A. This class provides for apparatus and methods for photos:graphically
copying information from an original or carrier that is not classified
elsewhere, generally employing a concentrated source of light and
an image receiving medium with a photosensitive emulsion surface.
B. Various plural and composite types of copies are included
such as those involving plural projected images including multicolor
and duplex.
C. Copies selective at the operator"s choice are
also included where one original of a group of similar originals
may be selected for copying.
D. Certain combinations, subcombinations and perfecting features
are included such as with film developing or severing, with temperature
control, and with a viewing screen. Included also are subcombinations
which are peculiar to copies such as holders for the original or photosensitive
paper. The class also contains improvement in particular elements
of or their relationship to the copies when the elements are claimed
in combination with other photos:graphic copying structure. These improvements
may be in filters, shutters, gates, reflectors, lens mounts, condensers,
or means to convey the original.
E. Methods of copying are also provided for here where all
the steps are for copying a sheet film strip.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
PHOTOCOPYING APPARATUS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Xerographic copying methods and apparatus which utilize invisible
radiation, for infrared or thermal image document pattern copying
methods or apparatus, and methods and apparatus to expose by invisible
radiant energy a recording detector are classified elsewhere. Copying
structure or methods including specific chemical emulsions on the
photosensitive paper are classified elsewhere. Copying which includes
the use of a motion picture camera or a motion picture projector
is provided for elsewhere. However, this class, 355, has means
for copying motion picture film which does not include such motion
picture camera or projector. (See References to Other Classes,
below.)
PHOTOCOPYING APPARATUS COMBINED WITH OTHER STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFIED
ELSEWHERE
Patents which claim apparatus for photographing plural images
such as an object and a carrier (e.g., an identification card) are
classified elsewhere. Photocopying which includes forming a television
image where a detailed cathode-ray tube is claimed; where only a
nominal cathode-ray tube is set forth is classified elsewhere. The
combination of a detailed register with a broadly or specifically
claimed copier is classified elsewhere. (See References to Other
Classes, below.)
PHOTOCOPYING SUBCOMBINATIONS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Film advancing mechanisms where no more than a nominal optical
or photocopying element is claimed is classified elsewhere. Photographic
lights and projection lights, per se, are elsewhere. Sheet feeding
or delivering means where no specific optical or photographic structure
is set forth is classified elsewhere. Lenses, reflectors, and optical
filters are provided for elsewhere.
Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, especially
subclasses 52+ for film advancing means in a copier where no more
than one optical element is claimed and where no detailed optics
is recited. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class,
"Photocopying Subcombinations Classified Elsewhere," above.)
Registers, for the combination of a detailed register with
a broadly or specifically claimed copier. See the first paragraph
of the Class 235 definitions. (Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class "Photocopying Apparatus Combined With Other Structure
and Classified Elsewhere.")
Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
subclasses 324+ for unwinding and rewinding a machine convertible
information carrier; e.g., an image film, with no more than a typical
relationship between an optical system and the unwinding/rewinding,
and subclasses 520+ for convolute winding of an elongated
material of general use.
Radiant Energy,
subclass 315.3 provides for xerographic copying methods and apparatus which
utilize invisible radiation, subclass 317.1 provides for infrared
or thermal image document pattern copying methods or apparatus, and
subclasses 580+ for methods and apparatus to expose by
invisible radiant energy a recording detector. (Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Class, "Photocopying Apparatus Classified
Elsewhere").
Recorders, for patents which claim apparatus for photographing
plural images such as an object and a carrier (e.g., an identification card).
(Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class "Photocopying Apparatus
Combined With Other Structure and Classified Elsewhere").
Incremental Printing of Symbolic Information,
subclasses 112+ for electrostatic marking, subclasses 224+ for
light or beam marking apparatus or processes.
Optics: Motion Pictures, for photocopying apparatus and methods involving
a motion picture camera or motion picture projector. (Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class "Photocopying Apparatus Classified
Elsewhere").
Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing,
subclasses 1.1 through 1.18for data processing for static presentation on
fixed medium (e.g., for printer.)
Optical: Systems and Elements, for lenses in
subclasses 642+ , reflectors in subclasses 838+ and optical
filters in subclasses 885+. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Photocopying Subcombinations Classified
Elsewhere," above.)
Illumination,
subclass 3 and 257 for photographic and projection light source
subcombinations which may include condenser lenses having no other
photocopying structure. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class, "Photocopying Subcombinations Classified Elsewhere,"
above.)
Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording
or Reproducing,
subclass 30 , 42+, and 128+ for photographic
television recording apparatus, particularly subclass 130 for such apparatus
having cathode-ray tube. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class, "Photocopying Apparatus Combined With Other Structure
and Classified Elsewhere.")
Photography, appropriate subclasses and particularly
subclasses 322+ for patents which claim apparatus for photographing
plural images such as an object and a carrier (e.g., an identification
card) and subclasses 429+ for a nominal or broadly recited
cathode-ray tube upon which a television image of an original is formed
and then photographed. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class, "Photocopying Apparatus Combined With Other Structure and
Classified Elsewhere")
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof, for copying structure or methods including specific
chemical emulsions on photosensitive paper. (Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class "Photocopying Apparatus Classified Elsewhere").
Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document,
Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing,
subclasses 200 through 277for document processing performed by a computer
for presentation, and subclasses 700-866 for operator interface
processing.
SECTION IV - GLOSSARY
CARRIER
(a) The element that contains the original image to be imaged
onto a receiver. The carrier is commonly a photographic negative,
but may be a positive, a document, a book page, etc.; and (b) a
substance in electrophotos:graphic developer which conveys a toner
material to a copy substrate but which does not, itself, become
a part of the developed copy.
CONCENTRATED LIGHT SOURCE
The source of illumination for the copier. It is usually
a projection lamp but may be a lens or mirror system utilizing sunlight.
CONDENSING LENS
A lens or combination of lenses used to gather light from
a source and converge (condense) it onto an image plane.
COPYING CAMERA OR PROJECTION PRINTER
Apparatus for projecting an image of an original, by passing
light through or around the original or reflecting light from the
original, onto a photosensitive recording surface for the purpose
of making a copy of the original. The image is usually enlarged
or reduced in size with reference to the original. A copying camera
or projection printer generally includes (1) a concentrated light source
from either an artificial or natural emanation, (2) a condensing
lens or other light paralleling element, (3) a holding or positioning
device for the original, (4) a projection objective or projection
lens system for directing light after it passes through or is reflected
from the original to form an image, (5) a holder for the photosensitive
medium which receives the image, and (6) opaque structure to keep
unwanted light from reaching the photosensitive medium. The cameras
or projectors in this class utilize artificial or natural light
within the visible spectrum. The original to be projected is planar
in nature with the plane extending transverse to the direction of
projection, and may be transparent or opaque. The planar original
is usually in the form of flexible film and may be caused to take
a curved form in the original holder or film gate. In operation
the original is positioned outside one focal plane of the projection
lens system and an image is formed on a photosensitive medium outside
the opposite focal plane of the projection lens system. The closer
the original is to one focal plane the farther the image will be
from the other focal plane, and the bigger the image will be. In
the camera or projector, the relative positioning of the object
is usually obtained by moving the projection lens system and adjusting
its focal length rather than by changing the position of the original.
FILM STRIP
An indeterminate length of film having either a plurality of
images thereon or enough space for a plurality of images.
IMAGE
The representation of an object (original or carrier)
produced by the transmission or reflection of light incident upon
the original or carrier.
IMAGE, LATENT
The invisible image produced by the action of light alone
or with other electrostatic charge producing means on, or in, a
photoreceptor. A latent image may be made visible by development.
LIGHT SOURCE
The source of illumination for the copier. It includes
filters, reflectors, screens and other light modifiers used to affect
the spectral distribution, spatial distribution and intensity of
the illumination.
MACHINE
A complete unit in itself for imaging an original or
carrier onto a receiver. It may also include means for developing,
transferring and fixing the image, as well as means for handling
the record carrier on which the image is fixed.
MASTER
(a) The negative or positive original from which reproductions
are made; (b) a microform copy which is used for the production
of copies; or (c) a copy from which additional reproductions are
made.
NEGATIVE
A visible image on a copy material in which the dark portions
of an original appear light and the light portions appear dark.
ORIGINAL
Any object from which a copy is made by forming an image
thereof on a photoreceptor.
PHOTORECEPTOR
A medium which changes its chemical or mechanical properties
when exposed to light. This term includes photosensitive members,
etc.
PLATEN
A flat or curved piece of rigid material on or against which
an original is placed for imaging the original onto a photoreceptor.
PROJECTION OBJECTIVE OR PROJECTION LENS SYSTEM
A lens or lens systems used to optically form an image of
an original onto a sensitized surface, viewing screen, or other
image plane with or without magnification or reduction of the original
in the image plane.
PROJECTION PRINTER
See Copying Camera, defined herein.
RECEIVER
The light sensitive element onto which the image from the
carrier is recorded.
TONER
A material, e.g., finely divided (usually thermoplastic) powder,
or pigmented polymer particles, an ink, or magnetic particles, used
in electrostatic processes to make visible a latent image and which
is treated, e.g., fused, dried, etc., to render the image permanent.
It may include or exclude a carrier element.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the coping device includes one or
more transparent elongated structures (e.g., fibers, rods, or pipes)
to transmit light rays from one point to another (usually from the
original to the photosensitive medium) by internal reflections or
modal transmission.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the device is adapted to produce
precision photographic copies of a master hologram, seismogram, graph
or scale; the master being on a sheet or strip of paper or film.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for copying by image projection
or contact printing. However, where a mechanical means controls
structure to project a mere spot or line of light on a light sensitive
material the device is classified in Class 396, Photography, subclass
548. Subclasses 429+ in Class 396 provide for a camera combined
with a diverse art device.
Photography,
subclass 548 for means to project a mere spot or line of light on
a light sensitive material and subclasses 429+ for a camera
combined with a diverse art device.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including an apparatus or a method for projecting
an image of an original, by passing light through or around the original
or reflecting light from the original, on a photosensitive recording
surface for the purpose of making a copy of the original; the image
is usually enlarged or reduced in size with respect to the original
and the apparatus contains a projection lens or lens system for forming
the image.
(1)
Note. See the Glossary in Class Definition of this class
(355) for further explanation of how a Copying Camera or Projection
Printer operates.
for means to photocopy an original where the original
and photosensitive paper are spaced apart (i.e., not contact printing)
but where there is no lens between them.
Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, especially
subclasses 52+ for film advancing means in a copy camera where
no more than one optical of photocopying element is claimed and where
no detailed optical or photocopying element is recited.
Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
subclasses 324+ for unwinding and rewinding a machine convertible information
carrier; e.g., an image film, with no more than a typical relationship
between an optical system and the unwinding/rewinding,
and subclasses 520+ for convolute winding of an elongated
material of general use.
Radiant Energy,
subclass 317.1 for document copies using infrared or thermal patterns
of the document on a copy paper, and subclasses 580+ for methods
and apparatus to expose a recording detector to invisible radiation
patterns generally.
Illumination,
subclasses 3 and 257 for photographic and projection light source
subcombinations, which may include condenser lenses having no other
projection printing structure.
Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording
or Reproducing,
subclasses 42+ and 130 for a photographic recorder in combination
with detailed television means for first transmitting an image of
the original to the surface of a cathode-ray tube and then photographing
the image.
Photography, appropriate subclasses and particularly
subclasses 322+ for plural image recording and subclasses 429+ for
a nominal or broadly recited cathode-ray tube upon which a television
image of an original is formed and then photographed.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for photocopying involving
chemical process or materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter in combination with means to copy film or
sheets by contact printing or wherein parts are relatively movable
or interchangeable to convert the projection printer to a contact
printer.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for mere subcombinations,
such as means to control light intensity, which are useful in both
projection and contact printing. Patents of this type are classified
in the appropriate projection printing subclasses below.
(2)
Note. This subclass does not provide for patents which set
forth a projection and a contact printing species. Such patents are
classified in the appropriate projection printing subclass below
and cross referenced in the appropriate contact printing subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including a cathode-ray tube for illuminating
the original to be copied.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a copier with a cathode-ray
tube for illumination. Class 386, Television Signal Processing for
Dynamic Recording or Reproducing, subclasses 30, 42+, and
130 provide for photographic television recording or reproducing
apparatus having cathode-ray tube. Class 396, Photography, subclasses
429+ provide for a nominal or broadly recited cathode-ray
tube upon which a television image of an original is formed and
then photographed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the device has a handle or is collapsible
into a compact unit for carrying by a person.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the device is adapted to copy pairs
of individual picture elements having separate perspectives corresponding
to the perspectives offered by the right and left eyes of a viewer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the device is particularly adapted
for copying the obverse side and the reverse side of the original
strip, page, or sheet.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Subject matter wherein the device includes a plurality of
optical paths for simultaneously copying the obverse and the reverse
sides of the original on either one or on a plurality of photosensitive
sheets or strips.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Subject matter wherein the copier is adapted to copy information
from the pages of books and usually includes means to hold the pages
flat during photographing thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the device is particularly adapted
to photograph complete pictures on the obverse side and the reverse
side of photos:graphic paper which is light sensitive on both sides.
(1)
Note. The pictures on the two sides must be complete in themselves
and not cooperate with each other to form a composite picture as
may be true in some of the patents in subclasses 32+ below.
(2)
Note. The picture images may be focused on the two sides
of the paper either simultaneously or successively and the picture
on the reverse side may be either the same or different from the picture
on the obverse side.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to develop the exposed photosensitive
film, usually by immersing it in a solution which chemically reacts
therewith to form a visible image of the original on the film.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to heat, cool, or ventilate
any part of the projection or photographing system; or including
means to prevent moisture, dust or other foreign matter from coming
in contact with the projection or photographing system or including
means to remove such foreign matter from the projection or photographing
system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the copying device is especially
adapted to copy a sound record which is on an original document
or film onto photosensitive material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to copy a composite picture
which is made up of a set of pictures wherein the color of each
picture of the set is different from the color of the other picture
of the set and wherein each picture of the set is copied on separate
portions of a film or wherein the pictures are copied on an emulsion having
parts which are sensitive only to certain wave lengths of light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including detailed structure for limiting
the size or shape of the aperture of the optical system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter wherein the intensity of the light reaching
the light sensitive paper is variable, wherein the time interval
during which light reaches the photosensitive paper is variable, wherein
the contrast of relative brightness of a portion of the picture
or margin is regulated in accordance with other portions, or wherein
the relative brightness of the various colors (color balance) is
controlled.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for copiers having a claimed
shutter, adjustable diaphragm, diffraction grating, multicolor filter,
variable or neutral density filter, a filter selectively placed
in the light path, and means to vary the length of time a filter
is in the light path. The subclass does not include a copier having
a mere stationary color filter or unadjustable diaphragm but is
in parent subclass 32 above.
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Subject matter including an intermittently energized electromagnet
which may be termed a solenoid or electrical relay.
(1)
Note. The electromagnet usually is employed to move a shutter
into and out of the optical path but it may be employed for other
purposes in the copy device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Subject matter wherein the apparatus includes a plurality
of light sources for simultaneous or separate use.
(1)
Note. One of the light sources may be spaced from the projector
or copier.
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Subject matter including a photocell or photomultiplier
tube and related electrical circuitry to detect the intensity of
light in some part of the optical path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to photos:graphically record
a title or legend on a sheet, slide, or film strip either simultaneously with
or at a different time from the recording of the major subject matter.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a nominally claimed still
camera in combination with means to record a title or legend on
the film in the camera. However, a claimed motion picture camera
in combination with titling means is provided for in Class 352,
Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 90. This subclass 39 does provide
for apparatus designed to record a title on a motion picture film where
said apparatus is neither a motion picture camera nor projector.
(2)
Note. This subclass provides for means to record titles,
legends, or inscriptions on film. Subclasses 40+ below
has devices for designating or identifying film by numbers or codes
rather than by using words.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to make film strip or sheets
identifiable by photographing codes, numbers, or symbols thereon;
or including means to photograph a plurality of original parts in
superposed or in side by side relationship so that each part contributes
a composite photograph; or including means to select or copy certain
data from a group of such data.
Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording
or Reproducing,
subclasses 30 , 42+, and 128+ for photographic
television recording apparatus, particularly subclass 130 for such apparatus
having cathode-ray tube.
Photography,
subclasses 322+ for a camera used to photograph plural images on
a photosensitive paper and subclasses 549+ for phototypographs which
include means to select letters to form words and sentences.
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter including an intermittently energized electromagnet
which may be termed a solenoid or electrical relay.
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the object to be copied and the photographic paper to direct
light along the optical path.
(1)
Note. For other projection copiers utilizing reflectors in
this class, see the subclasses listed under SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS
in subclass 66.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including a sheet which is adapted to render
an image of an object which is projected thereon visible for the
purpose of photographing the image on the sheet, previewing the
image on the sheet which is identical to one that will be projected
on a photosensitive paper, or focusing the optical system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 44. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the object and the photographic paper or the screen to direct
light to the screen or to the photosensitive paper.
(1)
Note. For other projection copiers utilizing reflectors in
this class, see the subclasses listed under SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS
in subclass 66.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including a plurality of copiers or a plurality
of projection paths for projecting images on photosensitive surfaces
or on different areas of a single photosensitive surface.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes apparatus having a beam splitter
or a plurality of objective lenses for making plural projection
paths from a single projection path for projecting images to photosensitive
film. However, apparatus including a beam splitter for directing
some light to a photocell are in subclass 68 below.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the original or the photographic
paper is in a curved position in the optical path during copying.
(1)
Note. Many of the patents in this subclass relate to distortion
introducing or rectifying.
Optics: Image Projectors,
subclasses 5+ and 69+ for image projectors having distortion
compensating or rectifying means, some of which projectors are for
transferring images to or from a curved surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter wherein the original moves continuously while
an image is being projected therefrom to the photosensitive paper.
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the object to be copied and the photosensitive paper to
direct light along the optical path to the photosensitive paper.
(1)
Note. For other projection copiers utilizing reflector means
see the subclasses listed under SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS in subclass
66.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter wherein the original moves continuously while
an image is being projected therefrom to the photosensitive paper.
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Subject matter including a mirror or reflecting prism positioned
between the object to be copied and the photosensitive paper to
direct light along the optical path to the photosensitive paper.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Subject matter including means to distort the image transferred
to the photosensitive paper, such as magnifying or reducing the
image in one direction more than in the other, or including means
to correct or compensate for distortion present in the original
which is to be copied, such as when the original was taken from
an airplane which was at an angle to the earth.
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