter wherein the magnet is a periodically-energized
electromagnet for moving a slide or slide carrying structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter wherein the slide carrier is the type which
is rotated, such as a rotary magazine or a disc to which
slides are fixed, about an axis during the slide moving
cycle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein the carrier is moved to position
the slides in the projection path so that the slides remain attached
to the carrier before, during and after projection as opposed
to being moved from a magazine before projection and to a magazine
after projection.
(1)
Note. In this subclass most of the patents are to
a drum or cylindrical carrier having a circular wall to which slides
are attached and on which the slides remain during the projection
cycle. The projection lamp is usually mounted inside the drum
or cylinder so that as the cylinder is rotated the slide between
the lamp and the viewing screen is projected on the screen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Subject matter wherein the carrier is a chain or belt to
which slides are attached or a chain which is formed partially or
completely by the individual slide holders.
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Subject matter wherein the slides are attached to a flat
disc shaped carrier and are in the plane of the disc which disc
is rotated in the projection path for removing one slide from and
positioning another slide in the projection path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein at least some movement of the slides
to or away from the projection position is caused by the slides
own weight, the slides either falling or sliding downwardly.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111. Subject matter including a magazine in which the slides
are stored before being projected and a receptacle, which
may be another magazine, to receive the slides after projection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter including mechanism to move a slide from
a first magazine in which slides are stored before projection to
a second magazine where the slides are stored after projection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein the individual slides are moved horizontally
into and out of the projection path and are held in a substantially
vertical path perpendicular to the projection path during such movement.
This subclass is indented under subclass 114. Subject matter including means to move a slide vertically
in addition to horizontally reciprocating it, usually to
raise the slide to the projection level before moving it horizontally
into the light path or to raise the slide slightly after it is moved
out of the light path so that it can be manually gripped and removed
from the slide changer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 114. Subject matter including a magazine which is open on at
least one side or means to position a magazine so that the slides
are movable into the projection path and back into the magazine by
means of the reciprocation mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 116. Subject matter where the magazine is shaped as a drum and
rotates about the central axis of the drum to position different
slides for reciprocation to and from the projection path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter including a hook which engages a slide, or
a hook on the slide which engages a complementary part on the changer, or
mechanism which frictionally grasps the individual slides.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including the structure which substantially
encases or encloses projection structure.
(1)
Note. Class 248, Supports, especially subclasses
637+, provides for projector supports where no
significant projection structure is claimed. The broad
recitation of a projector combined with a support does not preclude
classification in Class 248. Class 352 provides in subclass
243 for motion-picture projectors combined with supports
as there defined. See (1) Note under
said subclass 243.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a film with particular relationships
of the pictures thereon to each other or to the dimensions of a
film strip, or with indexing means on the film; or
including a film or slide frame which has both a picture and a sound
record thereon.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including process steps for use in projecting
an image of an object on a viewing screen.
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