Journal articles and conference proceedings

The Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) publishes research findings from its team of economists and their collaborators in peer-reviewed economic journals and in law journals.


Discovering value: women’s participation in university and commercial AI invention

Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Andrew A. Toole
Nature Biotechnology, Volume 42, January 2024, pg. 26-29
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More can be done to diversify the AI innovation ecosystem, especially in the emerging field of biotechnology AI, where women’s participation is associated with substantial value. 

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Although recent research has begun to identify the determinants and impact of women’s patenting in general, very little is known about the involvement of women in the AI innovation ecosystem. This is because until now, reliable identifiers of both the gender of inventors and which patents contain AI were unavailable to researchers. The dataset used in our research overcomes both of these limitations. We show that women’s participation in patenting—both in AI and other technologies—is growing and associated with more diverse teams and patents with higher economic value. We also find that more can be done to diversify the AI innovation ecosystem, especially in the university sector and within the emerging field of biotechnology AI, an area where women’s participation is associated with substantial value.

How does digital piracy affect innovation? Evidence from software firms

Wendy A. Bradley and Julian Kolev
Research Policy, Volume 52, Issue 3, April 2023
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Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO

Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew A. Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles A.W. deGrazia, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings, vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Challenges facing independent inventors: Do patents help?

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Andrew A. Toole, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings, vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Identifying artificial intelligence (AI) invention: A novel AI patent dataset

Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Andrew Toole
The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2021
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Examination incentives, learning, and patent office outcomes: The use of examiner’s amendments at the USPTO

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Research Policy, vol 50, issue 10, December 2021
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The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping

Andrew A. Toole, Nicholas A. Pairolero, James Q. Forman, and Alexander V. Giczy
Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal, vol 36, no 4, May 2020
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Innovation activities and business cycles: are trademarks a leading indicator?

Charles A. W. deGrazia, Amanda Myers, and Andrew A. Toole
Industry and Innovation, vol 27, issue 1-2, 2020
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