This class provides for a hydrocarbon compound in a pure or
relatively pure state and for certain compositions containing hydrocarbons.
Methods for making such compounds and compositions by synthesis,
blending, etc., and certain methods for treating are also included herein.
The scope of this class can be readily determined from a review
of the "main line" subclasses of its schedule.
These are arranged, in general, following the principles usually
applied in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for hierarchically
ordering statutory subject matter, that is, more complex subject
matter or that which exists later in time is generally placed ahead
of simpler or earlier subject matter. As applied to chemistry and
chemical engineering this ordering is generally as follows:
A. Materials defined by structure.
B. Compositions or mixtures
C. Compounds or elements
D. Manufacturing processes, e.g., synthesis, etc.
E. Nonmanufacturing processes, e.g., purification, etc.
F. Manufacturing apparatus
G. Nonmanufacturing apparatus
This class is confined to categories B, C, D, and E of the above
list.
At the heart of this class is the pure compound which consists
of carbon and hydrogen and no other element and which has a definite
empirical formula and an unambiguous structural formula.
The major portion of patents in this class is drawn to processes
for synthesizing such compound from other materials which are not
this exact compound, with the intent of recovering the hydrocarbon
compound.
Also included in this class, with some exceptions, is a mixture
of hydrocarbon compounds, usually closely related in empirical and
structural formulae, which mixture results from a single synthesis
step, or a series of steps, which mixture is of utility as a mixture,
e.g., a "detergent alkylate", a "polymer
gasoline", etc. The exceptions are discussed below.
This class also includes, again with some exceptions, a composition
which is a deliberate mixture of various hydrocarbons only, such
as a fuel or lubricant composition, or a mixture of a hydrocarbon
with a nonhydrocarbon material, which nonhydrocarbon material is designed
to improve the general utility of the hydrocarbon. Thus, the nonhydrocarbon
additive may be a solvent, a preservative, etc.
This class also provides, again with certain exceptions, for
methods of manufacturing compounds and compositions classifiable
herein and for certain methods of purifying the same or otherwise
treating the same.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
This class is the residual class of all Patent Office classes
concerned with categories B, C, D, and E listed above. See Class
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, subclasses
312-321 for the chemical destruction of hydrocarbon hazardous or
toxic waste.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter for one of the
categories B to E above and another claim to subject matter for
another of these categories, the patent is assigned as an original
to the class which provides for the "lowest" lettered
category and is cross-referenced to such other classes as required
by the claims and disclosure.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter in categories
B or C of the above list, which subject matter is provided for in
this class, and other claim to subject matter in this same category
which is provided for in another class, the patent is placed as
an original in the other class and cross-referenced to this class.
For example, when one claim is to a solid resinous hydrocarbon
polymer and another is to a liquid hydrocarbon polymer, the patent
is classified as an original in the class which provides for the
solid resinous polymer.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection Composition Class Superiority,
which includes a hierarchical Order of Superiority for Composition
Classes.
For a compilation of Patent Office classes dealing with categories
B and C above, see the definition of subclass 1 below. For a compilation
of Patent Office classes dealing with category E above, see the
definition of subclass 800 below.
As for category D, a process for manufacturing a composition
or a chemical compound generally is provided for in the class which
would provide for the composition or compound, per se, were it to
be claimed. An exception to this rule is where another class provides
for a particular synthesis procedure. The main classes of this type
are the following, in order of priority:
Class 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
hydrocarbon.
Class 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, provides
for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements, including hydrocarbons,
by elevated-temperature processes which leave a solid carbonaceous
char, e.g., coke.
Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for synthesis
of chemical compounds or elements, including hydrocarbons, by electrical
or wave energy, as provided for under the Class 204 definition.
Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, for electrolytic processes,
including synthesis of chemical compounds or elements.
Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
provides for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements, including
hydrocarbons, by enzymatic action.
Class 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification,
or Recovery of Products Thereof, provides for the synthesis of chemical
compounds, including hydrocarbons, by the hydrogenation of carbon
oxides.
If a synthesis process leads to two products, a hydrocarbon
and a nonhydrocarbon, both of which are intended to be recovered
from the process, the patent is classified as an original in the
class providing for the nonhydrocarbon synthesis and cross-referenced
to Class 585 when the hydrocarbon synthesis is proper for this class.
For example, a process which treats an alkyl sulfate to recover
both an olefin and sulfuric acid is placed in the class providing
for sulfuric acid recovery.
Where a patent contains a claim to a multistep synthesis process
for producing a nonhydrocarbon intermediate which is converted to
a hydrocarbon and has another claim for synthesis only of the nonhydrocarbon
intermediate, the patent is classified as an original in the class providing
for synthesis of the intermediate, despite the fact that the claim
for Class 585 is more "comprehensive".
When a patent has claims only to a multistep process which
produces a hydrocarbon compound or mixture which would be classified
in this class, and the final synthesis step is provided for in Classes
195, 201, or 204, the patent is classified in that class; where
the step provided for in those classes is earlier than the final
synthesis step, the patent is classified in Class 585.
Where a Class 201 synthesis step is not positively recited,
that is, synthesis is performed upon mere hydrocarbon products of
such step, classification is proper in Class 208 when a hydrocarbon
mixture is obtained and in Class 585 when a relatively pure hydrocarbon
compound is obtained.
Where a patent has only category E claims, the above rules
do not necessarily apply. The complex classification lines which
prevail among the purification classes are spelled out below, in
the discussion of the hierarchical relationship among subclasses
800+ of this class and other areas.
LINE BETWEEN SUBCLASSES 800+ AND OTHER AREAS
Subclasses 800+ are residual and receive only those original
patents not acceptable elsewhere. These "elsewheres" are
dealt with in the Notes below, and are summarized as follows
(A) Separation or purification by electrical and or wave energy
phenomena. - Class 204, Chemistry:Electrical Wave Energy. See (1)
Note below.
(B) To produce mineral oil mixture - Class 208, Mineral
Oils: Processes and Products. See (2) Note below.
(C) Involving the formation of an adduct of urea or thioreaor
thiorea - Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 96.5.
See (3) Note below.
(D) Involving the formation of a hydrocarbon hydrate - Class
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclass 15. See (4) Note
below.
(E) Involving hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond of a hydrocarbon
- Class 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 250+.
See (5) Note below.
(F) Of gaseous feed - Class 95, Gas Separation: Processes.
See (6) Note below.
. (G) Involving a chemical reaction - Class 423, Chemistry
of Inorganic Compounds. See (7) Note below.
. (H) Involving liquefaction or solidification. Class 62, Refrigeration.
See (8) Note below.
(I) Of liquid feed - Class 210, Liquid Purification or Separation.
See (9) and (10) Note below
. (J) By distillation - Class 203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory.
See (11) Note below.
. (K) By removal of gas or vapor - Class 95, Gas Separation:
Processes.. See (12) Note below.
. . (L) To leave solids concentrate - Class 159, Concentrating
Evaporators. See (13) Note below.
. (M) By chilling to solidify - Class 62, Refrigeration. See
Note 14 below.
(N) By drying a solid - Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor
Contact With Solids. See Note 15 below.
(1)
Note. Where the purification process involves a chemical
reaction due to electrical or wave energy (other than merely thermal)
effects, or movement of ions or particles due to electrical "pressure" (electrophoresis
or electroosmosis) classification in Class 204 is usually proper.
(2)
Note. Where the desired product is a mixture of hydrocarbons
which can be considered a mineral oil fraction, classification is proper
in Class 208, subclasses 177+ and 308+.
(3)
Note. Where the process involves the formation of an adduct
of urea or thiourea classification in Class 260, subclass 96.5 is proper.
(4)
Note. Where the process involves the formation of a hydrocarbon
hydrate (complex of hydrocarbon with water) classification is proper
in this class (585), subclass 15.
(5)
Note. Where the process involves conversion of impurity in
a desired hydrocarbon to more of the desired hydrocarbon, classification
is proper in a synthesis subclass of this class (585). See, in
particular, subclasses 258+.
(6)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process involves a chemical reaction, classification
in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is usually proper.
(7)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process involves a chemical reaction, classification
in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is usually proper.
(8)
Note. Where the feedstock is a normally gaseous material
(e.g., a C1-C4 hydrocarbon)
and separation is accomplished by removing heat, thereby liquefying
or solidifying a component of the feed mixture, classification is
proper in Class 62, subclasses 606+ and 617+.
(9)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process does not meet the limitations of (11)
Note or (12) Note above, classification in Class 95 is usually proper.
(10)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and separation
is accomplished by vaporizing and condensing a component of the
mixture, classification in Class 203 is usually proper. Such classification
is also proper when a chemical reaction which facilitates distillation
takes place before the distillation and/or a disparate
separation procedure, not involving a chemical reaction, follows
the distillation. Classification in Class 203 also is usually proper
when an additional agent is added to dissolve a desired or undesired
component, adjust the boiling point of the mixture, etc., (extractive
distillation). See also the note in the class definition of this
class (585) to Class 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic.
(11)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and a component
is removed as a gas without subsequent condensation, classification
is usually proper in Class 95, subclasses 241+.
(12)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid solution or a suspension
of solids in a liquid and the separatory process is the evaporation
of a component, without subsequent condensation of vapor, to leave
a fluent concentration of solids or a dry solid, classification
in Class 159 is usually proper.
(13)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and separation
is accomplished by chilling to solidify (crystallize) a component
of the mixture, classification is as follows:
(a)
Where no non-hydrocarbon organic compounds are disclosed and
a hydrocarbon compound is separated or purified or a hydrocarbon
hydrate is formed, placement is proper in Class 585, especially
subclasses 812+.
(b)
Placement is to Class 260, including the related classes,
for processes of treating or modifying claimed or disclosed non-hydrocarbon
organic compounds: by crystallization wherein the crystallization
is not brought about by refrigeration; or wherein crystallization,
by any means including refrigeration, is combined with synthesis
or modification of carbon compounds by chemical means; or wherein
separation of carbon compounds is by physical means other than refrigeration.
Otherwise placement is proper in Class 62 when refrigeration is
claimed.
(c)
Placement is to Class 62 where no specific (i.e., classifiable)
compound is disclosed.
(d)
Placement is proper for Class 117 for processes forming single-crystals
of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic, and by
all techniques. See the Class 117 definitions for guidance in placement
of single-crystal art.
(14)
Note. Where the separation of a liquid feed is by flocculation,
filtration, gravity settling, or magnetic attraction of solids already
present in the feed, classification in Class 210 is usually proper.
(15)
Note. Where separation of liquid feed is by phenomenon other
than those recited in notes 14-18, classification in Class 210 is usually
proper when (a) water is claimed as the product or a species of
product to be recovered or (b) no species of product is claimed
and water is disclosed as a recoverable species.
(16)
Note. Where the feed is a solid or slurry of solid and liquid
is evaporated from the feed, classification in Class 34 is usually proper.
If the starting material is in the form of a liquid suspension
or solution, even if the process is continued to the point of complete
dryness, Class 159 will take the process. The removal of water
of crystallization is considered a chemical synthesis for this class
(585).
LINE WITH CLASS 208
The subject matter of Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes
and Products, is closely related to the subject matter of this class and
constitutes a subset restricted as to product, feedstocks to the
processes, and materials recovered from the process.
Class 208 provides for the treatment of generally liquid (oil)
feedstocks which have come out of the ground (mineral) or liquid feedstocks
of nonmineral origin which cannot be readily distinguished from
mineral feedstocks. The treatment given such feedstocks must result
in a mixture of compounds if it is to be classified in Class 208 as
a product or a process. Reaction of a Class 208 material with small
amounts of nonmineral oil hydrocarbons will not take a process out
of Class 208, but a claim to a product mixture of mineral oil and
nonmineral oil material usually will serve to assign such product
to Class 585. Conversion of a Class 208 feedstock to a nonhydrocarbon intermediate
and subsequent conversion back to a hydrocarbon mixture is provided for
in Class 585. Conversion of a mineral oil feedstock to normally
gaseous hydrocarbons (C4 or less) and reconversion
of such gases back to a liquid hydrocarbon compound or mixture is
provided for in Class 585.
Besides those hydrocarbon mixtures which have been recovered
from the earth as a liquid, i.e., petroleum, other feedstocks which qualify
a process for placement in Class 208 are those mainly hydrocarbon
feedstocks derived from solid natural products, e.g., coal, wood,
asphalt, etc., and "Fischer-Tropsch" crudes, that
is, those derived from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which is the subject
matter of Class 518, subclass 700.
The scope of the purification and separation treatments included
in Class 208 differs from those included in Class 583, mainly in that
Class 208 takes its own distillation processes.
PRODUCT BLEND, E.G., COMPOSITION, ETC., OR BLENDING PROCESS, PER
SE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which comprises an intentional mixture of
a hydrocarbon with another material which may be a hydrocarbon or
a nonhydrocarbon, and process for making such a mixture which does
not involve any claimed chemical reaction or purification step.
(1)
Note. By "intentional" it is meant that
at least one of the different components of the mixture is present
because of a desired effect, not merely because the mixture is the
normal result of a synthesis process, as in polymerization, or is found
as such in nature. Reaction product mixtures, per se, are classified
in subclasses 16+.
(2)
Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
Where classification is called for in different main classes, based
upon the components of the composition or claims pertaining to a
plurality of use, properties, or functions, a patent is assigned
as an original to that class or portion of a class coming first
in the list given in the class definition, (5) Note of Class 252.
This superiority list is not intended as a complete list and will be
expanded or added to as the relationship between other classes containing compositions
is determined.
The enumeration of classes below, in general, follows the
priority list of Class 252 and covers some additional classes. Thus,
this enumeration is not authoritative insofar as priority of classes
is concerned. The definitions of these classes should be studied
to determine the proper placement of patents therein.
Class 504, Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions, subclasses
116.1 through 367 provide for plant growth regulating compositions;
and subclasses 101+ provide for a fertilizer containing an
insecticide, fungicide, or deodorant.
Class 424 provides for drug, bio-affecting and body treating
compositions. A material, composition, or compound containing a
Class 424 composition to preserve the material, composition, or compound
itself from biological attack generally is classified with the material, composition,
or compound. Residual methods for preserving, disinfecting, or sterilizing
are in Class 422.
Class 426 provides for foods, beverages, and other edible
compositions and certain edible articles and stock materials.
Class 71, provides for fertilizers.
Class 208, subclasses 14+ provide for composition
made up exclusively of components derived from mineral oil (petroleum)
and certain other feedstocks, as explained in the class definition
of Class 208. Each such component may be an entire "crude
oil", a complex distillate or fraction thereof, a fraction
formed by some chemical conversion (e.g., cracking, reforming),
solvent extraction, or other treatment provided for in Class 208.
Where, in addition to one or more mineral oil-derived components,
the composition contains a single definite hydrocarbon or a mixture
of hydrocarbons not of mineral origin, the composition is classified
in this class (585). Exemplary of such compositions for this class
are gasoline admixed with benzol, hydrocarbons formed by reduction
of the alcohol and aldehyde fraction produced by the hydrogenation
of carbon monoxide, naphthalene, isopentane, alkylated benzene,
disobutylene, anthracene, etc. A process of separating the mineral
oil into fractions, one of which may be definite hydrocarbon, followed
by treating the various fractions to convert them chemically and
then blending two or more fractions to form the final fuel is classified
in Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, unless there
is present a claim to the composition, per se, which recites the
blend of a mineral oil and a definite hydrocarbon.
Class 149 provides for explosive and thermic compositions
and charges. Subclass 87 provides for such compositions containing
free metal or metal hydride with a hydrocarbon.
Class 508, particularly subclasses 110+, provides
for lubricants which contain nonhydrocarbons. Lubricants which are mixtures
of hydrocarbons (except for solid synthetic hydrocarbon polymers) are
in this Class 585 or in Class 208. Lubricants which contain solid
synthetic hydrocarbon polymers are classified in Class 508.
Classes 44 and 48 provide for fuels which contain nonhydrocarbon
components. Fuels which are all hydrocarbon are in this class (585)
or in Class 208.
Class 148 provides in subclasses 240+ and 22+ for
certain compositions for treating solid metal. Subclass 25 provides
for oleaginous fluxing compositions.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Metal Powder Compositions,
and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+ for sintered
metal powder compositions and subclasses 95 and 257 for certain
additives for molten metal.
Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product, Thereof for compositions and articles defined in terms
of their chemical composition which are useful in forming images
by the impingement of radiation thereon, e.g., photography, etc.
Class 252 provides in subclasses other than those listed
above or below for special utility compositions.
Class 106 provides for a composition which is in fluent or
solid noncoherent form and which is adapted for coating or impregnating
and for change to a less fluent or a solid coherent form by setting (e.g.,
concrete, plaster, etc.), chemical reaction, removal of solvent,
solidification from molten state, etc., and fillers and pigments
for its own and some other compositions. Subclass 11 provides for a
hydrocarbon-containing polish; subclass 239 provides for a coating
or plastic composition containing a fatty oil and a hydrocarbon;
and subclass 285 for such composition containing a hydrocarbon.
Class 51 provides for abrading compositions.
Classes 520+ provide for a synthetic resin (spinnable,
film forming, etc.) and Class 260, subclasses 709+ provide
for a vulcanizable natural hydrocarbon gum (e.g., rubber).
2
Class 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid
systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams,
aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling,
penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid
systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or
peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems;
processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes
of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance,
when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Class 252, subclasses 299.01+, 363.5, 367.1, 372+,
and 378 provide for compositions on a nonfunctional basis.
Class 423 provides for inorganic compounds; and subclasses
265+ provide for compositions having an inorganic compound
and an agent which improves the general utility of the compound.
Class 260 and its daughter Classes 530-570 provide for an
organic compound containing more than carbon and hydrogen and such
compound blended with an agent which improves the general utility of
the compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter containing a hydrocarbon and a nonhydrocarbon.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes, for example, polymerizable
hydrocarbons, e.g., styrene, butadiene, etc., admixed with a stabilizing
or preserving agent.
(2)
Note. In the compositions of this and indented subclasses,
the nonhydrocarbon is added to improve the general utility of the
hydrocarbon, e.g., by preserving it, etc. Where the nonhydrocarbon
additive improves a utility of the hydrocarbon which is provided
for elsewhere, the patent is classified elsewhere; for example,
where the additive improves the dielectric properties, it is in
Class 252, subclasses 570+, etc.
Compositions, for gaseous compositions containing other than merely hydrocarbons,
especially
subclass 182.11 for chemically reactive gas compositions; subclasses
372+ for gas compositions in general; and subclass 571
for gaseous dielectric compositions.
Compositions,
subclasses 570+ for a fluent dielectric composition containing
other than hydrocarbons, and the definitions thereto, for the location
of other electric insulating compositions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter containing a component which (a) is not describable
by an empirical formula free of numeric ranges and (b) has a molecular weight
greater than 150.
(1)
Note. Where the component is normally solid or is a heavy,
oily material, it is assumed to have a molecular weight greater
than 150.
Compositions,
subclasses 67+ , 70+, and 71+ for "functional
fluids", that is, hydraulic transmission fluids, low freezing
point fluids, etc., containing other than merely hydrocarbons.
Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant and Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ , for lubricant compositions which contain a nonhydrocarbon component
or a solid synthetic hydrocarbon polymer component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter in which the component of indefinite high
molecular weight is one produced from a compound containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and halogen by a reaction wherein halogen is removed
or presumed to be removed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter in which the component is a product made
by the condensation of an indefinite number of the same or different
hydrocarbon molecules to form a single molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter in which the polymer has an aromatic ring
as a substituent or as part of the polymer chain.
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter wherein the composition contains two or more
different polymers or contains a polymer made by joint polymerization of
two or more different, identified olefins.
(1)
Note. A patent is not placed in this subclass on the mere
basis that the polymer is one made from olefins within a defined
range of molecular weight, e.g., "a polymer of C3-5 olefins",
etc.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a product molecule contains hydrocarbon
and water in a definite molecular weight ratio representable by
a chemical formula, or in which a process makes such a compound.
(1)
Note. The process may have as its ultimate utility the purification
of a hydrocarbon, and the hydrate produced may be decomposed to
hydrocarbon and water.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. A product which may be a single identifiable compound in
a relatively pure state or may be a mixture of closely related compounds which
results from a synthesis process.
(1)
Note. Only patents which claim a hydrocarbon product are
placed in this and its indented subclasses. Where a process for
synthesis and/or purification of the product is also claimed,
the patent is cross-referenced to the appropriate subclass(es) below.
(2)
Note. This subclass (16) is the locus for acyclic nonpolymer
hydrocarbon products.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the product is a molecule or mixture
of molecules which cannot be defined by an empirical formula in
which all numerical values are invariable, and which has been formed
by the union of smaller entire hydrocarbon molecules (addition polymerization)
or the hydrocarbyl moieties of nonhydrocarbon molecules (condensation polymerization).
(1)
Note. The smaller (monomer) molecules may be all alike or
two or more varieties may make up portions of the final product
molecule.
(2)
Note. Polymers included herein generally are waxy or liquids
or can have a molecular weight less than is required for placement
in Classes 520+. While "solid polymer" implies
that a product is a resin for Classes 520+, the designation of
the product as a "wax" makes it suitable for this
class (585).
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter containing a carbocyclic ring but free of
any resonating bond system characteristic of benzene or azulene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter containing at least four rings, each of which
shares two adjacent carbon atoms with another ring, or two rings
fused where at least one ring contains a different number of carbons
from the others, or the ring system contains a bridge, that is,
a carbocyclic ring which shares with another ring two carbons not
adjacent to each other.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 653 for Vitamin D compounds, cholecalciferols, dihydrotachysterols,
3-5 cyclovitamin D compounds, etc. which contain only carbon and
hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter having at least one carbocyclic ring, usually
six-membered, which is resonating or is characterized by three conjugated
double bonds.
(1)
Note. Azulene (Fig. 1) is considered to be aromatic.
FIGURE 1.Azulene
(2)
Note. Naphthalene (Fig. 1), dihydronaphthalene (Fig. 2),
and tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) (Fig. 3), are aromatic, but
decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) (Fig. 4) is alicyclic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter having a bond or an atom or an acyclic carbon
atom chain connecting two nonadjacent ring atoms, or where at least
one ring is not a six-membered ring, e.g., fluorene.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURE FROM REFUSE OR VEGETATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the starting (feed) material of
the process is plant material in a chemically unaltered form or
is a material which ordinarily would be discarded as of no value,
e.g., municipal waste, refinery sludge, etc., is treated to recover
therefrom a mixture of hydrocarbons, e.g., a fuel "oil" fraction,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter in which a claimed feedstock to the process
is the stem of a tree sawdust or a similar vegetation material.
ADDING HYDROGEN TO UNSATURATED BOND OF HYDROCARBON, I.E., HYDROGENATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter where elemental hydrogen is included or produced
in a reaction and the hydrogen causes an unsaturated bond of a hydrocarbon
to become less unsaturated.
(1)
Note. The starting unsaturated bond may be olefinic, acetylenic,
or aromatic.
(2)
Note. Hydrogen exchange disproportionation is included herein
where the more saturated hydrocarbon product is a desired product
of the process. See subclass 257.
(3)
Note. Since a process classified herein requires the unsaturated
bond of a feedstock to become more saturated, the synthesis of a
one carbon atom product, e.g., methane or a methylene free radical,
is not proper for classification herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter in which a synthesis operation, different
from hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond is performed upon the
hydrogenated feedstock.
(1)
Note. The subsequent conversion must be more than the mere
treatment of an unwanted by-product to make such by-product equivalent
to the feedstock to the original hydrogenation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter wherein the reaction after the hydrogenation
is the removal of hydrogen, i.e., dehydrogenation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter wherein the hydrogenated feedstock is treated
to change its molecular configuration without a change in its molecular weight.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter in which the feedstock to hydrogenation is
the product of a synthesis operation, different from hydrogenation
of unsaturation bonds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter wherein the only other synthesis step is
the polymerization of an olefinic feedstock before hydrogenation
reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter wherein, prior to hydrogenation, the feedstock
is treated to remove hydrogen and/or carbon from some or
all of its molecules.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein the hydrogen which goes toward saturation
of the unsaturated bonds is introduced to the process as a hydrocarbon
compound, the latter hydrocarbon compound becoming less saturated.
(1)
Note. Where the less saturated hydrocarbon is the only desired
product of the process, the process is classified below as a dehydrogenation
reaction.
(2)
Note. Processes according to this subclass are sometimes
called disproportionation", "hydrogen-exchange disproportionation",
or "hydrogen transfer".
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter where the unsaturated hydrocarbon which is
hydrogenated is an impurity or contaminant in a desired hydrocarbon,
a substantial amount of which desired hydrocarbon is present in
the feedstock to the process.
(1)
Note. The hydrogenation may result in the production of further
amounts of the desired product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein the contaminant has a triple bond
which is hydrogenated or has two double bonds, one or both of which
is hydrogenated.
(1)
Note. Examples of subject matter contained herein are the
conversion of acetylene impurity contained in ethylene to more ethylene,
conversion of butadiene impurity to butene or butane, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter where the hydrogenation of a bond in a contaminant
takes place in the presence of a catalyst or support of specific
structure, e.g., gamma-alumina, or of a specific surface area or
pore size, e.g., 3 meters per cubic meter, 5-7 angstroms, etc.
(1)
Note. The description of a hydrogenation catalyst as a "molecular
sieve" is sufficient for placement in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter where the contaminant is hydrogenated in
the presence of a catalyst and at least one additional nonmetal
material, e.g., Decalin, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter employing a catalyst which contains sulfur,
copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, or mercury.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein the temperature or concentration
of reactants or composition of a catalyst changes gradually from
one point to another in a hydrogenation reactor, wherein procedures
for heating or cooling the reactor, reactants, catalyst, etc., are
specified, wherein a test or measurement is made, or wherein a synthesis
condition is varied in response to a change in a diverse condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein a reactant to the process is treated,
e.g., by heating, purification, etc., before the hydrogenation reaction
or wherein more than one separation procedure is applied to the
hydrogenerator effluent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein an effluent material from a hydrogenation
reaction is hydrogenated, e.g., passage of the feed through a stage
having a certain catalyst activity, and a subsequent state having
a different activity, etc.
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