CLASS 29,	METAL WORKING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class of metal working or shaping. It comprises processes, tools, machines, and apparatus not classifiable in the specific classes relating to the manufacture of articles from metal. It also includes means which comprise a plurality of operations which separately might be classified in the specific classes, but which by their joinder include more than is covered by the definitions of such specific classes.

This class has been made the generic class for the following subject matter, regardless of the composition of the blank, stock material, or article recited or worked upon: (a) process of electric condenser making; (b) a burnishing process; (c) a process of manufacture; (d) apparatus used to assemble or disassemble. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific subclass references.

SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION

(1) Note. Patents claiming both an article or product and a process of manufacturing that article or product which process is classifiable in this class are classified in a suitable article or product class and cross referenced to the appropriate subclass of this class.

(2) Note. Historically, the term "metal working" has included assembling. Therefore assembling is included within the scope of paragraph I, above, even though no metal parts are being assembled.

(3) Note. While this is the generic mechanical manufacturing class, it is noted that manufacturing by chemistry, electrochemistry, or the related arts is provided for in the chemical classes. See the classes listed on pages I-6 and I-7 in the front of the Manual of Classification under "I. Chemical and Related Arts". Also see the Search Notes below

(4) Note. The relation of other mechanical manufacturing classes to Class 29 is detailed on pages I-14 through I-16 in the front of the Manual of Classification under "III. Mechanical Manufacturing and Machine Element Arts, Manufacturing (Metal Working)". Also see the Search Notes below.

(5) Note. Measuring, testing, recording and conveying, per se, are not considered "manufacturing" operations for this class.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

25.41+,	for a process of electric condenser making.
90.01+,	for a burnishing process,
592+,	for a process of manufacture,
700+,	for apparatus used to assemble or disassemble.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclasses 742.1+ for processes of filling cavities in situ erected structures and subclasses 749.1+ for machines and implements particularly adapted to in situ building construction not elsewhere provided for.
53,	Package Making,   subclasses 266.1+ for means for filling and closing a preformed receptacle and subclasses 285+ for means for closing a package or filled receptacle.
65,	Glass Manufacturing,   for processes of, or apparatus for glassworking and/or treating.
72,	Metal Deforming,   for shaping metal by stressing beyond its elastic limit, generally. Normally, the combination of a metal working process or apparatus with additional metal deforming or cutting or with any additional operation that is ancillary to the metal deforming will be found in Class 72. However, there is an exception to this guideline in regard to a process of making a "special article". A "special article" is one named by the title of one of the subclasses of Class 29 for making that particular article, which subclasses are physically located in the portion of the Class 29 schedule, between subclass 1.1 and 179. A process of making a "special article" including plural, distinct metal deforming steps, if performed in the same die, or in the same processing line will be found in Class 72, whereas if not performed in the same die, or in the same processing line will be found in the "special article" making portion of Class 29. The metal deforming steps proper for the "special article" making portion of Class 29 may comprise different metal deforming types, e.g., rolling and drawing, or may comprise two steps of the same deforming type, e.g., a first and a second step of rolling. Note that the corresponding combination of apparatus for making a "special article" is to be found in Class 72 according to the general guideline not according to the exception.
86,	Ammunition and Explosive-Charge Making,   for making ammunition and explosive charges.
99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   for making and processing foods and beverages.
100,	Presses,   for press structure not elsewhere provided for where neither features of structure for holding work nor features of tool structure for performing the work of a type classifiable in Class 29 are claimed.
122,	Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   for a closed or pressurized apparatus to heat liquid or make steam.
132,	Toilet,   subclass 201 for methods of and subclass 56 for apparatus for making hair structures.
148,	Metal Treatment,   for the combination of significant heat treatment for modifying or maintaining internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal with a metal working, machining, fusion bonding, casting, or assembly or disassembly operation proper for Class 29. Particularly, see section III, A, of the Class 148 definition for amplification of what constitutes significant heat treatment. Furthermore, the combination of reactive coating or chemical heat removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning (i.e., oxidizing) to remove a portion of a metal workpiece, with a Class 29 metal working, machining, fusion bonding, or casting operation goes as an original to Class 148.
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   as the generic class for the adhesive joining of parts utilizing nonmetallic cements and as the generic class for manufacturing processes involving a chemical reaction. See the class definition of Class 156 for the line between that class and Class 29.
157,	Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 13 for apparatus and processes for treating the outer periphery of a rubber tire casing by a slitting or machine operation which art (in the absence of this subclass) would ordinarily be classified in accord with the particular operation. (The treating of a rubber casing by abrading is classified in Class 451, Abrading).
160,	Flexible or Portable Closure, Partition, or Panel,   subclass 405 for making of shades, blinds, curtains, screens, and venetian blinds.
216,	Etching a Substrate: Processes,   for etching processes not otherwise provided for in which one of the manufacturing steps includes a chemical etching or physical solvation. See the class definition of class 216 for the line between that class and class 29.
219,	Electric Heating,   appropriate subclass for treating and joining by means of electrically heated instrumentalities.
231,	Whips and Whip Apparatus,   subclass 1 for machines for making whips.
234,	Selective Cutting (e.g., Punching),   for method of or means for perforating a workpiece by one or more cutting tools chosen from a plurality of tools constantly available for actuation.
241,	Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   for metal comminution, per se, and in combination with other treatment there provided for and see Class 241, section (4) of the class definition.
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a process of manufacturing nonmetallic articles by shaping and/or treating.
269,	Work Holders,   Class 269 is the residual locus for patents to a device for clamping, supporting, and/or holding an article (or articles) in position to be operated on or treated. See notes thereunder for other related loci.
300,	Brush, Broom, and Mop Making,   for making brushes.
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,   and see the notes thereto for manufacture of sound recordings.
396,	Photography,   appropriate subclasses for photographic apparatus not otherwise provided for.
399,	Electrophotography,   appropriate subclasses for roller means to accomplish an operation of electrophotography.
404,	Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus,   for (1) highway, pathway, or walkway structure, per se, or (2) a process or apparatus for making, installing, repairing, or maintaining such structure where such structure, process, or apparatus is not otherwise classifiable as either (a) specifically provided for in other loci or (b) of such general utility as to be provided for on that basis. (See Class 404, Class Definition, for known collections of such nature and the particular lines of demarcation.) Note particularly subclasses 72+ for process and subclasses 83+ for apparatus.
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for apparatus to manufacture by shaping or reshaping plastic materials (e.g., organic plastics, clay, cement, earthenware, powdered metal or glass, etc.) including product treating unless such treating is provided for elsewhere. The combination of Class 425 apparatus and Class 29 metal working apparatus is provided for in Class 29.
429,	Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   subclass 49 for regeneration or repair of a battery.
430,	Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   for process of making radiation images involving chemistry.
433,	Dentistry,   for making dentures.
438,	Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,   for methods of making certain electrical devices (e.g., barrier layer type, etc.) utilizing a semiconductor substrate.
483,	Tool Changing,   subclass 1 for a process of transferring a tool to or from a material treating station or a tool storage means, generally, including a Class 29 process combined with transferring the tool used to or from the station at which the Class 29 process occurs; and subclasses 2-69 for means for transferring a tool to or from a material treating station or a tool storage means, generally, including a Class 29 tool combined with means to transfer the tool to or from the tool station.
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,   subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (Tc greater than 30 K) superconductors.
602,	Surgery: Splint, Brace, or Bandage,   subclass 900 for methods of making bandage structure.
901,	Robots,   appropriate subcollections for industrial robots used in metal working operations or in assembly.

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ASSEMBLING

The physical act of or means for juxtaposing, associating, integrating, joining and/or putting together, with or without securing, of machines, devices, and things (articles).

BARRIER LAYER DEVICE

An electrical component consisting of two conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface layer to which contacts or terminals have been secured, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic, as a result of the electrical action of the interface between the two conductors rather than from the characteristic of the conductors.

DEFORMING

The physical act of or means for shaping without any substantial removal of material. This term includes forging, rolling, densifying, extruding, drawing and stretching.

DISASSEMBLY

The physical act of or means for dissociating, disengaging, and/or taking apart of machines, devices, and things (articles).

MACHINING

The physical act of or means for shaping by removing material by means of a cutting edge. This term includes milling, cutting, turning, boring, drilling, abrading, broaching, filing, sawing, punching, blanking, and planing.

MANUFACTURING

The physical act of or means for creating, constructing, fabricating, machining, working, shaping, assembling, disassembling, and repairing of machines, devices, and things (articles).

REPAIR

The physical act of or means for restoring inoperative machines, apparatus, static structures, and things (articles) when the operational limits of tolerance have become exceeded by wear, imperfections, destructive oxidation, electrolysis, or failure by (1) reshaping parts, (2) substituting a part and/or adding supplemental or additional parts or material, and/or (3) taking away sections of worn, torn, broken, distorted, eroded or otherwise unusable parts or material, and mending them by adding supplemental or additional parts or material.

SHAPING

The physical act of or means for permanently altering the form, configuration, dimensions, proportions, or contour of a part or stock, either with or without the removal of material. This term includes deforming, compacting, densifying, slitting, machining, and briquetting.

SLITTING

The physical act of or means for shaping solely by incising or severing the part or stock to form a partial separation along a plane or surface through the part or stock. When this separation is done by a true shearing operation, there is no material removed.

SUBCLASSES

2	BATTERY-GRID MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a metallic "grid" for an electric battery. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 623.2, for a process of making a battery cell. 730, for apparatus peculiar to assembling a storage cell or battery. 763, for apparatus peculiar to disassembling a storage cell or battery. 897.15, for the method of making a grille. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   subclasses 32+ for battery grid paste applying means. 249,  Static Molds,   subclass 60 for molding apparatus for forming a grid or lattice-type product. 429,  Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   subclasses 233+ for battery grids and related structure.

2.1	BIAS (I.E., HELICALLY) CUTTING OF TUBULAR STOCK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for severing hollow work of generally circular or oval cross section by moving work and tool relative to each other so as to describe a helical line of severance along the surface of the hollow work. (1) Note. Included in this and indented subclasses is the bias cutting of "article-like" work where there is no "supply". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 30,  Cutlery,   for a manually supported cutting implement. 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   subclasses 21.1+ for means to scribe, score, or scratch lines on curved surfaces. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   subclasses 9+ for skiving or splitting of leather. 82,  Turning,   subclass 47 for a process under that class definition of cutting hollow work while effecting relative rotary movement about an axis passing through the work and subclass 82 for the corresponding apparatus. 83,  Cutting,   especially subclass 54 for a process of cutting a hollow workpiece, generally, subclasses 178+ for cutting apparatus including a tool inside hollow work and subclasses 401+ for means to move work relative to tool station. 142,  Wood Turning,   subclasses 23 through 35for spiral groove wood turning. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 209.1+ for a veneering lathe. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   for a device for winding the product of this subclass. Note that the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means is to be found in Class 29, subclasses 2.1+ . 269,  Work Holders,   especially subclasses 47+ for means to support work while performing a bias cutting operation. The combination of such support means with means to sever being classified in Class 29. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   for cutting tubular work by a tool that turns about an axis and moves along that axis but has no additional motion during operation. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 65+ for a machine for generating a thread (or helix) by relative cutter and blank movements. 451,  Abrading,   subclass 48 for a process of grinding a drill, thread, reamer, or hob. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses for thread cutting by means of a chasing cutter, other than as provided for in Class 408.

2.11	Including orbital cutter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including a cutting means moving, bodily, in a predetermined path about the longitudinal axis or extent of work.

2.12	Within stock support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.11.  Apparatus wherein the cutter orbits about a path internally of the work.

2.13	With orbiting strip accumulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.11.  Apparatus provided with means to handle the cut work, which means also follows a predetermined path about the longitudinal axis or extent of the work. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.1+, for the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   for a device for winding the product of this subclass (2.13). Note that the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means is to be found elsewhere in Class 29.

2.14	Including means to inflate stock:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to inject gas under pressure into the work to cause the work to assume a tubular or hollow shape for passing onto a work support or mandrel.

2.15	With means to feed stock along support or mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to engage a portion of work being internally supported to effect movement or shift of said portion with respect to cutting means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   for feeding a workpiece, generally, and see the search notes therein for other loci of work feeding.

2.16	Single means produces compound motion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including utilization of a unitary mechanism to effect a compound rotary and axial work movement. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 431+ for apparatus for advancing and rotating an elongated article by means adapted to engage the article between its ends.

2.17	Endless belt drive means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.16.  Apparatus wherein the unitary mechanism is a driven closed loop engaging the work and causing the work to move. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   subclasses 170+ for endless belt means for advancing material. 474,  Endless Belt Power Transmission Systems or Components,   subclasses 202+ and 237+ for an endless drive belt, generally.

2.18	Axially:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including means to effect work movement or shift parallel to the extent of the work supporting means.

2.19	Rotatably:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including means to effect work movement or shift in a circular or oval path which path lies in a plane transverse to the extent of the work support or mandrel.

2.2	With means to rotate and store stock supply:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means, other than the work being fed to support and cause a rotation of work accumulated thereon, from which the work is moved onto a work support or mandrel.

2.21	Axis of rotation parallel to support or mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.2.  Apparatus wherein the supply is rotated in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the mandrel.

2.22	With means for arcuate shift of mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to pivot the mandrel in a plane parallel to the extent of said mandrel.

2.23	Including means to handle produced strip or web:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to feed or convey the product subsequent to action of the severing means.

2.24	With common adjustment for cutter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.23.  Process or apparatus including means to vary the position of both cutting means and cut-product handling means as an entity.

2.25	Method:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Process.

3	BUCKLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a part of a buckle or for assembling that part with another part in the manufacture of a buckle. (1) Note. This subclass includes the manufacture of a buckle from a rod, wire, plate, or sheet of metal. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 417, for a process of manufacture including obtaining plural pieces from a unitary piece by dividing the piece from its leading edge. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   especially subclasses 163+ for the product of this subclass. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material.

4	BUTTON-FASTENER MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a metallic device for securing a button having a shank provided with an eye, e.g., a shoe button, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 432+, for a process of assembling with punching, piercing, or reaming a part by engagement with a second part. 512, for a process of assembling with joining by deforming comprising flaring a tube end inserted in the opening of another workpiece. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclass 33 for combined apparatus for juxtaposing a button with the bight of a workpiece and driving a member through the bight, i.e., through the eye of the button and into a fold of the workpiece.

4.51	SHREDDING METAL OR METAL WOOL ARTICLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus , not elsewhere classified, (1) for reducing metal to shreds by cutting operations or (2) for producing an article of manufacture from metal wool. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclass 1.11 for a process of turning, including cutting shavings from a rotating workpiece. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71+ for a machine or process for making an article from wire within the class definition. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 185+ for slivering wood as for excelsior making. 148,  Metal Treatment,   subclasses 11.5+ for a method of metal working and heat treatment within the class definition. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   for a process or apparatus for reducing metal to smaller particles without imparting a shape thereto. See Class 241, section (4), of the main class definition. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 5+ for a process of forming a particulate material directly from molten or liquid mass other than glass, e.g., liquid comminuting. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   for a method of forming an article by uniting randomly associated metal particles. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 6+ for apparatus for making particulate material directly from molten material. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 605 for metallic stock in the form of a mass of fibers and subclass 684 for composite metallic stock in which an iron-base component is next to a steel component.

4.52	Metal wool making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.51.  Process or apparatus for producing metal wool. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass.

4.53	Shaving or longitudinal cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.52.  Process or apparatus wherein the metal wool is produced by severing or slicing off thin layers substantially along the long axis of a metal workpiece. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 861+ for cutting other than completely through work within the class definition. Also see cross-section art collection subclass 906 for chip making.

4.54	Soap-pad making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.53.  Process or apparatus whereby the produced metal wool is further processed to form a matted mass containing soap which mass is generally used for cleaning purposes. (1) Note. See search note under subclass 4.55. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4.56, for a process or apparatus for bundling metal wool to produce a soap pad. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclasses 104.9+ for a cleaning tool (e.g., a pad) coated or impregnated with material supply. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 35+ for a coating machine having means to cut the work and subclass 44 for coating machine having means to deform work.

4.55	Metal wool bundling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.51.  Process or apparatus wherein metal wool is shaped into a longer mass generally to produce an article of manufacture. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for a method or apparatus for deforming a self-shape-sustaining metal workpiece within the class definition.

4.56	Soap-pad making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.55.  Process or apparatus wherein the metal wool bundle is further processed to form a matted mass containing soap which mass is generally used for cleaning purposes. (1) Note. See search notes under subclass 4.54. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4.54, for process or apparatus for making metal wool by a cutting technique and further producing a soap pad therefrom.

4.6	CORD-HEDDLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for fabricating a thread guide of a loom"s shed forming mechanism from strand-like textile material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for an operation of that class used in making a textile guide, such as a cord heddle. 139,  Textiles: Weaving,   and especially subclasses 93+ for a loom employing a heddle, or for a heddle, per se. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 72 for the making of a wire heddle or heddle eye. 163,  Needle and Pin Making,   for making a needle eye which will serve as a guide to a textile strand.

5	COTTER-PIN MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming a split key not provided for elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for a process of or apparatus for making a paper-fastener. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 71+ . 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending, or bending and cutting, without an additional operation not provided for in that class. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 82 and 87 for wire clip and hairpin making. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a process of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of material.

6.01	CRANKSHAFT MAKING APPARATUS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Means for bending, forging, or otherwise manufacturing or treating an axial member which has at least one portion thereof adapted for applying torque thereto for changing reciprocating motion into circular motion or vice versa. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 888.08, for a process of making or treating a crankshaft. 888.1, for a process of making or treating a camshaft. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 298+ for a process or apparatus of twisting a crankshaft beyond its elastic limit.

6.1	EXPANDED METAL MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus, not elsewhere classified, for forming apertures in sheet material and thereafter deforming the apertured portion of the sheet to (1) increase the area of, or change the shape of, the aperture and (2) increase the length or width of the sheet. (1) Note. Apertures may be formed by cutting, punching, casting, drilling, milling, grinding, etc. (2) Note. Deforming may include, for example, bending, corrugating, forging, rolling, or drawing. (3) Note. Included herein is expanding of sheet material by simultaneously perforating and deforming the sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 896.6+, for a process of making multiple perforations in a metallic sheet, tube, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for shaping metal, other than expanded metal making, especially subclasses 185+ for cutting and deforming by a "flying" tool and subclasses 203+ for cutting and rolling. 83,  Cutting,   for cutting operatures in a sheet preliminary to expanded metal making. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 157 for bonding of multiple parts at spaced offset points into a single member and shaping the member to move the parts apart at the nonbonded areas. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 596+ for metallic stock having an aperture or cut.

6.2	By use of reciprocating perforator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.1.  Process or apparatus including a tool which travels back and forth in a straight line to form the aperture. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 613+ for a cutting machine having a cutter having simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only and subclass 697 for a cutting machine having a reciprocating tool.

7	EYEBOLT OR HOOK MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making an eyebolt or a hook comprising more than bending with incidental cutting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending a rod into the form of a hook or an eyebolt with incidental cutting. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 11+ for combined operations for making a bolt and subclasses 57+ for combined machines for making a bolt.

7.1	FENCE BARB MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making pointed elements for subsequent attachment to fence wire, or for striking up pointed projections from fence stock material itself. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 58+ for a process of or apparatus for making and applying wire barbs to a wire strand, particularly, subclass 66 for applying barbs of sheet metal to a wire strand. 256,  Fences,   subclasses 2+ for barbed fences including barbed strands or fabric.

7.2	By use of reciprocating cutter or die:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Process or apparatus which travel back and forth in a straight line and directly contact the work to produce the fence barbs. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 613+ for a cutting machine including a cutter with simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only and subclass 697 for reciprocable type tools, per se.

7.3	By use of rotary cutter or die:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the tool which directly contacts the work to produce the fence barb is mounted on a rotatable cylindrical member.

8	FINGER-RING FORMING OR SIZING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming a finger ring by die cutting a flat ring from a disk and subsequently swaging or die shaping it into the desired form or for stretching or contacting a ring by use of a die. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 896.4+, for a process of making jewelry, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 63,  Jewelry,   subclasses 15+ for a finger ring. 72,  Metal Deforming,   especially subclass 377 for a process of deforming metallic work with attenuation, thickening, elongating, or shortening of the work and subclass 379.2 for a process of deforming sheet metal. 249,  Static Molds,   subclass 57 for a mold for casting a ring-type product, e.g., a finger ring, etc.

9	FISHHOOK MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a fishhook, including shaping, pointing, or barbing. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for, feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material.

10	GEM AND JEWEL SETTING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for cutting a socket for a gem or jewel or for securing the gem or jewel in the socket. (1) Note. This subclass includes jewel holders, feeding devices for jewel-setting machines, jewel-burnishing devices, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for process or apparatus for forming a finger ring or for sizing a finger ring. 896.4+, for a process of making jewelry, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 63,  Jewelry,   subclasses 26+ for a "setting" in which a gem is to be set. 81,  Tools,   subclass 7 for a watchmakers jewel setting tool. 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 35 for a work support for stone working. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 114 for electrolytic methods of setting or mounting gems.

11	HINGE MAKING OR ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a part of a hinge or for assembling that part with another part in manufacturing a hinge. (1) Note. The manufacturing operations of this subclass are mainly die cutting, milling, or broaching to finish interlocking parts, bending a sleeve, or inserting a pintle. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for similar process or apparatus peculiar to making a buckle. 437+, for a method of assembling with retaining clearance for motion between the assembled parts by deforming interlocking structure.

12	LACING-STUD MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a lacing stud from a metal rod, metal wire, or specially-prepared metal stock. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for stressing metal beyond its elastic limit, generally. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 110+ for apparatus to make a composite from a preform and means shaping fluent plastic stock and subclass 807 for lace tipping.

13	PAPER-FASTENER MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a member intended to be inserted in an opening in a paper sheet to secure something to that paper sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, for cotter-pin making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 71+ for staple making. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material. 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclasses 82+ for combined apparatus for forming and driving a member, e.g., nail.

14	PLOW OR CULTIVATOR IRON, MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making that portion of a ground turning or stirring implement that comes in direct contact with the ground to effect work thereon. (1) Note. Also included herein is a process of making ancillary plow structure, such as a clevis. (2) Note. A plow "iron" may be called a "share", a "point", or a "sweep". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 891+, for a process of making an agricultural device, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 470+ for a die for forging generally, including forging a plow or a cultivator iron.

15	PUDDLERS" BALLS MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a solid, generally spherical member intended to be used in molten metal, e.g., to assist in refining of metal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 75,  Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   for a process of treating metal in the molten state. 266,  Metallurgical Apparatus,   especially subclasses 227+ for means for separating metal in a molten mass from undesired material.

16	RAILWAY-CHAIR MAKING:
	Process or apparatus for manufacturing a metal block intended to support and hold a railway track with respect to a crosstie. (1) Note. Manufacture of structure relating to a railway chair, e.g., a clip for holding a chair to a rail, is included herein.

17.1	FOIL OR OTHER THIN SHEET-METAL MAKING OR TREATING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing or modifying small thickness sheet metal, e.g., foil, not provided for in another class. (1) Note. The lines existing between Class 29, subclasses 17.1+, and Class 72, Metal Deforming, are as follows: Class 72 takes (1) a process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal whether a sheet, strip, pack, or otherwise, or (2) a process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal whether a sheet, strip, pack, or otherwise when combined with any nonrolling operation acceptable in Class 72. Class 29 takes (1) a process or apparatus for manufacturing metal foil other than by rolling and (2) process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal when combined with another operation, which combination is not classified in Class 72. (2) Note. "Foil" is film-like metal, generally less than 0.010 inches thick which, because of its frailty must be handled much like a sheet of paper. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33, for a machine for performing a combination of operations on a strip. 81.1+, for a process or apparatus for removing or preventing scale. 527.1, for a process including applying or shaping of fluent material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   and see (1) Note above. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for metal or nonmetal coating apparatus combined with various treating means such as cutting or deforming. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 476 for continuous casting combined with rolling. 427,  Coating Processes,   for a method of coating a substrate, generally. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 606+ for metallic foil or filament smaller than 6 mils.

17.2	Method:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Process.

17.3	Clad or other composite foil or thin metal making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process comprising manufacturing an article having plural layers or distinct components joined together. (1) Note. At least one layer or component must be metallic and that layer or component must be altered for classification in this subclass. (2) Note. In a process of this subclass, any two layers or components must have different characteristics. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 527.1+, for applying or shaping of fluent material to a substrate in forming a composite product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 148,  Metal Treatment,   subclasses 240+ for a method of producing a reaction coating on a solid metal substrate wherein one component of the reaction coating comes from the metal, and subclass 127 for a method under that class definition of heat treating a metal composite. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process or apparatus for adhesive bonding of a self-sustaining web or article. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 31+ for a method under that class definition of forming a composite article. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 76+ for making foil by electroforming. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   for a process or apparatus for metallurgically bonding self-sustaining preforms together. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 241+ for a process under that class definition of producing composite, plural part or a multilayered article. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   subclasses 3+ for a method of making a sheet of indefinite length. 427,  Coating Processes,   for producing a coated foil, generally.

17.4	With assembling or disassembling of a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process including (1) superposing plural work portions for metalworking or treating which work portions are to be subsequently separated to yield plural manufactured articles or (2) effecting or augmenting separation of superposed articles that have been, while superposed, subjected to metalworking or treatment. (1) Note. The pack may be made by folding a single sheet along a line if the work portions are to be severed later from the rest of the pack. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18.1, for apparatus for opening or separating a pack. 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage. 428,  Stock Metal or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 577+ for a metallic intermediate article.

17.5	Using transitory solid cover material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including superposing a solid member over a work portion to facilitate metalworking or treating of the work portion, which solid member does not form part of one of the manufactured articles. (1) Note. The solid cover material generally constitutes some portion of the pack and may itself become a manufactured product but not in the course of the claimed invention. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 423+, for a method of diverse mechanical manufacturing utilizing transitory attached or separate material.

17.6	Including bond prevention treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including applying material to a work portion or performing a particular operation on the work portion to stop welding or adhesion between layers or components of the pack. (1) Note. The bond preventing material is generally characterized as "anti-bond" or "prevent-weld". (2) Note. The bond prevention material may comprise material that is normally used as a lubricant applied directly to the work, rather than merely to the working apparatus or machine. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 424, for a process of mechanical manufacture including use of a temporary protective coating, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 118 for a metallurgical bonding process under that class definition which uses bond inhibiting separating material.

17.7	Disassembling of a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including effecting or augmenting separation of superposed articles that have been, while superposed, subjected to metalworking or treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18.1, for apparatus for opening or separating a pack. 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage.

17.8	By shaving or longitudinal cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process including severing or slicing off a layer substantially along the length of the axis of a metal workpiece. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for shaving off a rotating workpiece. 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 861+ for a process of cutting other than completely through work thickness or through work within the class definition. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 288+ for shaving off a single layer of a workpiece.

17.9	Using transitory material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process wherein material is attached to or associated with the work to facilitate the manufacturing, which material forms no part of the manufactured product. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 423+, for a method of diverse mechanical manufacturing which utilizes transitory attached or associated separate material.

18.1	Means for opening or separating a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus for breaking or pulling apart a group of superposed workpieces thereby to yield plural manufactured articles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage.

20	SPECTACLE-FRAME MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a member intended to hold or otherwise support a lens of eyeglass structure. (1) Note. Included herein is structure for assembling a pair of spectacles or for manufacture of a portion thereof, such as a "temple" or "bridge-piece". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 434+, for a process of assembling or joining while retaining clearance for motion between assembled parts, as in assembling a temple with the lens holding portion of a spectacle frame. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 61 for grinding to make an article of glass, including making and grinding a lens. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending metal, generally, especially subclasses 362+ for the process. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71+ for a process or apparatus for making an eyeglass frame of wire, under that class definition. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 239+ for a method including shaping or molding to form or reform a shaped article, including molding of an eyeglass frame or lens. 351,  Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,   subclasses 41+ for spectacles or eyeglasses, subclasses 159.73 through 159.81 for a process of making an ophthalmic lens not elsewhere provided for (see the appended notes to this subclass for a field of search for this subject matter), and subclass 178 for a process of making spectacles or eyeglasses not elsewhere provided for, securing an eyeglass lens to a support, or of assembling lens in spectacle frames. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for making an article of plastic, generally, including making a portion of an eyeglass frame or a lens.

20.1	SPIRAL CUTTING OF FLAT STOCK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for severing a strip or strap from sheet material, in substantially continuous fashion, by relative rotation of a tool and work about an axis while moving toward or away from each other during the severing operation. (1) Note. The line of severance described by the cutting operation of this subclass comprises a flat spiral in the plane of the sheet material. (2) Note. The cutting tool is usually at a fixed point or location with respect to which point the work is moved. (3) Note. The combination of spiral cutting (here classified) with winding and reeling (classified, per se, in Class 242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding) is to be found in this subclass. (4) Note. A subsequent cutting, either to length or desired cross section shape, of the severed strip or strap will not bar classification here if otherwise within the above definition. (5) Note. This subclass includes working of sheet material other than metal (e.g., rubber, cloth, leather, etc.) as set forth above to produce thongs, lacing, belting, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.1+, for bias cutting tubular stock and see the notes thereunder for other cutting loci involving relative rotation between tool and work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for cutting of rotating work, generally. 142,  Wood Turning,   subclasses 23 through 35for a process or apparatus for cutting of a rotating workpiece of wood. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 209.1+ for a veneer lathe. 411,  Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-Deformed, or Locked-Threaded Fastener,   for a fastener which may have been produced by a rotation of a workpiece. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 592 for metallic stock which is helical or has a helical component.

21	STEREOTYPE-PLATE FINISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for finishing a plane or curved stereotype plate by beveling the edge, grooving, or finishing a rib on the back of a plate. (1) Note. Apparatus for casting a stereotype plate combined with a finishing mechanism which operates on a plate while still associated with a casting surface is classified in Class 164, Metal Founding, subclass 140. (2) Note. Apparatus for merely planing the back of a stereotype plate are classified in Class 409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, subclasses 288+. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 101,  Printing,   subclasses 368+ for a printing member, per se. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 28+ for a process of abrading.

21.1	MEANS FOR FORMING CLENCH-TONGUE (E.G., FOR TIEBAND):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus, including a punch for cutting out a flap from a sheet metal work portion, and including means to bend the flap to engage and secure plural portions in assembled relation. (1) Note. Included here is a device which cuts and bends the tongue by either single or plural means. (2) Note. Included here is a tongue cutting and clenching device, not otherwise classified, which acts on a single work piece. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.5+, for overedge assembling apparatus. 432+, for a process of assembling combined with punching, piercing or reaming a part by engagement with the surface of a second part. 509+, for a process of assembling including joining by deforming by overedge clamping of a seated part. 798+, for apparatus for assembling including means to drive a self-piercing work part. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses appropriate to cutting and deforming. 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for a method of fabricating a sheet metal can. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   subclasses 350+ for a similar device which operates on a nonmetallic material.

22	TIRE UPSETTING, WITH CUTTING, PUNCHING, ETC.:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Combined process or apparatus including use of a metal tire thickening device combined with use of a press for cutting or shaping the tire or tire blank. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 894.37, for a process of making a metal tire for a wheel, other than in the manner of this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   especially subclass 294 for cutting combined with upsetting, generally, and subclasses 300 and 301+ for a pair of individually nondeforming clamps used to upset a metal strip other than a metal tire strip.

23.1	TOOTH-CYLINDER MAKING APPARATUS (E.G., TEXTILE WORKING CYLINDER):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Means for forming, applying, and securing metallic teeth to the surface of a cylindrical body such as a cylinder for textile machinery. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 891+, for making a device for use in agriculture, generally. 895, and 895.31, for a process of manufacturing a roller having teeth assembled thereto or formed thereon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclass 77 for combined apparatus for applying a member, e.g., card teeth, and bending the end of such member. 492,  Roll or Roller,   subclasses 30+ for a roll or roller with surface indentation, projections, or slits having plural alignment of slits.

23.51	IMPELLER MAKING APPARATUS:
	Machines or tool for manufacturing a rotor for a turbine, fan, pump, etc. (1) Note. A conveyor screw is considered to be an "impeller". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 889+, for a process of manufacturing an impeller. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 367.1+ for a method of making or reshaping a metallic tubular member, generally. 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   subclasses 657+ for a screw type conveyor. 415,  Rotary Kinetic Fluid Motors or Pumps,   subclasses 71+ for a runner having a spirally arranged blade or fluid passage. 416,  Fluid Reaction Surfaces (i.e., impellers),   for an impeller, per se.

24	TYPE FINISHING AND GROOVING:
	Process or apparatus for breaking a "jet" (or "sprue line") from cast printing type, removing irregularities (such as a pin or burr) from printing type, or for grooving printing type. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 413, for a method of obtaining plural pieces from a unitary blank by breaking through a weakened portion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 199,  Type Casting,   subclasses 81+ for a machine for casting type combined with mechanism for finishing. See Class 409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, subclass 293 for a process of and subclasses 312 and 901 for apparatus for cutting to shape a metallic printing surface. 225,  Severing by Tearing or Breaking,   subclasses 1+ for a method of breaking, generally, and subclasses 93+ for apparatus for breaking, generally.

24.5	VENETIAN BLIND ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus (including a work holder) for assembling a venetian blind. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for apparatus including an assembling device combined with a shaping device, not otherwise classified, and see the notes to that subclass (33) for the lines with other classes. 592+, for a method of assembling combined with one shaping, not otherwise classified, especially subclasses 433+ for a method of assembling by stringing and subclasses 559+ for a method of assembling including work holding. See the notes to that subclass (592) for the lines with other classes. 700+, for apparatus for assembling, generally, especially subclass 241 for apparatus for assembling by stringing and subclasses 281.1+ for apparatus for assembling including use of a workholder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclass 65 for a process of making a venetian blind ladder by laminating. 160,  Flexible or Portable Closure, Partition, or Panel,   subclass 166.1 for a venetian blind, per se, and see that definition for the definition of a "venetian blind". 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for apparatus for inserting a member, e.g., a nail or staple, into a venetian blind part, particularly subclasses 19+ and 99+ for combined apparatus for handling of a workpiece and for driving a member. 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holder, per se, not otherwise classified, and see the notes to that class for the lines with other classes.

25	UMBRELLA-FRAME MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming or assembling an umbrella frame including forging an umbrella rib, shaping, or assembling a component of an umbrella frame with another component. (1) Note. A component of an umbrella frame may be a "rib", a "fork", a "notch", a "tip", etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for a process or apparatus for merely die shaping the various elements from sheet material. 135,  Tent, Canopy, Umbrella, or Cane,   subclasses 20+ for an umbrella, or component, generally.

25.01	BARRIER LAYER OR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus not elsewhere classified comprising manufacturing (1) an electrical component consisting of two electrical conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic as a result of the electrical action of the interface, (2) an electrical device which exhibits asymmetrical voltage current characteristic, or (3) a device incorporating a nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in the class for Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy. (1) Note. This and the indented subclasses include a miscellaneous process or apparatus for making a barrier layer-type device, e.g., a contact rectifier, a transistor, or an electrolytic capacitor. (2) Note. This and the indented subclasses are not limited to the manufacture of a barrier layer device where a metal working operation is involved, but includes the manufacture of such device from any material where no specific class provides for the subject matter claimed. (3) Note. This and the indented subclasses are heavy in semiconductor diverse manufacturing apparatus (e.g., cluster apparatus, etc.) not provided for in a specific apparatus class. (4) Note. Where the patent includes a claim to the product in addition to a claim for the process of manufacture, the patent is classified in the product class and cross-referenced to the appropriate process class. (5) Note. In these subclasses are found, inter alia, patents relating to the manufacture a barrier layer device by the combination of a step which is, per se, classified in another class and a step of subjecting the barrier layer device to an electrical current for either forming, testing, or aging the device. The step of electrolytically forming a coating on an electrode, without more, is not deemed such an operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2, for a process or apparatus for making an electric battery grid. 25.41+, for an electric capacitor making process or apparatus wherein the capacitor is not a barrier layer or electrolytic device. 592+, for a miscellaneous process of assembly, manufacture or repair, particularly, subclasses 592.1+ for a process of making a miscellaneous electrical device, of which, subclasses 610.1+ relate to a process of making an electrical resistor including metal working, or when not otherwise classifiable, subclasses 623.1+ relate to a process of making a battery, generally, and subclass 874+ relates to the making of a terminal including one to be used with a barrier layer device. 700+, for miscellaneous assembly or disassembly apparatus, particularly subclasses 729+ and 762+ for assembly or disassembly apparatus for an electrical device not proper for a superior subclass in this or another class, and subclasses 730+ and 763 for electric battery assembly or disassembly apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a miscellaneous coating or plastic composition such as a ceramic or varnish composition. 117,  Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including barrier layer or semiconductor materials. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a process of or apparatus for cleaning material such as stock material for a barrier layer device. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   for a process, product, or apparatus for treating base stock by an electrolytic process, especially, subclass 213 for the cleaning or etching of aluminum by an electrolytic method, subclasses 183+, 188+, 191+, and 198+ for an electrolytic coating process, and subclasses 324+ for the oxide coating of aluminum from an aqueous bath. See (1) Note, above. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 3 for methods of forming a Josephson junction device including a chemical etching step. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 62.2 for an electrolyte for an electrolytic condenser or rectifier, subclass 62.3 for a composition for a barrier layer device, and subclasses 500+ for an electrically conductive and emissive composition which composition may be resistive in nature. 257,  Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes),   appropriate subclasses for an active solid-state device, per se, and see (2) Note, above. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a process of working, molding, or shaping a miscellaneous plastic material, per se, or combined with another operation, especially subclasses 614+ for a sintering method to make a coated or composite electrical article or component; subclasses 104+ for shaping electroconductive material; and subclasses 272.11+ for shaping to make an encapsulated electrical component including a barrier layer or semiconductor device. 269,  Work Holders,   for a miscellaneous work support. 338,  Electrical Resistors,   for an electrical resistor, per se. 355,  Photocopying,   for a process or apparatus under that class definition for using an optical aligning mask, etc. 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   for a process or apparatus for testing an optical aligning mask. 359,  Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   for a process or apparatus under that class definition of using an optical aligning mask. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   for Handling of a wafer, per se. 420,  Alloys or Metallic Compositions,   for stock material which may be used in the process or apparatus of this and the indented subclasses. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 58+ for a process of coating, per se, wherein the product has utility as an electrical product. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web, sheet, strand, or fiber; especially subclasses 175+ , 190, 193+, 196+, and 365 for such a product including mechanically interengaged strand or strand portions (e.g., woven, knitted) and subclass 62 for metallic composite in which a component has a semiconductor base. 430,  Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   subclasses 311+ for a process of making an electrical device by means of radiation imagery chemistry. 438,  Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,   appropriate subclasses for methods of making a semiconductor electrical device; see the search notes thereunder. 442,  Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.),   subclasses 181+ and 304+ for a woven or knit fabric. 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   for a process or apparatus for making such a component or device. 505,  Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,   particularly subclass 329 for methods of making a Josephson junction device possessing a high temperature superconductor and subclass 922 for methods of making a Josephson junction device possessing a low temperature superconductor.

25.02	Barrier layer device making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01.  Process or apparatus comprising manufacturing (1) an electrical component consisting of two electrical conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic as a result of the electrical action of the interface or (2) a device incorporating a nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in the class for Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy. (1) Note. See the search notes under Class 29, subclass 25.01.

25.03	Electrolytic device making; e.g., capacitor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.02.  Process or apparatus comprising manufacturing a device incorporating a nonmetallic conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions. (1) Note. See the search notes under Class 29, subclass 25.01.

25.35	PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous process or apparatus for manufacturing a piezoelectric device or piezoelectric crystal which is not classifiable in a specific class relating to the manufacture of such an article. (1) Note. A piezoelectric device under this definition is a device which contains a material which exhibits an electrostatic polarization when subjected to mechanical stress or which exhibits a mechanical stress, tending to produce a deflection, when subjected to electric stress, including provision in combination with means to utilize the piezoelectric property of said material. The material may be crystalline or may not be so. The vast majority of piezoelectric substances are crystalline, but a few substances which are not obviously crystalline, such as some barium titanate ceramics and some wax-resin electrets (the electrostatic analogue of the permanent magnet), exhibit piezoelectric properties. Since, in theory, piezoelectricity is attributed to certain types of anisotropy in the material, those piezoelectric materials which are not obviously crystalline may be regarded as having a quasi-crystalline structure and the expression piezoelectric crystal is adopted, for convenience of expression, as being generic to both types of material in the shaped (as distinguished from the bulk) state where the shape (e.g., plate, AT cut) is disclosed as being significant to the piezoelectric property of the material. In summary: Piezoelectric material = material in bulk. Piezoelectric crystal = material shaped for piezo-electricity. Piezoelectric device = piezoelectric material or crystal + utilization means (e.g., electrodes holder). (2) Note. This subclass is not limited to the manufacture of a piezoelectric device by a metal working operation, but includes the manufacture of such a device by any type of operation where no other class provides for the entire subject matter claimed. (3) Note. This subclass includes patents relating to the manufacture of the type of piezoelectric devices classified in Class 310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, subclasses 8+. Other classes which provide for piezoelectric devices may also include methods and apparatus for manufacturing the piezoelectric devices in those other classes. For a list of such other classes consult the search notes below. (4) Note. Where a patent includes a claim to the piezoelectric device in addition to a claim to the process of or apparatus for manufacturing the piezoelectric device, the patent is classified in the article class and cross-referenced here. (5) Note. A process or apparatus for manufacturing a piezoelectric device when claimed in combination with a method or apparatus for using said piezoelectric device, is not classified in this subclass, but is classified in the class which pertains to the use. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 25.41+, and the classes referred to in the search notes of that subclass for a method or apparatus for manufacturing an electric condenser which method or apparatus may be useful in the manufacture of a piezoelectric device. 592.1+, for a process, not elsewhere classified of manufacturing or assembling an electrical conductor or circuit. 729+, for miscellaneous apparatus not elsewhere classified for assembling electrical apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   for a method or apparatus for sealing a housing or envelope which is disclosed as containing piezoelectric crystals and for that subject matter where the claims recite merely that the housing contains a crystal (as distinguished, for example, from a crystal which is mounted within the housing). Note particularly subclasses 470+ and 239 where the housing is filled with both an article and fluent material and subclasses 403+ and 79+ where the housing is filled with a gas or evacuated and closed. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclass 570 for a piezoelectric transducer which couples an alternating current electric circuit and a device having mechanical vibrations for testing purposes or for the testing system which utilizes such a transducer. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a composition useful to coat a piezoelectric crystal or device, as for waterproofing. 117,  Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including piezoelectric materials. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for miscellaneous coating apparatus. Note particularly subclasses 668+ where the coating is under the control of a characteristic of the workpiece (as when the coating apparatus is controlled by the varying resonant frequency of a piezoelectric crystal being coated), subclasses 715+ for vacuum evaporation coating apparatus, and subclasses 300+ for projection or spray type coating apparatus. 125,  Stone Working,   for a method or apparatus for shaping (e.g., sawing, drilling, surfacing) a piezoelectric crystal which utilizes a cutting tool (as distinguished from an abrasive or abradant tool). Such method and apparatus in Class 125 may include determining the crystallographic orientation of the crystal. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a method or means for cleaning a piezoelectric crystal which may include merely treatment in a chemical bath or may include a mechanical operation. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 345.1 through 345.55provides for differential or pattern etching of piezoelectric materials. Class 156 is also the generic home for a apparatus for adhesively bonding materials and thus various crystal making steps relating to bonding, per se, may be there classified. 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   subclasses 50+ and the classes referred to in the search notes of that class for a housing or an envelope having means for conducting electricity between the inside and outside of the housing. Included is such housing or envelope as is used for piezoelectric crystals. 200,  Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers,   subclass 181 . 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for an electrical method or apparatus for coating a piezoelectric crystal. Search subclasses 192.1+ for a method of coating by cathode sputtering, subclasses 193+ for electrolytic apparatus, and subclasses 298.01+ for cathode sputtering apparatus. Search subclasses 155+, and 164+ for a method of treating a compound by electricity or wave energy, such as neutron bombardment or X-ray radiation, to produce therein chemical changes which may be manifested by associated physical changes. Such method may be under the automatic control of some property of the material being treated or may be under manual control. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 118+ for electrolytic methods of applying a coating where an electrolytic and a nonelectrolytic step are combined as where copper is electrolytically plated over a chemically deposited silver layer. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 13 for forming of an electrical conductor, e.g., circuit, etc. 220,  Receptacles,   for the structure of housings, casings, and envelopes, per se. Note particularly subclasses 2.1+ where the housing, casing, or envelope is of the electric discharge tube or similar (such as piezoelectric crystal) type and subclasses 3.2+ where the housing, casing, or envelope is of the outlet or junction box type. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 101+ for the method of soldering a metal to metal joint, such as the joint between a metallic coating on a quartz crystal and an electrode wire, and subclass 903 for an art collection of patents directed to a method of bonding metallic and nonmetallic part by a metallurgical bond, e.g., a method of joining an electrode wire to a quartz crystal. 250,  Radiant Energy,   search subclasses 306+ for methods of testing (as distinguished from treating a piezoelectric crystal by subjecting it to electronic or ionic rays) and for apparatus for testing or treating a piezoelectric crystal by subjecting it to electronic or ionic rays. Apparatus for treating piezoelectric crystals in Class 250 may be under the automatic control of some property, such as resonant frequency of the crystal being treated, or may be under manual control. Crystal goniometers in Class 250 may mark the crystallographic axis on the crystal being tested or may position the crystal in a certain orientation with respect to the testing ray or may otherwise indicate the crystallographic axis; however, crystal goniometers which, in addition, mount the crystal in a holder or cut it or perform some operation other than, and in addition, to the testing are not classified in Class 250. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 62.9 for piezoelectric compositions. 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for a process of crystallizing organic compounds, the process being classified with its product. Note particularly subclass 707 for a process of crystallizing organic compounds limited to no specific type of compound. The product of such a process and also the seed crystals used in the process are classified as chemical compounds. Seed crystals combined with supports are classified as crystallizing apparatus in Class 23, subclass 273. Organic piezoelectric chemicals, per se, when shaped to claimed configurations where the configuration is disclosed as being significant to the piezoelectric property of the crystal (e.g., plate, AT cut) are not classified in Class 260 (see the reference to Class 171, subclass 327, above). Organic chemicals are classified in Class 260, even though claimed as being piezoelectric, where the chemical is not claimed as being shaped with respect to the piezoelectric property and where it is uncombined with piezoelectric structure. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 405+ for that class operation by direct application of electrical or wave energy to work. 310,  Electrical Generator or Motor Structure,   subclasses 311+ for piezoelectric crystal devices other than those combined with an art device. 315,  Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,   subclass 55 for the structural combination of a piezoelectric crystal and a space discharge device or electric lamp. 318,  Electricity: Motive Power Systems,   subclass 116 for electric motor control systems where the electric motor is of the piezoelectric type. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for a process of or means for subjecting a piezoelectric crystal to an electric test as for predicting its frequency drift, for determining the polarity of charge produced by mechanical stress, or for determining its activity. Search subclasses 76.39+ for frequency determination. Note that indented subclass 76.49 relates to piezoelectric crystals among other devices. 331,  Oscillators,   subclasses 73 , 139, 156, and 158 for electrical oscillator systems utilizing piezoelectric crystals. 332,  Modulators,   subclasses 117+ for frequency modulators which utilize a piezoelectric crystal. 333,  Wave Transmission Lines and Networks,   subclass 150 for electric delay networks utilizing piezoelectric crystals and subclass 187 for electric wave filters utilizing piezoelectric crystals. 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   subclass 31 for methods and apparatus for determining the crystallographic axis of a crystal by optical means. Crystal goniometers in Class 356 may mark the crystallographic axis on the crystal being tested or may position the crystal in a certain orientation with respect to the light rays. Methods of determining the crystallographic axis which include chemically etching the crystal to develop etching pits which can be observed optically are included in subclass 31. Crystal goniometers which, in addition, mount the crystal in a holder or cut it or perform some operation other than or in addition to the testing are not classified in Class 356. 359,  Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   subclass 230 for light control by a piezoelectric opaque element. 361,  Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 225+ for the step of merely charging or polarizing piezoelectric material. 366,  Agitating,   subclass 127 for method of and apparatus for agitating actuated by a piezoelectric device. 367,  Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave System and Devices,   subclasses 87+ for echo signaling or object sensing systems which may use a piezoelectric transducer, subclasses 118+ and, particularly, subclasses 157+ for underwater piezoelectric signaling or object sensing transducers, and subclass 180 for other piezoelectric signaling or object sensing transducers. 369,  Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,   subclass 144 for the structure of piezoelectric phonograph pickups. 378,  X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,   subclass 78 for piezoelectric crystallography. 379,  Telephonic Communications,   for the structure of a piezoelectric microphone. 381,  Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices,   subclass 173 . 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 245+ for chemical apparatus for producing crystals. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for inorganic compounds, per se, even though claimed as having piezoelectric properties. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclass 100 for a coating process, per se, wherein a product having piezoelectric properties is formed. 451,  Abrading,   for a method or apparatus for abrading the surface of a piezoelectric crystal to adjust its resonant frequency. Such an abrading method or apparatus may be under time control or under the control of the varying resonant frequency of the crystal being abraded. Note particularly subclasses 32+ for a process of abrading by tumbling, subclass 37 for a combined process including tumbling and sand blasting, subclasses 41+ for a process of abrading a crystal, subclass 78 for a sandblast machine, and subclasses 326+ for a tumbling machine used for abrading. 501,  Compositions: Ceramic,   for ceramic compositions used as dielectrics. 562,  Organic Compounds,   subclass 580 for a process of crystallizing Rochelle salt. 585,  Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,   especially subclasses 479 and 812+ for obtaining hydrocarbons in crystalline form. See the search note in this subclass to Class 260.

25.41	ELECTRIC CONDENSER MAKING:
	Miscellaneous process or apparatus for making an electric condenser which is not classifiable in the specific classes relating to the manufacture of articles. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses do not include the manufacture of electric condensers of the electrolytic type. The patents relating to the manufacture of an electrolytic condenser are in Class 29, subclasses 25.01+, or in the classes referred to in the search notes of that subclass. (2) Note. This and the indented subclass are not limited to the manufacture of electric condensers where a metal working step is involved, but include the manufacture of such devices from any material where no specific class provides for the claimed subject matter. (3) Note. Where the patent includes a claim to the article manufactured, in addition to claims for the process or apparatus, the patent is classified in the article class and cross-referenced to these subclasses. (4) Note. For electric condensers of the type manufactured by the process or apparatus of this subclass, under "SEARCH CLASS", see Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 271+. (5) Note. Work holders are usually classified with the apparatus for performing the operation. Under "SEARCH CLASS", see Class 269, Work Holders, for miscellaneous work holders for assembly operations. (6) Note. Process or apparatus for making a condenser and testing that condenser is classified with the art which provides for the manufacturing operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17.1+, for a process or apparatus for forming thin sheet metal and metal foil. 25.01+, and see (1) Note, above. 33+, for miscellaneous organized machines adapted to perform a plurality of operations upon metal. 400.1+, for a process for making metallic articles and a process of working metal not classified in specific classes. Note subclasses 592.1+ for miscellaneous process of making an electrical device which includes a metal working operation. Subclass 630 provides for a process for making a contact or terminal for an electric condenser and other electrical device. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 470+ and 239 for a method of or apparatus for merely placing a condenser in a container or receptacle and filling the container or receptacle with a fluent material. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a miscellaneous coating, impregnated article or plastic composition. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for miscellaneous coating apparatus. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process for making a condenser where the process recites no more than operations of laminating or laminating and impregnating. The lamination may be a winding operation. 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for electrolytic and wave energy method or apparatus for treating, coating, or forming an article. 209,  Classifying: Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 546+ for a process or apparatus of testing a group of electric condensers and assorting them according to their electrical properties. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 6 for forming a capacitor. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   for joining of work portions by soldering, welding, or brazing. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   subclasses 444.1+ for simultaneously winding an electrical conductor and dielectric strip to form an article such as a condenser without further manufacturing. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a process of working, molding, or shaping miscellaneous plastic materials, per se, or combined with other operations within the class definition. See Class 264 definitions for the line between this class (29) and Class 264. Some subclasses in Class 264 which are specific to production of electrical components or devices are subclasses 104+ , 272.11+ and 615. 269,  Work Holders,   see (5) Note, above. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   subclass 60 for a process or apparatus for making an electrical test of an electric condenser. Also see (4) Note above. 361,  Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 271+ . See (4) Note, above. 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for the method of fabricating a sheet metal can. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for molding apparatus for shaping or reshaping, per se, plastic materials (e.g., resins, clay, etc.) or with combined operations not otherwise provided for. See, especially, subclasses 110+ for composite article manufacturing involving a preform and fluent material. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 79+ for a coating process, per se, wherein the product is a condenser, capacitor, or a subcombination thereof. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet and subclasses 432+ and 457+ for a plural layer sheet including a layer of metal next to a layer of nonmetal material.

25.42	Solid dielectric type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.41.  Process or apparatus where the condenser being made is of the type which includes a solid dielectric material interposed between conductive condenser plates. (1) Note. Search the classes and subclasses referred to in the notes to the definition of Class 29, subclass 25.41 for other classes which provide for a blank, a process, or apparatus for making electric condensers of the solid dielectric type.

26	Drill press:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for performing various materials treating functions, the primary function comprising a cutting operation by a rotating axially moving tool and a secondary function comprising either (1) a noncutting operation or (2) cutting by milling operation with the same milling operation with the same tool which performs the primary cutting operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for, particularly, subclass 102 for a press combined with other features. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   for a machine for cutting by a rotating tool that moves along the tool axis during operation, especially, subclasses 20+ for a device of that class which is convertible to a cutting operation of another class and subclasses 22+ for a device of that class which is combined with structure for performing a cutting operation of another class. 901,  Robots,   subcollection 6 for a robot which cooperates with another machine.

27	Lathe:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus, particularly, a "type of machine" characterized by mechanisms for rotating the work while a cutting or milling tool is traversing the work, either externally or internally; also machines in which the tool is rotated about the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for a machine for turning the exterior of a workpiece.

28	Grinding attachment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 27.  Apparatus characterized by mechanisms for relatively rotating the work and a turning or milling tool and which have in addition thereto a grinding mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 451,  Abrading,   for the combination of an abrading machine with a nonabrading means.

29	Pulley or wheel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 27.  Apparatus specially adapted to turn, face, and bore or drill a pulley or a wheel, and, in some instances, to slot the same. The apparatus of this subclass is characterized by the rotation of the work about its axis or by the rotation of the tool about the axis of the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 107 and 108. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclasses 20+ for a device of that class which is convertible to a cutting operation of another class and subclasses 22+ for a device of that class which is combined with structure for performing a cutting operation of another class.

30	Planer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus characterized by a relative reciprocatory movement in substantially a straight line between the work and tool, said tool being a planing tool, a milling cutter or (in some instances) a drill.

33	PLURAL DIVERSE MANUFACTURING APPARATUS INCLUDING MEANS FOR METAL SHAPING OR ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus under the class definition including (1) two or more diverse metal shaping devices, (2) one metal shaping device combined with one or more nonmetal shaping devices, or (3) one or more assembling devices (classifiable, per se, in ... ) combined with a shaping device. (.5) SPECIAL LINE NOTE. This subclass is intended to collect apparatus for metal shaping combined with apparatus for performing another manufacturing operation, if that combination is not provided for elsewhere. Class 29, subclasses 700-824 of this class have been screened for a combination proper for this and the subclasses indented hereunder. Not all classes other than Class 29 have been reviewed for combinations including metal shaping means beyond the respective class line; however, the search notes below referencing this Special Line Note have been screened. (1) Note. The terminology of (1), above, of the subclass definition can be read as: means for performing two or more diverse metal shaping operations. Thus read, the language encompasses devices including a composite tool as defined in subclass 566, below. See, also, the definitions of terms used, (Glossary and Notes to the Class Definition of this class (29). (2) Note. Diverse apparatus are those apparatus wherein there are two or more devices which operate differently on the part or stock and which collectively do not fall in any single art classification, e.g., sawing and forging, rolling and turning, etc. However, where the two diverse devices constitute a hand manipulable tool rather than a machine the combined device has been placed in Class 7, Compound Tools. Plural apparatus which operate in the same manner or constitute different phases of a single art are found with the single operation, e.g., turning to cylindrically shape followed by turning to taper are in Class 82, Turning. (3) Note. Where the shaping mechanism only operates subsequently to fasten or join parts which have been previously assembled, the apparatus will be found elsewhere in Class 29, subclasses 700+, or in the various joining classes. (4) Note. Included here is the combination of means to strip wire and means to further modify or treat the wire in other than a manner characteristic of Class 140, Wireworking. (5) Note. The combination of apparatus for plural diverse manufacturing (which apparatus falls within the scope of the above definition) with apparatus for packaging (which packaging, per se, falls within the scope of Class 53) is classifiable in the appropriate subclasses of Class 53, Package Making. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 560.1, for a convertible machine of the vise type, not elsewhere provided for. 592+, for a related process. 650, for plural diverse manufacturing apparatus, including means to assemble combined with means to coat. 700+, for assembling apparatus, per se, and see (3) Note, above. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools, and see (2) Note,   above. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for cutting combined with deforming and for deforming of different types of combined with each other. 72,  Metal Deforming,   patents whose claimed disclosures include means for assembly have been placed in Class 29, subclasses 33+ , if they include cutting or any other diverse operation. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 83,  Cutting,   patents claiming the combination of cutting and assembling (in accordance with (3), above, of the subclass definition) have been screened from Class 83 and transferred to Class 29, subclasses 33+ , except for claimed combinations wherein the assembling is limited to orienting, and stacking of products resulting from the cutting operation. This combination (cutting, orienting and stacking) is to be found in appropriate subclasses of Class 83. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 83,  Cutting,   or a cutting device, per se, for cutting and stacking the cut work (product) see (.5) Note, above, for the line and see subclasses 84+ for a cutting device with means to form or hold a pile of product pieces. 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for, particularly, subclass 102 for a press combined with other features. 164,  Metal Founding,   for casting means in combination with cutting means for trimming the casting, while said casting is associated with the mold, or a portion of the mold. The term "mold" as used here includes (1) the core or cores, (2) core-like elements associated with gate portions of the casting and used for handling, and (3) conveying means serving to support a continuous casting while said casting is still associated with the molding means. All other casting in combination with cutting means for trimming the casting are classified in Class 29, subclasses 33+ . Further, see subclasses 418+ for continuous casting apparatus having roller means associated therewith for deforming the continuum as it is cast. 225,  Severing by Tearing or Breaking. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for means to force a fastener into another member. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 71 for a milling machine having a thread or helix milling cutter combined with a nonthread milling cutter. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for a combined apparatus including a shaping or reshaping molding means for plastic material not otherwise provided for. The combination of Class 425 apparatus and metal shaping apparatus is provided for in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 483,  Tool Changing,   subclasses 2 through 69for means for transferring a tool to or from a material treating station or a tool storage means, generally, including "Plural Diverse Manufacturing Apparatus" combined with means to transfer the tool to or from the tool station. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 901,  Robots,   subcollection 6+ for a robot which cooperates with another machine.

33.2	Slide fastener or slide fastener element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for manufacturing by diverse operations a slide fastener of the nature indicated under subclass 408, or a working element thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 408+, for a process of making a slide fastener. 766+, for apparatus which assembles a slide fastener or a portion thereof.

33.5	Binding or covering and cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for assembling a first element or portion thereof (a binding or covering) around an edge of a second element (a base) and into embracing or encompassing relationship with the second element, combined with means for cutting either element, i.e., the binding or covering or the base material.

33.52	Cutting covering material only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.5.  Device having means for cutting only the binding or covering material.

34	Forging and bending, cutting or punching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus adapted to forge or weld metal and also to perform one or more of the above-mentioned operations upon the metal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 185+ and 203+ for flexing metal back and forth as it is moving along a path. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 70+ for a press not elsewhere provided for where there is additional treatment of the material, particularly subclasses 94+ for such press in which the additional working is by cutting, breaking, piercing, or comminuting.

35.5	With turret mechanism:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including plural tool and/or plural work holding means provided with means to position said holding means. (1) Note. Included in this subclass is a device specific to means to securing a tool in the turret and mechanism for mounting the turret upon its carriage or upon the lathe bed. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 74,  Machine Element or Mechanism,   subclasses 813+ for an assembly of general utility, including a turret mechanism for a metal working machine, having means to index rotary members, and see the notes thereto. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 221 for a milling machine having an indexable work support.

36	Multiple turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus having two or more turrets for carrying the tools or the stock. Nearly all of these machines have tool turrets.

37	Stock turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Apparatus in which a bar of metal stock of sufficient length to form more than one completed article is carried by a rotatable turret to the various tools. Multiple-tool holders in these patents are usually cam operated and are also provided with one or more rotary tools.

38	Blank turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Apparatus in which the blank, reduced to substantially the length of the finished article, is carried by turret into positions which enable it to be operated upon by various tools. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 62 , 72, 81, 100, 115, 120, 129,135 for machines using turret mechanisms for making threaded, headed fastener or washers.

38.9	Endless belt:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Device wherein the work conveying means comprises an elongated, generally planar, pliant member connected to itself along its elongated extent and adapted to move along its elongated extent in an orbital path such that work is conveyed as a segment of the member moves from a first point to a second; that segment then is guided to move along the orbit back to the first point. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   subclasses 170+ for an endless belt work advancing means.

39	Tool turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus in which some of all of the operating tools are carried by a rotatable turret and which are not classifiable in the following specific subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 35 for multiple spindle turret drilling machines. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 72 and 81 for turret mechanisms for die tools used in making screws and bolts.

40	Rotary tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable turret which is provided with one or more positively-rotated tools.

41	Sliding tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having rotatable tool turrets in which the tools are mounted upon sliding tool spindles which are thrust forward against the blank or stock, usually against the pressure of a spring.

42	Fluid operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the work by means of fluid pressure. In some cases, fluid operating mechanisms are employed for actuating the supplemental cutting tools, speed controllers, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 63 for drilling machines having a fluid operated motor to make work move along the axis of tool rotation and subclass 130 for drilling machines having a fluid operated motor to make a tool move along the axis of tool rotation.

	Cam Operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.  "Three dot" Located after ... subclasses 43 and 44 indented hereunder.

43	Longitudinal turret axis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Cam-operated apparatus having a rotatable tool-holding turret, the axis of which is disposed parallel to the lathe bed, and which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by cam-operated mechanisms. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 64 for drilling machines in which there is a cam for feeding the work along the tool axis and subclasses 100+ and 129+ for drilling machines in which there is a cam for feeding the tool along the tool axis.

44	Transverse turret axis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Cam-operated apparatus having a rotatable tool-holding turret, the axis of which is disposed transversely of the lathe bed (including both vertical and horizontal axes), and which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by cam-operated mechanisms.

45	Lever operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the stock-holding chuck by means of a lever or a system of levers, usually hand operated.

46	Rack-and-pinion operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by rack-and-pinion mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 66 for drilling machines in which the work is made to move by means including a rack and pinion and subclasses 99+ and 135 for drilling machines in which the tool is made to move by means including a rack and pinion.

47	Screw operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the stock-holding chuck by a screw-feeding mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 64 for drilling machines in which the work is made to move by means including a nut which rotates relative to a screw threaded member and subclasses 100+ and 129+ for drilling machines in which the tool is made to move by means including a nut which rotates relative to a screw threaded member.

48.5	Including rotating and/or locking means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus including means to rotate said holding means or means to prevent rotation of such a holding means.

49	Frictional and positive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 48.5.  Apparatus wherein the means to prevent or hold against rotation include friction, clamping, or wedging action between the turret and its carriage as well as a still further positive lock such as a bolt or latch.

50	Multiple-tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including a single element intended to support more than one working member in engagement with a workpiece, either at the same or at different times.

51	Laterally movable stock holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools (usually rotary) and a stock holder which is movable laterally to present the stock to the various tools.

52	Axial tool and transversely movable slide rest:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which is movable transversely of the machine bed and having in addition thereto a single tool holder adapted to operate in the axial line of the chuck.

53	Rotary tool spindle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Apparatus having nonrevolvable tool holders carrying a plurality of tools which are movable transversely of the machine bed and having in addition thereto a single tool holder adapted to operate in the axial line of the chuck, one or more of said tool holders being provided with a rotary tool spindle. Usually the axial tool is rotatable.

54	Longitudinally and transversely movable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which are adapted to be moved longitudinally of the machine bed to bring the tools into operation and transversely of the bed to shift the various tools into alignment with the stock or blank holder, or vice versa.

55	Rotary tool spindle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 54.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools provided with one or more positively-rotated tool spindles supported in such a manner as to be moved longitudinally of the machine bed to bring the tools into operation and transversely of the bed to shift the various tools into alignment with the stock or blank holder or vice versa.

56	Oscillating tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which are oscillated about a pivot to place the tools into operative position.

56.5	Including machining means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including a cutting instrumentality adapted to engage work to be treated by a subsequently acting means or to engage the product of a previously acting means to mill, cut, turn, bore, drill, abrade, broach, file, saw, punch, blank, or plane that work or product.

56.6	And work-holder for assembly:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 56.5.  Apparatus including a surface which contacts a work part to support or hold that part in a desired position while that work part is being juxtaposed, associated, or secured to another work part; or is being separated from and/or unfastened from another work part. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holding support without an assembly means.

57	Attachment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Device such as special tool holders and tool-operating mechanisms which are adapted to be attached to and removed from combined machines, usually "automatic lathes", for the purpose of performing some special function upon the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 152+ .

64	Speed controller:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Device for controlling or changing the speed of the various parts of automatic machines during the cycle of operations performed by the machines. Most of the speed controllers in this subclass are automatically operated. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 42, for fluid-operated speed controllers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 143+ .

65	Carriage stop mechanism:
	Automatic mechanism for stopping the feeding of the carriage which supports the turret or multiple tool or stock holder. These mechanisms are usually provided with devices for stopping the travel of the carriage at various points corresponding to the limit of the operations required by the successively-operating tools. (1) Note. This subclass includes adjustable stop abutments. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 132+ , 137, and 152+ for carriage stop devices for lathes. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 8 for drilling machines including control means energized in response to activator stimulated by condition sensor. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 343 for a planing machine including cutter positioning means and means to effect stopping of the positioning means.

76.1	FILING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for cutting metal by a hard instrument having a series of parallel, sharply ridged surfaces. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 69,  Leather Manufactures,   subclass 1 for a machine for roughing leather by a filing action and subclass 20 for an implement employed for the same purpose. 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   subclass 25.1 for a machine for filing saws to sharpen them and subclasses 82+ for a machine for filing other tools to sharpen them. 132,  Toilet,   subclasses 76.4+ for a manicuring tool which has a file or other abrading or polishing surface. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 28.1+ for a pencil sharpening machine (i.e., one including movably related cutter and work holder or work guide parts) in which the cutter is a file. 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 13 for a process or apparatus for treating the outer periphery of a rubber tire casing by a slitting or machining operation which art, in the absence of this subclass, would ordinarily be classified in accord with the particular operation. See Class 451, Abrading, for roughening a rubber tire casing by an operation of that class. 168,  Farriery,   subclass 48.1 for a tool including a file for cleaning and trimming the hoof in fitting it for the shoe. 433,  Dentistry,   subclass 144 for a file particularly adapted for cutting tooth structure or bone and gum tissue adjacent to or in the mouth. 451,  Abrading,   for abrading to shape a workpiece.

76.2	Of key article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus for cutting an implement provided with notches and grooves wherein the implement is insertable into and capable of opening and closing a lock. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 81+ for a process or apparatus for producing a key by milling.

76.3	Continuous band type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the instrument comprises an endless belt. (1) Note. The endless belt or band of this subclass is generally composed of a single piece of flexible material but may consist of a number of elements such as in link-type endless belt of loop.

76.4	Reciprocating type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the instrument moves in a back and forth motion.

77	File-blank stripper:
	Process or apparatus for preparing file blanks by filing the surfaces of the rough blanks. (1) Note. Machines for grinding the surfaces of file blanks are classified elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   subclasses 12+ for a machine for forming a rib or teeth in making a file or a rasp and see the notes thereto for other file forming. 403,  Joints and Connections,   for means connecting a handle to a tool wherein only such part of the handle and tool is included as cooperates to effect the connection. 451,  Abrading,   for machines for grinding the surfaces of file blanks.

81.01	SCALE REMOVER OR PREVENTOR:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for removing metallic oxide, sulfide, or a similar metallic surface deposit from metal article, strip, sheet, and bar or for preventing such a surface deposit from building up. (1) Note. The scale removed from the metal is not foreign matter as removed by the apparatus of Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, but is a surface deposit having a metallic component such as magnetic oxide formed on the surface of iron when heated for processing. (2) Note. Preventing metallic surface deposits by modifying environment in contact with metal is classified elsewhere. (3) Note. Removal must be by mechanical means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   for related apparatus, particularly, subclasses 77 and 88 for brushing machines for sheets, bars, and plates. 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 39 and 40 for a step or means for performing the separation or removal from the work material of all substances which may be present thereon and distinguishable from the work material, per se, before, during, or after the deforming operation. 83,  Cutting,   subclass 168 for device under the class definition wherein means are provided to remove foreign matter from the work or tool. 114,  Ships,   subclass 222 for devices adapted to cleaning, painting, or scraping a ship"s hull or preventing the growth and deposit of foreign matter thereon. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 72+ for apparatus for combined cleaning and coating of metal. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a miscellaneous process of cleaning metal including metal pickling. 148,  Metal Treatment,   appropriate subclasses for cleaning or pickling processes combined with significant heat treatment of metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal. See the Class 148 definition for a description of what constitutes significant heat treatment. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 210+ for combined processes of metal cleaning and electrolytic methods of cleaning metal. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 164+ for a process for preparing metal parts for joining. 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 7+ for preventing metallic surface deposits by modifying environment in contact with metal 451,  Abrading,   for a process or apparatus of cleaning by use of an abradant. 510,  Cleaning, Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions,   for cleaning compositions, including detergents, particularly subclasses 245+ for scale removing and metal cleaning compositions; this class also provides for processes involving the mere use of such compositions.

81.02	For hollow workpiece:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus for removing scale from the surfaces of a tubular or open cylindrical article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 88 for a machine having a cleaning instrument of the brush or broom type especially adapted for cleaning wire, rods, or tubes.

81.021	Interior surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.02.  Process or apparatus which removes scale from the inwardly facing surface of the hollow article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 88 for a machine having a cleaning instrument of the brush or broom type especially adapted for cleaning wire, rods, or tubes. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclasses 22.1+ for a process which includes treating work such as bottles, tubes, or other work having cavities by application of the treating agent to the interior surfaces.

81.03	Rolling deformation or deflection:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a plurality of roll elements are utilized to bend or misshape the workpiece causing scale to break away from the surface thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 127 for apparatus and methods in which metal is worked by bending it back and forth and proceeding with such working continuously along the metal to treat successive portions similarly, i.e., metal flexing, per se.

81.04	For wire or rod:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.03.  Process or apparatus which removes scale from a slender elongated flexible (wire) or inflexible (rod) member.

81.05	With rotary head:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus which utilizes a body which is driven about an axis upon which there is integral with, or mounted thereon, scale removal means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 407,  Cutter for Shaping,   subclasses 30+ for a device including a cutter adapted to turn about an axis and including structure for supporting that cutter for rotation.

81.06	Fluid impingement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus which removes scale by loosening it with the aid of fluid generally applied with force. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 239,  Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,   for nozzle and related structure for applying fluid to a workpiece.

81.07	With heater:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the impinging fluid is maintained at a relatively high temperature (i.e., hot gas, etc.).

81.08	Liquid jet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the fluid is in liquid form.

81.09	Airblast:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the fluid is in gaseous form.

81.1	Chainer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting members comprise a series of links. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 78+ for general purpose chain structure.

81.11	Scraper or scalper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the workpiece is contacted by an edged instrument to remove or scalp the scale from a surface thereof. (1) Note. Placement in this subclass requires more than cutting away small pieces of scale from a surface with a sharpened blade or chisel which is classified in subclass 81.16. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 93.1 for a machine in which the sole cleaning instruments are scrapers.

81.12	Brush type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member has a plurality of anchored bristles which loosen or remove the scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 21.1 for a cleaning machine whose cleaning instruments are of the brush type.

81.13	Mechanically powered operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a mechanically driven work contacting member removes the scale.

81.14	Tack or needle type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a plurality of narrow ended elongated members mounted adjacently in a work engaging orientation.

81.15	Hammer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a solid head for striking the workpiece to break and/or loosen the scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools,   subclasses 143+ for a tool comprising an impacting instrument having the dominant or general structure of a hammer.

81.16	Blade or chisel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a cutting member such as a blade or chisel.

81.17	Hand tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a manually driven or guided work contacting member is employed to remove or prevent scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 81,  Tools,   for all hand tools not structurally limited to any classified art.

89.5	BURNING IN, WEARING IN, OR OIL BURNISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus for burning in or wearing in the bearings of engines, usually internal-combustion engines, and running in or oil burnishing to limber the bearings and to test for detection of oil leakage at the joints of the casings. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 404, for a process of treating or assembling a part or parts while effecting similar forces or maintaining a similar environment to substantially duplicate those forces or environmental factors encountered in actual use of the part or parts.

90.01	BURNISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for condensing, compacting, smoothing, or polishing the surface of an article by rubbing or otherwise engaging the article with means having a smooth surface of greater hardness than that of the article. (1) Note. Burnishing, by its nature, prevents any significant removal of surface material from a treated article or workpiece. This lack of material removal distinguished burnishing from grinding or abrading (which generally results in integral surface removal of material) and cleaning (which generally results in the removal of foreign material from the surface of material). Consequently, grinding or abrading is generally provided for in Class 451, while cleaning is generally provided for in Class 15. (2) Note. See the Class Definition, paragraph 2, of this class (29). (3) Note. This subclass includes blasting an article with metal shot when not classifiable in Class 72, Metal Deforming, subclass 53. See the definition thereof including notes for the line. Search Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclass 95 for a device or process of shotting material to clean it. (4) Note. This subclass includes a metal rolling device for compacting the interior surface of an opening. For apparatus of like structure employed for expanding or a flanging tube, search Class 72, Metal Deforming, subclasses 115 and 317. (5) Note. This subclass includes a burnisher in combination with a cutter where the combined device may be employed for burnishing without cutting. For a reamer which has a guiding portion which may burnish but has a cutter which is necessarily used during such burnishing, see Class 408, Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclass 199. (6) Note. This subclass includes a broach-like device which is forced through an opening in order to burnish the inside of the opening. For a broach, i.e., a tool having sharp cutting edges, which is similarly forced through a hole for the purpose of cutting the interior thereof, search Class 407, Cutters, for Shaping, subclasses 1 and 13+. (7) Note. This is the residual home for burnishing, not only of metal, but of any material unless provided for elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclass 70 for a boot or shoe burnishing machine and subclass 104 for a boot or shoe burnishing hand tool. 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 95 and see (5) Note, above. 38,  Textiles: Ironing or Smoothing,   as the generic class for a process or apparatus for producing a smooth appearance on the surface of a textile article or fabric by pressing, stretching, rolling, sliding contact, or other means. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   particularly, subclass 17 for leather strap finishing by burnishing and subclasses 37 to 47 and subclass, 21 for a machine or process of burnishing leather. 72,  Metal Deforming, and see (5) and (6) Notes,   above. 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 222 for burnishing steps combined with electrolytic coating and subclass 141.5 for electrolytic polishing. 396,  Photography,   subclasses 658+ for burnishing means for photos:graphic images. 407,  Cutters, for Shaping,   subclass 13 for a broaching machine and see (6) Note, above. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 687 for metallic stock material having a defined surface feature, e.g., smoothness. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 36+ for a process of abrading by fluent abradant (especially subclasses 38+ for a process of sand blasting) and subclasses 75+ for a sandblasting machine.

90.1	Of water laid fibrous article (e.g., paper):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.  Process or apparatus for burnishing materials made by a paper making operation, i.e., depositing fibrous material from a slurry onto a foraminous screen or mold surface. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 205 for the combination of forming an endless web and subsequently subjecting it to pressure, subclasses 224+ for a process of forming an article and subsequently subjecting it to pressure, and subclass 288 for the combination of forming and burnishing means. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   for the combination of bending, folding, creasing, assembling, i.e., a basic operation of Class 493 combined with burnishing. Search especially subclass 271 for making a tube from a nonmetal sheet or web combined with minute size change of the formed tube and subclass 291 for making a nonmetal tube from a sheet or web combined with surface treatment. Search especially subclass 467 for surface treatment of a sheet or web other than burnishing. Burnishing, per se, of paper (or other material) is to be found in Class 29, subclasses 90.1+.

90.2	Heated burnishing member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1.  Process or apparatus in which the burnishing tool operates at an elevated temperature. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclasses 377+ for apparatus in which a heated die treats paper during a stage of its manufacture.

90.3	Burnishing tool reciprocates across work surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.2.  Process or apparatus in which the burnishing tool has a back and forth motion while in contact with the work.

90.5	Continuous feed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.01.  Process or apparatus for burnishing a relatively elongated article of indefinite length, such as a wire, rod, tube, etc., by feeding the same longitudinally through or past the burnishing device. (1) Note. This subclass includes a machine or a process for smoothing, polishing, or compacting covered wire such as an insulated electric conductor. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   especially subclasses 77 , 88, 102, 104.04, and 269. 26,  Textiles: Cloth Finishing,   especially subclass 2 . 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclasses 217+ for a thread finishing method or apparatus not elsewhere provided for. 57,  Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining,   especially subclass 138 . 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 100+ for apparatus having a solid member for modifying a coating on the work. 144,  Woodworking,   especially subclass 49 for a miscellaneous single operation woodworking machine. 451,  Abrading,   particularly subclasses 64+ for an abrading machine, generally, subclasses 67+ for an abrading machine combined with a nonabrading means, subclasses 75+ for a sandblast machine, and subclasses 103+ for an abrading machine comprising a scouring device. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacture From a Sheet or Web,   subclass 467 .

90.6	Of gear article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the article is a toothed wheel, cylinder, or other machine element capable of meshing with another toothed element to transmit motion, change speed, or change direction.

90.7	By shot peening or blasting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 90.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the condensing, compacting, smoothing, or polishing is effected by either hammering or bombarding the surface with hard shot.

91	UPHOLSTERED ARTICLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for the shaping and/or assembling of a padded or stuffed furniture component. (1) Note. A full search for pertinent art must include other subclasses in this class organized, in the main, on the basis of particular mechanisms or method steps. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for plural diverse manufacturing apparatus. 592+, for a specific process of shaping or assembling. 700+, for an assembling apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 5,  Beds,   for a support for sleeping, which may be upholstered. 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 523+ for a reshaping device which compacts or stretches material (e.g., as in mattress filling) and subclasses 436+ for a related process. 100,  Presses,   for patents to a particular process or device for compacting or compressing material. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process of or apparatus for adhesive bonding in the manufacture of upholstery. 223,  Apparel Apparatus,   particularly subclasses 28+ and 52+ for pleating, shaping, or stretching of material somewhat analogous to upholstery. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a method of shaping plastic material, particularly, subclasses 41+ for shaping of foam material. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for apparatus for shaping plastic material, particularly, subclass 4 for means for molding foam material.

91.1	Method:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Process of making a shaped, padded, or stuffed furniture component.

91.2	Tufting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Apparatus for compressing and retaining portions of a furniture cushion or padded furniture component usually at regular intervals in accord with a desired pattern. (1) Note. Included here (91.2) are patents which, in addition to means for compressing, merely provide access for fastener means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclass 147 for a device for making a tuft or tassel. 112,  Sewing,   subclasses 2.1+ for a mattress sewing machine and subclasses 117+ for a quilting machine. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclass 91 for a process of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor including separate mechanical joining means, subclasses 250+ for a process of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor including punching, and subclasses 510+ for a surface bonding means and/or assembly means therefor including punching. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   especially subclasses 241+ for mechanical shaping or molding to form or reform a shaped article to produce a composite, plural part or multilayered article and digest 82 for an art collection including embossing by foaming.

91.3	With means to clench fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.2.  Apparatus including means to deform the end or ends of a fastener inserted in a compressed portion of a cushion. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.5+, for a means for assembling parts by clenching a fastener thereabout.

91.4	With means to insert guide pin or fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.2.  Apparatus including means for passing an element through a compressed portion of a furniture cushion or stuffed mattress which element either facilitates the assembly of a fastener member or is a fastener member to secure the compression of the entire cushion and/or localized portions thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91.3, for means to insert a fastener as well as clench the fastener end. 525+, for a process of assembling by a driven force fit. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclasses 19+ for combined apparatus for assembling workpieces and applying a member, e.g., nail, thereto.

91.5	Cover stretching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Apparatus for drawing or pressing an outer fabric layer onto or about a stuffed or padded furniture component. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for plural diverse manufacturing apparatus. 592+, for a specific process of shaping or assembling. 700+, for an assembling apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 5,  Beds,   for a support for sleeping, which may be upholstered. 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 523+ for a reshaping device which compacts or stretches material (e.g., as in mattress filling) and subclasses 436+ for a related process. 100,  Presses,   for patents to a particular process or device for compacting or compressing material. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process of or apparatus for adhesive bonding in the manufacture of upholstery. 223,  Apparel Apparatus,   particularly subclasses 28+ and 52+ for pleating, shaping, or stretching of material somewhat analogous to upholstery. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a method of shaping plastic material, particularly, subclasses 41+ for shaping of foam material. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for apparatus for shaping plastic material, particularly, subclass 4 for means for molding foam material.

91.6	Edge-roll forming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Apparatus for forming a cylindrical piping-like portion along a corner or edge of a stuffed furniture component. (1) Note. The patents herein provide means to reshape a corner into a cord-like bumper along the corner. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.57+, for edge binding or covering apparatus, generally.

91.7	Form or holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Apparatus which supports and/or provides a desired configuration pattern for a stuffed furniture component during manufacture. (1) Note. Included here are patents for a form with means to hold a tuft element in a desired position in a pattern. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holder of general utility not elsewhere provided for.

91.8	With follower:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.7.  Apparatus wherein the support or configuration pattern includes a plate or platen movable with respect to an opposite support element so as to compress the furniture component. (1) Note. No means is set forth to effect the movement of the follower. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 91.2, for a device which includes means to compact a furniture cushion in localized areas for tufting.

213.1	Valve applying or removing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for the assembling, securing, or disassembling of various types of valves or valve parts. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses include, for example: (a) the removal or placement of a water main or other main valve or engine valve spring and guide units. (b) the removal of placement of a water main or other main valve, including a pressure housing for facilitating this operation under the pressure of the main, and the insertion and removal of valve plugs to seal the main while assembly operation is being carried on. (For similar pressure housing usable in boring or drilling mains, see Search Notes below) (c) the manipulation of an engine valve rocker arm. (d) a support for supporting a valve in lifted position with the spring compressed. (e) apparatus for holding a valve spring in compressed condition. (f) apparatus for compressing an engine valve spring while on or off an engine. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 137,  Fluid Handling,   subclass 15.17 for a process having a particular mounting or repairing feature for a valve or valve member, subclasses 15.18-15.26 for a process of assembling, disassembling, or repairing a valve or valve member, or subclasses 315.41-315.42 for a tool for applying or removing a valve or valve member.

214	Engine valve unit puller or applier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 213.1.  Apparatus for pulling an engine valve unit (e.g., a valve, spring, or valve guide) from an engine block. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 215+, for apparatus for only compressing an engine valve spring.

215	Engine valve spring compressor (only):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 213.1.  Apparatus for compressing, or holding compressed, a valve spring of an engine (e.g., an internal combustion engine) to facilitate extraction of a valve key or pin. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 226, for apparatus for compressing helical transmission springs. 227, for apparatus for compressing other helical springs. 249, for apparatus for removing or inserting a valve stem key or pin. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclass 486 for a resilient article tensioner or compressor. 254,  Pushing and Pulling Implements,   subclass 10.5 for a spring stretcher or compressor having a force multiplying operator.

216	Plural spring engagement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 215.  Apparatus in which the compressor has provision for operating on a plurality of springs for compressing the same simultaneously. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 226, for apparatus for compressing plural helical transmission springs simultaneously.

217	Screw operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 215.  Apparatus in which the means for developing the spring compressing force involves a screw. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 256+, for a screw operated means to assemble, generally.

218	Parallel or tong type, side entrance:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 217.  Apparatus in which the compressor includes spaced parallel or tong type bars, each having co-planar jaws at one end for engaging the spring from the side, the other ends of the bars being connected by a screw operated mechanism for moving the jaws and bars toward or away from each other in a compressing operation. (1) Note. The bars may be parallel and maintained parallel by the mechanism, or may be substantially parallel but pivoted to the mechanism, which mechanism operates the bars around the pivot in quasi tong type. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility or an assembling tool which structurally recognizes only one work part.

219	Lever operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 215.  Apparatus in which the compressor has provisions for operating on a single spring for compressing the same, the compressor having for its prime operating power a lever, or a lever operated linkage system. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 222+, for a lever operated piston ring inserter or remover. 246, for a lever operated battery terminal puller. 247+, for a lever operated cotter pin puller. 249, for a lever operated valve stem pin or key puller. 267+, for a miscellaneous lever operated pusher or puller.

220	Single jaw or valve engagement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219.  Apparatus in which the compressor has a single engagement with the valve spring or valve, i.e., a single jaw engages the springs or the valve and has reaction against other parts of the motor block and not against the spring or valve. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 219, and 221, for a lever operated valve compressor having opposed jaws engaging spaced parts of a spring or a spring and valve.

221	Plier type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 219.  Apparatus in which the lever operated compressor is of the plier type of construction or operation, namely the jaws are caused to move toward or away from each other by squeezing in two relatively movable handles or levers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 216, for a plier type plural spring compressor. 218, for a parallel or tong type side entrance valve compressor having levers or handles that are caused to move toward or away from each other by a screw. 223+, for a plier type piston ring inserter or remover. 226, for a plier type transmission spring compressor. 232, for a plier type clock or watch staker. 246, for a plier type battery terminal puller. 248, for a plier type cotter pin puller. 249, for a plier type valve stem pin or key puller. 268, for a miscellaneous plier type device. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility or an assembling tool which structurally recognizes only one work part.

221.5	To or from wheel rim of resilient tire or tube:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 213.1.  Hand tool or assembling or removing a valve for a pneumatic tire or tube with or from the rim or other portion of the wheel with which the tire or tube is associated. (1) Note. The air valve may be encased in a resilient sheath which fits in a hole in the rim with a grommet effect to seal the valve to the rim. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 235, for a tool for inserting or removing a resilient grommet in a hole, and see (1) Note, above. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 15.2+ for a tool for repairing a resilient tire and, especially, subclass 15.4 for a tool for deflating a tire by air valve actuation. 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   for assembling a tire or tube to or from a rim or a wheel.

221.6	Removal tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 213.1.  Apparatus for disassembling or extracting any of various types of valve or valve parts.

222	Piston ring inserter or remover:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for inserting or removing a piston ring in the receiving groove of a piston, (e.g., for an internal combustion engine) or for facilitating such an operation. (1) Note. This subclass includes, for example: (a) a piston ring compressor for compressing a piston ring around a piston or for contracting and holding a single ring for the reception of a mandrel holder. (b) apparatus for expanding a ring for removal or application to a piston. (c) a guide through which a piston with a ring(s) is moved, the guide compressing the ring during such movement. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 229, for a circular spring applier or remover. 269, for apparatus for compressing and holding a group of piston rings. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 3.4+ for a similarly constructed tool for use in removing receptacle closures.

223	Plier-type operation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 222.  Apparatus which is of the plier type or has plier type operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility or an assembling tool which structurally recognizes only one work part.

224	With ring encirclement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 223.  Apparatus provided with means for partly or completely encircling a piston ring.

225	Spring applier or remover:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling or disassembling components of a spring or of a spring and another member. (1) Note. "Securing" is considered to be a type of "assembling". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 213.1+, particularly 215+ for apparatus dealing with a valve (including engine valve) spring. 222+, for piston ring apparatus. 270+, for hand-manipulatable spring nut applier or remover. 805, for apparatus for applying a spring retainer in a doll set. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 79,  Button Making,   subclass 3 for inserting a spring retainer in a button. 81,  Tools,   subclass 3.7 for a device for prying apart the leaves of a leaf spring assembly, subclass 7.5 for a mainspring winder for a watch or clock, and subclass 486 for a resilient article tensioner or compressor. 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclass 10.5 for a spring stretcher or compressor.

226	Transmission spring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus for applying or removing a transmission spring. (1) Note. This subclass includes means to compress a helical transmission spring and includes a compressor engaging a plurality of springs at a time. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 215+, for a compressor for a helical engine valve spring.

227	Helical spring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus for applying or removing a helical spring. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 215+, for apparatus for compressing a helical engine valve spring, holding such a spring, or for otherwise applying or removing an engine valve spring. 226, for a helical transmission spring compressor. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclass 114 for apparatus for compressing coil springs and placing them in a cover (e.g., mattress or upholstery ticking).

228	Flat spiral spring (e.g., watch or clock type):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus for applying or removing a flat spiral spring, e.g., a watch or clock spring. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclass 7.5 for a tool for winding a mainspring.

229	Circular spring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus for applying or removing a circular spring, i.e., a single convolution spring of general circular shape. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 222+, for a piston ring inserter or remover. 249, means for applying a key of split ring form to a valve stem. 729+, for means for applying a split spacer disc to an electrical conduit. 765, for means to place a traveler on a ring, or a ring on a bobbin in a textile machine.

230	Leaf spring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 225.  Apparatus for applying or removing a leaf spring, having either single or plural leaves. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   for a jack which is to be used to elevate a vehicle chassis relative to its running gear to thereby flex the vehicle springs.

231	Means to stake watch or clock:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for removing arbors from watch pinions or hands from shafts, inserting arbors into watch pinions, or inserting the leaves of lantern pinions, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 177+, for a process of mechanical manufacture of a watch or a clock. 244+, for an assembling device comprising a pusher or puller, in general. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 6+ for other watchmakers" tools.

232	Plier type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 231.  Apparatus of the plier or pincer type. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility or an assembling tool which structurally recognizes only one work part.

233	Brake lining to brake shoe:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for stretching or holding brake lining on a brake shoe to facilitate securement of the lining to the shoes, or for applying a fastener to secure the lining to the shoe. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 525.06+, for a process of riveting to secure a brake lining to a brake shoe. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   for a press for bonding a brake lining to a brake shoe, especially subclasses 300+ for a press for securing a lining to a shoe combined with means to heat, cool, or dry the article or press. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a device for adhesively bonding a brake lining to a brake shoe comprising more than a mere press.

234	Tube and coextensive core:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling or disassembling a tube to or from a core that in assembled position is substantially coextensive with the tube. (1) Note. The core may be tubular or of any other configuration. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 235+, for means for applying or removing a resilient element, including means for applying a noncoextensive resilient element to the interior of a tube, and means to apply a resilient tube or sleeve to a longer object. 237, for means to assemble a coupling to a conduit. 469.5, for a process of mechanical manufacture including metal deforming with nonmetallic bonding. 517+, for a process of axially joining a hollow body to a rod or other elongated body. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 74,  Machine Element or Mechanism,   subclasses 500.5+ for a control lever or linkage system comprising a hand operated flexible transmitter. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclass 131 for a flexible pipe having a spirally wound metal core, subclass 139 for a flexible pipe having a metal core and subclasses 142 and 143 for another pipe having a metal core. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for an assembly operation combined with adhesive joining of the assembled parts. 464,  Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts,   subclasses 52+ for a flexible shaft within a housing.

235	To apply or remove a resilient article (e.g., tube, sleeve, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling or disassembling a resilient member with another member. (1) Note. Included herein is means to apply or remove a resilient tube, sleeve, etc., to or from another member; means to flex a resilient metal article within its elastic limit to facilitate assembly or disassembly; and means to apply a teat cup to a cooperating ring. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 215+, for an engine valve spring compressor. 222+, for a piston ring inserter or remover. 225+, for a spring applier or remover. 269, means for compressing and holding a group of piston rings. 446+, for a process of stressing a part within its elastic limit and assembling it with another part while it is stressed. 765, for means to place a traveler on a ring or to place a ring on a bobbin of a textile machine. 805, for means to apply a spring retainer to a doll set. 807, for means to apply watch crystal to a watch case. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclasses 109 and 110+ for a shoe last stretcher. 100,  Presses,   subclass 9 for a binder applying device, not otherwise provided for, which places a binder about material, the binder being circumferentially closed and ringlike prior to such placement. 119,  Animal Husbandry,   subclasses 14.47+ for teat cup structure.

235.5	Nipple to nursing bottle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 235.  Apparatus for elastically expanding the open end of a resilient nipple for the insertion of the mouth of a nursing bottle into the nipple and removable from between the overlapped ends of bottle and nipple to permit the nipple to contract about and grip the bottle. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 287+ and 476+ for a method of, or apparatus for applying a closure to a portable receptacle. 215,  Bottles and Jars,   subclasses 11.1+ for a nursing bottle including one with means for withdrawing the contents and subclass 387 for a nipple applier claimed in combination with a bottle or nipple.

236	Well protector to sucker rod:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 235.  Apparatus for applying or removing a well protector to or from a well sucker rod. (1) Note. The well protector of this subclass is commonly a resilient thick sleeve. (2) Note. This subclass includes apparatus for stretching the protector and placing the same on the drill pipe or rod apparatus for stretching the protector and placing it on a carrier and the carrier that transports the expanded protector to a position on the drill pipe or rod. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 277,  Seal for a Joint or Juncture,   subclass 323 for a seal for well apparatus having an installation, removal, assembly, disassembly, or repair feature.

237	Coupling to conduit:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling and securing or disassembling a coupling and a conduit. (1) Note. A machine for bringing the coupling and conduit together and for crimping is included in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclass 29 for a jack especially designed for driving or pulling pipe otherwise than by impact.

237.5	Loose-leaf sheet binder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for supporting and guiding the motion of a separable loose-leaf binder device from a closed position to an open position to permit insertion or removal of a sheet. (1) Note. The operation of assembly or disassembly is usually manual, the apparatus merely serving as a support and guide for assembly operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 248,  Supports,   subclasses 441.1+ for an easel, book, or music score holder support. 269,  Work Holders,   appropriate subclasses for means supporting a loose-leaf book or sheet, per se, for the purpose of writing thereon.

238	Compressing parts together face to face:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus that compress article parts together face to face for facilitating assembling. (1) Note. This subclass includes, for example: (a) apparatus for pressing overlapping apertured plates together to hold them while bolts or rivets are being applied. (b) apparatus for compressing stacked plates together face to face. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 244+, for apparatus for forcing interfitting parts into engagement, or for pulling them apart. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   subclasses 37+ for plural holders which hold workpieces relative to each other. 411,  Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-Deformed, or Locked-Threaded Fastener,   for a bolt, screw, or rivet that may be used for temporary fastening.

239	Spreading parts apart or separating them from face to face engagement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus having (1) article engaging means moving in opposed directions for spreading parts apart or (2) for breaking a face to face engagement or for separating parts from a face to face engagement. (1) Note. The apparatus under (1) is distinguished from that under subclasses 244+ by a spreading operation as distinguished from a plain push or pull and is characterized by spaced jaws or article engaging means that are motivated in opposite directions to create a spreading action. (2) Note. The apparatus under (2) is generally of the character that breaks the adhesion of an automobile head and block. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 223, for a plier type device that engages the ends of a split piston ring to force the ends apart. 252, for means to assemble or disassemble including means to separate parts by fluid expansion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclasses 109 and 110+ for shoe last stretching. 81,  Tools,   subclass 3.7 for a special tool for spreading the leaves of a leaf spring assembly apart, usually for the purpose of inserting lubricant therebetween; subclass 302 for a special tool having outwardly-facing work-engaging jaw surfaces; and subclass 485 for a tool for spreading one portion of a workpart from another portion, or for spreading apart two parts without disassembling them from each other.

240	By rotation of work part:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus in which the apparatus assembles or disassembles parts by rotating one or more parts with respect to another part or parts. (1) Note. Included here is a device for juxtapositioning and securing a screw type closure on an open ended collapsible tube. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 317+ for apparatus for applying screw closures to receptacles. 81,  Tools,   subclass 3.07 for a receptacle closure removing tool and subclasses 52+ for a wrench for exerting a twisting strain to a workpart. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 92.3+ for intercoiling of helices of wire with each other or with successive loops or apertures by rotation of said helices with or without the concurrent helix forming. 173,  Tool Driving or Impacting,   subclass 164 for a means to drive a tool about an axis including means to hold and relatively rotate sections of tool shaft. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 48+ for machines for assembling nuts or bolts by a screwing operation.

240.5	Means to insert or remove helix:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 240.  Devices wherein one of the parts is a wire-like or wire coil. (1) Note. Included herein is a device for positioning or removing a helical thread element with or without further securing means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 227, for a helical spring applier or remover of general utility. 456, for a process including assembling a spirally convoluted member of substantially uniform cross section form to a second member. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 409 for a plier type deforming tool. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 92.3 for a method or apparatus for helix screwing through one or more rows of loops or openings. 411,  Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-Deformed, or Locked-Threaded Fastener,   subclass 438 for a wire coil spring thread insert, per se.

241	Means to string:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus that assemble or disassemble by a stringing action, either by stringing parts on an attenuated or elongated means, or by passing such means through a part or parts. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 279, for a device which having centrifugal separator discs strung thereon. 433, for a process of assembling by a stringing operation. 729+, for apparatus for placing a spacer disc on an electrical conduit. 765, for means to place a traveler on a ring or to place a ring on a bobbin of a textile machine. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclass 58.5 for a machine for placing lacings in the upper of a shoe or for removing the lacings therefrom. 53,  Package Making,   subclass 581 for means for forming a package by placing contents material on a core or spindle. 100,  Presses,   subclass 12 for apparatus, not otherwise provided for, for placing a binder which passes through the opening in ring-like material. 112,  Sewing,   subclasses 470.21+ for a machine for inserting a draw string by means of a needle, subclass 10 for a sewing machine which seams a bag and also inserts a draw string in a hem, and subclasses 223 and 224 for a needle threading attachment for a sewing machine. 223,  Apparel Apparatus,   subclass 48 for bead stringing means; subclass 50 for a device for inserting a tape, thread, or cord into a garment, lace and the like; subclass 99 for a device for threading a needle; subclasses 102+ for a needle which is a pointed instrument having an eye, hook, or equivalent to attach to a thread, tape, or the like for sewing, threading, or attaching the thread to a fabric; and subclass 105 for a curtain rod threader. 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclasses 134.3+ for apparatus for threading electric conductor wire or a leader therefor in a conduit or along a messenger cable.

242	Tool handle and tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling or disassembling a tool handle and a tool. (1) Note. This subclass includes, for example: (a) Apparatus for assembling or disassembling the parts of a handle or the parts of a tool. (b) Apparatus for assembling a tool with or disassembling a tool from a handle. (c) Apparatus for inserting a pin for securing a tool handle to a tool. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243, for means to assemble a tool chuck and a tool. 244+, for means to assemble comprising a pusher or puller in general. 426.1+, for a process of disassembly. 428+, for a process of assembling or joining. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   forpertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 254 through 271for wood bending. 403,  Joints and Connections,   for a connection between a tool and a handle, wherein only such structure of the tool and handle as cooperates to effect the connection is included.

243	Tool chuck and tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling or disassembling a tool chuck and a tool. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 242, for apparatus to assemble a tool handle and a tool chuck. 244+, for assembly or disassembling means comprising a pusher or puller in general. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling. 428+, for a process of assembling or joining. 592+, for a process of mechanical manufacture, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 279,  Chucks or Sockets,   for a tool chuck, per se.

243.5	Overedge assembling means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling a first element or portion thereof around an edge of a second element and into overlapping relationship with the second element, the assembly being accomplished in whole or in part by deforming, i.e., stressing beyond the elastic, the first element. (1) Note. Subclasses 244 through 283 herebelow, comprising assembly apparatus of the nature there specified, were established before this subclass (243.5) and indented subclasses and have not been screened. Appropriate subclasses among them should be searched when advisable. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 509, for a process of assembling including overedge clamping of a seated part. 769, for means for attaching a slide fastener element to a tape.

243.51	Belt-hook attacher:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.5.  Apparatus for clinching one or more clips adapted to receive a connecting member (e.g., a hinge pin) along the end of a belt.

243.517	Annular work:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.5.  Apparatus wherein the first element is marginally defined by a outer circular border and by an inner circular border, concentric with the outer border. (1) Note. The "first element" of this subclass may be very short in the dimension of the axis of the borders in the case of a ring or may be longer so that the element is a tube. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 726+, for apparatus used to make a heat exchanger, e.g., to secure a boiler tube to a plate.

243.518	With radially acting tool inside annular work:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.517.  Apparatus wherein the first element is deformed by a shaping surface urging a portion thereof to move away from the its axis, wherein the shaping surface is part of a member between the inner border and the axis. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 391.6 for a device including concentric or telescoped deforming tools wherein a tool fits inside a hollow metal fastener workpart to reshape that workpart into engagement with another member in which the fastener is fitted for securement, wherein no part of the device is in engagement with the other member, and subclass 393 for three or more tools inside an annular workpiece with provision to effect radial expansion of the workpiece by moving one of the tools radially with respect to the others.

243.519	With second workpiece inside annular work one workpiece moved to shape the other:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.517.  Apparatus wherein a first tool engages the annular member and a second tool engages a second member which is inside the cavity of the annular member to move the members relative to each other such that one member is stressed beyond its elastic limit.

243.521	Comprising driver for snap-off-mandrel fastener: e.g., pop (tm) riveter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.519.  Apparatus wherein a first tool engages an annular end surface of a tube-like workpiece, which surface generally faces the device, which first tool includes a passageway coaxial with the tubular axis of that workpiece, and wherein a second tool functions within that passageway to engage a shank portion of a second workpiece extending through the tubular axis of the work and through the coaxial passageway, which first tool urges against the annular surface and which second tool reactively pulls against the shank with sufficient force moves the second workpiece with respect to the first and to ultimately exceed the tensile strength of the shank portion and thereby divide one portion of the shank from the remainder thereof, which remainder serves with the tubular first workpiece as a fastener. (1) Note. The first and second workpiece of this subclass are normally supplied in the magazine as an assembly and are to be brought into assembly with another work part not originating in the storage chamber. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 812.5, for a driver for a snap-off-mandrel fastener including a fastener supply magazine.

243.522	Including near side fastener shaping tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.522.  Device intended to deform the annular surface of the work that faces the device.

243.523	Pneumatic- or fluid-actuated tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.521.  Device wherein one of the tools is urged to move with respect to the other to effect metal deformation by a flowable medium. (1) Note. (1) Incompressible fluid, e.g., liquid; (2) compressible fluid, e.g., gas; or (3) a flowable solid, e.g., pelletized material might be used as the urging medium of this and the indented subclasses. (2) Note. A device having a vacuum "driver", i.e., a piston moved by ambient air pressure, is included herein. (3) Note. A device including an explosively actuated piston is included herein. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 453.01+, for a pneumatic- or fluid-actuated metal deforming tool, generally.

243.524	Liquid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.523.  Device wherein the flowable medium is in the liquid state, i.e., is generally incompressible.

243.525	And gas:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.524.  Device wherein flowable medium in the liquid state is used as tool urging flowable medium and wherein flowable medium in the gaseous state is also used at tool urging medium. (1) Note. Included herein is a device having a cylinder powered by a gas (e.g., compressed air) that, in turn, drives a piston to pressurize a liquid which serves to move the tools. (2) Note. Included herein is a device utilizing liquid to effect repositioning (and deformation) of the "elements" and gas to return the tools to the resting position.

243.526	Having rotary drive mechanism:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.521.  Device including provision to move one tool with respect to the other to effect the deforming action, which provision turns more than 360 degrees. (1) Note. The "drive" of this subclass must be mechanically connected to one of the tools, e.g., a rotary electric motor that drives a tool via a gear box is included herein even though the final drive may not turn more than 360 degrees, whereas a rotary electric motor that drives a pump which transmits fluid to drive one of the tools is excluded.

243.527	Having allochirial actuating handles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.521.  Device including provision to move one tool with respect to the other comprising a pair of mirror image members intended to be engaged by the hands of the operative and moved equally but oppositely with respect to each other and with respect to the remainder of the device to effect deformation.

243.528	Having repositionable annulus engaging tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.521.  Device wherein the tool having a passageway therethrough is adapted to be readily removed and replaced by another similar tool also mounted on the device, or is mounted to be shifted in position with respect to the remainder of the device.

243.529	Including near side fastener shaping tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.519.  Device intended to deform the annular surface of the work that faces the device.

243.53	Riveter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.5.  Apparatus including means to upset or otherwise deform a rivet or like rod-shaped first element, or a similar portion of work, means to assemble such rivet to other work or to cause such rivet to secure components of other work together. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.52, for apparatus which deforms annular work, e.g., a hollow rivet or a boiler tube end. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for metal deforming apparatus (no assembly). 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 1.55 for a wheelmaking machine with a spoke-end header. 173,  Tool Driving or Impacting,   for a rivet-driver, per se. 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for riveting apparatus which forcibly drives a rivet into work prior to deforming the rivet.

243.54	Single header:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.53.  Apparatus which deforms only one rivet or like element at a time, using the same tool pair (header and anvil) each time.

243.55	Pipe joiner:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.54.  Apparatus which by riveting unites the edges of a pipe along a longitudinal seam or secures two or more pipes in an overlapping or abutting end-to-end relationship.

243.56	Clip applier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.5.  Apparatus which when assembling the first element with the second element additionally unites the second element to at least one other element. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 410 for a plier-type clip clencher claimed only as a deformer, i.e., without regard to assembly. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 11 for means for joining intersecting wire elements of a wire fabric with a clip, which subclass contains art similar to some of that found here.

243.57	Binding or covering:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.5.  Apparatus which assembles by causing the first element or portion thereof to single-foldedly embrace or encompass the second element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33.5+, for apparatus for binding or covering combined with cutting. 243.5, for patents limited to lockseamed (double folded) assembly of two elements. 728, for apparatus which sheaths a running length core.

243.58	Edge binding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 243.57.  Apparatus for assembling a combination in which the second element has a definitive edge (such as that of a plate or sheet), and the first element is a U-shaped member which embraces only the edge portion of the second element.

244	Puller or pusher means, contained force multiplying operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus having means for engaging two work parts to be assembled or disassembled and means forming part of the apparatus for multiplying the force input to the apparatus (e.g., a lever, screw, force multiplying linkage, gearing, etc.) to develop the necessary assembling or disassembling force. (1) Note. Included in this and the indented subclasses, for example, are: (a) means for removing from and applying to a shaft, a collar, wheel, gear, bearing unit, etc. (b) means for removing from or applying to any of various elements, a nonresilient tube, collar, sleeve, ferrule, etc. (c) means for removing from or applying to any of various elements, a pin, cap, key, etc. (2) Note. Except as stated in the following notes, apparatus from preceding subclasses indented under subclass 700 and having power multiplying means for exerting a pushing or pulling force for assembling or disassembling has been cross-referenced in this or the indented subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 213.1+, for means to assemble or disassemble a valve component. 222+, for means for pushing a piston ring onto a piston. 225+, for means to apply a spring by pushing or pulling. 231+, for staking a watch or a clock. 233, for means for applying a brake lining to a brake shoe. 234, for means for pulling or pushing to assemble or disassemble a coextensive tube and core. 237, for means to assemble or disassemble a coupling to a conduit. 238, for assembling by compressing parts together face to face. 239, for means to assemble or disassemble including means to separate parts from face to face engagement. 240, for means to assemble or disassemble by rotation of one work part with respect to the other. 242, for means to assemble or disassemble a tool handle and a tools. 243, for means to assemble or disassemble a tool chuck and a tool. 270+, for a hand manipulable implement not having power multiplying means to develop the assembling or disassembling force. 724+, for means for inserting or removing balls or rollers from a bearing. 726+, for means for inserting or removing the tubes of a heat exchanger. 729+, for means for inserting or removing a contact into or from a plug connector. 730+, for means for removing or inserting a battery plate or battery-plate unit. 732+, for means for inserting or removing an armature shaft, coil, coil slot plug, etc. 765, for means to place a traveler on a ring or a ring on the bobbin of a textile machine. 805, for means for assembling doll parts. 807, for means to assemble a clock or watch-crystal into a bezel. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 74,  Machine Element or Mechanism,   subclasses 469+ for a lever and linkage system. 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclasses 3+ for a spoke setter, subclass 11 for a tire remover, and subclass 12 for a spoke extractor. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 405+ for an ingot stripper. 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclasses 19+ for combined apparatus for assembling and driving a member, e.g., nail, into the assembled parts. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   subclasses 533+ for a coil stripping device for a winding machine. 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   for such an implement in general. 294,  Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements,   for a handling implement of the hand-and-hoist-line type. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 436+ for a shaping surface including product release or removal means, especially, subclass 438 for a core remover; see the search notes thereunder. 433,  Dentistry,   subclasses 3+ for a tool for removing an orthodontic appliance from the teeth and subclasses 141+ for other disassembly and assembly implement (e.g., a tooth extractor, mold remover, crown remover.)

245	Hubcap and hub:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus for inserting or removing a hubcap onto or off of a wheel hub. (1) Note. Apparatus for inserting or removing a "wheel cover" onto or off of a wheel is included herein.

246	Battery post and terminal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus for applying or removing an electricity transmitting connector to or from a battery post. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 730+, for means to assemble a storage cell or battery.

247	Cotter pin and cooperating member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus, for inserting or extracting a cotter pin to or from another element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 249, for a valve stem pin or key extractor or remover.

248	Plier type means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 247.  Apparatus of the plier type. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, for a cotter pin making process or apparatus. 700, and see the search note thereunder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility, or an assembling tool, especially, subclasses 300+ for general purpose pliers or pliers especially adapted for manipulating a cotter pin.

249	Valve stem pin or key and another member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus for inserting or extracting a valve stem pin or key into or away from some other element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 213.1+, for valve applying and removing apparatus. 247+, for cotter pin applying and removing apparatus. 250, for machine key applying and removing apparatus.

250	Machine key and another member:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus for inserting or extracting a machine key into or away from some other element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 249, for a valve stem pin or key inserter or remover.

251	Arbor-type press means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus of the arbor press type. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for.

252	Having fluid operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus which is operated by fluid pressure. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 254, for assembling device comprising a puller or pusher operated by an explosive. 421.1+, for a process of shaping a part or parts by direct application of fluid pressure. 427, for a process of disassembly utilizing fluid pressure to separate parts. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 60,  Power Plants,   subclass 325 for a residual fluid actuator, per se. 91,  Motors: Expansible Chamber Type,   for such motors and their controls, per se. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 269.01+ for reciprocating platen presses, not elsewhere provided for, in which fluid pressure actuates the movable platen. 251,  Valves and Valve Actuation,   for a valve of general utility and an actuating means therefor. 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclass 93 for fluid pressure type. 418,  Rotary Expansible Chamber Devices,   for a rotary expansible chamber motor, per se.

253	Having wedge operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus which is operated by a wedge to develop the assembling or disassembling force. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclass 42 for wedge type printers" quoins and subclass 104 for miscellaneous wedge type. 279,  Chucks or Sockets,   subclass 103 for friction grip type having wedge means to eject the tool.

254	Having percussion or explosive operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus which are operated by percussion, including the explosion of a contained medium. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 252, for apparatus operated by sustained fluid pressure as distinguished from an explosion. 275, for an impact receiving tool not having contained impacting element. 427, for a process of separating parts (e.g., a broken drill stem from a drilled hole) utilizing percussion or explosion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 60,  Power Plants,   subclasses 632+ for a one shot explosion actuated expansible chamber type motor. 81,  Tools,   subclasses 463+ and see the notes thereto for other impact operated apparatus. 173,  Tool Driving or Impacting,   subclasses 90+ for a tool impacting device, per se, of general utility. 175,  Boring or Penetrating the Earth,   subclasses 2+ for subject matter relating to a device for penetrating the earth by means of a bullet or shaped charge which is fired in an inaccessible hole and including such a device for forming a perforation in a casing or other wall member in the hole.

255	Tube, sleeve, or ferrule inserting or removing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 254.  Apparatus designed for inserting a tube, sleeve, ring, ferrule, or similar annular body into or removing such from an opening designed to receive the same.

256	Having screw operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus in which a screw is operated to develop the assembling or disassembling force. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 217+, for a screw operated engine valve spring compressor. 250, for a machine key extractor or inserter.

257	C-frame:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 256.  Apparatus which is screw operated and of the C-frame type, one leg of the C-frame reacting against one part of the article and a screw mounted in the other leg of the C-frame reacting against another part of the article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 217+, for a screw operated C-frame engine valve spring compressor. 231, for a C-frame watch or clock staking device. 251, for C-frame arbor presses for assembling or disassembling. 252, for C-frame fluid operated presses for assembling or disassembling. 276, for a C-frame assembly or disassembly tool designed to receive an impact from a separate tool.

258	Central screw, work-engagers around screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 256.  Apparatus in which a central screw develops the assembling or disassembling force, whether motivated by turning the nut or screw, and which have work engagers on opposite sides of, adjacent to, and around the screw, the screw acting on one part of the article and the engagers acting on another part of the article. (1) Note. The side engagers may be arms on each side of the screw or constitute tubular or tube segment engagers encircling a major part of the screw, and the same may be secured to or have reaction contact with the article.

259	Work-engager arms along or parallel to screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258.  Apparatus in which the side engagers comprise arms extending along or parallel with the screw, the arms having engagement with the screw nut or nut carrying frame at one end and engagement with an article part at the other end.

260	With arm connecting engaging means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 259.  Apparatus in which the ends of the arms are connected by a means that engages the article part.

261	Pivotal arms:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 259.  Apparatus in which the arms are connected for pivotal movement to the nut or nut carrying frame. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 262, for pivotal grippers directly carried by the screw.

262	Pivotal grippers on screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 259.  Apparatus which have pivotal grippers mounted on the article engaging end of the screw. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 261, for pivotal work engager arms mounted on the nut or nut frame. 265, for relatively movable work grippers mounted on the force developing screw and of tubular or tube segment form.

263	Tubular or tube segment forms work engager:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258.  Apparatus in including a work engager in the form of a tube or the segments of a tube. (1) Note. The tubular or tube segment work engager may be an integral portion of the nut. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 280, for other tubular work engager having article gripping detents.

264	Screw threaded work engager:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 263.  Apparatus in which the tubular or tube segment work engager has screw threads for engagement with a threaded work part for reaction therewith. (1) Note. The threaded work engaging part may be mounted on the nut, nut frame, or force developing screw. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 277, for a hand manipulatable impact receiving tool having a threaded device to be applied to screw threaded work to protect the same from impact. 281, for a hand manipulatable for tube sleeve or ferrule applying or removing having a thread tapping work grip.

265	Movable grippers on screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 263.  Apparatus in which the tubular or tube segment form a work engager having at least two relatively movable parts to grip the work which parts are mounted on the work engaging end of the force developing screw. (1) Note. The grippers may be pivotal, slidable, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 262, for pivotal grippers on force developing screws not of tubular or tube segment form. 264, for similar devices threaded to engage threaded work.

266	Plate or bar forms work-engager:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 258.  Apparatus in which the work engagers are in the form of a plate or bar, the screw extending through the center of the plate or bar.

267	Having lever operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 244.  Apparatus that is lever operated. (1) Note. A screw may be used for adjusting the parts of the apparatus or gripping the part to be moved but the force input and multiplication for applying the pushing or pulling force is through a system (not involving a screw) operated by a lever. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 216, and 219+, for a lever operated engine valve spring compressor. 222+, for a lever operated piston ring inserter or remover. 245, for a lever operated hub cap remover. 246, for a lever operated battery terminal remover. 247+, for a lever operated cotter pin remover. 249, for a lever operated valve stem pin or key remover. 256+, for a miscellaneous device having a screw for force multiplication to apply the assembling or disassembling force. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   particularly subclasses 120+ for single throw levers.

268	Plier type means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 267.  Apparatus of the plier type. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 700, for assembly or disassembly apparatus, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool of general utility, or for an assembling tool which structurally recognizes only one work part.

269	Means comprising piston ring group contractor or holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for contracting, and/or holding contracted, a group of piston rings (usually for the reception of a mandrel holder). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 222+, for a piston ring applier or remover or for means for contracting a single piston ring and holding it contracted for the reception of a mandrel holder.

270	Means comprising hand manipulatable tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus that is a hand tool or is a portable tool having no contained force multiplying operator to develop the assembling or disassembling force. (1) Note. There may be force multiplying means for the work engaging portions to firmly grip the work, but no such means for developing the assembling or disassembling force. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 213.1+, for a hand manipulatable valve keeper insertion tool. 244+, for a hand manipulatable or portable tool with a contained power multiplying operator. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools,   for a hand tool united with another hand tool. 42,  Firearms,   subclass 90 for an implement to be used in making or maintaining a firearm. 81,  Tools,   for a hand tool, generally. 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclass 450.5 for a hand manipulable implement means arranged to assemble edible preforms into a sandwich.

271	Aligner or center:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 270.  Apparatus that aligns one part with another. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 468, for a process of associating two or more parts by engaging each of the parts with a tool and moving the tool relative to the parts to effect alignment of the parts with respect to each other. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   subclass 412 for shaft aligning and leveling straight edge type instruments.

272	Tube with tube:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 271.  Apparatus for aligning tubes with tubes.

273	Auto wheel with auto chassis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 271.  Apparatus for lifting and/or aligning an automobile wheel with an automobile chassis. (1) Note. In this subclass, for example, is a tool intended to pass through bolt receiving wheel opening and engage the stud bolts or other connecting parts on the hub, brake drum, or other support of the automobile chassis and guide the wheel to such supporting means.

274	Clutch plates:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 271.  Apparatus for aligning clutch plates in the assembly of a clutch.

275	Means comprising impact receiving tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 270.  Apparatus to be applied to the work and to receive an impact from some outside source and transmit the blow to the work. (1) Note. The source of the impact is usually a machinist"s or carpenter"s hammer. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 254+, for impact or percussion apparatus having a contained source of impact producing means, as an explosive or a hammer. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 30,  Cutlery,   subclass 168 for cold chisels and see the notes to such subclass. 81,  Tools,   subclasses 463+ for a nail set adapted to drive the head of a nail below a wood surface when hit by a hammer.

276	C-frame:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 275.  Apparatus whose impact receiving tool is mounted in one leg of a C-frame, the other leg of the frame constituting an anvil for receiving the impact. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 257, and see the notes thereto for other C-frame type devices.

277	Thread protector (e.g., wheel axle type):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 275.  Apparatus in which the impact receiving tool transmits the impact to a threaded part and is constructed to protect the threads from injury. (1) Note. This subclass includes axle drivers that are threaded onto the end of an axle and are hit to break the connection between a wheel and axle, devices commonly called impact wheel removers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 264, for other screw threaded devices to engage screw threaded work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 16,  Miscellaneous Hardware,   subclasses 2.1+ for protective liners and subclasses 108+ for protective caps or collars. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclass 96 for protectors for the threads on pipe ends. 173,  Tool Driving or Impacting,   subclasses 128+ for an impacting device including means to transmit impact from a hammer head to a tool or the like.

278	Hand gripper for direct push or pull:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 270.  Apparatus that are gripped by the hand and given a direct push or pull by the hand. (1) Note. There may be force multiplying means for operating the parts that grip the work, but the assembling or disassembling force is given a direct push or pull by the person operating the same. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 244+, for devices that grip the work and have force multiplying means for the assembling or disassembling push or pull.

279	Centrifugal separator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 278.  Hand devices for applying or removing parts of centrifugal separators. (1) Note. Most of the patents include an elongated means that is insertable through the openings of aligned separator plates or cone discs, with provisions for securing the bottom one thereto, so that the elongated means and the parts secured as a unit may be pulled from or inserted into the centrifugal machine by direct hand pull or push on the elongated means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 241, for assembling by stringing objects on an elongated part.

280	Tube sleeve or ferrule applying or removing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 278.  Apparatus that operates on tubes, sleeves, or ferrules. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 282, and see the notes thereto for other apparatus for operating upon tubes, sleeves, or ferrules.

281	Thread-tapping grip:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 280.  Apparatus that grips the tube, sleeve, or ferrule by means of screwing into the same a tapered threaded point in the nature of a tap. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclasses 215+ for a tool of that class including pitch stabilizing ridge. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclass 197 for tap dies used in a Class 470 machine for cutting interior screw threads.

281.1	With work-holder for assembly:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus including or with a surface which, when the work parts are being assembled, is positioned beneath at least a portion of each work part to support the work parts against the force of gravity in at least one position of adjustment thereof. (1) Note. A mere pin is not considered to be a work holder for assembly. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 721, for similar structure having a signal, scale, or indicator. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   subclasses 289+ for a work holder for assembly not in combination with an assembly means or not serving as means to move to assemble one work part relatively to another.

281.2	For assembling a luminescent mantle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 281.1.  Apparatus intended to juxtapose, associate, or fasten one part of an illuminated mantle with respect to another part thereof. (1) Note. A mantle is a lace-like hood or envelop of some refractory material which, when placed in position over a flame, gives light by incandescence. (2) Note. This is the residual home for a work holder for assembling a luminescent mantle, even though only one part is recognized (engaged) thereby.

281.3	And assembling press (e.g., truss assembling means, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 281.1.  Apparatus including means to hold an assembly of several first work parts in a desired relationship and means to force an additional work part into the assembly to secure the first work parts in a desired relationship. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   particularly subclasses 19+ for similar structure wherein the additional work part is an "elongated member" as required by that class.

281.4	Having means to permit support movement while work is thereon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 281.1.  Apparatus including a holder for a first work part and a holder for a second work part, which holders are allowed to move with the work parts mounted thereon. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 281.6, for structure holding a first work part such that the structure is supported thereby, which structure includes guide means for another work part.

281.5	Including means to relatively position plural work parts:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus including means to engage a first and a second work part and means to move one relatively to the other into a desired positional relationship.

281.6	Work-supported apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus including means to engage a first work part so as to be supported against the force of gravity thereon and including means to be engaged by a second work part to be juxtaposed, associated with, fastened to, or removed from the first work part.

282	Tube, sleeve, or ferrule:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus for assembling and/or securing or disassembling tubes, sleeves, or ferrules to each other or to other articles. (1) Note. Many of the preceding subclasses have special types of apparatus for this purpose, some of which are referred to in the following note. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 234, for tube and coextensive core apparatus. 235+, for apparatus for operating upon resilient tubes or sleeves. 255, for percussive apparatus. 280+, for hand grippers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclass 3.05 for devices for extracting a shell, projector, or wad from a gun barrel. 254,  Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force,   subclasses 29+ for pipe jacks. 405,  Hydraulic and Earth Engineering,   subclass 154.1 for a method or apparatus for laying a pipe or cable into a subterranean or submarine location where a step or means for handling the earth material is claimed, or a method or apparatus for laying, retrieving, manipulating, or treating a pipe or cable at or from a submerged location.

283	Work gripper, anvil, or element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus claiming only (1) a work gripping subcombination, (2) an anvil, or (3) any subcombination of an assembling or disassembling apparatus incapable by itself of performing a work assembling or disassembling operation and not elsewhere classifiable. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 476 for disclosure of a passive tool. 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holder, per se. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclass 208 for bolt and rivet anvils.

283.5	By deforming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus including means to juxtapose, associate, fasten together, or separate a plurality of work by stressing one work part beyond the elastic limit thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.11+, for a process of repairing by attaching a repair preform wherein damaged material is removed.

284	MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous metal working means not otherwise classifiable. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for a combined metal working machine, generally.

401.1	Converting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising mechanically modifying or altering an existing structure, apparatus, or article of manufacture to produce a structure, an apparatus, or an article of manufacture of substantially different capacity, size, function, or type of operation. (1) Note. Since this concept was not specially provided for before this subclass was established in 1979 and since most of this class was not screened at that time, the art of this subclass is incomplete in that it does not include all the patents issued before that date. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.01+, for a process of repair (see the definition of "repair" in Class 29 class definition, Glossary). 403.1+, for a process of scrap recovery or utilization. 411, for mechanical manufacture including the process of obtaining plural pieces from a preassembled blank. 412+, for a process including separating a plurality of parts from a single part, e.g., cutting. 426.1, for a process including disassembly (see the definition of "disassembly" in Class 29, class definition, Glossary). 428+, for a process including assembling two or more self-sustaining parts (see the definition of "assembly" in Class 29 class definition, Glossary). 560, for a convertible metal working machine, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 92,  Expansible Chamber Devices,   subclass 59 for a device under that class that is convertible or changeable by assembly or disassembly. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 330+ for a process of reconstructing an article of wood. 285,  Pipe Joints or Couplings,   subclass 12 for a device of that class that is convertible. 432,  Heating,   subclass 3 for a process wherein converting or assembling is an integral part of a heating procedure.

402.01	Repairing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising restoring an existing device such as an article of manufacture, a machine, an apparatus, or a static structure to a more functional, stable, or working condition. (1) Note. See the definition of repair in the class definition of this class (29), Glossary. These subclasses (402.01+) are intended as the residual home for mechanical repairing. Where a process of repairing a particular article is claimed, it is intended that the patent issue in the particular device making subclass of this class (29). (2) Note. To make a complete search for a process of repairing a particular device it may be necessary to search the subclass under Class 29 or elsewhere which provides for manufacturing the particular device. (3) Search appropriate subclasses for various mechanicamanufacturing operations such as, for example, combined processes for making specific articles, converting one article to produce a different article, uniting, or shaping, or joining, which operations might be used in a repair operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclass 142 for a process of repairing a boot or a shoe. 49,  Movable or Removable Closures,   subclass 506 for a process of repairing a movable or removable closure. 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclass 514 for a building component having means for split prevention or which repairs a damaged part. 62,  Refrigeration,   subclass 77 for a refrigeration process including repairing some part of a refrigeration apparatus. 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 27 for a process of repairing or cleaning glass working apparatus and subclass 28 for a process of mending otherwise unusable parts or material by a glass working operation for reuse, or preventing spreading of checks or cracks in a glass part during formation of the glass part. 66,  Textiles: Knitting,   subclass 1.5 for a process of or apparatus for repairing a hole or a run in a knitted fabric. 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   subclass 101.1 for a process of repairing a tool, generally. 137,  Fluid Handling,   subclasses 15.01 through 15.26for a process of cleaning, repairing, or assembling. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclasses 97+ for a process of or apparatus for repairing a leak in a pipe or hose. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 330+ for a process of repairing or reconstructing a wooden article. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 94+ for a repairing process including a laminating step. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 199 for a process of repairing or maintaining paper making machinery. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 92.1 for casting of metal to repair a substrate. 166,  Wells,   subclass 277 for a process of repairing an object in a shaft or deep boring in the earth. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 119 for repairing, restoring, or renewing a product for reuse. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 30 for furnace lining formation or repair and subclasses 36.1+ for repairing or restoring an article for reuse by an operation of that class. 285,  Pipe Joints or Couplings,   subclasses 15+ for repair of a pipe joint or coupling. 320,  Electricity: Battery or Capacitor Charging or Discharging,   appropriate subclasses for a process of recharging or reconditioning a voltaic cell, battery, or capacitor. 405,  Hydraulic and Earth Engineering,   for construction involving the titular subject matter. 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for a process of fabricating sheet metal cans. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 140+ for restoring or repairing by an operation of that class. 429,  Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Processes,   subclass 49 for a process of restoring, or aid in restoring a battery to its former condition after decay, injury, or partial destruction. 432,  Heating,   subclass 3 for a process in which a step of repairing is an integral part of a heat procedure or in which repairing of the apparatus is effected in part by the heat incident to the operation of the apparatus. 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   subclass 2 for a process of repairing an electric lamp or space discharge device.

402.02	Seal or element thereof:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.01.  Process of directly restoring, reconditioning, or replacing packing material, door seal, or like sealing material not provided for elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 235+, for apparatus which applies or removes a resilient article. 402.08, for a process of repair wherein the part to be replaced is disassembled and a new part substituted therefor. 450+, for a process of applying or removing a resilient article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 49,  Movable or Removable Closures,   subclass 506 for a process of repairing movable or removable closures. 62,  Refrigeration,   subclass 77 for a process of refrigeration which includes repairing some part of a refrigeration apparatus. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclasses 97+ for a process of and apparatus for repairing a leak in a pipe or hose. 277,  Seal for a Joint or Juncture,   for a seal having an installation, removal, assembly, disassembly, or repair feature, subclass 323 , for a seal for well apparatus, subclasses 370+ for a relatively rotatable extending sealing face member (e.g., face, mechanical, etc.), subclass 421 for a close proximity labyrinth seal, subclass 435 for a piston ring, piston ring expander or seat therefore, subclass 511 for a dynamic circumferential contact seal intended for containment or compression by a gland member in a packing box, subclass 551 for a dynamic, peripheral radially sealing flexible projection (e.g., lip seal, etc.) for other than a piston, subclass 598 for a static, contact seal for use between parts of an internal combustion engine, subclass 609 for a static contact seal intended for insertion between an end to end pipe, conduit, or cable joint, or subclass 630 for a static, contact seal for other than an internal combustion engine, or a pipe, conduit, or cable. 403,  Joints and Connections,   subclasses 11+ for a joint or connector with an adjunctive protector, broken parts retainer, repair, assembly, or disassembly feature.

402.03	With disassembling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.01.  Process wherein the device to be repaired is composed of a plurality of interrelated attached components or subcombination elements comprising disassociating a component or an element from the other components or elements. (1) Note. See the definition of "disassembly" in the class definition Glossary. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 403.3+, for a process of separating one scrap material from another scrap material. 426.1+, for a process including the step of disassembling. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclasses 127.1+ for a building component with adjunctive means used to aid in an assembling or disassembling operation.

402.04	Including reconditioning of part:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.03.  Process including restoring a disassembled component or element to its functional, stable, or working condition. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.18, for a process of repairing by applying fluent material, e.g., coating, casting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for reconditioning in the manner of that class. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 30 for furnace lining or repairing and subclasses 36.1+ for repairing or restoring an article for reuse in an operation of that class. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 140+ for restoring or repairing by an operation of that class.

402.05	By shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.04.  Process of restoring by permanently altering the configuration of the part. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.19+, for a process of repairing by shaping. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 362+ for a process under the class definition of deforming metal. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 239+ for a process of applying distorting mechanical forces to solid self-sustaining workpieces of nonmetallic material wherein the configuration of at least one dimension of the workpieces is altered.

402.06	Removing material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.05.  Process of repairing wherein the shaping comprises taking away or destroying integral material of the part. (1) Note. Removing or cleaning of nonintegral surface or extraneous material is not considered removing of material. (2) Note. To make a complete search for any repair process including removing material, it may be necessary to search the class which provides for the particular material removing process or apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.11+, for a process of repairing by attaching a repair preform combined with removal of damaged material.

402.07	And by a metallurgical operation, e.g., welding, diffusion bonding, casting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.06.  Process of repairing including a step of metal welding, metal casting, or metal heat treating. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 92.1 for a process of repairing a metal preform by a metal casting technique. 219,  Electric Heating,   subclasses 603+ for a process of induction welding, subclasses 50+ for a process of resistance welding, and subclasses 76.1+ for a process of coating or building up of a base by means of metal deposited by an electric arc. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 119 for a process including metallurgically bonding work faces together wherein a product is repaired, renewed, or restored for reuse.

402.08	Replacing of defective part:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.03.  Process of repairing by substituting a new part for a damaged, worn, or imperfect part.

402.09	By attaching repair preform, e.g., remaking, restoring, or patching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.01.  Process of repairing by fastening a solid member specially adapted for reinforcing, concealing, or rebuilding a desired dimension to a damaged or worn portion of the machine, apparatus, static structure, or article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.08, for a process of repairing by replacing a defective part of an assembly. 428+, for a process including assembling two or more self-sustaining parts.

402.11	And removing damaged material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.09.  Process of repairing combined with removing some of said portion of the machine, apparatus, static structure, or article.

402.12	Mechanically attaching preform with separate fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.11.  Process of repairing comprising fastening the repair preform to the existing device by a third member, e.g., by a headed, threaded, resilient, or impact driven fastener, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.14+, for a process of repairing wherein the repair preform is mechanically attached with a separate fastener member without removing damaged material. 432, for a process of attaching a part to a second part by punching, piercing, or reaming a sharp edge of one of the parts into the other. 525.01+, for a process of assembling or joining, generally, by application of a separate fastener. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for securing two members together with a separate fastener, generally.

402.13	Metallurgically attaching preform:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.11.  Process of repairing comprising fastening the repair preform to the existing device by metal fusion bonding, metal casting, or heating of metal. (1) Note. Since this class (Class 29) is residual, a single or combined operation is to be found herein, unless provided for in a superior class; e.g., Class 219, Electric Heating; Class 228, Metal Fusion Bonding; Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.16, for a process of repairing wherein the repair preform is metallurgically attached with removing damaged material. 426.6, for a disassembling process with prestressing of a work part by application of heat differential. 447, for an assembling process with prestressing of a work part by application of heat differential, e.g., shrink fitting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 92.1 for a process of repairing a metal preform by metal casting. 219,  Electric Heating,   subclasses 76.1+ for a process of coating or building up a base from metal deposited by an electric arc. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 119 for a process including metallurgically bonding work faces together wherein a product is repaired, renewed, or restored for reuse.

402.14	Mechanically attaching preform by separate fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.09.  Process of repairing comprising fastening the repair preform to the existing device by a third member, e.g., by a headed, threaded, resilient, or impact driven fastener. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.12, for a process of repairing including removing damaged material from and mechanically attaching the repair preform to the existing device by a separate fastener. 432, for a process of attaching a part to a second part by punching, piercing, or reaming a sharp edge of one of the parts into the other. 525.01+, for a process of assembling or joining, generally, by application of a separate fastener. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for securing two members together with a separate fastener, generally.

402.15	Screw threaded fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.14.  Process of repairing comprising fastening the repair preform to the existing device by an externally or internally helically ribbed means.

402.16	Metallurgically attaching preform:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.09.  Process of repairing comprising fastening the repair preform to the existing device by metal fusion bonding, metal casting, or heating of metal. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.13, for a process of repairing wherein some of the damaged material is removed and the repair preform is metallurgically attached. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 92.1 for a process of repairing a metal preform by metal casting. 219,  Electric Heating,   subclasses 76.1+ for a process relating to the coating or building up of a base by means of metal deposited by an electric arc. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 119 for a process including metallurgically bonding work faces together wherein a product is repaired, renewed, or restored for reuse.

402.17	Screw threaded preform:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.09.  Process of repairing wherein the repair preform has a helically ribbed opening or projection. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 525.01+, for a process of assembling including application of a separate fastener which may be screw threaded. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 215,  Bottles and Jars,   subclasses 200+ for a container of that class having a screw threaded cover. 220,  Receptacles,   subclasses 288+ for a container of that class having a screw threaded cover. 411,  Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-deformed, or Locked-threaded Fastener,   subclasses 378+ for an externally threaded fastener element, i.e., a bolt, screw, etc., per se.

402.18	By applying fluent material, e.g., coating, casting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.01.  Process of repairing comprising (1) depositing a flowable substance upon or into a base material (e.g., coating, impregnating) or (2) shaping a flowable substance upon or into a base material (e.g., casting, molding). (1) Note. The terms "coating", "casting" and "molding" as used in this definition coincide with these concepts as comprehended in Class 427, Coating Processes; Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 6+; Class 164, Metal Founding; Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy; and Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 424, for a manufacturing process utilizing a temporary protective coating or casting. 428+, especially subclasses 458+ or 460 for a process of assembling or joining combined with coating or casting. 526.2+, for a process of casting plus separating, removing, or eliminating a defect which has been cast in the ingot. 527.1+, for a process of applying or shaping of fluent material combined with an additional step of manufacturing. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 46+ for a process of coating or casting liquid material upon a metal base (but not casting the base, per se), and then deforming the base, regardless of whether or not the applied material is also deformed. See the definition and notes thereof. 148,  Metal Treatment,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 538+ for casting or subclasses 516+ for coating operations combined with significant heat treatment of metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal. See the Class 148 definition to determine what constitutes significant heat treatment. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 92.1 for a process of repairing a metal preform by metal casting. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 115 for processes there provided for in which the object treated is repaired by electrodeposition. 219,  Electric Heating,   subclasses 76.1+ for a process of repairing by coating or building up of a base by means of metal deposited by an electric arc. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 119 for a process including metallurgically bonding work faces together wherein a product is repaired, renewed, or restored for reuse. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 30 for furnace lining formation or repair, and subclasses 36.1+ for a process under the Class 264 definition of repairing or restoring an article for reuse. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 11+ for plastic shaping or reshaping apparatus peculiar to product or preform repair or restoring means; see the search notes thereunder. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 140+ for a process of restoring or repairing by coating.

402.19	By shaping, e.g., bending, extruding, turning, etc.:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.01.  Process of repairing comprising permanently altering the configuration of a portion of the machine, apparatus, static structure, or article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.05+, for a process of repairing, including disassembling and reconditioning one or more components or parts by shaping. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 362+ for a process of deforming metal, generally. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 239+ for a process of deforming a nonmetal, generally.

402.21	Including heating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 402.19.  Process of repairing having a step of substantially raising the temperature of a portion of the machine, apparatus, static structure, or article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 447, for a process of assembling including application of heat, e.g., to shrink fit. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 69 for metal deforming by use of a tool acting during relative rotation of the tool and the work about an internal center, with modification or control of temperature, and subclass 364 for a process of metal deforming with temperature maintenance or modification. 148,  Metal Treatment,   appropriate subclasses for processes of significant heat treatment of metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal. See the Class 148 definition to determine what constitutes significant heat treatment.

403.1	Scrap recovering or utilizing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including (1) mechanical manufacture wherein scrap (or surplus) material (i.e., material which would otherwise be discarded) is produced combined with treating that material to give it value, (2) using scrap (or surplus) material from any source to make an article of manufacture, or (3) treating of scrap (or surplus) from any source to give value to the scrap. (1) Note. To make a complete search for any process of salvaging a particular article of manufacture, it may be necessary to search the subclass for the process of making the particular article and to search the subclass providing for the article produced. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 401.1, for a process of converting an existing article, structure, or apparatus to produce an article, structure, or apparatus of substantially different capacity, size, function, or type of operation. 402.01+, for a process of repairing an article generally. 415, for a process of cutting articles from a stock piece in such a way as to effect maximum utilization of the stock and thus minimizing the amount of scrap produced. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 28 for a process of using surplus or discarded material from glass working or treating operation in a process of glass manufacture. 75,  Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   subclasses 401+ for treating multicomponent metal-containing scrap having an integral substrate to separate metal therefrom by temperature modification or chemical process other than using nonmetallic material which is liquid under standard conditions wherein at least one metal remains solid during separation in order to recover free metal and subclasses 711+ for treating multicomponent metal-containing scrap having an integral substrate to separate metal therefrom by using nonmetallic material which is liquid under standard conditions in order to recover free metal. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 94+ for a laminating process including a step of scrap recovery. 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclasses 189+ for a paper making process including a step of reclamation, salvage, or reuse of materials. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 37.1+ for a process of recycling nonmetallic reclaimed process materials. See especially subclass 37.19 for recycling of reclaimed hydro-settable material. Search Cross-Reference Art Collections 911 through 921 for processes of recycling consumer used products or articles utilizing a molding operation 266,  Metallurgical Apparatus,   for apparatus for salvaging by melting metal. 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   subclass 2 for a process of salvaging an electric lamp or space discharge device. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   for utilization of scrap paper in manufacturing.

403.2	Metalworking to consolidate scrap:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 403.1.  Process (1) including mechanical manufacture wherein scrap metallic material (i.e., material which would otherwise be discarded) is produced combined with deforming that scrap material to force it to occupy a smaller space, or (2) deforming scrap metallic material from any source to force it to occupy a smaller space. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   subclasses 1+ for a powder metallurgy process combined with or including heating or sintering. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for material from which scrap (and usable product) may be formed and for scrap material which has been made usable.

403.3	Separating one material from another:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 403.1.  Process including the step of removing one constituent from a different constituent. (1) Note. Usually at least one of the constituents is metallic although this is not a necessity for original placement in this subclass. (2) Note. The removing operation may be mechanical, chemical, or electric in nature. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17.7, for a method of foil making including disassembling of a pack of foil work portions. 18.1, for apparatus for foil making including means to disassemble a pack of foil work portions. 426.1+, for a process including the step of mechanically disassembling. The principal distinction between the concept of this subclass (29/403.3) and subclasses 29/426.4+ is that, in this subclass, there is intent to recover or utilize scrap material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclass 2 for a process of separating or removing foreign or undesired matter from solid materials having a metallic base. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 701 through 719for a delaminating process, per se, and subclasses 918-933 for a delaminating process adapted to specified products, per se; subclasses 750-767 for delaminating means, per se, and subclasses 934-944 for a delaminating means adapted to specified products, per se, separating an adhered layer or portion from another layer at a bonding face while retaining layer identity. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 509+ for a process of separating solid materials or articles and segregating them according to their physical characteristics. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclass 24 for a process of comminuting or disintegrating combined with then classifying or separating according to the physical characteristics of the parts separated.

403.4	By burning or heating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 403.3.  Process in which the step of removing is facilitated or accomplished by combustion or by application of thermal energy. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 110,  Furnaces,   subclass 346 for a process of incinerating solid or liquid refuse. 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   for a device for heating, generally. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclass 19 for a process of removing foreign matter from solid materials by the application of heat or contact with hot products of combustion. 266,  Metallurgical Apparatus,   for means to work metal by application of heat, generally; especially subclasses 48+ for a torch used to cut metal and subclasses 200+ for means to melt or vaporize metal or means to treat liquified metal.

404	During simulated operation or operating conditions:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including subjecting the product being manufactured during such manufacture (1) to forces that duplicate those encountered in actual use of the product or (2) to an environment that duplicates that encountered in actual use of the product. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 89.5, for a machine or device for burning in or wearing in a bearing of an engine (usually an internal combustion engine) and for running in or oil burnishing to limber a bearing or to test for oil leakage at the joints of a casing. 722, for apparatus to assemble with control of the environment. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 66+ for testing a rotor for imbalance under operation simulating conditions.

405	Temperature:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 404.  Process including maintaining the environmental heat (or coolness) level that duplicates that encountered in actual use of the product.

406	Center locating and shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising determining the desired axis of rotation of a part and forming the surface thereof to provide a configuration for support of the part during rotation about its axis. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   subclass 644 for a collocating tool with a gauge to mark a center location and subclasses 670+ for a gauge with a point marker having marker centering means. 82,  Turning,   subclass 170 for centering apparatus peculiar to turning. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclasses 72+ for a cutting tool of that class combined with other work engaging structure, particularly, subclass 114 for that combination when the other work engaging structure is axially fixed to move with the cutting tool and engages a work surface parallel to the axis of the tool. 451,  Abrading,   subclass 436 for an attachment for a lathe intended to be used in grinding the lathe "center" and subclass 460 for a work mounting device which may support a rotatable workpiece for a grinding operation.

407.01	With testing or indicating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 400.1.  Process combined with (a) detecting or analyzing some condition of the part or parts being worked on or assembled or (b) visually or audibly indicating the condition. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 402.01+, for a process of repairing a void left in a part by the removal of a sample to be tested. 404, for a process including simulated operation or operating conditions not elsewhere provided for. 593, for electrical device making combined with measuring or testing of the device or a component thereof. 705, for means to assemble or disassemble with means for testing. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   for measuring apparatus, generally, especially subclasses 666+ for a gauge with a point marker. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   for testing a process and apparatus, in general, and see the notes to the general definition of Class 73 for the loci of other testing or indicating process or an apparatus. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclass 64 for a laminating process including a step of measuring, testing, or inspecting. 301,  Land Vehicles: Wheels and Axles,   subclasses 5.21+ for a wheel balancing device for attachment to a wheel. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for testing or indicating in the manner of that class, especially subclasses 345+ for testing by magnetic means, and subclass 407 for testing a circuit for a diverse-type electron tube. 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclasses 500+ for an electrical automatic condition responsive indicating system. 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   for testing or indicating in the manner of that class. 374,  Thermal Measuring and Testing,   for testing or indicating in the manner of that class. 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   subclasses 3+ for a process of making such a device, combined with testing or adjusting, and subclasses 63+ for the corresponding apparatus. 492,  Roll or Roller,   subclasses 9+ for a roll, not elsewhere provided for, having measuring, testing, or indicating means.

407.02	Torquing threaded assemblage or determining torque herein:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.01.  Process wherein the testing or indicating includes (a) applying a predetermined twisting or turning force to a threaded fastener component of a threaded assemblage, or (b) quantitatively measuring the twisting or turning force on a threaded component of a threaded assemblage. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 81,  Tools,   subclasses 467+ for a wrench or screwdriver responsive to torque on work.

407.03	Determining relative number of threaded member rotations:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.02.  Process wherein the number of rotations of the threaded component is measured or the threaded component is rotated a fixed angular amount after a predetermined event is observed.

407.04	Using optical instrument (excludes mere human eyeballing):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.01.  Process wherein the testing or indicating employs an optic or light-sensitive device other than a human eyeball (e.g., microscope, camera, photoelectric cell, etc.). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   for using an optical device for measuring or testing, per se.

407.05	Quantitative measuring or gauging:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.01.  Process wherein the testing or indicating includes a countable or comparable evaluation using a standard. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   for measuring or testing, per se, and see the search notes therein.

407.06	By radioactive tracing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.05.  Process wherein unstable isotopes are used for testing or indicating.

407.07	By vibratory or oscillatory movement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.05.  Process wherein the testing or indicating includes rapid motion about an equilibrium position or swinging back and forth between alternative extremes. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 570+ for vibration measuring and testing, per se.

407.08	Pressure, force, or weight determining:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.05.  Process wherein the testing or indicating includes evaluating the magnitude of mechanical stress or gravitation exertion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   for pressure and force measuring and testing, per se. 177,  Weighing Scales,   subclass 1 for a process of weighing, per se.

407.09	Aligning, guiding, or instruction:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.01.  Process wherein the testing or indicating includes means (a) for arranging the various parts or tools in a desired relationship, (b) for directing or regulating a motion or operation, or (c) for furnishing with knowledge or teaching.

407.1	Assisting assembly or disassembly:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 407.09.  Process wherein the aligning, guiding, or instructional means are for facilitating assembly or disassembly. (1) Note. See the class definition Glossary of this class (29) for definitions of "assembling" or "disassembly".

408	Of a slide fastener:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process of (1) fabricating the component parts of a securing assembly comprised of a device (slider) which travels along rows of fastener elements to engage or disengage the elements, and any part peculiar to such assembly, or for (2) joining together such component parts in operative relation to each other. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33.2, for plural diverse manufacturing apparatus used in making a slide fastener assembly or element. 34, for apparatus for forging, bending, cutting, or punching in the manufacture of a slide fastener. 766+, for apparatus for assembling a slide fastener or element. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   subclasses 381+ for a slide fastener assembly or a component thereof. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 252 for a process of molding portions (e.g., slide fastener "teeth") along a sheet edge. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 814 for an art collection of apparatus for making a slide fastener or a component thereof of plastic.

409	Of slider:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 408.  Process for making the travelling device. (1) Note. The slider is also known as a "rider". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   subclasses 415+ for a slider, per se.

410	Of interlocking element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 408.  Process of fabricating the cooperating interfitting fastener elements and/or attaching these elements to a tape. (1) Note. These fastener elements are also known as "scoops", "stringers", "teeth, or "links". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 505+, for a process of joining one part to another by deforming the first part into engagement with the other, generally.

411	Obtaining plural composite product pieces from preassembled workpieces:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process wherein two or more stock elements are interengaged or integrally secured comprising subsequently separating a product member from the stock elements along lines different than those on which the interengagement or securement was effected so that the resultant composite member includes a portion of every stock element. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 412, for a process of producing plural product members from grouped stock elements wherein the produced members do not include a portion of every stock element.

412	Obtaining plural product pieces from unitary workpiece:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising separating a plurality of (similar or dissimilar) product members from a single stock element. (1) Note. A process of subdividing a group of adjacent stock elements to form a plurality of product members is included herein. (2) Note. A process of shaping a stock element of indefinite length and then cutting off product members is included herein in Class 29. See Search Notes below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.1+, for bias cutting of tubular stock. 411, for obtaining composite product members from a preassembled group of stock elements. 412+, for a process of shaping a stock element of indefinite length and then cutting off product members. 426.1, for a process of dissociating an assembly of parts into component parts by separating the parts along the line(s) of joinder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for a process of fabricating a sheet metal can.

413	Breaking through weakened portion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 412.  Process in which the stock element is provided with a localized area which has been reduced in strength so as to be more readily fracturable than the remainder of the stock element comprising fracturing the stock element through such area. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 414, for a process of dividing a stock element into product members through a modified portion of the stock element. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 861+ for cutting other than through the thickness of a workpiece (stock element) which may be to weaken the workpiece for subsequent breaking, especially, search subclasses 875+ for grooving and subclasses 879+ for scoring. 225,  Severing by Breaking or Tearing,   subclass 2 for a method of preliminarily weakening combined with breaking or tearing and subclasses 94+ for apparatus to preliminarily weaken combined with apparatus to break or tear. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 571 for metallic stock material having a portion weakened for severing.

414	Dividing through modified portion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 412.  Process in which a stock element (1) has been worked on to produce a localized area of a different characteristic from the remainder of the stock element or (2) has another part or stock material assembled therewith at a localized area comprising separating the product member from the stock element through the localized area. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 413, for a process of breaking a stock element through a weakened localized area.

415	Dividing on common outline:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 412.  Process comprising separating at least two product members from the stock element along a line which defines at least a portion of the configuration of both those members, wherein the line of separation is other than perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stock. (1) Note. No scrap is produced between the adjacent parts. (2) Note. "Other than perpendicular to the longitudinal axis" excludes simply chopping the parts apart. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 417, for a process of dividing a stock element consisting only in separating it along a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof.

416	Coacting pieces:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 412.  Process comprising separating product members from a stock element wherein the separated product members subsequently cooperate as abutting, adjoining, interfitting, or otherwise interacting assembled pieces of a blank or finished article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 418, for a process of removing a temporary holding or handling portion from between members being assembled in a particular spacial relationship. 428+, for a process of joining or assembling co-acting parts wherein the coacting parts are not obtained from a unitary blank.

417	Dividing sequentially from leading end, e.g., by cutting or breaking:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 412.  Process comprising separating plural product members from a forward end of an elongated stock element by repetitively subdividing the stock element along a straight line transverse to the axis of the stock element. (1) Note. This subclass includes a process of (1) cutting to length combined with significant treating, or (2) cutting off more than one product member from a stock element, unless provided for in a superior class.

418	Providing transitory integral holding or handling portion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising manufacturing a product, wherein the stock element is provided with a temporary protuberance, or web which facilitates support or manipulation of the stock element during manufacture and subsequently eliminating the protuberance or web. (1) Note. "Assembling" of a plurality of stock elements is considered to be "manufacturing" in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 416, for a process of manufacturing coacting pieces from a unitary piece. 423+, for a process of associating a separate part or material with the part being worked upon, concurrently shaping both parts, and subsequently removing the separate part or material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 285,  Pipe Joints or Couplings,   subclass 23 for a pipe joint or coupling with an assembly means or feature comprising a holding means functioning only during transportation, assembly, or disassembly and subclass 38 for a pipe joint or coupling with an assembly means or feature comprising a handle or handwheel for rotary engagement. 403,  Joints and Connections,   subclass 12 for a joint or connection, generally, with an assembly means or feature comprising a holding means functioning only during transportation, assembly, or disassembly and subclass 17 for a joint or connection, generally, with a handle or handwheel.

419.1	Shaping fiber or fibered material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process comprising changing the external configuration of a mass of discrete solid particles, each particle being a slender and threadlike body (1) while the particles of said mass are acting as individual elements so that each is separately shaped, or (2) treating a body formed by uniting or associating such a mass of discrete solid particles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4.51+, for apparatus and process of shredding metal or producing an article from metal wool. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   for means for isolating or manipulating textile fibers. 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclass 116 for a process of and apparatus for the entangling of fibers by mechanical working (e.g., felting) and see, especially, subclass 118 for the compressing, compacting, or shaping fibrous material into a wad or plug, and see the search notes thereto for other process of treating fibrous material. 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 376+ for processes of manufacturing glass fibers, filaments, or preforms; subclasses 17.1+ for processes of working or treating glass, especially subclasses 17.3+ for shaping of particulate glass material and subsequent fusing of particles. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71+ for a process of making articles from wire stock. 148,  Metal Treatment,   for a process including metal treatment under the class definition. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 62.2+ for process of forming a surface bonded lamina by bulk deposition of discrete particles, subclass 161 for process of surface bonding in stressed condition of stressed filament, and subclasses 166+ for process of surface bonding flexible filamentary material while in indefinite length or running length. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 91+ for a process of metal casting to form a composite article. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 109+ for process of forming an article by uniting randomly associated particles and subclass 174 for a process of forming continuous or indefinite length work comprising a strand-like or filament-like preform. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   for a process of producing a metallic, alloy, or metal-containing composition in a solid or compact state from particulate material. 420,  Alloys or Metallic Compositions,   and see the notes thereto for the locus of other art relating to the shaping of powdered material. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 80.1+ for air felting to form a fibrous mat. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   subclasses 39+ for the residual home for a process of making a cigarette filter even if not constructed of sheet or web material.

419.2	Magnetically shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including permanently altering the dimensions of a magnetically responsive part beyond its elastic limit by means of a force effected by direct application of a magnetic field to that part. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 54+ for a process of deforming a metal part utilizing an energy field. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 466+ for a process of shaping molten metal utilizing magnetic force. 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   subclasses 155+ for a process of chemically treating a material using a magnetic field. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 427 for processes of producing and treating magnetic products or precursors by direct application of electrical or wave energy, subclass 437 for conveying or aligning particulate material by direct application of electrical or wave energy, and especially subclass 460 for forming articles by uniting randomly associated particles using direct application of electrical or wave energy. 335,  Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches, Magnets, and Electromagnets,   subclass 219 for a device of that class combined with a diverse-type art device. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 3 for shaping material of that class by magnetic force. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 547+ and 598+ for a process of coating utilizing a magnetic field.

421.1	Shaping by direct application of fluent pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including permanently altering the dimensions of a part beyond its elastic limit by means of a pressure differential effected by direct action of a flowable material which is in immediate contact with the part altered. (1) Note. Permanently altering the dimensions of a part requires stressing the part beyond its elastic limit thereby causing plastic deformation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 426.5+, for a process of disassembling one part from a plurality of associated parts by means of the application of pressure or impact. 446+, for a process of assembling using fluid pressure to temporarily elastically deform a member to facilitate assembly. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 54+ for a process of deforming a metal article by means of direct application of fluent material. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 500+ for a method of permanently shaping particulate or nonmetallic material by means of direct application of fluid pressure differential. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 331+ for a method of post-treating a coating or a coating material.

421.2	Explosively shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 421.1.  Process wherein the pressure differential is effected by an explosion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 56+ for shaping of metal by kinetic energy of a fluid or a field. 102,  Ammunition and Explosives,   subclasses 301+ for a process of blasting under the class definition. 148,  Metal Treatment,   appropriate subclasses for processes that combine use of significant heat treatment of metal as a separate step with metal deforming using an explosion to apply working pressure. Particularly, see Class 148, subclass 515 , and section III, A, of the Class 148 definition. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 107+ for a process of metallurgical bonding utilizing explosive energy. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 84 for a method of applying explosive force to make an article from particulate or nonmetallic material.

422	Shaping container end to encapsulate material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including inwardly deforming the walls of an extant end portion of an article containing or material containing receptacle to decrease the size of the end opening and thereby prevent escape of contents of the receptacle. (1) Note. In the patents here classified the "container" has a fixed, or more or less permanent, relationship with the material encapsulated rather than being merely a temporary or transient cover to form a package; for example, in this subclass may be found metal bottles for gas storage the claims reciting the association of the metal bottle with an absorbent material for holding the gases which association of metal cover and absorbent material is a permanent relationship. The mere association of the metal bottle with the contained gases only, however, is an example of the type of transient association that is not provided for in this class but may be found in other appropriate classes. See the Search Notes below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.52, for apparatus for assembling by overedge clamping by deforming an annular member. 511, for a process for joining parts in which one of the parts is a cup or tube and the process includes a step of necking in the cup or the tube wall at its end. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   for a process of encompassing, encasing, or completely surrounding goods or materials with a cover made from sheet material stock, or for placing contents in a preformed receptacle and closing. The processes of class (53) encase or encompass goods and materials with a cover made from sheet material stock which serves for identifying, protecting, or unit handling the goods or materials. The cover is usually removable from the contents when the latter is used; however, some exceptions are found to this removable cover, including, e.g., match books, capsules, and tea bags. Also see (1) Note above. 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   for a process of or device for filling receivers with fluent material and see the notes to the class definition of Class 141 for the locus of other art relating to filling, and see (1) Note, above.

423

Utilizing transitory attached element or associated separate material:

This subclass is indented under subclass 592.  Process including (1) provisionally assembling or associating a work part with a separate sacrificial part or material, (2) performing a manufacturing operation of treating or shaping on both assembled or associated parts or materials, and (3) subsequently discarding or destroying the sacrificial part or material. (1) Note. This subclass does not provide for the temporary association of a workpiece with a jig, fixture, tool, or other apparatus used in the manufacturing operation. Rather, the material of this subclass is in effect a part of the workpiece during the manufacturing operation and is usually deformed, distorted, or shaped along with the workpiece during the manufacturing operation. Search the appropriate subclasses, below, for the associations mentioned above. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17.5, for a process of making foil with pack formation or treatment including use of a transitory solid cover material. 17.9, for a process of making foil including use of a gransitory solid cover material, generally. 404, for a process of placing a part in an environment which is a simulation of that encountered in actual operation of the part, treating the part, and then removing the part for final assembly with other parts or for further treatment. 418, for a process involving the use of a transitory integral portion of a work piece as distinguished from these subclasses in which a separate transitory material is used. 425, for a process of associating parts, shaping them, and then disassociating and reassembling them in a different position. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 465+ for disclosure of a flexible tool used during deformation and subclasses 54+ when the tool is made of fluent material. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses