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Classification Resources
 

 [Search a list of Patent Appplications for class 159]   CLASS 159,CONCENTRATING EVAPORATORS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class relates to apparatus and processes, which are not more specifically provided for elsewhere, peculiar to the concentration of solids held in solution or suspension, by evaporation of the liquid containing them in solution or suspension, and the recovery of the concentrate. The concentration may be carried to the point of crystallization or to dryness.

SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION

(1) Note. Processes involving significant chemical changes are excluded.
(2) Note. Machines, processes, and treatments of a specialized character (e.g., heat treatments) directed to the preparation or purification of a particular substance, which are not simply a mode or means of concentrating by evaporation, of general application are excluded. However, processes and apparatus solely for concentrating by evaporation are here even though the particular material concentrated is specified.
(3) Note. Evaporating apparatus involving the recovery or treatment of the vapors evolved either as vapors or condensate (e.g., stills) is excluded. This does not exclude the recovery of heat in the vapors.

SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

This class is superior to Class 165, Heat Exchange, in that means for the transfer of heat for the specific purpose of concentration by evaporation is found here. This class is superior to Class 122, Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, in that means for vaporizing liquid for the specific purpose of concentration of attendant solids is found here. This class is superior to Class 261, Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus, in that means for contacting gas and liquid for the specific purpose of concentration by evaporation is found here. This class is differentiated from Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, in that the substance under treatment is initially in a liquid or fluent condition.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

23Chemistry: Physical Processes,   subclasses 295+ for processes involving purification of salt or separation of different salts, but where merely the evaporation and concentration of a saline solution with attendant crystallization is concerned, the patents are found here.
62Refrigeration,   subclasses 123+ and 532+ for separation of a constituent of a liquid mixture by refrigeration.
117Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   appropriate subclasses for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including use of or means including a concentrating evaporator.
126Stoves and Furnaces,   appropriate subclasses for open water heaters having no structure specially directed to the concentration of the solids in solution or suspension.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 198+ and 285+ for concentrating apparatus for that class.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 1.1]    1.1MISCELLANEOUS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter not provided for below or elsewhere.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 2.1]    2.1SUPERHEATING AND PRESSURE RELEASE:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus comprising a closed vessel adapted to heat a liquid, but to maintain sufficient ebullition in communication with a space of less pressure into which the heated liquid is discharged to cause evaporation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 40 for boilers in which liquid is flashed into steam.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 2.2]    2.2With extruder:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus having means to force or press out the material being concentrated.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 2.3]    2.3Multistage:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus functioning in plural operations.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 3]    3SPRAY TYPE:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus comprising means to spray a liquid in combination with a collecting chamber or receptacle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

202Distillation: Apparatus,   subclass 236 for a still having means for introducing the distilland in the form of a spray.
203Distillation: Processes, Separatory,   subclass 90 for a process of introducing the distilland into the vaporization zone in the form of a spray.
239Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,   appropriate subclasses for spraying devices, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.01]    4.01Gaseous current:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 3.  Apparatus provided with means for directing a gaseous current through the spray or spray chamber.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 359 and 576+ for processes and apparatus which employ a fluid current to move the material being worked upon.
62Refrigeration,   subclasses 74 and 347 for refrigeration processes in which the raw material is sprayed or dripped.
261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclasses 75+ for liquids sprayed into contact with gases.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 289 for concentrating evaporator specialized to chemistry in which hot gases, etc., are contacted with liquids.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.02]    4.02Combustion product gas:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus wherein the gaseous current is a product of a combustible gas.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.03]    4.03Antibridging:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus for preventing buildup of solids on the evaporator wall or the inlet or outlet of the same.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.04]    4.04Countercurrent:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus for providing a gas flow counter to that of the spray.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.05]    4.05Intermediate gas outlet or inlet:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus having either an inlet or outlet located approximately on the axial center of the evaporator.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.06]    4.06Bottom sprayer:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus wherein the sprayer is located on or near the bottom of the apparatus and the liquid is sprayed upwardly.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.07]    4.07Horizontal sprayer:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus with means spraying the liquid on an horizontal plane.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.08]    4.08Impinging jets:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus wherein the liquid is introduced in several jets which impinge each other.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.09]    4.09Multistaging:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus for carrying out the spraying in plural operations.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.1]    4.1Heat recovery:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus with means to recover heat.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.2]    4.2Spinning sprayer:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus wherein the sprayer rotates.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.3]    4.3Rotary drum with sprayer:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus with a revolving drum having spray means.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 4.4]    4.4Steam drying or atomizing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01.  Apparatus using steam to dry or atomize.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 5]    5FILM TYPE:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus especially designed to evaporate a liquid in film or thin layer form.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

118Coating Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses for apparatus for applying liquid coating material to work.
202Distillation: Apparatus,   subclass 236 for a still in which the distilland to be vaporized is in a thin film.
203Distillation: Processes, Separatory,   subclasses 72 and 89 for a process of introducing the distilland into the vaporization zone by spreading it in a thin film over a surface.
454Ventilation,   subclasses 110 , 157, 223, 291, 328, and 337 for air-moistening attachments for registers.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 6.1]    6.1Centrifugal:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Apparatus in which the liquid is maintained as a film on a supporting surface by means of centrifugal force.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

118Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 52+ for coating apparatus having means to centrifuge the work.
165Heat Exchange,   subclasses 86+ for a heat exchanger having a movable attempering surface.
261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclass 85 for gas and liquid contact apparatus comprising rotating hollow cylinders.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 6.2]    6.2Wiped film:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 6.1.  Apparatus wherein means contact the film adjacently to its flow.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 6.3]    6.3Horizontally:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 6.2.  Apparatus wherein means contact the film in a horizontal direction.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 7]    7Moving-film support:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Apparatus in which the film is spread or supported on a traveling surface for evaporation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses for driers of the endless carrier or rotary type.
165Heat Exchange,   subclasses 86+ for a movable heat exchange surface not specialized to the evaporation of liquid.
425Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 223 for a flake-forming apparatus comprising means for casting a film on a moving endless surface and a means to remove the hardened film as flakes.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 8]    8Gaseous current:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Apparatus in which a gaseous current is directed against or in proximity to the surface of the film on the moving support.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclass 80 for gas and liquid contact comprising endless belts.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 9.1]    9.1Rotary drum or disk:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 8.  Apparatus in which the moving support carrying the film is a rotary drum or disk.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclasses 83+ for contact devices having a rotary movement.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 9.2]    9.2Treated material inside drum:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 9.1.  Apparatus in which the rotary drum supports the film interior thereof.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 10]    10Exterior surface:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 9.1.  Apparatus in which the rotary drum or disk supports the film on its exterior surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclasses 91+ for rotating impellers arranged to dip in liquid to effect gas and liquid contact.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 11.1]    11.1Rotary drum or disk:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Apparatus in which the moving film support is a rotary drum or disk.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 108+ for apparatus including a hollow drum rotating about an axis through, over, by, or in which the material is carried to be treated, and subclass 173 for apparatus of the gravity-flow type with shelf to shelf or zigzag treated material flow in which there is a rotary shelf or stirrer.
165Heat Exchange,   subclasses 89+ for a heated or cooled rotary drum not specialized to evaporation.
492Roll or Roller,   appropriate subclasses for a roll, per se, not elsewhere provided for, and see the notes thereunder.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 11.2]    11.2Internal film:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 11.1.  Apparatus wherein the film contacts the internal surface of the drum or disk.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 11.3]    11.3Rotary disk:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 11.2.  Apparatus consisting of a revolving disk.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 12]    12Inclosing chamber:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 11.1.  Apparatus in which the traveling surface is enclosed in a chamber.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 13.1]    13.1Moving film:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Apparatus adapted to maintain the liquid to be concentrated in a moving film.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 39 for boilers in which liquid flows over the heating surface in a thin stream.
165Heat Exchange,   subclasses 115+ for a trickler-type heat exchanger of general utility.
261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclasses 75+ for devices for contact gases and liquids.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 13.2]    13.2Contacting tube:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 13.1.  Apparatus wherein the film comes in contact with a tube.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 13.3]    13.3Outside of tube:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 13.2.  Apparatus wherein the film contacts the outer portion of the tube.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 13.4]    13.4With gas wiping:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 13.1.  Apparatus having means for injected vapor or generated vapor to flow adjacent the film and relative thereto.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 14]    14Climbing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 13.1.  Apparatus in which the moving film ascends.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 34 for devices in which the fluid is indirectly heated by another separate fluid and including an internal separator.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 15]    15Zigzag:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 13.1.  Apparatus in which the film follows a zigzag path.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 165+ , particularly subclasses 171+ and 178 for apparatus of the gravity-flow type with shelf to shelf or zigzag treated material flow.
122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 355 for zigzag water tubes.
165Heat Exchange,   subclass 116 for a trickler of the shelf to shelf type of general utility.
261Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   subclasses 127+ for contact fluids heated through the medium of other fluids out of contact therewith, and subclasses 108+ for contact apparatus including stationary baffles over which liquid flows in contact with gases.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 16.1]    16.1GASEOUS BLAST OR CURRENT:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus designed to pass a current of air or moisture-absorbing gas over or through a body or liquid.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

62Refrigeration,   subclasses 304+ for a gas-liquid contact cooler cooling material out of contact with the contacting fluids.
126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 113 for air moisteners in connection with hot air furnaces.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 290 for concentrating apparatus specialized to chemistry with similar heating means.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 16.2]    16.2Submerged combustion:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 16.1.  Apparatus providing a burning operation under the liquid.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 16.3]    16.3Steam injection:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 16.1.  Apparatus wherein the blast or current is injected steam.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 17.1]    17.1MULTIPLE EFFECTS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus relating to a series of two or more vessels in communication, adapted to cause evaporation of their liquid content at unequal pressures. The communication may be either for the purpose of transmitting the vapors evolved in one vessel to the heating element of another operating at a different pressure, or for transmitting liquid material from one vessel to another operating at a different pressure for evaporation.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 17.2]    17.2Parallel fluid flow:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus wherein the fluids are in whole or in part introduced or removed from the system in parallel streams.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 17.3]    17.3Variant multistaging:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus wherein the evaporation varies in kind in the different stages.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 17.4]    17.4Contiguous evaporators:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus wherein evaporators share a common wall structure.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 18]    18Superimposed:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus in which the vessels are placed one above the other, so that the vapors evolved in the lower vessel will rise by gravity into contact with the bottom of the heating element of the next vessel above.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

13.1+,for superimposed films.
21,for combined open and closed pans.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 19]    19Combined closed and open:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus in which the liquid undergoing treatment is evaporated in both closed and open pans at unequal pressures.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

2.1+,for evaporators employing superheating and pressure release.
18,for superimposed multiple effect evaporators.
21,for combined open and closed pan evaporators.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 20.1]    20.1Variable or counterflow:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus in which the direction of flow from vessel to vessel of the liquid undergoing evaporation is not parallel to the flow of the evolved vapors or is variable with respect thereto, or the order of the pans in the series with respect to the flow of either vapor of liquid is variable.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 20.2]    20.2With effect switching means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 20.1.  Apparatus having means to shift the flow of the material treated.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 21]    21COMBINED CLOSED AND OPEN PANS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus in which the liquid undergoing treatment is evaporated in both closed and open pans at substantially equal pressure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

2.1+,for evaporators employing superheating and pressure release.
18,for superimposed multiple effect evaporators.
19,for combined open and closed pans in which the evaporation is at unequal pressure.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 22]    22CLOSED EVAPORATING CHAMBERS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Vessels provided with covers adapted to close the surface of the evaporating liquid from the atmosphere.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

62Refrigeration,   subclasses 100 , 169+, and 268+ for processes and apparatus utilizing vacuum to cool a product.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 198+ and 285+ for similar devices specialized to chemistry.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 23]    23Indirectly heated:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Vessel in which heat is conducted through the closed vessel to the liquid undergoing evaporation. The vessel is heated otherwise than by direct communication with a primary source of heat, such as a furnace.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 32+ for devices in which the fluid is indirectly heated by a separate fluid.
126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 378.1 for an open-top liquid heating vessel that may include a lid having a closed chamber or coiled pipe to confine or direct a liquid or steam used to heat the vessel.
165Heat Exchange,   appropriate subclasses for a vessel having heat exchange means.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 24.1]    24.1Regenerative:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 23.  Closed vessels in which the temperature of the vapors evolved by the evaporation is raised, and the vapors are employed to produce further evaporation.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 24.2]    24.2Heat recovery or regeneration:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1.  Apparatus having means capturing or using usually waster heat to preheat or reuse heat in the apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 24.3]    24.3Thermocompression:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 24.2.  Apparatus wherein the spent vapor is compressed by injector means employing high pressure steam as a motive agent and introducing the combined steam as a heating agent in the evaporator.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 25.1]    25.1Rotatable agitator or coil:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 23.  Closed vessels provided with a agitator or heating coil adapted to be rotated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

165Heat Exchange,   subclass 92 for a heat exchanger of general utility including an agitating or stirring coil.
366Agitating,   subclasses 279+ for rotating agitator in a fixed receptacle.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 25.2]    25.2Vertical axis agitator:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 25.1.  Apparatus wherein the agitator is rotated about a vertical axis.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 26.1]    26.1Heated tube:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 23.  Closed vessels comprising a tube or tubes of heat-conducting material heated on the exterior and through which the liquid undergoing evaporation is passed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

37,for steam-heated open pans.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 235.11+ for water tube boilers.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 26.2]    26.2Inclined:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 26.1.  Apparatus wherein the tube structure is located on an inclined plane.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 27.1]    27.1Vertical:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 26.1.  Closed vessels in which the liquid-containing heated tube or tubes are vertically arranged.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 332+ for water tube boilers in which the tubes are vertically arranged.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 27.2]    27.2Detached separator:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 27.1.  Apparatus having a separator detached from the main apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 27.3]    27.3Multieffect in one casing:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 27.1.  Apparatus wherein the fluid flows downwardly contrary to the material thermosphonic flow of the heated liquid.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 27.4]    27.4Downflow:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 27.1.  Apparatus wherein the fluid flows downwardly contrary to the material thermosphonic flow of the heated liquid.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 27.5]    27.5Floating calandria:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 27.1.  Apparatus wherein the heat exchanger is centrally disposed and the downcomer is the annulus between the heat exchanger and the casing.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.1]    28.1Heating elements:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 23.  Devices relating to the means for maintaining the heating medium separate from, but in heating contact with, the liquid or the surface of the liquid container.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 44.1+ for fire tube boilers.
165Heat Exchange,   appropriate subclasses, for the attemperator, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.2]    28.2Baffled:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 28.1.  Apparatus wherein the steam chest has obstructing means causing the heating medium to flow in a predetermined path among the tubes.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.3]    28.3Spur tubes:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 28.1.  Apparatus wherein the heat exchange tubes are closed at one end.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.4]    28.4Coils:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 28.1.  Apparatus wherein the heat exchange means is in the form of a coil.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.5]    28.5Tubular inserts:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 28.1.  Apparatus wherein the heat exchange means are space fillers in tubes for confining the liquid.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 28.6]    28.6Plate-type evaporator:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 28.1.  Apparatus wherein the heat exchange means is in the form of a plate-like evaporator.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 40 for boilers in which liquid is flashed into steam.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 29]    29Directly heated:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Closed vessels combined with a heat-producing means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   appropriate subclasses for boilers.
126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 344 through 363.1for a liquid heater that may include a kettle, a steam generator, stove pipe for use with a stove, a domestic water heater or boiler (e.g., kitchen boiler, range boiler, etc.) for use with a stove or furnace.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 129.1 for similar apparatus used in the production of soaps.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 30]    30Samplers:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Closed vessels in combination with means for withdrawing a small quantity of the liquid under evaporation for examination.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 863.81+ for a sampler designed to remove a sample from a closed container.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 31]    31Liquid traps or separators:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 22.  Closed vessels in combination with means for trapping and separating the entrained liquid from the vapors.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

96Gas Separation: Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses for apparatus for separating liquid from a gas, per se.
122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclass 34 for separators in liquid heaters and vaporizers.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 32]    32OPEN PANS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Vessels particularly designed for concentrating liquid material by evaporation and not provided with means to prevent access of the atmosphere to the surface of the liquid.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 373.1 through 390.1for an open-top liquid heating vessel that may include a lid.
210Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclasses 175+ for a heater or heat exchanger in combination with a separator.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 33]    33With rakes:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans in combination with means to scrape from the interior surface of the pan solids deposited thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

25.1+,for rotating scraper arms in closed pans.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

34Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 179+ for contact apparatus including a stationary receptacle or tube combined with an agitator or conveyor.
209Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclass 453 for rotary pans and stirrers.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 129+ and 245.1+ for non-coating crystallizer apparatus excluded from Class 159 and not provided for elsewhere.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 34]    34Tiltable, removable, or portable:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans so mounted or designed that they may be tilted in or readily removed from their supports or pans especially adapted for portage.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 349 for a liquid heating and tilting kettle furnace.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 35]    35Interposed liquid receptacle:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans provided with a liquid receptacle between them and a source of heat. The liquid receptacle contains a liquid other than that undergoing concentration.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

21,for combined open and closed pans.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 347 for a liquid heating kettle furnace having a horizontal combustion chamber or subclasses 377.1-392.1 for an open-top liquid heating vessel that may include a lid having a confining, directing, or shielding feature for a liquid or steam used to heat the vessel.
220Receptacles,   subclasses 573.4+ for double boilers.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 36]    36Steam and furnace heated:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans in which both steam and furnace are employed as heating agents.
(1) Note. Compare with this Class, subclasses 17.1 and 19, where the evaporation is effected at unequal pressure and the heating steam is evolved from the liquid undergoing evaporation.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 37]    37Steam heated:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans provided with heating elements adapted to be connected with a source of steam.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

26.1+,for closed evaporating chambers with heated tubes.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 38]    38Furnace heated:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 32.  Open pans combined with a furnace.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 345 for kettle furnaces.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 39]    39Liquid tubes in flue:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Open pans in which tubes are provided for communicating with the interior of the pan to circulate the liquid undergoing evaporation through the furnace or flue.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

26.1+,for closed evaporating chambers with heated tubes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 235.11+ and 406.1+ for water-tube structure and arrangement.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 40]    40Flues in pan:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Open pans in which conduits are provided communicating with the flue or combustion chamber for carrying the hot gases within the outside dimensions of the pan.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

28.1,for heating elements for closed pans.

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122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 44.1+ for heating-tube structure and arrangement.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 41]    41With dampers:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Open pans combined with furnaces and means to regulate or positively control the direction of flow of the hot gases about the pan.

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126Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 285+ for dampers generally.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 42]    42STRAINERS OR SKIMMERS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter combined with strainers or skimmers for removing or particularly designed to remove impurities from a liquid.

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210Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclasses 175+ for a heater or heat exchanger in combination with a separator, especially subclasses 184+.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 43.1]    43.1FLUID FEED OR DISCHARGE DEVICES:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter including means specifically designed for feeding liquid to, or discharging concentrate from, the liquid container or for feeding a heating fluid to, or discharging it from, the container.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 43.2]    43.2With alternating operating means:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 43.1.  Subject matter with means operating either or both of the feed or discharge devices successively in any arrangement.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 44]    44Automatic:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 43.1.  Subject matter in which the feed or discharge is automatically controlled.

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137Fluid Handling,   appropriate subclasses for fluid handling devices of general application, particularly subclasses 386+ for the control of liquid flow in response to changes in liquid level.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 45]    45APPARATUS FOR GRAINING AND SEPARATING CRYSTALS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus specifically designed for effecting crystallization by evaporation in combination with means for collecting the crystals and discharging them from the evaporator.

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25.1+,for rotating scraper arms.
33,for rakes or scrapers for graining and raking crystals from the bottom of open pans.

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117Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   appropriate subclasses for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including use of or means including a concentrating evaporator.
422Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 129+ or 245.1+ for non-coating crystallizer apparatus excluded from Class 159 and not provided for elsewhere.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 46]    46PRELIMINARY HEATERS AND HEAT ECONOMIZERS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus combined with or specifically designed for use in combination with means to effect a saving of heat.

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17.1+,for concentrating apparatus with multiple effects.

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122Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers,   subclasses 412+ for feed heaters for boilers generally.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 47.1]    47.1PROCESSES:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter relating to methods of concentration.

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23Chemistry: Physical Processes,   subclasses 295+ for processes of concentration by evaporation combined with significant crystallization.
127Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates,   subclasses 61+ for a concentration process peculiar to sugar.
210Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclasses 774+ for a process of separating combined with heating or cooling.
424Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   appropriate subclasses for a process for producing a concentrate composition of that class; e.g., concentrating animal extracts such as fish liver oils to obtain a vitamin composition, etc.
426Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   appropriate subclasses for a food working operation combined with the step concentrating.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 47.2]    47.2Involving urea:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.1.  Processes wherein an urea containing material is concentrated.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 47.3]    47.3Involving waste liquid:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.1.  Processes wherein a liquid by product is concentrated.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 48.1]    48.1Spraying:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.1.  Process in which the liquid to be concentrated is reduced to the form of a spray during concentration.

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203Distillation: Processes, Separatory,   subclass 90 for a separatory distillation process in which the distillant is introduced into the vaporization zone in the form of a spray.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 48.2]    48.2Producing liquid product:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 48.1.  Process for making a product which is liquid in its final form.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 49]    49Film:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 47.1.  Processes in which the liquid to be concentrated is spread in the form of a film or thin layer for evaporation.

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203Distillation: Processes, Separatory,   subclasses 72 and 89 for a separatory distillation process in which the distilland is spread on a surface in a thin film.
  

CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS

[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 900]    900USING VIBRATORY FORCE:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Art collection for encouraging positive circulatory motion.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 901]    901PROMOTING CIRCULATION:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Art collection for encouraging positive circulatory motion.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 902]    902USING NATURAL HEAT:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Art collection for using natural heat in any of its forms.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 903]    903Solar:
 Art collection under 902 wherein the sun furnishes heat.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 904]    904Floating solar still:
 Art collection under 903 in the form of solar still means.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 905]    905SEWAGE TREATMENT:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Art collection involving concentrating sewage.
  
[List of Patents for class 159 subclass 906]    906WICK:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Art collection involving use of a wick.