Journal articles and conference proceedings

The Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) publishes research findings from its team of economists and their collaborators in peer-reviewed economic journals and in law journals.


How does digital piracy affect innovation? Evidence from software firms

Wendy A. Bradley and Julian Kolev
Research Policy, Volume 52, Issue 3, April 2023
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Despite digital piracy's well-documented impact on firm revenue, the relationship between piracy and firm innovation, including the creation of new intellectual property (IP) rights, is not well-understood. To fill this gap, this paper estimates the impact of piracy on innovation through a quasi-experimental design and explores the mechanisms driving this relationship using data on software firms. Leveraging a 2001 technological shock that suddenly enabled rising software piracy, we find increases in subsequent R&D spending, copyrights, trademarks, and patents for large, incumbent software firms. Furthermore, firms with large patent portfolios appear to disproportionately increase copyrights and trademarks following the piracy shock. After considering alternatives, our analysis suggests that impacted firms perceive piracy as a form of product-market competition that causes them to increase innovation and balance their IP portfolios.

Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO

Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew A. Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles A.W. deGrazia, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings, vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Challenges facing independent inventors: Do patents help?

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Andrew A. Toole, Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Academy of Management Proceedings, vol 2022, no 1, July 2022
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Identifying artificial intelligence (AI) invention: A novel AI patent dataset

Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Andrew Toole
The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2021
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Examination incentives, learning, and patent office outcomes: The use of examiner’s amendments at the USPTO

Charles A.W. deGrazia, Nicholas A. Pairolero, and Mike H.M. Teodorescu
Research Policy, vol 50, issue 10, December 2021
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The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping

Andrew A. Toole, Nicholas A. Pairolero, James Q. Forman, and Alexander V. Giczy
Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal, vol 36, no 4, May 2020
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Innovation activities and business cycles: are trademarks a leading indicator?

Charles A. W. deGrazia, Amanda Myers, and Andrew A. Toole
Industry and Innovation, vol 27, issue 1-2, 2020
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