This class provides for a hydrocarbon compound in a pure or
relatively pure state and for certain compositions containing hydrocarbons.
Methods for making such compounds and compositions by synthesis,
blending, etc., and certain methods for treating are also included herein.
The scope of this class can be readily determined from a review
of the "main line" subclasses of its schedule.
These are arranged, in general, following the principles usually
applied in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for hierarchically
ordering statutory subject matter, that is, more complex subject
matter or that which exists later in time is generally placed ahead
of simpler or earlier subject matter. As applied to chemistry and
chemical engineering this ordering is generally as follows:
A. Materials defined by structure.
B. Compositions or mixtures
C. Compounds or elements
D. Manufacturing processes, e.g., synthesis, etc.
E. Nonmanufacturing processes, e.g., purification, etc.
F. Manufacturing apparatus
G. Nonmanufacturing apparatus
This class is confined to categories B, C, D, and E of the above
list.
At the heart of this class is the pure compound which consists
of carbon and hydrogen and no other element and which has a definite
empirical formula and an unambiguous structural formula.
The major portion of patents in this class is drawn to processes
for synthesizing such compound from other materials which are not
this exact compound, with the intent of recovering the hydrocarbon
compound.
Also included in this class, with some exceptions, is a mixture
of hydrocarbon compounds, usually closely related in empirical and
structural formulae, which mixture results from a single synthesis
step, or a series of steps, which mixture is of utility as a mixture,
e.g., a "detergent alkylate", a "polymer
gasoline", etc. The exceptions are discussed below.
This class also includes, again with some exceptions, a composition
which is a deliberate mixture of various hydrocarbons only, such
as a fuel or lubricant composition, or a mixture of a hydrocarbon
with a nonhydrocarbon material, which nonhydrocarbon material is designed
to improve the general utility of the hydrocarbon. Thus, the nonhydrocarbon
additive may be a solvent, a preservative, etc.
This class also provides, again with certain exceptions, for
methods of manufacturing compounds and compositions classifiable
herein and for certain methods of purifying the same or otherwise
treating the same.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
This class is the residual class of all Patent Office classes
concerned with categories B, C, D, and E listed above. See Class
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, subclasses
312-321 for the chemical destruction of hydrocarbon hazardous or
toxic waste.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter for one of the
categories B to E above and another claim to subject matter for
another of these categories, the patent is assigned as an original
to the class which provides for the "lowest" lettered
category and is cross-referenced to such other classes as required
by the claims and disclosure.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter in categories
B or C of the above list, which subject matter is provided for in
this class, and other claim to subject matter in this same category
which is provided for in another class, the patent is placed as
an original in the other class and cross-referenced to this class.
For example, when one claim is to a solid resinous hydrocarbon
polymer and another is to a liquid hydrocarbon polymer, the patent
is classified as an original in the class which provides for the
solid resinous polymer.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection Composition Class Superiority,
which includes a hierarchical Order of Superiority for Composition
Classes.
For a compilation of Patent Office classes dealing with categories
B and C above, see the definition of subclass 1 below. For a compilation
of Patent Office classes dealing with category E above, see the
definition of subclass 800 below.
As for category D, a process for manufacturing a composition
or a chemical compound generally is provided for in the class which
would provide for the composition or compound, per se, were it to
be claimed. An exception to this rule is where another class provides
for a particular synthesis procedure. The main classes of this type
are the following, in order of priority:
Class 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
hydrocarbon.
Class 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, provides
for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements, including hydrocarbons,
by elevated-temperature processes which leave a solid carbonaceous
char, e.g., coke.
Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for synthesis
of chemical compounds or elements, including hydrocarbons, by electrical
or wave energy, as provided for under the Class 204 definition.
Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, for electrolytic processes,
including synthesis of chemical compounds or elements.
Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
provides for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements, including
hydrocarbons, by enzymatic action.
Class 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification,
or Recovery of Products Thereof, provides for the synthesis of chemical
compounds, including hydrocarbons, by the hydrogenation of carbon
oxides.
If a synthesis process leads to two products, a hydrocarbon
and a nonhydrocarbon, both of which are intended to be recovered
from the process, the patent is classified as an original in the
class providing for the nonhydrocarbon synthesis and cross-referenced
to Class 585 when the hydrocarbon synthesis is proper for this class.
For example, a process which treats an alkyl sulfate to recover
both an olefin and sulfuric acid is placed in the class providing
for sulfuric acid recovery.
Where a patent contains a claim to a multistep synthesis process
for producing a nonhydrocarbon intermediate which is converted to
a hydrocarbon and has another claim for synthesis only of the nonhydrocarbon
intermediate, the patent is classified as an original in the class providing
for synthesis of the intermediate, despite the fact that the claim
for Class 585 is more "comprehensive".
When a patent has claims only to a multistep process which
produces a hydrocarbon compound or mixture which would be classified
in this class, and the final synthesis step is provided for in Classes
195, 201, or 204, the patent is classified in that class; where
the step provided for in those classes is earlier than the final
synthesis step, the patent is classified in Class 585.
Where a Class 201 synthesis step is not positively recited,
that is, synthesis is performed upon mere hydrocarbon products of
such step, classification is proper in Class 208 when a hydrocarbon
mixture is obtained and in Class 585 when a relatively pure hydrocarbon
compound is obtained.
Where a patent has only category E claims, the above rules
do not necessarily apply. The complex classification lines which
prevail among the purification classes are spelled out below, in
the discussion of the hierarchical relationship among subclasses
800+ of this class and other areas.
LINE BETWEEN SUBCLASSES 800+ AND OTHER AREAS
Subclasses 800+ are residual and receive only those original
patents not acceptable elsewhere. These "elsewheres" are
dealt with in the Notes below, and are summarized as follows
(A) Separation or purification by electrical and or wave energy
phenomena. - Class 204, Chemistry:Electrical Wave Energy. See (1)
Note below.
(B) To produce mineral oil mixture - Class 208, Mineral
Oils: Processes and Products. See (2) Note below.
(C) Involving the formation of an adduct of urea or thioreaor
thiorea - Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 96.5.
See (3) Note below.
(D) Involving the formation of a hydrocarbon hydrate - Class
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclass 15. See (4) Note
below.
(E) Involving hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond of a hydrocarbon
- Class 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 250+.
See (5) Note below.
(F) Of gaseous feed - Class 95, Gas Separation: Processes.
See (6) Note below.
. (G) Involving a chemical reaction - Class 423, Chemistry
of Inorganic Compounds. See (7) Note below.
. (H) Involving liquefaction or solidification. Class 62, Refrigeration.
See (8) Note below.
(I) Of liquid feed - Class 210, Liquid Purification or Separation.
See (9) and (10) Note below
. (J) By distillation - Class 203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory.
See (11) Note below.
. (K) By removal of gas or vapor - Class 95, Gas Separation:
Processes.. See (12) Note below.
. . (L) To leave solids concentrate - Class 159, Concentrating
Evaporators. See (13) Note below.
. (M) By chilling to solidify - Class 62, Refrigeration. See
Note 14 below.
(N) By drying a solid - Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor
Contact With Solids. See Note 15 below.
(1)
Note. Where the purification process involves a chemical
reaction due to electrical or wave energy (other than merely thermal)
effects, or movement of ions or particles due to electrical "pressure" (electrophoresis
or electroosmosis) classification in Class 204 is usually proper.
(2)
Note. Where the desired product is a mixture of hydrocarbons
which can be considered a mineral oil fraction, classification is proper
in Class 208, subclasses 177+ and 308+.
(3)
Note. Where the process involves the formation of an adduct
of urea or thiourea classification in Class 260, subclass 96.5 is proper.
(4)
Note. Where the process involves the formation of a hydrocarbon
hydrate (complex of hydrocarbon with water) classification is proper
in this class (585), subclass 15.
(5)
Note. Where the process involves conversion of impurity in
a desired hydrocarbon to more of the desired hydrocarbon, classification
is proper in a synthesis subclass of this class (585). See, in
particular, subclasses 258+.
(6)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process involves a chemical reaction, classification
in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is usually proper.
(7)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process involves a chemical reaction, classification
in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is usually proper.
(8)
Note. Where the feedstock is a normally gaseous material
(e.g., a C1-C4 hydrocarbon)
and separation is accomplished by removing heat, thereby liquefying
or solidifying a component of the feed mixture, classification is
proper in Class 62, subclasses 606+ and 617+.
(9)
Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in gaseous
form and the recovery process does not meet the limitations of (11)
Note or (12) Note above, classification in Class 95 is usually proper.
(10)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and separation
is accomplished by vaporizing and condensing a component of the
mixture, classification in Class 203 is usually proper. Such classification
is also proper when a chemical reaction which facilitates distillation
takes place before the distillation and/or a disparate
separation procedure, not involving a chemical reaction, follows
the distillation. Classification in Class 203 also is usually proper
when an additional agent is added to dissolve a desired or undesired
component, adjust the boiling point of the mixture, etc., (extractive
distillation). See also the note in the class definition of this
class (585) to Class 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic.
(11)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and a component
is removed as a gas without subsequent condensation, classification
is usually proper in Class 95, subclasses 241+.
(12)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid solution or a suspension
of solids in a liquid and the separatory process is the evaporation
of a component, without subsequent condensation of vapor, to leave
a fluent concentration of solids or a dry solid, classification
in Class 159 is usually proper.
(13)
Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and separation
is accomplished by chilling to solidify (crystallize) a component
of the mixture, classification is as follows:
(a)
Where no non-hydrocarbon organic compounds are disclosed and
a hydrocarbon compound is separated or purified or a hydrocarbon
hydrate is formed, placement is proper in Class 585, especially
subclasses 812+.
(b)
Placement is to Class 260, including the related classes,
for processes of treating or modifying claimed or disclosed non-hydrocarbon
organic compounds: by crystallization wherein the crystallization
is not brought about by refrigeration; or wherein crystallization,
by any means including refrigeration, is combined with synthesis
or modification of carbon compounds by chemical means; or wherein
separation of carbon compounds is by physical means other than refrigeration.
Otherwise placement is proper in Class 62 when refrigeration is
claimed.
(c)
Placement is to Class 62 where no specific (i.e., classifiable)
compound is disclosed.
(d)
Placement is proper for Class 117 for processes forming single-crystals
of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic, and by
all techniques. See the Class 117 definitions for guidance in placement
of single-crystal art.
(14)
Note. Where the separation of a liquid feed is by flocculation,
filtration, gravity settling, or magnetic attraction of solids already
present in the feed, classification in Class 210 is usually proper.
(15)
Note. Where separation of liquid feed is by phenomenon other
than those recited in notes 14-18, classification in Class 210 is usually
proper when (a) water is claimed as the product or a species of
product to be recovered or (b) no species of product is claimed
and water is disclosed as a recoverable species.
(16)
Note. Where the feed is a solid or slurry of solid and liquid
is evaporated from the feed, classification in Class 34 is usually proper.
If the starting material is in the form of a liquid suspension
or solution, even if the process is continued to the point of complete
dryness, Class 159 will take the process. The removal of water
of crystallization is considered a chemical synthesis for this class
(585).
LINE WITH CLASS 208
The subject matter of Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes
and Products, is closely related to the subject matter of this class and
constitutes a subset restricted as to product, feedstocks to the
processes, and materials recovered from the process.
Class 208 provides for the treatment of generally liquid (oil)
feedstocks which have come out of the ground (mineral) or liquid feedstocks
of nonmineral origin which cannot be readily distinguished from
mineral feedstocks. The treatment given such feedstocks must result
in a mixture of compounds if it is to be classified in Class 208 as
a product or a process. Reaction of a Class 208 material with small
amounts of nonmineral oil hydrocarbons will not take a process out
of Class 208, but a claim to a product mixture of mineral oil and
nonmineral oil material usually will serve to assign such product
to Class 585. Conversion of a Class 208 feedstock to a nonhydrocarbon intermediate
and subsequent conversion back to a hydrocarbon mixture is provided for
in Class 585. Conversion of a mineral oil feedstock to normally
gaseous hydrocarbons (C4 or less) and reconversion
of such gases back to a liquid hydrocarbon compound or mixture is
provided for in Class 585.
Besides those hydrocarbon mixtures which have been recovered
from the earth as a liquid, i.e., petroleum, other feedstocks which qualify
a process for placement in Class 208 are those mainly hydrocarbon
feedstocks derived from solid natural products, e.g., coal, wood,
asphalt, etc., and "Fischer-Tropsch" crudes, that
is, those derived from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which is the subject
matter of Class 518, subclass 700.
The scope of the purification and separation treatments included
in Class 208 differs from those included in Class 583, mainly in that
Class 208 takes its own distillation processes.
PRODUCT BLEND, E.G., COMPOSITION, ETC., OR BLENDING PROCESS, PER
SE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which comprises an intentional mixture of
a hydrocarbon with another material which may be a hydrocarbon or
a nonhydrocarbon, and process for making such a mixture which does
not involve any claimed chemical reaction or purification step.
(1)
Note. By "intentional" it is meant that
at least one of the different components of the mixture is present
because of a desired effect, not merely because the mixture is the
normal result of a synthesis process, as in polymerization, or is found
as such in nature. Reaction product mixtures, per se, are classified
in subclasses 16+.
(2)
Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
Where classification is called for in different main classes, based
upon the components of the composition or claims pertaining to a
plurality of use, properties, or functions, a patent is assigned
as an original to that class or portion of a class coming first
in the list given in the class definition, (5) Note of Class 252.
This superiority list is not intended as a complete list and will be
expanded or added to as the relationship between other classes containing compositions
is determined.
The enumeration of classes below, in general, follows the
priority list of Class 252 and covers some additional classes. Thus,
this enumeration is not authoritative insofar as priority of classes
is concerned. The definitions of these classes should be studied
to determine the proper placement of patents therein.
Class 504, Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions, subclasses
116.1 through 367 provide for plant growth regulating compositions;
and subclasses 101+ provide for a fertilizer containing an
insecticide, fungicide, or deodorant.
Class 424 provides for drug, bio-affecting and body treating
compositions. A material, composition, or compound containing a
Class 424 composition to preserve the material, composition, or compound
itself from biological attack generally is classified with the material, composition,
or compound. Residual methods for preserving, disinfecting, or sterilizing
are in Class 422.
Class 426 provides for foods, beverages, and other edible
compositions and certain edible articles and stock materials.
Class 71, provides for fertilizers.
Class 208, subclasses 14+ provide for composition
made up exclusively of components derived from mineral oil (petroleum)
and certain other feedstocks, as explained in the class definition
of Class 208. Each such component may be an entire "crude
oil", a complex distillate or fraction thereof, a fraction
formed by some chemical conversion (e.g., cracking, reforming),
solvent extraction, or other treatment provided for in Class 208.
Where, in addition to one or more mineral oil-derived components,
the composition contains a single definite hydrocarbon or a mixture
of hydrocarbons not of mineral origin, the composition is classified
in this class (585). Exemplary of such compositions for this class
are gasoline admixed with benzol, hydrocarbons formed by reduction
of the alcohol and aldehyde fraction produced by the hydrogenation
of carbon monoxide, naphthalene, isopentane, alkylated benzene,
disobutylene, anthracene, etc. A process of separating the mineral
oil into fractions, one of which may be definite hydrocarbon, followed
by treating the various fractions to convert them chemically and
then blending two or more fractions to form the final fuel is classified
in Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, unless there
is present a claim to the composition, per se, which recites the
blend of a mineral oil and a definite hydrocarbon.
Class 149 provides for explosive and thermic compositions
and charges. Subclass 87 provides for such compositions containing
free metal or metal hydride with a hydrocarbon.
Class 508, particularly subclasses 110+, provides
for lubricants which contain nonhydrocarbons. Lubricants which are mixtures
of hydrocarbons (except for solid synthetic hydrocarbon polymers) are
in this Class 585 or in Class 208. Lubricants which contain solid
synthetic hydrocarbon polymers are classified in Class 508.
Classes 44 and 48 provide for fuels which contain nonhydrocarbon
components. Fuels which are all hydrocarbon are in this class (585)
or in Class 208.
Class 148 provides in subclasses 240+ and 22+ for
certain compositions for treating solid metal. Subclass 25 provides
for oleaginous fluxing compositions.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Metal Powder Compositions,
and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+ for sintered
metal powder compositions and subclasses 95 and 257 for certain
additives for molten metal.
Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product, Thereof for compositions and articles defined in terms
of their chemical composition which are useful in forming images
by the impingement of radiation thereon, e.g., photography, etc.
Class 252 provides in subclasses other than those listed
above or below for special utility compositions.
Class 106 provides for a composition which is in fluent or
solid noncoherent form and which is adapted for coating or impregnating
and for change to a less fluent or a solid coherent form by setting (e.g.,
concrete, plaster, etc.), chemical reaction, removal of solvent,
solidification from molten state, etc., and fillers and pigments
for its own and some other compositions. Subclass 11 provides for a
hydrocarbon-containing polish; subclass 239 provides for a coating
or plastic composition containing a fatty oil and a hydrocarbon;
and subclass 285 for such composition containing a hydrocarbon.
Class 51 provides for abrading compositions.
Classes 520+ provide for a synthetic resin (spinnable,
film forming, etc.) and Class 260, subclasses 709+ provide
for a vulcanizable natural hydrocarbon gum (e.g., rubber).
2
Class 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid
systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams,
aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling,
penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid
systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or
peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems;
processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes
of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance,
when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Class 252, subclasses 299.01+, 363.5, 367.1, 372+,
and 378 provide for compositions on a nonfunctional basis.
Class 423 provides for inorganic compounds; and subclasses
265+ provide for compositions having an inorganic compound
and an agent which improves the general utility of the compound.
Class 260 and its daughter Classes 530-570 provide for an
organic compound containing more than carbon and hydrogen and such
compound blended with an agent which improves the general utility of
the compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter containing a hydrocarbon and a nonhydrocarbon.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes, for example, polymerizable
hydrocarbons, e.g., styrene, butadiene, etc., admixed with a stabilizing
or preserving agent.
(2)
Note. In the compositions of this and indented subclasses,
the nonhydrocarbon is added to improve the general utility of the
hydrocarbon, e.g., by preserving it, etc. Where the nonhydrocarbon
additive improves a utility of the hydrocarbon which is provided
for elsewhere, the patent is classified elsewhere; for example,
where the additive improves the dielectric properties, it is in
Class 252, subclasses 570+, etc.
Compositions, for gaseous compositions containing other than merely hydrocarbons,
especially
subclass 182.11 for chemically reactive gas compositions; subclasses
372+ for gas compositions in general; and subclass 571
for gaseous dielectric compositions.
Compositions,
subclasses 570+ for a fluent dielectric composition containing
other than hydrocarbons, and the definitions thereto, for the location
of other electric insulating compositions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter containing a component which (a) is not describable
by an empirical formula free of numeric ranges and (b) has a molecular weight
greater than 150.
(1)
Note. Where the component is normally solid or is a heavy,
oily material, it is assumed to have a molecular weight greater
than 150.
Compositions,
subclasses 67+ , 70+, and 71+ for "functional
fluids", that is, hydraulic transmission fluids, low freezing
point fluids, etc., containing other than merely hydrocarbons.
Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant and Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ , for lubricant compositions which contain a nonhydrocarbon component
or a solid synthetic hydrocarbon polymer component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter in which the component of indefinite high
molecular weight is one produced from a compound containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and halogen by a reaction wherein halogen is removed
or presumed to be removed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter in which the component is a product made
by the condensation of an indefinite number of the same or different
hydrocarbon molecules to form a single molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter in which the polymer has an aromatic ring
as a substituent or as part of the polymer chain.
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter wherein the composition contains two or more
different polymers or contains a polymer made by joint polymerization of
two or more different, identified olefins.
(1)
Note. A patent is not placed in this subclass on the mere
basis that the polymer is one made from olefins within a defined
range of molecular weight, e.g., "a polymer of C3-5 olefins",
etc.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a product molecule contains hydrocarbon
and water in a definite molecular weight ratio representable by
a chemical formula, or in which a process makes such a compound.
(1)
Note. The process may have as its ultimate utility the purification
of a hydrocarbon, and the hydrate produced may be decomposed to
hydrocarbon and water.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. A product which may be a single identifiable compound in
a relatively pure state or may be a mixture of closely related compounds which
results from a synthesis process.
(1)
Note. Only patents which claim a hydrocarbon product are
placed in this and its indented subclasses. Where a process for
synthesis and/or purification of the product is also claimed,
the patent is cross-referenced to the appropriate subclass(es) below.
(2)
Note. This subclass (16) is the locus for acyclic nonpolymer
hydrocarbon products.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the product is a molecule or mixture
of molecules which cannot be defined by an empirical formula in
which all numerical values are invariable, and which has been formed
by the union of smaller entire hydrocarbon molecules (addition polymerization)
or the hydrocarbyl moieties of nonhydrocarbon molecules (condensation polymerization).
(1)
Note. The smaller (monomer) molecules may be all alike or
two or more varieties may make up portions of the final product
molecule.
(2)
Note. Polymers included herein generally are waxy or liquids
or can have a molecular weight less than is required for placement
in Classes 520+. While "solid polymer" implies
that a product is a resin for Classes 520+, the designation of
the product as a "wax" makes it suitable for this
class (585).
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter containing a carbocyclic ring but free of
any resonating bond system characteristic of benzene or azulene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter containing at least four rings, each of which
shares two adjacent carbon atoms with another ring, or two rings
fused where at least one ring contains a different number of carbons
from the others, or the ring system contains a bridge, that is,
a carbocyclic ring which shares with another ring two carbons not
adjacent to each other.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 653 for Vitamin D compounds, cholecalciferols, dihydrotachysterols,
3-5 cyclovitamin D compounds, etc. which contain only carbon and
hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter having at least one carbocyclic ring, usually
six-membered, which is resonating or is characterized by three conjugated
double bonds.
(1)
Note. Azulene (Fig. 1) is considered to be aromatic.
FIGURE 1.Azulene
(2)
Note. Naphthalene (Fig. 1), dihydronaphthalene (Fig. 2),
and tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) (Fig. 3), are aromatic, but
decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) (Fig. 4) is alicyclic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter having a bond or an atom or an acyclic carbon
atom chain connecting two nonadjacent ring atoms, or where at least
one ring is not a six-membered ring, e.g., fluorene.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURE FROM REFUSE OR VEGETATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the starting (feed) material of
the process is plant material in a chemically unaltered form or
is a material which ordinarily would be discarded as of no value,
e.g., municipal waste, refinery sludge, etc., is treated to recover
therefrom a mixture of hydrocarbons, e.g., a fuel "oil" fraction,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter in which a claimed feedstock to the process
is the stem of a tree sawdust or a similar vegetation material.
ADDING HYDROGEN TO UNSATURATED BOND OF HYDROCARBON, I.E., HYDROGENATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter where elemental hydrogen is included or produced
in a reaction and the hydrogen causes an unsaturated bond of a hydrocarbon
to become less unsaturated.
(1)
Note. The starting unsaturated bond may be olefinic, acetylenic,
or aromatic.
(2)
Note. Hydrogen exchange disproportionation is included herein
where the more saturated hydrocarbon product is a desired product
of the process. See subclass 257.
(3)
Note. Since a process classified herein requires the unsaturated
bond of a feedstock to become more saturated, the synthesis of a
one carbon atom product, e.g., methane or a methylene free radical,
is not proper for classification herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter in which a synthesis operation, different
from hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond is performed upon the
hydrogenated feedstock.
(1)
Note. The subsequent conversion must be more than the mere
treatment of an unwanted by-product to make such by-product equivalent
to the feedstock to the original hydrogenation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter wherein the reaction after the hydrogenation
is the removal of hydrogen, i.e., dehydrogenation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter wherein the hydrogenated feedstock is treated
to change its molecular configuration without a change in its molecular weight.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter in which the feedstock to hydrogenation is
the product of a synthesis operation, different from hydrogenation
of unsaturation bonds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter wherein the only other synthesis step is
the polymerization of an olefinic feedstock before hydrogenation
reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter wherein, prior to hydrogenation, the feedstock
is treated to remove hydrogen and/or carbon from some or
all of its molecules.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein the hydrogen which goes toward saturation
of the unsaturated bonds is introduced to the process as a hydrocarbon
compound, the latter hydrocarbon compound becoming less saturated.
(1)
Note. Where the less saturated hydrocarbon is the only desired
product of the process, the process is classified below as a dehydrogenation
reaction.
(2)
Note. Processes according to this subclass are sometimes
called disproportionation", "hydrogen-exchange disproportionation",
or "hydrogen transfer".
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter where the unsaturated hydrocarbon which is
hydrogenated is an impurity or contaminant in a desired hydrocarbon,
a substantial amount of which desired hydrocarbon is present in
the feedstock to the process.
(1)
Note. The hydrogenation may result in the production of further
amounts of the desired product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein the contaminant has a triple bond
which is hydrogenated or has two double bonds, one or both of which
is hydrogenated.
(1)
Note. Examples of subject matter contained herein are the
conversion of acetylene impurity contained in ethylene to more ethylene,
conversion of butadiene impurity to butene or butane, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter where the hydrogenation of a bond in a contaminant
takes place in the presence of a catalyst or support of specific
structure, e.g., gamma-alumina, or of a specific surface area or
pore size, e.g., 3 meters per cubic meter, 5-7 angstroms, etc.
(1)
Note. The description of a hydrogenation catalyst as a "molecular
sieve" is sufficient for placement in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter where the contaminant is hydrogenated in
the presence of a catalyst and at least one additional nonmetal
material, e.g., Decalin, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter employing a catalyst which contains sulfur,
copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, or mercury.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein the temperature or concentration
of reactants or composition of a catalyst changes gradually from
one point to another in a hydrogenation reactor, wherein procedures
for heating or cooling the reactor, reactants, catalyst, etc., are
specified, wherein a test or measurement is made, or wherein a synthesis
condition is varied in response to a change in a diverse condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein a reactant to the process is treated,
e.g., by heating, purification, etc., before the hydrogenation reaction
or wherein more than one separation procedure is applied to the
hydrogenerator effluent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein an effluent material from a hydrogenation
reaction is hydrogenated, e.g., passage of the feed through a stage
having a certain catalyst activity, and a subsequent state having
a different activity, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter which is directed to the hydrogenation of
aromatic compounds, e.g., the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane
or cyclohexene, or of naphthalene to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
and/or dechydronaphthalene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter wherein the hydrogenation takes place in
the presence of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium,
magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter wherein the reaction mixture contains a nonhydrocarbon
agent and cobalt, iridium, iron, nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum,
rhodium, or ruthenium in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein only part of the unsaturation in
a hydrocarbon feed molecule is hydrogenated resulting in an unsaturated
product, such as the conversion of butadiene to butene or acetylene
to ethylene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the hydrogen for the hydrogenation
is supplied by the removal of hydrogen from water or organic hydroxy
molecules.
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the reaction is catalyzed by iron,
cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or
platinum in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter wherein the reaction takes place in the presence
of a catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. The transition metals are elements in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table they include elements 21 through 30 (scandium
through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through
80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Subject matter wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is iron,
cobalt, or nickel in the free or uncombined (zero-valence) state.
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Subject matter wherein the hydrogenation catalyst contains
cobalt, iridium, iron, nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium,
or ruthenium in free or combined form, and contains an additional
nonhydrocarbon agent, e.g., a support etc., or the catalyst is complexed
with a hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving more than one reaction, in which
the feedstock to and effluent from one reaction is independent of
the feedstock to and effluent from the other reaction.
(1)
Note. The feedstocks may have a common source and the effluents
may be subsequently blended, but the feedstock to one reaction is
not all or part of the effluent from the other reaction.
(2)
Note. Excluded from the terms "feedstock" and "effluent" as
used in the definition are extraneous materials such as catalyst,
solvents, diluents, etc., which do not make a net contribution of
carbon or hydrogen to the final product(s).
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein a catalyst, solvent, diluent or inert
heat carrier, or a material which makes up a part of such substance
is used in one of the parallel syntheses, its use in such synthesis
is discontinued, and the catalyst etc., or component thereof is
used in the other parallel synthesis.
(1)
Note. Use of identical extraneous materials in both parallel
syntheses is not sufficient for placement of a patent in this subclass.
(2)
Note. Where both parallel syntheses use an extraneous agent
drawn from and returned to a common pool or reservoir, the patent
is placed here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter in which a reaction product from one of the
parallel syntheses is blended with a reaction product from another
of the parallel syntheses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein the blended product stream is passed
to another reaction.
(1)
Note. Where the subsequent synthesis is of a type diverse
from at least one of the prior parallel syntheses, the patent should
be crossed to the appropriate subclass of subclasses 310+.
See the definition of subclass 310 for the meaning of "diverse".
(2)
Note. Mere recycle of a portion of the blend is not sufficient
for placement in this subclass.
(3)
Note. The blending may take place in the zone of subsequent
reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the syntheses conducted in parallel
produce different types of product or are different types of reaction.
(1)
Note. For a fuller explanation of "diverse" see
the definition of subclass 310, (1) Note below.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a feedstock is subjected to chemical
conversion to form an intermediate and in a separate subsequent
step the intermediate is converted to a desired hydrocarbon product
or to another intermediate, etc., each conversion involving a diverse synthesis
type.
(1)
Note. A series of syntheses is considered to be diverse when
either (a) each synthesis produces a different type of product or
(b) each synthesis is a different type of reaction.
(2)
Note. The following are considered to be different types of
product: (a) A nonhydrocarbon. (b) An alicyclic hydrocarbon (naphthene,
terpene) (c) An aromatic hydrocarbon (including aralkyl compounds)
(d) An unsaturated hydrocarbon (olefin, diolefin, alkyne) (e) A saturated
hydrocarbon (paraffin, isoparaffin)
(3)
Note. The following are considered to be different types of
reactions. The subclasses of this class concerned with such type
reaction, per se, may be found in the Search this Class, Subclass
Notes below:
(a) Condensation of entire hydrocarbon molecules (polymerization,
alkylation;
(b) Alkyl transfer
(c) Skeletal isomerization;
(d) Shift of double bond;
(e) Removal of nonhydrocarbon element;
(f) Carbon content reduction;
(g) Dehydrogenation
(4)
Note. Except for patents claiming process steps specifically
provided for in subclasses 311-316, patents are placed in this and
its indented subclasses on the basis of the ultimate product of
an entire claimed plural serial diverse synthesis process; the patent
placed as an original in the first appearing subclass which provides
for such ultimate product and is cross-referenced to: a. Other of
these subclasses appropriate for other ultimate or intermediate
products produced by two or more diverse synthesis steps and b.
to every subclass which provides for a synthesis step which is more
than nominally included in any claim. A nominal recitation is a
mere mention of a step, e.g., "dehydrogenation".
(5)
Note. A process in which a single synthesis step is followed
by a reaction which merely converts a by-product of the synthesis
to material identical with the feedstock is not considered to be
plural syntheses. See subclasses 905.
(6)
Note. The occurrence of several phenomena simultaneously
in a single step, e.g., alkylation and isomerization, etc., does
not call for classification here (subclasses 310+). Rather,
a patent claiming such a process step is classified in the first
appearing subclass concerned with either phenomenon and crossed
to the subclass dealing with the other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter in which a catalyst which has deteriorated
in its effectiveness in a synthesis process is treated to restore
its effectiveness by using it in another hydrocarbon synthesis.
and 702+, for a process in which a catalyst
is used in plural distinct treatments, its use in one treatment
sometimes serving, incidentally, to improve its effectiveness in
the other treatment.
for a process in which a nonhydrocarbon material,
e.g., aluminum trialkyl, reacts in a "growth" reaction
with an olefin to form a higher alkyl nonhydrocarbon, and the alkyl
is replaced by a lower carbon-content hydrocarbon leaving the original
nonhydrocarbon reactant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter wherein a catalyst, solvent, diluent, or
a material which makes up part of such substance is used in both
of the syntheses.
(1)
Note. Use of different portions of an extraneous material
in both syntheses is not sufficient for placement of a patent in
this subclass.
(2)
Note. Where both syntheses use an extraneous agent drawn
from and returned to a common pool or reservoir, the patent is placed
here.
(3)
Note. Use of a material as a catalyst in one reaction and
as a reactant in a second reaction, e.g., use of HF catalyst from one
reaction to form alkyl fluoride in another, does not provide a basis
for classification in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter wherein the extraneous material employed
in both syntheses includes all of the catalytic material used in
each synthesis in the same proportions relative to each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter wherein the effluent from a single reaction
is split and portions of the effluent are sent to different ones
of the serial syntheses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter in which hydrocarbon material effluent from
one synthesis is passed to a diverse synthesis through which diverse
synthesis zone the hydrocarbon or its precursor has passed before.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein the earlier synthesis is a condensation
reaction, that is, polymerization, alkylation, etc., or an alkyl
transfer (disproportionation) reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter wherein the ultimate product or an intermediate
product, produced by at least two diverse conversions, is a nonaromatic cyclic
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter in which the ultimate product or an intermediate
product, produced by at least two diverse conversions, is an aromatic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter wherein the product is an aromatic hydrocarbon
having two or more hydrocarbyl substituents on the aromatic ring.
(1)
Note. Any or all of the side-chains may be saturated (alkyl),
unsaturated (alkenyl, alkylidene), etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter wherein a step converts a nonaromatic moiety
to an aromatic moiety, e.g., by dehydrogenation of an alicyclic
moiety, ring formation from an open-chain moiety, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter wherein the series of conversions includes
an alkylation step wherein an acyclic material is condensed with
an aromatic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter in which the ultimate product or an intermediate
product, produced by at least two diverse conversions, is noncyclic
and contains olefinic unsaturation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the ultimate product or an intermediate
product, produced by at least two diverse conversions, contains
acetylenic unsaturation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein some or all of the carbon atoms appearing
in the final product are introduced to the process as a compound
which contains oxygen or during the course of the process appear
in such a compound.
(1)
Note. Patents classified herein are not cross-referenced
to subclass 934.
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein one step uses as reactants (1) a
hydrocarbon, usually a low molecular weight olefin and (2) a nonhydrocarbon containing
(a) one or more hydrocarbyl moieties and (b) a nonhydrocarbon atom
or radical, the reaction serving to unite reactant (1) with atom
or radical (2b) and to release a free olefin derived from (2a).
This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Subject matter wherein the polymerization step is subsequent
to a step wherein the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon molecule
is reduced.
(1)
Note. The polymerization step can immediately follow the
cracking or dehydrogenation, or the unsaturation and polymerization
can be separated by one or more other steps.
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter wherein a non-normal saturated noncyclic
hydrocarbon is produced, including a step of condensing an olefin-acting
material with a nonolefinically unsaturated material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 331. Subject matter wherein a material undergoing the alkylation
synthesis has undergone a reaction wherein a feedstock is converted
to another material having the same empirical formula but a different
structural configuration, or in which an olefin has been condensed
with one or more other olefin molecules.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a chemical change produces a hydrocarbon
which is cyclic or has a cyclic moiety, the hydrocarbon having no
aromatic rings.
(1)
Note. This subclass is the locus for patents drawn to certain
skeletal isomerization phenomena which yield a monocyclic compound.
Such phenomena include:
(a)
a change in the relative position of the alkyl group on a
ring, such as a shift of an alkyl group from the ortho to the meta or
para position thereon, (b) a change of the side-chain size in which
a portion of the alkyl group is transferred to another position
on the ring, but the total number of carbon atoms on the ring remains
the same, (c) a rearrangement of the side-chain on a ring, for example,
a normal propyl group on the ring changed into an isopropyl, (d)
a change from a cisconfiguration to a trans-configuration.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter directed to the production of carotene (Fig.
1) and compounds in which a hydrogen of the carotene nucleus is
replaced by a hydrocarbyl moiety.
Subject matter under 350 directed to the production of the
adamantane nucleus, C10H16 (Fig.
1) and compounds in which a hydrogen of the adamantane nucleus is
replaced by a hydrocarbyl moiety.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter in which a shared-carbon ring, e.g., a bridge,
is shifted from attachment to one carbon of a ring to another carbon,
as in terpene isomerization, or a shared-carbon ring is opened or
removed to give a product containing fewer rings than the feed material.
(1)
Note. The polycyclic feed may have ortho-fused rings or one
ring may bridge another, or the rings may be spiro.
This subclass is indented under subclass 353. Subject matter in which a polymer of cyclopentadiene, e.g.,
dicyclopentadiene (Fig. 1) is converted to cyclopentadiene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 353. Subject matter wherein the feedstock to the reaction is
a material having more than one ring and the product is camphene
(Fig. 1) or a hydrocarbon having one alicyclic ring and ten carbon
atoms.
FIGURE 1.
(1)
Note. Because most dictionaries do not carry a list of C10 terpenes,
the following list, although incomplete, is presented as a guide
to such materials:
Carvestrene: racemic mixture of sylvestrene optical isomers
(no illustration). Dipentene: racemic mixture of limonene optical
isomers. (no illustration)
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Subject matter wherein two or more molecules are joined
together in their entirety to synthesize the desired product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter wherein an alicyclic compound having olefinic
unsaturation in the ring or in a side-chain is condensed with itself
to form a compound having more than one ring.
(1)
Note. Many processes herein are designed to remove cyclopentadiene impurities
from a hydrocarbon stream by dimerizing the impurities.
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Subject matter wherein the product is synthesized by isomerization
of a double bond from one position to another position in the side-chain
of the molecule, e.g., from vinyl to ethylidene, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the alicyclic compound is synthesized
from a feedstock molecule, usually a cycloolefin, having fewer carbons
in its ring than the product molecule, the carbons added to the
ring being contributed by another molecule.
(1)
Note. The final product may incorporate all of the carbon
atoms of the feedstock molecules (polymerization) or only part of
the carbon atoms of one feedstock (disproportionation).
for olefin disproportionation reactions aimed at
the production of acyclic monoolefins. Many of the catalysts used
in such reactions are disclosed as being useful in the reactions
of this subclass (364).
This subclass is indented under subclass 365. Subject matter wherein the feedstock includes a noncyclic
hydrocarbon chain having two olefinically unsaturated bonds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 366. Subject matter employing a catalyst which contains in free
or combined form a transition metal of Group IV, V, or VI, that
is, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium (columbium),
tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten.
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter employing, in addition to the refractory
metal component, an element or compound which does not contain a
metal atom.
(1)
Note. The nonmetal element or compound must be clearly an
entity separate from the metal-containing material, that is, it
is not part of a "complex" with a metal-containing "compound".
(2)
Note. The nonmetal element or compound need not have a clearly
catalytic function, but may be described as a solvent, diluent,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 369. Subject matter employing, in addition to the iron group
metal material, an organic compound which does not contain a metal
atom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein a ring is made smaller or larger.
(1)
Note. The distinction in subject matter between this subclass
and subclasses 365+ is as follows: In this subclass a ring which
is present in a molecule at the start of the process contains more
carbon atoms or less carbon atoms at the end of the process. The
phenomena involved are both ring opening and ring closing. In subclasses
365+ a molecule or moiety which is not a ring at the start
of the process is a ring or part of a ring at the end of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Subject matter using a catalyst comprising a fluoride, chloride,
bromide, or iodide of aluminum, gallium, indium, or thallium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter using also a hydrocarbon complex (usually
sludge type) or an organic material containing an element other
than carbon and hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the alicyclic compound is synthesized
by (a) condensation of an alicyclic with an acyclic moiety which
may be all or part of another hydrocarbon molecule or by (b) dealkylation
of the alicyclic molecule wherein the removed alkyl is condensed
with another hydrocarbon molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter wherein the product is synthesized by isomerization
of a double bond from one position to another position in the molecule.
(1)
Note. The shift may be within a ring, within a side-chain,
from a ring to a side-chain, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein hydrogen is removed from a desired
hydrocarbon by use of another substance which chemically reacts
with and combines with the hydrogen.
(1)
Note. The other substance may be an element, e.g., oxygen,
etc., or a compound e.g., an unsaturated hydrocarbon, etc.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter drawn to a process which includes a chemical
change and results in a recoverable hydrocarbon compound having
at least one carbocyclic ring, usually six-membered, which is resonating
or is characterized by three conjugated double bonds.
(1)
Note. Azulene (Fig. 1) is considered to be aromatic.
Azulene (Fig. 1)
(2)
Note. Naphthalene (Fig. 1), dihydronaphthalene (Fig. 2),
and tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) (Fig. 3) are aromatic, but
decahydronaphthalene (Decalin), (Fig. 4) is alicyclic.
FIGURE1. Naphthalene
FIGURE 2.dihydronaphthalene
FIGURE 3.tetrahydronaphthalene(Tetralin)
FIGURE 4.decahydronaphthalene(Decalin)
(3)
Note. This subclass (400) is the locus for processes wherein
carbon atoms already contained in rings are joined to form an additional
ring or wherein a nonaromatic ring moiety of a polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon is dehydrogenated.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 133+ , for a process for synthesizing a mixture of aromatic compounds
from a mineral oil mixture when there is no recovery of a particular
aromatic compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein the process involves a definitely
recited step of measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition or parameter
of the process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation, e.g.,
temperature, etc., is adjusted in accordance with a different aspect
of the synthesis, e.g., strength of catalyst, etc.
(1)
Note. A process in which the same operating condition is
controlled, e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to a temperature
drop in the reaction zone, is not included in this subclass.
Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for making a measurement
or test of any kind not claimed in combination with synthesis of
an organic compound and not elsewhere classifiable, and the class
definition thereof for the identification of other classes concerned
with testing.
Chemisty: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclass 1 H for chemical reaction not elsewhere classifiable,
or analysis by chemical methods of organic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter in which heat generated by a reaction or
by catalyst regeneration or absorbed by quenching reactants is put
to use in the process.
(1)
Note. Patents placed wherein are not cross-referenced to
subclass 910.
535, 602, and 634, for olefin condensation, alkyne
synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound synthesis,
respectively, using similar techniques.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein the process uses apparatus made of
a particular material, e.g., a ceramic, stainless steel, etc.
for a collection of patents disclosing prevention
of solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or temporary
protective coating of named composition on the surfaces of same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein a change in ring size and usually
also dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen from the ring) takes place.
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter wherein the reaction takes place in the presence
of a catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. The transition metals are elements in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table they include elements 21 through 30 (scandium
through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through
80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter which comprises the condensation of two molecules
of a vinyl aromatic compound, e.g., styrene, etc.
(1)
Note. The dimer may be one of several types of products or
a mixture of the several types, such as diplenyl alkenes, phenylindanes,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein carbon atoms which make up a ring
or part of a ring in the desired aromatic product enter the reaction
as part of an acyclic moiety.
(1)
Note. Where a ring is formed by the joining together of carbon
atoms already contained in one or more rings of a molecule, e.g.,
conversion of dinaphthyl to perylene, etc., classification in subclass 400
is proper.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter where the starting material contains at least
one element other than carbon and hydrogen, e.g., chlorine, oxygen,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Subject matter in which material sent into the process,
which supplies carbon atoms for the desired product, has a keto
or aldehyde moiety and/or an aromatic ring or ring structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter in which material sent into the process,
which supplies carbon atoms for the desired product, contains an
aromatic ring or ring structure.
(1)
Note. The desired product usually is polycyclic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein the synthesis is accomplished in
two or more steps, wherein the catalyst employed is claimed as moving,
e.g., from reactor to regenerator, fluidized, etc., wherein a flow
procedure in the reactor, e.g., countercurrent, etc., is claimed,
or wherein a flow rate, e.g., space velocity of reactant, etc.,
is claimed.
(1)
Note. A mere time span during which the desired reaction
takes place is not sufficient for classification in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein the effluent from the aromatization
reaction or a component thereof passes through at least two separation
steps or wherein a feedstock is treated prior to the aromatization
reaction, e.g., by separation into fractions, by preheating, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein the synthesis process employs a nonmetal
element or a compound not containing a metal, which chemically reacts
with hydrogen removed from a feedstock, the element or compound
thereby being changed to a more hydrogenated material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter in which the aromatic product of the synthesis
contains more carbon atoms than a feedstock compound which supplies
carbon atoms to the said product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter wherein the reaction takes place in the presence
of a catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. The transition metals are elements in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table they include elements 21 through 30 (scandium
through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through
80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein the reaction takes place in the presence
of a catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. The transition metals are elements in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table they include elements 21 through 30 (scandium
through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium, 57 through
80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Subject matter wherein the catalyst contains platinum, palladium,
rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, or osmium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 420. Subject matter where one component of the catalyst is a
compound of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, e.g., lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, barium, or radium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter in which a polycyclic aromatic is produced
by joining two or more entire cyclic molecules of a feedstock or
the entire hydrocarbyl moieties of such molecule.
(1)
Note. This subclass (422) is the locus for a process where
a side-chain carbon of one molecule is joined to the ring carbon
of another molecule, e.g., the manufacture of phenyl tolyl methane
from toluene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein a material, usually the effluent
from the condensation reaction or a component thereof, passes through
at least two separation steps.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2)
Note. Many patents contained herein recycled a separated
component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein the effluent from an aromatic condensation
reaction or wherein a feed stock is treated prior to the condensation reaction,
e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbons therefrom, by separating the
feed into several different fractions, by heating, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter in which the condensation exploits ring carbon
atoms of two feed molecules, for example, by fusing rings, forming biphenyl
from benzene, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Subject matter in which a moiety, present as an acyclic
molecule in the feedstock, is present between the joined rings of
the product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Subject matter in which a biphenyl, polyphenyl, substituted
biphenyl or polyphenyl, or partially hydrogenated biphenyl or polyphenyl
is the product and the process employs an agent, e.g., a catalyst,
a solvent, etc., which is or contains a metal.
for a process in which hydrogenation of an aromatic
ring takes place simultaneously with formation of the arylene bond,
e.g., hydrodimerization of benzene, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter in which ring-containing molecules having
side-chain or other acyclic components are joined by means of the
acyclic components, the ring moieties becoming mere substituents
on the resulting condensed acyclic moiety.
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter wherein a moiety, present as an acyclic molecule
in the feedstock, is present between the joined acyclic components
of the ring-containing feedstock material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter in which an aromatic hydrocarbon is formed
from a cyclic material having the same number of carbon atoms in
its ring system, which cyclic material in nonaromatic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon is made
from a feed compound having an olefinic double bond or in which
the aromatic hydrocarbon formed is polycyclic, e.g.,
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter wherein a material is employed which forms
a compound with the hydrogen removed from the feedstock or which
contains, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. The hydrogen acceptor may be an element of a compound,
the compound being a hydrocarbon or a nonhydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter catalyzed by a noble metal, that is, gold,
silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, or ruthenium
in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter in which the aromatic product of the synthesis
process has olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation in a sidechain or
other acyclic moiety.
(1)
Note. Synthesis of an alkenyl aryl by disproportionation,
i.e., transalkylation, is properly classified in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter wherein the product has more than one ring
or contains carbon or hydrogen atoms introduced to the process as
part of a compound containing atoms other than carbon and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. Only one of the rings needs to be aromatic for placement
in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter wherein the product is formed by joining
plural entire hydrocarbon molecules, e.g., "alkenylation", "olefin
arylation", etc., and wherein a catalyst is employed which contains
a metal in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter wherein the effluent from a dehydrogenation
reaction is sent to another dehydrogenation reaction or in which
two or more separation steps are performed.
(1)
Note. One or more of the separation steps may be preliminary
to the reaction.
(2)
Note. Frequently a compound separated from the effluent is
recycled.
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter wherein part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of an oxide, sulfide, or salt of a metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein there is added to an aromatic hydrocarbon,
or that moiety of an aromatic nonhydrocarbon which remains after atoms
other than carbon and hydrogen have been removed, an acyclic straight
or branched hydrocarbon molecule or that moiety of an acyclic nonhydrocarbon
which remains after atoms other than carbon and hydrogen have been
removed.
(1)
Note. The ring compound onto which the chain is introduced
may already include one or more side-chains, e.g., toluene, xylene,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein a procedure for achieving contact
and/or confluence of materials in the reactor or at the
entrance to the reactor is specified, or in which the time which
a reactant takes to flow through the reactor is specified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior
to the alkylation reaction, e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbons
therefrom, by separating the feed into several different fractions, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter in which the effluent from an aromatic alkylation
reaction is sent to another aromatic alkylation reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein a material usually the effluent from
the alkylation reaction or a component thereof, passes through at
least two separation steps.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2)
Note. Many patents contained herein recycle a separated component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter in which the separation procedure involves
filtration, crystallization, use of solid sorbent, formation of
a solid precipitate, washing, scrubbing, or other dissolving, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein the process results in the addition
of carbon atoms to the side-chain of a feed aromatic compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 452. Subject matter wherein a methyl substituent of an aromatic
ring becomes an ethyl or propyl substituent or in which an ethyl
substituent becomes a propyl substituent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter in which a nonhydrocarbon molecule supplies
a hydrocarbyl moiety which appears in the final product, the nonhydrocarbon
not being a monohalide, a hydroxy compound, or an ether.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein the product is an aromatic having
a side-chain claimed in any claim as necessarily containing six
or more carbon atoms.
(1)
Note. A "detergent alkylate" is presumed
to be a product having a side-chain of six or more carbon atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 455. Subject matter wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a material
containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a compound
which contains both a metal and an organic moiety.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a fluoride,
chloride, bromide, or iodide of aluminum, alone or in combination with
other materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter wherein the reaction takes place in the presence
of an additional agent which contains metal or which is an inorganic
compound not containing halogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter wherein the aluminum halide catalyst is described
as being in a chemical complex with another material or wherein
the reaction takes place in the presence of an organic agent, which
may be a solvent, mass-action agent, promoter, etc., which does
not contribute atoms to the final product.
(1)
Note. The aluminum halide complex may be formed in the reaction
of aluminum halide with the hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons present
in the process, or the complex may be preformed initially.
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter catalyzed by a material containing fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, or iodine in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Subject matter wherein the catalyst also contains aluminum
oxide.
(1)
Note. The halogen may be added to alumina during the catalyst
preparation before calcination, that is, before the alumina is formed;
the halogen may also be added to alumina after calcination, or to an
alumina-containing catalyst, e.g., a zeolite, during its fabrication;
to a final catalyst composite, or in a subsequent activation treatment
to enhance the properties of the catalyst in the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Subject matter in which the catalyst is a complex of boron
trifluoride or a mixture of boron trifluoride with a material containing
atoms other than only carbon and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. The complex may be inorganic, e.g., BF3.H2O,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Subject matter catalyzed by a material containing free metal,
an oxide of a metal, or a hydroxide of a metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein a reactant which contributes atoms
to the final product contains elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
for an aromatic synthesis process involving a nonhydrocarbon
feed and ring formation from a nonring moiety, e.g., cyclic polymerization
of benzophenone to produce 1,3,5-triphenyl benzene, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein an alkyl or aryl moiety of a molecule
is transferred to another molecule.
(1)
Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the net
result of the process, regardless of the mechanism involved, that
is, the process may proceed by dimerization and cracking, as well
as by free-radical transfer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Subject matter wherein the product has more than one ring
or in which the alkyl group removed from one hydrocarbon molecule
is attached to a side-chain already on a ring of another molecule
to give an aromatic product with a side-chain containing more carbon atoms
than a feedstock side-chain, or in which the process is directed
to maximize the production of a claimed isomer having alkyl groups
in specific positions on a benzene ring, e.g., mesitylene, metaxylene,
etc.
(1)
Note. Only one ring of a polycyclic compound needs to be
aromatic for placement in this subclass.
(2)
Note. Where the process includes a step of removing or recovering
a specific material substantially free from its isomers, it can
be assumed that the process is directed to maximizing the production of
the isomer removed or recovered.
(3)
Note. Where the desired product has no aromatic position
isomer, e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc., the patent is not
classified here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Subject matter wherein the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an aluminum halide or a boron halide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Subject matter in which the product is a meta-alkyl benzene,
e.g., 1,3-diethyl benzene, etc., or a 1,3,5-trialkyl benzene, e.g.,
mesitylene, etc.
(1)
Note. Tetraalkylbenzenes, etc., are not subject matter for
this subclass.
Subject matter under 470 wherein two or more compounds fed
to the reaction, each compound differing from the other in carbon
content, are converted to a hydrocarbon compound of carbon content
less than one compound and greater than the other, for example,
conversion of a mixture of xylene and benzene to toluene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Subject matter wherein the catalyst is a solid compound
containing aluminum, silicon, and oxygen atoms in an ordered spatial
pattern or arrangement, e.g., a zeolite, etc., and which may be
of natural or synthetic origin.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein the product has fewer rings than
the feedstock or a ring attached to a multicarbon alkyl moiety or
another ring becomes attached to a carbon of the moiety or ring
different from the carbon to which attached in the feedstock.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein the synthesis involves changing the
molecular structure of the feed material without a change in its
carbon or hydrogen content.
(1)
Note. The isomerization may result in movement of a component,
e.g., an alkyl side-chain, etc., to a different position on a ring
of an aromatic, the rearrangement of carbon atoms within a side-chain,
or the removal of a carbon atom from a side-chain to the ring, e.g.,
conversion of ethylbenzene to xylene, etc.
for an isomerization process which involves opening
a ring of a polycyclic feedstock or moving a ring from one carbon
to another of a "side" chain or second ring.
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Subject matter wherein one or more of the plural separation
steps involves chilling a mixture to solidify a component of the
mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter wherein the compound contains aluminum, silicon,
and oxygen atoms in an ordered spatial pattern or arrangement, e.g.,
a zeolite, etc., and which may be of natural or synthetic origin.
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter catalyzed by ruthenium, rhodium, palladium,
osmium, iridium, or platinum in free or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter wherein a side-chain is wholly or partially
removed from the ring of an aromatic, e.g., the demethylation of
ethylbenzene or xylene to form toluene and/or benzene,
etc.
for a process wherein a ring component at the end
of the process has more carbons in the ring or less carbons in the
ring than at the start of the process.
for a process wherein an alkyl group removed from
one hydrocarbon molecule is attached to another molecule, i.e.,
dealkylation using a hydrocarbon acceptor for the removed alkyl
moiety.
for a process wherein a ring of a polycyclic aromatic
is opened with or without partial or complete removal of carbon
atoms from the resulting side-chain.
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter in which the feedstock is an alkylated aromatic
hydrocarbon having more than one ring, e.g., naphthalene, tetralin, indane,
fluorene, diphenyl, phenycyclohexane, phenylcyclopentene, diphenylmethane,
etc.
(1)
Note. A process which employs a hydrogen donor compound,
rather than elemental hydrogen, is classified in this subclass,
rather than in subclass 485.
for a process wherein a hydrocarbon compound supplies
hydrogen for saturating an unsaturated bond of another hydrocarbon
molecule, the latter being recovered as a product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Subject matter wherein the process takes place in the presence
of added elemental hydrogen and a catalyst.
(1)
Note. The catalyst need not be a solid; therefore, classification
is appropriate in this subclass for many processes which are termed "thermal" or "noncatalytic" but
which in actuality use an agent other than the reactants to further
the reaction by more than merely supplying heat.
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter wherein part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of an added material, whether called a catalyst,
a diluent, a heat carrier, etc., or not, which speeds a desired reaction
or retards in undesired reaction and which does not supply a significant
number of atoms of material to the final product.
(1)
Note. Water and hydrogen are considered reactants in the
processes of this subclass and not extraneous agents.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating,
subclass 214 for a similar process in which a hydrogen-containing
gas mixture, suitable for burning, is the desired product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter catalyzed by a material containing, in free
or combined form, a metal in which an inner electron shell, rather
than an outer shell, is partially filled.
(1)
Note. In the periodic table transition metals include elements
21 - 30 (scandium - zinc), 39 - 48 (yttrium - cadmium), 57 - 80
(lanthanum - mercury), and 89 - 103 (actinium - lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a hydrocarbon molecule is produced
which has no ring configuration and is less than saturated with
hydrogen, that is, is having less hydrogen than the formula CnH2n+2,
which molecule was not present as the same structurally or empirically identical
molecule at the beginning of the process.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 157.15+ for chemical synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound
by utilizing wave energy and subclasses 168+ for chemical
synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound by utilizing an electrostatic
field or electrical discharge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the process involves a definitely
recited step of measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition or parameter
of the process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation, e.g.,
temperature etc., is adjusted in accordance with a different aspect
of the synthesis, e.g., strength of catalyst, etc.
(1)
Note. A process in which the same operating condition is
controlled, e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to a temperature
drop in the reaction zone, is not included in this subclass.
Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for making a measurement
or test of any kind not claimed in combination with synthesis of
an organic compound and not elsewhere classifiable; and the main
class definition thereof for the identification of other classes
concerned with testing.
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclasses 1+ for a test or measurement associated with a chemical
reaction not elsewhere classifiable, or analysis, by chemical methods,
of organic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein at least two hydrocarbon molecules,
each having a double or triple bond, join to form an unsaturated
compound having a molecular weight which equals the total of the
molecular weight of the additive (monomer) molecules.
(1)
Note. Where a reaction is stated to be "polymerization", "dimerization",
etc., and all the reactants are unsaturated, it is assumed that
the product is unsaturated.
for condensation of entire cyclic molecules, including
reactions similar to those herein (subclasses 502+) where an
aromatic ring is a "passive" substituent on an
unsaturated chain, e.g., polymerization of styrene, etc.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,
subclass 46 for processes of polymerizing or condensing mineral oils;
subclass 20 for petroleum wax products; and subclasses 24+ for
treatment of mineral paraffin wax.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for a polymerization process which results in a solid polymer,
especially Class 526 for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated
monomers. Where a patent has claims to production of both solid
and nonsolid polymers or has claims only to a polymerization process
which, according to the disclosure, may produce a solid polymer
as a desired product, the patent is classified in the Class 520
series and cross-referenced here (
subclasses 502+ ) when appropriate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein heat generated in the process, e.g.,
by reaction, catalyst regeneration, adsorbed by quenching reactants,
etc., is put to use in the process or in which the chemical composition
of apparatus used in the process is specified.
(1)
Note. Patents placed herein are not cross-referenced to
subclasses 910+ and 920 unless the processes therein are
disclosed as applicable to other than polymerization processes.
535, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, alkyne
synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound synthesis,
respectively, using similar techniques.
for a collection of patents disclosing prevention
of solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or temporary
protective coating of named composition of surfaces of the apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein a procedure is recited for getting
catalyst or other nonhydrocarbon material which has been removed
from a reaction back into the reaction, which procedure goes beyond
mere nominal "recycling", "regenerating",
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Subject matter wherein the product can be described by an
empirical formula having only invariable subscripts.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein a monoolefin product can be described
by an empirical formula having only invariable subscripts.
(1)
Note. The desired product may be a mixture of isomers or
a restricted mixture of related compounds, e.g., a dimertrimer mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter wherein the catalyst contains a metal bonded
to or complexed with carbon, a carbon compound, or hydrogen, e.g.,
alkali metal-carbon complexes, metal hydrides, metal alkyls, metal
carbonyls, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 511. Subject matter wherein the catalyst contains aluminum and
a transition metal, either metal or both metals appearing in a hydride,
carbon compound, or complex.
(1)
Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner electron
shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled. In the
periodic table transition metals include elements 21 through 30
(scandium through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium),
57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium
through lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter catalyzed by a material which contains lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, or francium in free or combined
form.
(1)
Note. A crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst, whether natural
or synthetically prepared, will usually contain alkali metal unless
such metal component is specifically removed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein the feed to polymerization is the
effluent from a nonsynthesis treatment, usually a purification treatment,
heating treatment, etc.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,
subclass 77 for a process in which an olefin monomer is purified
preliminary to its polymerization into a solid polymer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Subject matter wherein the preliminary treatment is such
as to remove from the feedstock a type of hydrocarbon undesired
in the polymerization reaction, e.g., a hydrocarbon of too low or
too high molecular weight, of undesired molecular structure, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of a material which chemically effects the
synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form
a part of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst, solvent,
etc., and is inorganic or is an organic material containing other
elements than carbon and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. Where the claims recite merely a "polymerization" process
but there appears to be a clear intent to maximize the production
of a particular compound, e.g., a dimer, etc., the patent is placed
in subclasses 510+ and cross-referenced here (subclasses
520+) when appropriate.
503, 537, 636, and 920, for hydrocarbon syntheses
which employ apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a catalyst agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter catalyzed by a material containing lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium,
boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, zinc, cadmium, or mercury
in the form of a hydride, an organic compound, or an inorganic compound
complexed with an organic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter wherein the catalyst includes an alkyl aluminum
compound having three alkyl moieties for each atom of aluminum therein, e.g.,
triethylaluminum, etc.
for a process for producing an olefin in which a
step of removing an olefin product from an aluminum alkyl "growth" product
compound, by displacement with a different olefin after the "growth" step,
is positively recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter wherein the catalyst contains one or more
transition metals in free or combined form.
(1)
Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner electron
shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled. In the
periodic table transition metals include elements 21 through 30
(scandium through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium),
57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium
through lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter catalyzed by a material containing elemental
metal or a metal compound devoid of organic moieties.
This subclass is indented under subclass 530. Subject matter wherein the catalyst contains iron, cobalt,
nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum
in free or combined form.
for an olefin-yielding polymerization process which
uses as a catalyst a complex of an aluminum halide with an organic
compound, e.g., alkylation sludge.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus
for manufacture of a fuel gas mixture containing acetylene and other
components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter wherein heat generated in the process, e.g.,
by reaction, catalyst regeneration, adsorded by quenching reactants,
etc., is put to use in the process or wherein an inert solid material
is employed to supply heat to the synthesis reaction or to absorb
heat from the synthesis reaction.
(1)
Note. Patents placed herein are not cross-referenced to
subclasses 910+.
503, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
condensation, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound synthesis,
respectively, using similar techniques.
This subclass is indented under subclass 535. Subject matter wherein the heat carrier, usually in particulate
form, e.g., pebbles, etc., passes into and out of the reaction zone
during the reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter wherein the process recites the composition
of apparatus employed in the process, e.g., a stainless steel reactor
wall, a refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1)
Note. Materials which move through or are readily removable
from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not considered part
of the apparatus for this subclass.
for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a defined
structure configuration, independent of the composition of the structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter wherein the carbon content of the product
is derived from a starting material which comprises an organic compound
which is without acetylenic unsaturation.
(1)
Note. Where a feedstock is described merely as a "hydrocarbon",
it is assumed that the feedstock is nontriple-bond.
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter wherein the conversion is effected without
a catalyst or hydrogen acceptor by application of heat. The feed
may have higher, lower, or the same number of carbon atoms as the
product.
for a collection of patents wherein methane or an
inorganic material is a starting material for synthesis of hydrocarbons.
Patents classified herein are not cross-referenced
to subclass 943.
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Subject matter wherein a material in addition to oxygen
and the hydrocarbon which supplies the atoms recovered in the product
is introduced into the reaction zone to influence the reaction.
The additional material may be a fuel, diluent, inhibitor, catalyst,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the synthesis operation produces
a compound having more than two olefinically unsaturated bonds in
the molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the synthesis operation produces
a compound having two olefinically unsaturated bonds in the molecule.
(1)
Note. This subclass (601) is the locus for conversion of
a triple bond to two double bonds, e.g., methyl acetylene to allene,
etc., and for double bond shift isomerization to form a diolefin.
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter wherein heat generated in the process, e.g.,
by reaction, catalyst regeneration, adsorbed by quenching reactants,
etc., is put to use in the process or wherein an inert solid material
is employed to supply heat to the synthesis reaction or to absorb
heat from the synthesis reaction.
(1)
Note. Patents placed herein are not cross referenced to subclass
910.
503, 535, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
condensation, alkyne synthesis, and saturated compound syntheses,
respectively, using similar techniques.
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter wherein a feedstock compound, which furnished
carbon atoms appearing in the final product, contains atoms other
than carbon and hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 603. Subject matter wherein the nonhydrocarbon feedstock is a
cyclic material containing an atom other than carbon in the ring,
e.g., dioxane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Subject matter wherein at least two organic compounds of
the feedstock, each compound containing oxygen, contribute carbon
atoms to the final product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Subject matter wherein the feedstock to the synthesis also
contains a hydrocarbon having olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 603. Subject matter wherein a feedstock compound contains fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, or iodine and part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of a material which chemically affects the
synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form
a part of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst,
solvent, etc., and is inorganic or is an organic material containing other
elements than carbon and hydrogen.
503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited compositions, in some cases the composition
(e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a catalytic agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter wherein the product diolefin molecule contains
fewer carbon atoms than a feedstock hydrocarbon molecule.
for a process where a hydrocarbon is dehydrogenated
by transfer of hydrogen to another hydrocarbon, the acceptor compound
being a material desired for recovery.
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter wherein the process employs a material which
reacts with the hydrogen removed from a feed molecule thereby synthesizing
a compound containing the removed hydrogen and different from the
added material.
(1)
Note. These processes sometimes use a solid acceptor material
which, after it is no longer of satisfactory activity, may be regenerated.
While this acceptor material may sometimes be called a catalyst
it is distinguishable from a true catalyst by the stoichiometric
proportions used and by the fact the hydrogen is removed from the
process as a compound containing some or all of the atoms brought
into the process by the acceptor.
for a collection of patents which disclose processing
of a used hydrogen acceptor to put it into condition for further
use in dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 617. Subject matter wherein the acceptor is halogen or a halogen-containing
compound and elemental oxygen is included in the dehydrogenation
reaction mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 621. Subject matter wherein the process employs an extraneous
agent, that is, a material which does not supply atoms to the final
product or by-product, which contains phosphorus in free or combined
form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 621. Subject matter wherein the process employs an extraneous
agent, that is, a material which does not supply atoms to the final
product or by-product, which contains metal in the form of an oxide
or hydroxide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 624. Subject matter in which the agent is a compound of trivalent
iron oxide with a basic oxide.
(1)
Note. Ferrites are insoluble substances of spinel type which
are prepared synthetically by fusion without water or occur in nature.
The term "ferrite" is also applied to certain
salts which contain tetra- and quinque-position iron, e.g., BaFeO3,
which is a black powder formed when barium and ferric hydroxides
are heated together in oxygen. See Miall et al., A
New Dictionary Of Chemistry, 4th Edition, p. 239, Longman Group
Limited, 1968.
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter wherein part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence to a material which chemically affects the
synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form
a part of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst, solvent,
etc.
503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the composition
(e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a catalytic agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter wherein the effluent from one dehydrogenation
procedure is sent to another, different dehydrogenation procedure
or in which a solid material (including fluent solids) is specified
as moving during the process, that is, moving within, or into, or
out of the reactor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter wherein a compound of one or more transition
metals with oxygen only or sulfur only is an extraneous agent.
(1)
Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner electron
shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled. In the
periodic table transition metals include elements 21 through 30
(sandium through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium),
57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium
through lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Subject matter wherein the chromium, molybdenum, and/or
tungsten compound is associated with a compound of a transition
metal from a group other than Group VI.
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter in which an agent is an ionizable compound
having a metal cation and an anion other than hydroxyl.
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter wherein a dehydrogenation reactor effluent
material is passed to another dehydrogenation reaction or stage
to a temperature reduction stage or to a separation procedure.
for a process of monoolefin synthesis by dehydrogenation,
which process may often be equivalent to the first stage of processes
contained herein (subclass 633).
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein a synthesis process includes the
withdrawal of heat from an exothermic part of the process, e.g.,
catalyst regeneration, quenching of reaction products, etc., and
transfer of this heat to an endothermic part of the process, e.g.,
feed-stream preheating, dehydrogenation, etc., or in which heat
is conveyed to an endothermic part of the process by preheating
a solid or melted solid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 634. Subject matter in which the solid or molten heat carrier
enters and exits from the reaction zone during the synthesis reaction
or in which the carrier is contacted with a reaction effluent to
cool the effluent stream.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the process recites the composition
of apparatus employed in the process, e.g., a stainless steel reactor
wall, a refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1)
Note. Materials which move through or are readily removable
from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not considered part
of the apparatus for this subclass.
for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a defined
structural configuration, independent of the composition of the structure.
for a collection of patents disclosing prevention
of solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or temporary
protective coating of named composition on surfaces of same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter in which the carbon content of the unsaturated
material, which is a product of the process, enters the process
as a substituent of a larger molecule from which the substituent is
displaced by an entire hydrocarbon molecule which becomes a radical
(e.g., Fig. 1 below) diagram.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein an olefin is produced from a feedstock
molecule which contains another element in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
469, 603+, and 733, for the production
in general, from nonhydrocarbon feedstocks, of alicyclic, aromatic, diolefin,
and paraffin products, respectively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 638. Subject matter wherein a nonhydrocarbon feedstock molecule
contains fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter in which an alkyl or alkenyl moiety of a
molecule is transferred to another molecule.
(1)
Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the net
result of the process, regardless of the mechanism involved, that
is, the process may proceed by dimerization and cracking, as well
as by free-radical transfer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter in which the effluent from an alkyl transfer
reaction or stage is sent to another alkyl transfer reaction or
stage or in which olefins of at least two different carbon contents
are reacted to produce olefin material having a carbon content numbering
between the carbon content numbers of the starting olefins.
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter wherein a part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of an organic material which chemically affects
the synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not
form a part of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst, solvent,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter wherein the reaction employs as a catalyst
a material containing molybdenum, tungsten, or rhenium and in addition
a transition metal other than these three.
(1)
Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner electron
shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled. In the
periodic table transition metals include elements 21 through 30
(scandium through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium),
57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium
through lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter wherein the reaction employs a catalyst containing
rhenium and free from other transition metals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the feed to the reaction contains
more carbon atoms in its molecule than the product contains.
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Subject matter wherein isobutylene (H3C-CH3) is
produced for example, by depolymerization of polybutylene.
(1)
Note. The expression, "per se", is meant to
include product mixtures which contain isobutylene as a desired
product and to exclude derivatives of isobutylene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Subject matter wherein ethylene is produced.
(1)
Note. The expression, "per se", is meant to
include product mixtures which contain ethylene as a desired product
and to exclude derivatives of ethylene.
This subclass is indented under subclass 650. Subject matter wherein steam (usually superheated steam)
is mixed with the feed or with the reaction effluent for heating
or other purposes or wherein elemental oxygen is employed in the
reaction.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not include indirect heating or
cooling where the medium passing through the coil is steam.
(2)
Note. The oxygen must react with molecules which supply the
atoms of the final product; the mere use of oxygen-containing gas
to burn a fuel, which combustion merely supplies heat to the reaction,
is not sufficient for placement of a patent herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter wherein the effluent from the dehydrogenation
reaction or a component thereof passes through at least two separation steps.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2)
Note. Many patents contained herein seek to recover a separate
hydrocarbon in addition to the main dehydrogenation product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter wherein the dehydrogenation employs an element
or compound which chemically reacts with the removed hydrogen, being itself
thereby changed to a more hydrogenated material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 656. Subject matter in which the removed hydrogen combines with
free halogen or a halogen-containing compound.
(1)
Note. The reaction mixture may contain an agent for synthesizing
elemental halogen in stoichiometric amounts in situ from a halogen
compound, e.g., oxygen + HC1, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 656. Subject matter wherein the removed hydrogen combines with
free oxygen and part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of a material which chemically affects the synthesis by
promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form a part of the
desired product and is, at least in theory, separable from the desired
reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst, solvent, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter wherein the effluent from a dehydrogenation
reaction stage is passed to another dehydrogenation reaction stage
or in which movement of solid extraneous agent is described.
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter wherein the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an agent which comprises at least two metals, one of
which is iridium, osmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, or ruthenium
and the other of which is a metal different from those listed.
503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the composition
(e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a catalytic agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter in which the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an oxide, sulfide, or a salt containing a metal in which
an inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table transition metals include elements 21 through
30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium),
57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
(1)
Note. The transition metal may appear in the anion of a metal
salt catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 661. Subject matter in which the transition metal of the oxide,
sulfide, or salt is chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten.
This subclass is indented under subclass 662. Subject matter in which the chromium molybdenum or tungsten
metal, oxide, or sulfide is employed in combination with another
transition metal oxide or sulfide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the olefinic unsaturation (double
bond) of a feed monoolefin molecule shifts to another position in
the hydrocarbon molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter wherein the process employs a catalyst which
comprises a compound containing both a metal and an organic moiety.
(1)
Note. A metal is any element of the periodic table other
than hydrogen, a noble gas, a halogen, a chalcogen, nitrogen, phosphorus,
carbon, silicon, or boron.
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter in which an aluminosilicate composition such
as a zeolite, clay, etc., is employed.
(1)
Note. The aluminosilicate may be naturally occurring or synthetically
formed, and often has a crystalline structure which may be modified
in some way to remove or add a constituent, for example, by ion
exchange or by impregnation techniques.
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter wherein the reaction employs a catalyst containing
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine in elemental or combined
form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter wherein a catalyst is employed which contains
a transition metal in free or combined form.
(1)
Note. The transition metals are elements in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially filled.
In the periodic table they include elements 21 through 30 (scandium
through zinc), 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through
80 (lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through
lawrencium).
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein a monoolefin hydrocarbon undergoes
a skeletal rearrangement of its carbon atoms.
(1)
Note. The hydrocarbon may go from a straight chain configuration
to a branched configuration, from a less branched to a more branched
configuration, or it may go in the reverse order from a more branched
to a less branched or to a straight configuration.
470+, 643+, and 708, for processes
in which a hydrocarbyl moiety from one molecule is transferred to
another molecule to produce an alicyclic, aromatic, olefinic, or
paraffin compound, respectively.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a hydrocarbon molecule is produced
which has no ring configuration and is saturated with hydrogen,
that is, of the formula CnH2n+2
which molecule was not present as the same structurally or empirically
identical molecule at the beginning of the process.
(1)
Note. This subclass (700) is the locus for paraffin synthesis
processes not provided for below, e.g., by condensation of saturated
hydrocarbons, etc.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 157.15+ for chemical synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound
by utilizing wave energy and subclasses 168+ for chemical
synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound by utilizing an electrostatic
field or electrical discharge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the process involves a definitely
recited step of measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition of parameter
of the process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation, e.g.,
temperature, etc., is adjusted in accordance with a different aspect
of the synthesis, e.g., strength of catalyst, etc.
(1)
Note. A process in which the same operating condition is
controlled e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to a temperature
drop in the reaction zone, is not included in this subclass.
Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for making a measurement
or test of any kind not claimed in combination with synthesis of
an organic compound and not elsewhere classifiable; and the Class
Definition thereof for the identification of other classes concerned
with testing.
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclasses 1+ for a test or measurement associated with a chemical
reaction not elsewhere classifiable, or analysis, by chemical methods,
of organic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which a material which is a catalyst or
solvent or component thereof already used, or to be used, in a synthesis
operation is used as an agent for treating a hydrocarbon to improve
the hydrocarbon by removing or making innocuous undesired materials
contained in the hydrocarbon.
(1)
Note. Where a catalyst or solvent used in a first hydrocarbon
synthesis is further used in a second hydrocarbon synthesis, which
second synthesis may result in separating out the catalyst from
an additional hydrocarbon product, the second synthesis is not considered
to be a separation treatment for this subclass.
(2)
Note. The material used in the two treatments must be the
same material, not merely two different batches of material having
the same composition.
and 312, for plural diverse serial syntheses which
use the same catalyst or in which one synthesis rehabilitates the
catalyst for the other synthesis, respectively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter in which the used or to-be-used catalyst
interacts with a nonhydrocarbon to separate the nonhydrocarbon from
the hydrocarbon.
(1)
Note. The separating action may be "physical",
that is, adsorption or dissolving the nonhydrocarbon, or may be "chemical",
that is, a reaction with the nonhydrocarbon, catalyzing a reaction
of the nonhydrocarbon, etc.
(2)
Note. Where the interaction of the catalyst is with both
a hydrocarbon component and a nonhydrocarbon component, the patent
is placed in subclass 702 and cross-referenced here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which catalytic material from a paraffin
synthesis is recycled to the synthesis and during the recycle the
water content of the catalyst is adjusted, e.g., by water removal,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a metal-hydrocarbon sludge resulting
from a paraffin synthesis is treated to remove catalyst component
therefrom, usually for recycle of the component.
(1)
Note. The removed component need not be metal containing.
(2)
Note. The removed component need not be part of the complex
but may be merely entrained or dissolved therein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a catalyst or catalyst component
is rehabilitated (reactivated) and/or recycled to the paraffin
synthesis reaction by adding to the catalytic material a portion
of the reactor effluent, e.g., an unreacted feed fraction, etc.,
usually for use in transporting the catalyst.
(1)
Note. The process generally will involve treatment of a reactor
effluent to separate the components of the effluent and a recombination
of a component rich in catalyst with another component poor in catalyst
or free of catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which the catalytic activity of a liquid
or solid, usually inactive or less active, component of a paraffin
synthesis catalyst is boosted by compositing fresh makeup catalyst therewith.
for a paraffin synthesis process in which a support
material is used to separate active catalyst component from a product
mixture, resulting, incidentally, in a reconstituted catalyst composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which an alkyl moiety of a molecule is
transferred to another molecule.
(1)
Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the net
result of the process, regardless of the mechanism involved, that
is, the process may proceed by dimerization and cracking, as well
as by free-radical transfer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which a paraffin molecule and an olefin
molecule or the entire hydrocarbyl moiety of a nonhydrocarbon molecule
are joined into a single molecule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the alkylation effluent or a component
thereof is treated to cause a chemical reaction, this reaction serving
to form a chemical compound, suitable for use as a catalytic agent
or catalyst component in subsequent alkylation reactions, the compound containing
atoms which entered the original alkylation as part of the catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein a hydrocarbyl moiety which is condensed
is part of a molecule which contains other than carbon and hydrogen atoms.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter in which an organic compound containing halogen
is removed from the alkylation product or from a hydrocarbon stream
in said process.
for a process wherein an alkyl fluoride by-product
forms the intermediate in a hydrocarbon synthesis, especially subclass
311 where the synthesis is stated to produce HF for reuse as a catalyst
in the procedure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein a feedstream of material, e.g., a
catalyst, feedstock, recycle material, etc., which can be considered
as coming directly from the same source, that is, having the same
composition, is introduced to an alkylation reaction zone system
at more than two points spaced along the flow path of the reactant
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter in which the synthesis reaction zone is cooled
by evaporation of the more volatile materials which are, or have
been, present in the reaction zone.
(1)
Note. The low boiling materials are vaporized by lowering
the pressure with concomitant cooling of the remaining liquid hydrocarbons.
(2)
Note. The chilled liquid hydrocarbon may be used to refrigerate
the reaction zone directly or indirectly through heat exchanger
walls.
for collections of patents concerned with introducing,
maintaining, or removing heat by an atypical procedure other than
autorefrigeration in a paraffin alkylation process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter in which the effluent from a paraffin alkylation
reaction is sent to another paraffin alkylation reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior
to the alkylation reaction, e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbon therefrom,
by separating the feed into several different fractions, etc.
for a process wherein an intermediate is formed
by a chemical reaction before use in an alkylation process, especially
subclass 332 for those processes wherein preliminary polymerization
is carried out to obtain an olefin polymer and at least a portion of
the olefin polymer is subsequently alkylated, or where the feedstock
is isomerized before alkylation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the effluent from the alkylation
reaction or a component thereof is treated, employing a chemical
or physical phenomenon, to purify or separate the effluent or effluent
component, the phenomenon being coalescence or sorption of with
a solid sorbent, or requiring the addition of a material from outside
the reaction mixture, e.g., a solvent, a reactant, a reaction inhibitor,
etc.
(1)
Note. See the notes to subclass 719 for a summary of other
subclasses dealing with after treatments of alkylation effluent.
Liquid, Purification or Separation,
subclasses 348+ and 634 and 702 for processes and apparatus, respectively,
for coalescing where the purpose is to purify water or an unspecified
liquid.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the effluent from the alkylation
reaction or a component thereof passes through at least two separation
steps.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2)
Note. Many patents contained herein seek to recover a separate
hydrocarbon in addition to the alkylate product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein a procedure for achieving contact
and/or confluence of materials in the reactor or at the
entrance to the reactor is specified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of material containing an atom other than
carbon and hydrogen, which chemically affects the synthesis by promoting,
retarding, etc., which does not form a part of the desired product
and is, at least in theory, separable from the desired reaction
products. The agent may be a catalyst, solvent, etc.
503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the composition
(e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a catalytic agent.
706, 707, 710, and 712, for certain procedures in
paraffin synthesis in general or alkylation in particular dealing
with catalysts and catalyst components.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter wherein the agent comprises an aluminosilicate
or organometallic compound.
(1)
Note. Aluminosilicate includes zeolites or molecular sieves,
both natural occurring and synthetically produced.
(2)
Note. An aluminum halide complex with a hydrocarbon or nonhydrocarbon organic
material is not considered to be an organometallic compound for
this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 723. Subject matter wherein there is present during the reaction
a promoter, catalyst, etc., in addition to the hydrogen fluoride.
This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter wherein the additional agent comprises boron,
nitrogen, or phosphorus in elemental or combined form.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, alkylation processes
wherein the catalyst comprises HF + BF3.
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter wherein the agent comprises boron in elemental
or combined form.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains a boron compound, alone or in
admixture or combination with other substance, except in admixture
with hydrogen fluoride.
This subclass is indented under subclass 727. Subject matter wherein an additional chemically effective
agent is used with the aluminum halide catalyst, the agent containing
elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
wherein the aluminum halide is utilized as a complex
with a hydrocarbon, without an additional nonhydrocarbon agent,
e.g., nonhydrocarbon promoter, etc.
for an alkylation process wherein a hydrogen chloride,
bromide, or iodide is used alone or in admixture with another catalyst
not specified in any of the preceding subclasses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 730. Subject matter wherein there is present during the process
a sulfuric acid catalyst and an additional chemically effective
agent which is a nonhydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter in which the extraneous agent is elemental
oxygen or an oxygen compound, e.g., water, alumina, phosphoric acid,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter in which a paraffin product is produced from
a feedstock containing an element other than merely carbon and hydrogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a paraffin hydrocarbon undergoes
a skeletal rearrangement of its carbon atoms.
(1)
Note. The hydrocarbon may go from a straight chain configuration
to a branched configuration, for a less branched to a more branched
configuration, or it may go in the reverse order from a more branched
to a less branched or to a straight configuration.
(2)
Note. This subclass (734) is the locus for skeletal-type
isomerization utilizing a catalyst that is not provided for in any of
the indented subclasses below.
470+, 643+, and 708, for processes
in which a hydrocarbyl moiety from one molecule is transferred to
another molecule to produce an alicyclic, aromatic, olefinic, or
paraffin compound, respectively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein feedstreams of a material, e.g.,
a catalyst, feedstock, recycle material, etc., which can be considered
as coming directly from the same source, that is, having the same
composition, are introduced to an isomerization reaction zone system
at more than two points spaced along the flow path of the reactant
materials, or in which temperature conditions or the concentration
of materials in the reactor is stated as changing gradually in space,
that is, in the flow path of materials through a reaction zone from
inlet to outlet, or in time, that is, from the moment that the reactor
is put on stream until it is taken off stream.
for an isomerization reaction which takes place
in a series of distinct stages, without a stated gradual change
of conditions from one stage to another.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter in which the effluent from an isomerization
reaction is sent to another isomerization reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior
to the isomerization reaction by chemically modifying the feed or
by separating nonhydrocarbons therefrom, or by separating the feed
into several different fractions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the effluent from the isomerization
reaction is treated, usually by a series of steps, to improve its
quality or purity in some way.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "recovery", or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2)
Note. The procedure may involve a chemical reaction but does
not result in the net synthesis of a desired, recoverable hydrocarbon
or other product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the catalyst consists of or includes
an aluminosilicate, such as a zeolite or molecular sieve.
(1)
Note. The aluminosilicate may be a naturally occurring or
synthetic composition, which may be modified in some way to remove
or to add a constituent, for example, by ion exchange or by impregnation
techniques.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter employing a catalyst which comprises an aluminum
halide, alone or including additional agents or materials.
and 707, for certain specialized procedures for
treating the catalyst, which often is an aluminum halide catalyst, in
an isomerization or alkylation procedure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein the reaction mass includes two different
halides of aluminum or the halide of a metal other than aluminum,
e.g., antimony chloride, besides the aluminum halide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein the reaction mass includes elemental
halogen or sulfur, a sulfur compound or an organic halogen compound.
(1)
Note. An aluminum halide-hydrocarbon complex is not considered
an organic halogen compound for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein a metal oxide or elemental carbon
is included in the reaction mass, usually to support the aluminum
halide.
(1)
Note. A material described merely as an "inert refractory
material" is assumed to be a metal oxide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein the reaction mass contains (a) a
complex of aluminum halide with an organic compound, e.g., sludge,
red oil, etc., (b) an organic material other than the reactants, deliberately
added to the reaction mass, or (c) a hydrocarbon material other
than the reactants is recycled to the reaction mass to form a definite proportion
of the reaction mass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter wherein an inorganic additive or agent which
does not contain halogen is included along with the aluminum halide
catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 747. Subject matter wherein aluminum oxide is included in the
reaction mass.
(1)
Note. The catalyst of the instant subclass is not recognized
as an aluminum halide and the reaction is not carried out in the
presence of any aluminum halide or any modified catalyst resulting
from an aluminum halide.
for an isomerization process using a catalyst containing
both aluminum halide and a fluorine-containing alumina or a fluoride
compound on an alumina-containing support.
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide
or metal hydroxide, either alone or on a refractory inorganic support,
such as silica, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 750. Subject matter wherein a metal in the elemental state is
included along with a metal oxide or metal hydroxide in the catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the saturated hydrocarbon is produced
from a feedstock having a greater number of carbon atoms than the
product.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which a mixture of a hydrocarbon compound with
another substance is treated to recover that same compound in a more
usable condition, that is, a purer or less undesirable condition,
by a treatment which comprises separating the hydrocarbon from the other
substance or making the other substance less obnoxious.
(1)
Note. The other substance may be other hydrocarbons of this
class (585) whether desired or not, nonhydrocarbon materials, or
hydrocarbon materials classified elsewhere, the recovery of which
is not desired.
(2)
Note. To be classified in these subclasses (800+)
the recovered hydrocarbon must enter the process and leave the process
as the same compound, even though it may be converted to an intermediate
and reverted to the original compound during the course of the process.
(3)
Note. In general, the subject matter provided for herein
includes chemical, physical and chemical, and physical processes
directed to the purification or separation of those hydrocarbon
compounds covered by the definition of this class, unless such treatment
is provided for elsewhere as pointed out in the notes below.
(4)
Note. See the Class Definition, Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Lines between Subclasses 800+ and
Other Areas for a discussion of the hierarchical relationship among
(1) this subclass and its indents and (2) other areas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter wherein hydrocarbon contained in a solid
material (including a fluent solid) is converted to a gas without
existing in the liquid state for any significant amount of time,
or wherein the hydrocarbon is recovered as a liquid by application
of heat or pressure to a solid source of the hydrocarbon found in
nature, e.g., recovery of turpentine from wood, etc.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, for a process wherein a hydrocarbon material is
removed from a solid source as a gas and subsequently condensed,
some of the original material being converted to char.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter wherein a feedstock containing the hydrocarbon
material is subjected to a series of separation procedures which
differ from each other in their mechanism, usually to separate the
starting mixture into more than two components, to nullify the effect
of more than one component, to free the recoverable material from
a byproduct of the separation process, etc.
(1)
Note. A mere nominal "separating", "settling",
or "filtering" step following the addition of
a material to the hydrocarbon mixture is not sufficient for classification
herein.
(2)
Note. A mere reversal of the procedure employed in a first
step, e.g., desorption after sorption, removal of a solvent from the
extract phase, etc., is not considered to be a plural diverse separation
procedure even when the reversal is practiced fractionally. See
subclasses 825, 835, and 839 below.
(3)
Note. Addition of a material to the feed, e.g., a complexing
agent, solvent, etc., to facilitate subsequent crystal formation by
chilling, is not sufficient for classification herein. See subclass
816 below.
(4)
Note. Diversity exists when the separation mechanisms are
provided for in different classes of the Patent and Trademark Office
classification, including some different main line subclassifications
in Classes 95, Gas Separation: Processes; 62, Refrigeration; 210,
Liquid Purification or Separation or in different "one
indent" subclasses subsumed by subclass 800.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory, for a distillation process preceded by a chemical
reaction which facilitates the distillation or followed by a diverse separation
procedure which does not involve a chemical reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 804. Subject matter wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon has a methyl
or an unsaturated side-chain, e.g., styrene, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 804. Subject matter in which the plural separations include distillation
and the addition of an extraneous agent.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory, for a process which includes distillation and previous
addition of an agent which causes or assists in a chemical reaction
designed to make the distillation effective or more effective, or
a process which includes distillation and a subsequent "physical" separatory
step, e.g., solvent extraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 807. Subject matter in which the agent added in a purification
step contains nitrogen or the keto -C--C moiety or the aldehyde
-C=O moiety or has two hydroxyl groups.
This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter wherein an unsaturated hydrocarbon, e.g.,
an olefin, an alkyene, etc., is purified or separated out from a
mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 809. Subject matter wherein one of the steps of the process includes
treatment of a material with an agent which contains sulfur in free
or combined form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter wherein the purification, separation, or
recovery process includes lowering the temperature of a liquid mixture,
containing a hydrocarbon to be recovered, to cause one or more components
of the mixture to solidify.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for a process of separating liquids from solids
or slurries which may result in the formation or recovery of a crystal-line
substance.
Refrigeration,
subclasses 532+ for a crystallization process accomplished by chilling
which is claimed as being applicable to more than only hydrocarbon
separation or purification.
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal
of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic. See the
Class 117 definition for guidance in placement of single-crystal
related art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter wherein an amount of cooling is claimed as
taking place during a claimed period of time or the amount of time
during which the mixture or a component thereof is held at a certain
temperature or within a certain temperature range is claimed.
(1)
Note. The cooling rate may be specified as a constant such
as 105/ hr or by a time dependent formula.
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter wherein solids are removed from a remaining
liquid and the liquid is given a further treatment, usually to remove
further components from the liquid by another crystallization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter wherein the starting mixture or a solid produced
in the process is dissolved in a liquid or in which a component
of a liquid mixture is chilled to form a solid, the solid is liquefied
and the resulting liquid is again chilled to form a solid component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter in which a material from an outside source
is added to the hydrocarbon to be recovered to perfect the solidification
procedure, e.g., by washing the resulting solids, etc.
for a process where crystallization and agent addition
are performed serially upon a starting mixture, the agent being
added for a purpose other than perfection of the crystallization
procedure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter wherein a liquid hydrocarbon is recovered
from a liquid mixture containing
the hydrocarbon by the use of a solid apparatus member having one
of the following features: (a) is a thin member which permits the
passage of molecules or ions having a certain size or shape while
excluding molecules or ions having a larger size or bulkier shape;
(b) is a porous member which because of its composition permits
the passage of a certain type of molecule, e.g., a polar molecule,
while preventing the passage of molecules of incompatible type,
or (c) is a member which because of its composition causes finely
divided liquid material dispersed in another liquid to form larger
drops.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 513+ for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic separation
or purification of a hydrocarbon oil and subclasses 559+ for
electrical separation or purification, in general, of a liquid hydrocarbon.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 818. Subject matter wherein an aromatic component of the hydrocarbon
mixture passes through the membrane or septum.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter wherein a solid mass is used to retain on
its surface or inside its pores a constituent of a mixture from
which hydrocarbon is to be recovered.
(1)
Note. "Solid sorbent" includes but is not limited
to diatomaceous earth, kieselguhr, perlite, activated carbon, asbestos, colloidal
clays, molecular sieves, silica gel, ion-exchange zeolites, and
resins, etc.
(2)
Note. Sorption processes depend for their effectiveness upon
the shape or chemical composition of the molecules retained by the
solid sorbent. They thus are distinguishable from filtration processes
which depend upon a mechanical entrapment of solid particles because
of their relatively large size compared to the interstices or spaces
between individual elements of a filter. In the case of a filter
mechanical brushing, wiping, shaking, etc., will remove the retained
particles. Sorption processes which depend for their effectiveness
upon molecular shape generally employ a "molecular sieve" which
usually is a natural or synthetic metal aluminum silicate or similar material
whose atoms are arranged in a crystal lattice in such a way that
there are a large number of small pores interconnected by smaller
openings or pores of precisely uniform size. The most common molecular
sieves are zeolites, a class or natural or manufactured hydrated
silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both, of the type
Na2O.A12O3.nSiO2.xH2O.
They will accept and retain molecules that are small and/or
slender enough to pass through the pores, thus separating them from
a mixture with larger or bulkier molecules.
Other sorption processes separate a constituent from a fluid
mixture containing such constituents in a "quasi-chemical" manner.
The action in most instances is that of selective retention, e.g.,
the sorbent interacts with and thereby retains only the part of
the fluid mixture for which it has the greatest affinity. The retained
portion cannot be removed by mechanical action but generally requires heating
or use of a stripping or desorbing fluid.
(3)
Note. Ion exchange is a chemical metathesis process in which
ions are chemically transferred from a usually liquid material to
a usually solid separatory substance or exchanger which has a chemical
structure of loosely bound ions. The exchanger substance can usually
be regenerated by passing another material through it to elute the
exchanged ions and replace them with the original kind of loosely
bound ions. When a patent calls a process involving an ion exchanger "sorption",
the process is placed in these subclasses (820+), but when
the true mechanism of the separatory procedure appears to be ion exchange,
it is cross-referenced to subclasses 833+ below.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 41 for separatory distillation process including the
step of passing the distillate material through a solid sorbent.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 656+ and 660 for liquid purification by ion exchange
or sorption, wherein the process is directed to the purification
of water or a number of compounds, one of which is water, or if
the claims are broad, as to the liquid purified. Where claims or disclosure
specific to hydrocarbon purification indicates classification in this
class, subclasses (820+) and that patent contains claims
to the separation of any other liquid or fluid mixture, the patent
is cross-referenced to Class 210.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter wherein a positive step of measuring, sensing,
or testing a component or parameter of the feedstock, product or
sorption zone is recited or in which material sorbed in the process
and later desorbed from the sorbent is recycled to the sorption
zone, generally to act as a reflux.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter in which an effluent from a sorption step
or zone is passed through another sorption zone.
(1)
Note. The effluent may comprise the unsorbed portion of the
feed (the raffinate) or the sorbed and desorbed portion of the feed
(the extract or sorbate).
(2)
Note. A process wherein a "guard bed" of
sorbent is employed along with a main sorbent zone is classified
herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter wherein the constituent removed from the
mixture contains an element other than carbon and hydrogen or is
elemental carbon or in which the disclosure fails to indicate exactly
what elements go to make up the removed constituent.
(1)
Note. Where the removed constituent is indicated as being
a hydrocarbon, the patent is not classified here, although when
such constituent is described as a sensible material (e.g., colored
or having an odor) or a precursor of such a material, the patent
may be cross-referenced here (subclasses 823+).
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, which are not applies to the living body which function
by chemical combination with the odor-causing organism or by desensitizing
the olfactory mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter in which a desorption step removes only part
of the sorbate from the sorbent or in which during at least the
desorption step the sorbent material is held in a relatively fixed
arrangement and the desorption creates a more or less distinct boundary
or "front" between that part of the sorbent mass
which still contains sorbate and that part of the sorbent mass from
which sorbate has been wholly or partially removed.
(1)
Note. The process may be one in which a plurality of different
materials are adsorbed and the desorption serves to remove only
one or a selected group of the materials or serves to remove different
materials at different times, usually due to a change in desorption
conditions, e.g., the desorbing agent employed, etc.
(2)
Note. A purge of unsorbed material from the interstices between
sorbent particles is not considered to be desorption.
(3)
Note. A chromatos:graphic process, wherein a solution of
the hydrocarbon which is to be separated or purified is allowed
to flow slowly through a mass of adsorbent and different substances
in the feed solution pass with different rates through the mass
and separate into zones, is not included in this subclass unless
the desorption is such as to permit separate recovery of the different
substances.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter in which a procedure for rehabilitation of
the sorbent is described as more than mere "desorption", "recovery
of sorbed material", or "purging", etc.,
or in which an agent for removing desorbed material is described
in more specific terms than merely a "desorbent",
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 826. Subject matter in which an aromatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon
is a material retained by the sorbent during the sorption cycle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 827. Subject matter in which a material retained by the sorbent
in the sorption cycle is an aromatic compound and in which a material
not retained by the sorbent in this cycle is also an aromatic compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 826. Subject matter in which an acyclic hydrocarbon having olefinic
or acetylenic unsaturation is the material retained by the sorbent
during the sorption cycle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter in which the sorbent is an organic solid
or contains an organic material, e.g., an inorganic sorbent coated
with an organic material, etc., which is not part of the recoverable
product of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter which includes a step of chemically condensing
olefinic molecules in the hydrocarbon mixture followed, usually
after filtration or gravitational separation, by depolymerization
of the condensed material.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 30 for a separation process which includes polymerization
of an unsaturated component followed by distillation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter in which a material which does not form part
of the desired product is added to the mixture to be purified or
separated as an aid to such purification or separation.
(1)
Note. The mechanism by which the material aids the process
may be any mechanism not provided for above, e.g., the material
may be a catalyst, solvent, a complexing agent, etc.
(2)
Note. This subclass (833) provides for a process wherein
an acid such as HC1 is added for purification purposes; however,
when the claims require an aqueous solution of such acid to be added,
classification is proper in subclass 868.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers,
subclasses 438 , 439, and 646 for extracts which have been specifically
prepared or treated to fit them for use as organic coloring material.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclasses 50+ for an extractive distillation process, per se,
that is, a distillation process carried out in the presence of a
solvent for one or more components of the distilland.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,
subclasses 31 and 33+ for processes wherein waxes are
dissolved form mineral oil containing subclasses; subclass 45 for
the solvent extraction of asphalts, tars, pitches, or resins from
mineral oils; subclasses 311+, 390, and 400 for processes wherein
mineral oils are dissolved from mineral oil containing substances;
and subclass 298 for processes of refining mineral oils by treating
with liquid treating agents (washing, etc.).
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 634+ for a process of liquid-liquid extraction wherein
one of the compounds purified is water or if the claims are broad
as to the liquid being purified.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, particular
subclass 658.5 and subclasses noted thereunder for a process of
leaching, extracting, or dissolving when a process for purifying
an inorganic or nonmetallic compound provided for in Class 423 is
claimed, or when the claims are not limited and disclosure of purification
of a compound for Class 423 and a compound or composition for that
class is present, or a coclaimed extraction process produces products
provided for in each of a plurality of other classes.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for an extract of undetermined constitution
even though from a single source, which has a utility provided for
in that class; and see especially
subclasses 520+ for an animal extract; and subclasses 725-779 for
a plant extract.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Composition,
and Products, particularly
subclass 425 and the noted subclasses thereunder for processes
of making an extract having a Class 426 utility and not provided
for elsewhere even though a hydrocarbon is mixed with other substances
to form a product with Class 426 utility. See the Class 426 class
definition, section II B (1) for an elaboration of the line between
this class and Class 426.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein contact of the feedstock with the
agent is specified as taking place in an apparatus of defined structure
or involves specified movement of three or more streams of material.
(1)
Note. Generally more than mere nominal "counter-current
contact" is required for placement in this subclass.
(2)
Note. The streams generally are liquid and will involve more
than merely feed, solvent, extract and raffinate streams, for example,
a reflux and/or wash stream will generally need to be flowing
simultaneously to make up the three or more discrete moving streams.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein a hydrocarbon-containing feedstock
or a portion thereof, engaged with an extraneous agent, e.g., dissolved
in a solvent, complexed with a complexing agent, etc., is treated
with a second agent to remove a part only of the engaged nonagent
material.
(1)
Note. The partial disengagement may be followed by treatment
for disengagement of more of the same or different nonagent material
by the same or different second agent.
(2)
Note. The partial disengagement may be for the removal of
undesirably engaged material, e.g., washing out of recoverable material
which adheres to the complex, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 933. Subject matter wherein a plurality of different agents are
added one after the other to all or part of the feedstock.
(1)
Note. "Different" is intended to mean chemically
different materials and not a single material in different stages
of contamination or dilution with hydrocarbon as would be formed
during concurrent extraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter in which one of the agents serves to heat
or cool a material involved in the process or in which the agent
dissolves an entire hydrocarbon feedstream.
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter wherein three or more different materials,
contained in the feedstock to the process, are separated from each
other.
(1)
Note. Each of the three components may be hydrocarbon, as
in the separation of an aromatic, an olefin, and a paraffin contained
in the feed, or one or more may be a nonhydrocarbon, such as in removing
sulfur-containing and color-forming impurities, separately, from
a paraffin, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter in which a later agent is contacted with
the product of contacting an earlier agent with the feedstock or
feedstock component, e.g., a complex, an extract phase, etc., to reverse
the original interaction and release hydrocarbon and the earlier
agent.
(1)
Note. Where merely the subcombination step or steps of disengagement
of a hydrocarbon from a compound or complex is claimed, e.g., decomplexing
a Werner complex, the process is considered to be a synthesis processs
not a purification process for subclasses 800+.
This subclass is indented under subclass 843. Subject matter wherein the process involves silver or a
silver compound interengaging a monoolefin from the feed, e.g.,
by dissolving monoolefin, forming a complex with monoolefin, etc.
for a separation process wherein silver or a silver
compound in solid form, e.g., firmly held on a support, etc., is described
as adsorbing or absorbing an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter wherein ammonia is present in the agent with
copper, for example, in the form of a copper and ammonium salt,
an organic amine mixed with a copper compound, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 846. Subject matter wherein the agent, e.g., CAA, etc., is added
for separation or purification of acetylene or a substituted acetylene.
for a separation process in which copper ammonium
acetate in solid form, e.g., firmly held on a support, etc., is described
as absorbing or adsorbing an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, particularly
subclasses 245.1+ for a process wherein an initially gaseous or vaporous
mixture is treated to remove or change one of the components by
a chemical reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter wherein the extraneous material is a compound
containing copper and another metal or is a copper compound containing
no halogen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter in which the extraneous agent contains copper
halide and another material, the material being other than merely
water.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein an extraneous agent contains manganese,
iron, cobalt, nickel, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium,
rhenium, osmium, iridium, or platinum, or a compound thereof.
for a process wherein Werner complex-forming material
in liquid state is added to a liquid mixture to be separated and
the mixture is cooled to form a separatable solid.
830 especially, for a process wherein a mixture
is separated by use of a solid Werner complex material which sorbs
a component of the mixture and is regenerable by desorption.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein an extraneous agent contains boron,
aluminum, gallium, indium, or thallium or a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein an extraneous agent contains lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, or barium or a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 853. Subject matter in which the agent is in the form of free
or uncombined metal, an oxide, or a hydroxide of the metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein an agent contains metal in free or
combined form.
(1)
Note. Metals appropriate for placing patents in this subclass
include transition metals of periodic table groups IIB, IIIB, IVB,
VB, and VIB, germanium, gold, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth.
This subclass is indented under subclass 856. Subject matter wherein an agent is one of the sulfur-oxygen
compounds, sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfolane
(tetrahydrothiophene-1, 1-dioxide (Fig 1) or sulfolene (dihydrothiophene-1,
1-dioxide (Fig. 2)
This subclass is indented under subclass 858. Subject matter wherein the purification or separation is
accomplished by interengagement of the sulfuric side with an olefin
which has a double bond attached to a tertiary carbon atom, that
is, a carbon atom which bears no hydrogen, the interengagement being
a reaction between the two materials, a dissolving of one in the
other, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein an agent contains the =C=O
functional grouping, e.g., and acid, an aldehyde, a ketone, etc.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,
subclass 96.5 for the formation of a urea adduct, even when the
formation of such adduct is merely for the purpose of purifying
a hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 960. Subject matter wherein the purification or separation is
accomplished by interengagement of an agent with an aromatic compound,
e.g., by reaching therewith dissolving it, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter wherein the agent is a carbon compound characterized
by the presence in a molecule thereof of two carbon atoms bonded together
or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or
halogen or one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond.
(1)
Note. An organic compound under this definition is as defined
in the class definition of Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,
as qualified by (34) Note therein.
(2)
Note. The organic part may be present as the organic radical
part of a compound or as the organic portion of a mixture of organic
and inorganic materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 864. Subject matter wherein the agent has a molecular structure
which includes a ring or cyclic configuration, which ring contains
other than carbon atoms, or wherein the agent is of indefinite molecular
weight, greater than 150, and made by reating with each other smaller
molecules having definite identities.
(1)
Note. The anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid often is a heterocyclic
compound, e.g., maleic anhydride, o-phthalic anhydride, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter in which an extraneous agent added to purify,
separate, or recover the hydrocarbon is inorganic and contains oxygen,
e.g., water, phosphoric acid, etc.
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESS, E.G., INDETERMINATE MODIFICATION
OF A PROPERTY, STORAGE, TRANSPORTAION, ETC.:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter not otherwise provided for.
(1)
Note. A hydrocarbon synthesis or purification process is
placed in this subclass (899) only when the type of hydrocarbon synthesized
or the purification mechanism employed cannot be determined from
the claims, specification, or state of the art.
Refrigeration,
subclasses 600+ for manufacture of a solidified or liquefied gas
product from a gas; subclasses 45.1+ for handling of such product;
and subclasses 56+ for a cooling process, e.g., quenching,
per se.
Collection of patents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) concerned with dehydrogenation to produce
a hydrocarbon compound, in which a hydrogen acceptor compound is
employed and is rehabilitated for reuse in the process, the rehabilitation
usually comprising oxidation of the reduced acceptor compound.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) (a) to prevent loss of, (b) to restore
effectiveness, or (c) to return to a stage of a process, either
directly to indirectly, from which it has been withdrawn from use
in that stage, a material which is a solvent or diluent or an agent,
usually a normally undesired by-product of the process, which regulates
the equilibrium of the process to favor production of desired product.
(1)
Note. Recycled effluent from a process which is added to
a feedstock in an amount designed to control reaction time is considered
to be a solvent or diluent.
for a saturated compound synthesis process in which
a material used as a solvent in one stage of a process is used as
a catalyst in another part of the process before return to the original
stage.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose control of a synthesis
reaction by recycle of a hydrocarbon effluent of the reaction.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose rehabilitation of a catalyst,
including synthesis of or decomposition of a nonhydrocarbon compound
containing an essential component of the catalyst.
(1)
Note. The catalyst may be returned to reaction in a different
form from that originally employed in the reaction, e.g., as an
alkyl chloride rather than the HCI originally used.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the conversion of a synthesis
effluent component which is undesired in the product to a material
similar to a component of the original feedstock.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose an optimum method of
preparing a catalyst for use in a particular reaction or a method
of preventing catalyst loss in a process.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass HEAT
CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the return of heat generated by a
reaction or by catalyst regeneration or absorbed by the quenching
of reactants to the process, e.g., to warm feedstock, to provide
energy for subsequent distillation, etc.
503, 535, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis,
olefin addition, alkyne synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and unsaturated
compound synthesis, respectively, using similar techniques.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass HEAT
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the heating of a material, the cooling
of a material, or the prevention of either, using a fuel, refrigerant,
heat-exchange material, procedural step, etc., which is not standard
industrial practice.
(1)
Note. The following is a summary of Patent and Trademark
Office classes concerned with changing temperature or preventing
temperature change.
Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,
subclasses 200+ for methods and devices which convert heat directly
to electricity thereby creating a cooling effect.
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter which discloses temperature regulation due
to the heat released or consumed by change of a material from the
gaseous, liquid, or solid state to another of these states.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass APPARATUS
CONSIDERATIONS) wherein a process recites the composition of apparatus
employed in the process,e.g., a stainless steel reactor wall, a
refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1)
Note. Materials which move through or are readily removable
from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not considered part
of the apparatus for this subclass.
503, 537, and 636, for processes for synthesizing
aromatics, olefin polymers, acetylenes, and monoolefins, respectively,
wherein the composition of the apparatus used is specified.
for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a defined
structure configuration, independent of the composition of the structure.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass APPARATUS
CONSIDERATIONS) which discloses the effectiveness of a process as
being dependent upon the use of a particular configuration of apparatus.
(1)
Note. The following expressions generally are not considered
sufficient to warrant placement of a document in this or indented
subclasses unless a dimension is recited--
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses for apparatus employed in
synthesis processes of this class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 921. Subject matter wherein the apparatus is a device, part of
a synthesis reactor, which serves to change the condition of a fluid
in an active way, such as an impeller, or in a passive way, such
as a perforated plate.
This subclass is indented under subclass 921. Subject matter wherein the configuration is that of the
reactor or the relationship of the reactor to its surroundings,
e.g., other elements of apparatus, the earth, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 924. Subject matter wherein a numerical dimension or the relationship
between two dimensions of the reactor is disclosed as contributing
to the effectiveness of the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 924. Subject matter wherein the effectiveness of the process
is disclosed as depending upon having a vertical reactor or having
more than one reactor.
(1)
Note. Where the reactor is described as having a plurality
of vertically spaced components, e.g., catalyst beds, the verticality
of the reactor is assumed.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATION) disclosing plural-step processes for the
synthesis of a hydrocarbon in which a step synthesizes a compound
containing more than carbon and hydrogen atoms from which the hydrocarbon
product is synthesized.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose a hydrocarbon synthesis
in which a hydrocarbon moiety is converted from a cyclic moiety
to an acyclic moiety.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the replacement of a carbon
atom or a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon compound by a specified
or unusual isotope of carbon or hydrogen, e.g., carbon-14, deuterium,
etc.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the inducement of a transitory,
highly reactive high-energy state in a hydrocarbon, in which state
the hydrocarbon has at least one unpaired electron or has a net electric
charge.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose synthesis of hydrocarbons
from CH4, elemental carbon, or an inorganic
carbon compound.
(1)
Note. Inorganic compounds are those which do not fall under
the definition of carbon compounds given in the class definition
of Class 260 and also the following compounds which are considered inorganic:
hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides,
isothiocyanic acid, fulminic acid, and metal carbides.
Mineral Oils: Products and Processes,
subclass 400 for a process in which coal or other solid mineral material
is converted to a liquid mixture of materials similar to petroleum or
a petroleum fraction.
Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for the manufacture of hydrocarbons from hydrogen
and carbon oxides.
Collection of documents (under unnumberes subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing hydrocarbon compounds or mixtures
of such compounds which are susceptible to fewer changes in physical
or chemical properties under the influence of radiant energy, whether
visible or invisible, including that radiant energy produced by
atomic disintegration, fission, or fusion.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a hydrocarbon product which
upon aging in a particular environment, e.g., air, etc., becomes
a solid material of indefinite molecular weight.
for a process of making a polyunsaturated olefin
hydrocarbon by polymerization. The products of such processes frequently
are disclosed as having utility as a drying oil. Patents classified
in subclass 507 are not cross-referenced here.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a hydrocarbon product polymer
which is described as "waxy", this term apparently
meaning a solid material without the tensile properties usually
associated with a synthetic resin.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the synthesis or purification
of terpentine or other terpene materials.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing procedures for preventing the deterioration
of apparatus contacted by a hydrocarbon or an agent used in hydrocarbon processing
or for preventing solid products from forming or accumulating on
such apparatus.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing preparations for getting a synthesis
reaction on-stream or the preliminary steps used before a reaction
becomes continuous.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing procedures for preventing or discontinuing
an unwanted reaction in hydrocarbon processing.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the application to material of a regular
rhythmic vibration, a sudden burst of motive energy, or containment
or transportation of material by use of a high energy field.
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a modification of a reaction system including
the addition to or removal from a reaction zone of a material other
than a catalyst or solvent to shift the equilibrium state of the
reaction in a desired direction.
Cross-reference collection of purification and alicyclic
synthesis processes (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS)
involving a step of taking a measurement, sensing a condition, or
making a test, or controlling an operating condition of the process
in response to a condition different from that controlled, e.g.,
flow rate of feed in response to temperature of effluent, etc.
401, 501, and 701, for similar procedures employed
in hydrogenation and the synthesis of aromatic, unsaturated, and
saturated hydrocarbon compounds, respectively.
Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for making a measurement
or test of any kind not claimed in combination with synthesis of
an organic compound and not elsewhere classifiable, and the class
definition thereof for the identification of other classes concerned
with testing.
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclasses 1+ for a test or measurement associated with a chemical
reaction not elsewhere classifiable, or analysis by chemical methods
of organic material or the combination of measuring and testing with
methods of regulating a reaction.
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