The scope of the subclass G01N is so broad that a detailed description of the subject matter appropriate for this place is correctly possible only at the main-group level, e.g. G01N 21/00.

Provisions that are valid at a general level (e.g. of a kind appropriate to more than one of the main groups) are provided in the sections that follow.

The user is otherwise referred to the IPC definitions for the individual main groups of G01N which follow hereinafter. The following list is intended to assist the user.

Investigating or analysing with emphasis to the properties investigated:

Investigating or analysing with emphasis to the methods or means used

Others

To further support the user in consulting the main groups of this subclass, the following table summarizes the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum together with the relevant main group of this subclass.

Gamma ray < 0.02 nm > 15 EHz > 62.1 keV G01N 23/00

X-ray 0.01 nm–10 nm 30 EHz–30 PHz 124 keV–24 eV G01N 23/00

Extreme Ultraviolet 10 nm–100 nm 30 PHz–3 PHz 124 eV–12.4 eV G01N 23/00

Ultraviolet 100 nm–390 nm 3 PHz–770 THz 12.4 eV–3.2 eV G01N 21/00

Visible light 390 nm–750 nm 770 THz–400 THz 3.2 eV–1.7 eV G01N 21/00

Infrared 750 nm–1mm 400 THz–300 GHz 1.7 eV–1.24 meV G01N 21/00

Sub-millimetre wave (i.e. terahertz wave; waveband within Infrared) 100 µm–1 mm 3 THz–300 GHz 12.4 meV–1.24 meV G01N 21/00

Millimetre wave (waveband within Microwave) 1 mm – 10 mm 300 GHz–30 GHz 1.24 meV–124 µeV G01N 22/00

Microwave 1 mm – 1 m 300 GHz–300 MHz 1.24 meV–1.24 µeV G01N 22/00

Radio 1 m–100 km 300 MHz–3 kHz 1.24 µeV–12.4 peV G01N 22/00

Apparatus fully provided for in a single other subclass, see the relevant subclass, e.g. chemical or physical apparatus for general laboratory use, which is covered by B01L.

Analysis as an integrated step of a process should be classified with the process, insofar as the process is fully provided for in another subclass. For example, analysis of water as integrated step of water treatment process is classified in subclass C02F.

Sensing humidity changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in humidity, see G01D or the relevant subclass for the variable measured.

Testing or determining the properties of structures, e.g. apparatus, machine parts etc, is classified in the relevant subclass for the structure being tested, as opposed to investigating, i.e. testing or determining (see Glossary), the properties of material samples, which is classified in this subclass. In this regard, G01M is the residual place for classifying testing of structures not covered elsewhere.

The subject-matter indicated by its two main subdivisions G01N 1/02 (withdrawing) and G01N 1/28 (preparing):

G01N 1/02: Devices for withdrawing samples of material. Samples may be taken from e.g. bulk material, from flowing streams, or from collections of discrete items. The related methods, although not explicitly mentioned are also classified under G01N 1/02.

G01N 1/28: Preparing specimens for investigation, and related apparatus.

G01N 1/00 is limited to the withdrawal of samples under G01N 1/02 and the preparation of the samples under G01N 1/28. Further handling of the sample, such as the introduction of the sample into the analyser is covered either by the groups relevant to the specific analysers (e.g. H10N 15/00 or G01N 23/00 for electron microscopy) or by G01N 35/00(automated analysers).

Withdrawal is essential for the classification under G01N 1/02 (see definition of the sample in the subclass G01N): if the analysis of materials is performed directly on the bulk material without separation, for example by a probe placed within a flow, the document is classified in the relevant sub-class (e.g. G01N 21/00 if the analysis is made by optical means) but not under G01N 1/02

In many cases the subject-matter lies between G01N 1/00 and other groups within or outside G01N: the withdrawal of samples (G01N 1/02 and sub-groups) is often linked to the analysis of a specific material (G01N 33/00), to a specific analysis technique (e.g. G01N 21/00, H01H 37/00, H01J 49/00) or/and to the specific process (e.g. any manufacturing process for which relevant classes are defined); the preparation of samples (G01N 1/28 and sub-groups) uses physical processes and apparatuses classified as such in other sections of the classification (e.g separation techniques classified in B01D, B03, B04, B07). In all those cases, the documents should be circulated for classification to all relevant sections of the classification, as multiple classification facilitates retrieval of documents by intersection of groups:

for example US2007284523 is classified in B01D 59/44 (isotope separation) G01N 1/405 (concentration of samples by adsorption or absorption) and H01J 49/0468 (introduction of samples in mass spectrometers).

In case a specific group exists under G01N 1/02 (withdrawal of samples) it takes precedence over the corresponding preparation technique under G01N 1/28: e.g. G01N 1/2202 takes precedence over G01N 1/40.

In case two or more groups of the same hierarchical level are essential to the subject-matter of a document, it is classified in all these groups:

for example, WO2008015030 is classified in both G01N 1/2214 (separation of components by sorption during sampling) and G01N 1/2273 (sampling of atmosphere).

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 1/00 mirrors the G01N 1/00 scheme with additional subdivisions. This G01N 1/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme should be used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N 1/00:

for example WO2008015030 is given the code G01N 2001/2276 (more specific information added to G01N 1/2273: the atmospheric sampler can be worn by the user).

When a corresponding G01N group exists, a code G01N is given instead of the class when it covers a secondary aspect of the document:

for example EP0510951 is given the code G01N 1/14 (a liquid sample is withdrawn by a pump) in addition to the group G01N 1/405 (concentrating by sorption).

The purification (G01N 1/34) and the concentration (G01N 1/40) of a sample use similar separation techniques: in order not to duplicate sub-groups and codes, only G01N 1/40 and G01N 1/40 are subdivided. G01N 1/34 is used only when the preparation is explicitly presented as a purification of the sample (purification of nucleic acids being classified in C12N) and the Indexing Code scheme G01N 1/40 is used for specifying the technique used for documents classified in G01N 1/34.

Methods of investigations of strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress as well as the testing apparatus and sample holders used in such investigations.

Application of mechanical stress can be global, e.g. tensile testing, local, i.e. applied at particular points of the sample, e.g. hardness testing, resistance to wear and abrasion. The force can be static, dynamic or impulsive. It includes stressing under but also beyond the elastic limit, e.g. until breaking occur. The force is usually applied by mechanical means, but can result from non-mechanical forces, e.g. rapid heat changes, but in any case, a stress has to be applied.

Since G01N 3/00 refers to strength properties by application of stress below and above the elastic limit, it may include plastic or flow behaviour, although plasticity and flow properties fall under G01N 11/00: a document is classified in G01N 3/00 rather than G01N 11/00, if the material investigated is considered as a solid rather than a fluid or a fluent material (see definition in Glossary)) and the method of testing corresponds to a specific group in G01N 3/00: For example, US5187987 relates to tests of mechanical properties of visco- elastic materials, having some elasticity and slow flow or creep, and uses bending tests. It is classified in G01N 3/20.

G01N 3/00 may overlap with G01N 19/00(investigations of materials by mechanical methods): For example: Resistance to wear is classified under G01N 3/56, but the investigation of friction by mechanical means is classified under G01N 19/02.

The investigation of strength using steady shearing forces is classified under G01N 3/24, but the investigation of adhesion by mechanical means is classified under G01N 19/04.

As indicated in the definition of the sub-class G01N, the testing of structures is classified in the relevant subclass for the structure being tested. G01M is the residual place for classifying testing of structures not covered elsewhere.

For investigation by computer-aided simulation without physical application of mechanical stress, e.g. by finite elements methods see G06F.

Strength properties can be investigated at a microscopic scale (e.g. microbending , microindentation ) under the scope of G01N 3/00(code G01N 2203/0286 : miniaturised specimen; testing on microregions of a specimen); Nevertheless, investigation at atomic, molecular or cellular level will not always be covered by G01N 3/00 and other areas of the classification have to be considered such as G01Q, B81, B82, C12, specially when the investigation of the strength property is integrated in a process covered by those other areas. For example WO2008105919 is classified in G01Q 60/00(the measurement is made by atomic force microscopy) and C12N 5/00(the analysis is integrated in a general process of cultivation or maintenance of animal and human cells).

In the above examples, and more generally when the subject-matter lies between G01N 3/00 and other groups within or outside G01N, the documents should be circulated for classification to all possible relevant sections of the classification, as multiple classification facilitates retrieval of documents by intersection of groups, For example, US2005223812 is classified in G01N 3/00(investigation of strength) and in G01M 5/00(elasticity of structures); WO2008105919 (see above) is classified in G01Q and C12N but has also G01N 3/00 codes describing the mechanical stress applied to the cells.

In case two or more groups of the same hierarchical level are essential to the subject-matter of a document, it is classified in all these groups:

The G01N 3/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme should be used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N 3/00: US2005223812 is classified in G01N 3/06 (recording means in investigation of strength) with the codes G01N 3/066 (electrical sensing: more specific information than G01N 3/06), G01N 2203/0062 (detection of cracks: additional information) and G01N 35/00871 (communications with remote terminals); US5187987,classified in G01N 3/20 (see above, relationship between large subject-matter areas) is given the code G01N 11/00 (flow properties).

Analysing materials by weighing.

Analysing materials by absorbing or adsorbing components of a material and determining change of weight of the adsorbent, e.g. for determining moisture content.

Analysing materials by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder.

G01N 5/00 is limited to analysing materials by weighing, e.g. small particles separated from a gas or a liquid. Typically the materials being analysed will be loose materials, like powders or seeds, or dispersed materials like dusts, though the group is not limited to these materials.

Four subgroups are allocated under the main group, according to the aspects of either absorbing/adsorbing material (G01N 5/02) or removing material (G01N 5/04) and measuring the related change of weight. Under each of these subgroups another subgroup for determining moisture content is allocated.

An Indexing Code scheme has been developed in G01N 5/00 in parallel to the structure of the main group and mirrors it, which should be used for documents with the core of the invention outside G01N 5/00 and being classified there, but covering some specific aspects of a group or subgroup of G01N 5/00.

Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour, like:

Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour by the use of other means than those mentioned above.

The analyses where a property of a material such as the concentration of a given component is measured by the value of the pressure or volume or its change when the material is subject to a process such as absorption, adsorption, combustion, diffusion, evaporation

G01N 7/00 does not cover the measurement of the volume or pressure made to ensure that the analysis takes place at a defined pressure or volume, to regulate the pressure or volume or to correct a measurement because of deviation from a standard value of pressure or volume. In this case there is usually another relevant class in G01N, or/and in G05 such as G05D 16/00 when the control of pressure is an essential subject-matter.

for example,

US2005191453 is classified in G01N 7/00 as the property investigated (shelf-life of a packaged material) is evaluated from the pressure decay in the package.

EP1391714 is not classified in G01N 7/00 as the property investigated (the mass of particulate collected on a filter) is evaluated by gravimetry (G01N 5/00), the monitoring of pressure being used for correcting the gravimetric measurement.

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 7/00 mirrors the G01N 7/00 scheme. This G01N 7/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme is used for additional information.

A code G01N 7/00 is given instead of the class, when it only covers an additional aspect of the document.

The measurement of density or specific gravity (see Glossary) by direct methods, like the weight of known volume of material, the application of Archimedes' principle or the measurement of hydrostatic pressure.

The determination of density or specific gravity from a related property of the material, e.g. by using flow properties, by submitting the liquid to vibrations or by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material.

The investigation of other properties of the material by determining its density.

This group covers devices as well as methods.

The materials being investigated can be solid, fluent solids or fluids.

Further details of subgroups: G01N 9/36 refers to the use of density for determining other properties. This group is often combined with the other groups of G01N 9/00 to specify the method used for determining the density.

The measurement of density of fluids is often combined with measurement of flow properties classified in G01N 11/00 as well as with measurement of mass or volume flow classified in G01F. For example, US3839914 is classified in G01N 9/26, in G01N 11/08 and in G01F 1/206.

G01N 9/24 refers to the transmission of wave or particle radiation. Other main groups of G01N are often relevant for specifying which wave or radiation is used: for example, EP2251669 is classified both in G01N 9/24 (investigating density) and to G01N 23/16 (use of X-ray radiation on a moving sheet)

As G01N 9/36 refers to the use of density for determining other properties. this group is often combined with other groups outside G01N 9/00 for specifying which properties are determined:

for example, EP2251669 is classified in G01N 9/36 (density measured for identifying a material), in G01N 9/12 (density measured by observing depth of immersion) and in A61M 16/104 (respiratory systems for patients).

In all cases mentioned above, the documents should be circulated for classification to all relevant sections of the classification, as multiple classification facilitates retrieval of documents by intersection of groups.

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 9/00 mirrors the G01N 9/00 scheme with additional subdivisions. This G01N 9/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme is used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N:

for example DE4013246 is given the code G01N 2009/024 (more specific information added to G01N 9/02: the volume is known from the size of a container) and G01N 2001/2021 (additional information: sampling from a fluid falling under gravity).

This main group covers devices as well as methods related to:

Investigating or analysing flow properties of materials, like: viscosity, or its reciprocal fluidity; plasticity; yield stress.

Analysing materials by determining flow properties.

The material investigated has to behave as a fluid or a fluent material, rather than as a solid, meaning that it cannot be submitted to tests as defined under G01N 3/00 such as tensile tests, bending tests or indentation tests.

G01N 11/00 refers to the investigation of flow properties and mentions plasticity, but plastic or flow behaviour is also present when investigating strength properties by application of stress below and above the elastic limit, as in G01N 3/00: investigation of viscosity is always classified in G01N 11/00, and for other properties a document is classified in G01N 11/00 rather than G01N 3/00 if the material investigated is considered as a fluid or a fluent material rather than a solid or when the method used does not fall under the methods enumerated under G01N 3/00. In border line cases such as documents relating to curing, a double classification is done, with double classification G01N 11/00-G01N 3/00, G01N 11/00-G01N 3/00 or G01N 3/00-G01N 11/00. For example, US6523397 is classified in G01N 11/142 (parallel plate rotating viscometer) with G01N 3/00 codes indicating shearing forces and investigation of curing and viscoelastic properties.

In case two or more groups under G01N 11/00 are essential to the subject-matter of a document, it is classified in all these groups. Example GB2400918 is classified in G01N 11/14 and G01N 11/162 as it mentions explicitly both rotation in a single direction and oscillating rotation.

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 11/00 mirrors the G01N 11/00 scheme with additional subdivisions. This G01N 11/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme is used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N: for example GB2400918 (also mentioned above) is classified in G01N 11/14 (moving a rotary body). It has the code G01N 2011/0046 (additional information: the test is done during a mixing process) and the code G01N 2011/147 (more specific information: the rotation uses magnetic coupling).Documents are classified in G01N 11/162 when the rotation is oscillatory, and in G01N 11/14 when there is a single direction of rotation.

Investigating properties of interfaces between solids and fluids or between different fluids, like surface tension, wetting power, contact angle, skin friction; osmosis; diffusion; dissolution of tablets; foam stability.

G01N 13/00 does cover surface effects and does not cover the properties of solid surfaces per se such as roughness (G01B), surface defects (see relevant technique, e.g. G01N 21/892 or the investigation made using scanning probe techniques (G01Q)

Equally, G01N 13/00 does not cover the measurement of porosity or surface area of porous materials (G01N 15/08).

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 13/00 mirrors the G01N 13/00 scheme with additional subdivisions. This G01N 13/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme is used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N. For example: US2009165578 is classified in G01N 13/00. The code G01N 2013/006 specifying that it relates to dissolution of tablets, and the group G01N 33/15 specifying that it relates to a medicinal product.

The investigation of free particles or cells, i.e. particles or cells that are able to freely move or removably sit on a surface for analytical purposes, or particles or cells which do not form part of a biological tissue.

The investigation of permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials.

An indexing code scheme was developed in parallel to the structure of the group and mirrors it, apart from finer subdivisions for the purpose of classifying additional (secondary) aspects. Documents with the invention outside G01N 15/00, but covering some specific aspects of a group or subgroup of G01N 15/00, should only obtain an indexing code in G01N 15/00, with their classification as invention in other subclasses.

In general, subgroups of this place are further subdivided into subgroups according to the method of investigation used, e.g., optical, electrical or mechanical/inertia. Usually the most specific (sub-)group takes precedence. In borderline cases or cases with different inventive aspects, classification takes place in different groups or subgroups, respectively.

The mere sampling or withdrawal of samples of particle suspensions without the inventive aspect being in the investigation comes under G01N 1/02 and its subgroups, mere sample preparation under G01N 1/28 and its subgroups.

For searches: Indexing code G01N 2001/2223 (sampling of aerosols) could in some cases be relevant for aerosol-related searches in G01N 15/00. G01N 15/02 and its subgroups refer to investigating particle size or size distribution of particle assemblies. When the size is investigated on individual particles, classification in G01N 15/10 and its subgroups is done.

For searches in G01N 15/0255, G01N 15/0272 or G01N 15/0266, relevant documents might be found in some of the classes and groups referring to separation, as mentioned above. In case of optical methods being used, G01N 21/00 may often contain relevant additional documents, e.g. in G01N 21/47 (scattering, in general), in G01N 21/49 (scattering within a body or fluid), in G01N 21/51 (scattering inside a container), in G01N 21/53 (scattering within a flowing fluid) or in G01N 21/64 (fluorescence). In case of ultrasonic methods used, G01N 29/00 and its subgroups should be consulted in addition to G01N 15/02.

For atomisers, sprayers for therapeutic purposes, inhalators occasionally relevant to searches in G01N 15/0255, cf. A61M 11/00, A61M 15/00. G01N 15/04 and its subgroup refer to sedimentation of particle suspensions and take precedence over G01N 15/02. The groups relating to centrifuges (B04B), laboratory centrifuge vessels (B01L 3/5021) or differential sedimentation (B03D) are also relevant.

G01N 15/06 and its subgroups cover the investigation of the concentration of particles in suspension (gas or liquid). G01N 15/02, G01N 15/04, and G01N 15/10 and their subgroups take precedence.

For searches: In case of optical or sonic/ultrasonic techniques, see groups of G01N 21/00 and G01N 29/00, respectively, as mentioned already for G01N 15/02. In case of measuring the concentration of particles in exhaust gas/soot particles, cf. also F01N 11/00. For monitoring the functioning of the soot filter, or its regeneration, cf. F01N 3/00, F01N 9/002. For the electrical sensors, e.g. electrode arrangements, cf. G01N 27/00. In case of measuring the mass of the particles collected, cf. e.g. G01N 5/00 or G01N 5/02. For effectiveness or completeness of sterilisation, cf. A61L 2/28.

G01N 15/08 refers to the second aspect covered by G01N 15/00, i.e. the investigation of permeability, pore-volume and surface-area of porous materials. The term of porous materials is interpreted in a broad sense, as all materials have pores, though of different sizes. Testing of membranes (without explicit reference to measurement of the permeability, pore-volume or surface-area) is classified in B01D 65/10. For investigating the fluid tightness of structures, cf. G01M 3/02. Medical dialysis systems with membranes are dealt with in A61M 1/16, and documents related to testing the nature of borehole walls or formation testing by injection test are classified in E21B 49/00.

G01N 15/10 and its subgroups deal with the first aspect covered by G01N 15/00 again, i.e. the investigation of particles, in this part of G01N 15/00: of individual particles. In case of characterisation of the individual particles, the related document is classified in G01N 15/10 and below. For the electrode structures in G01N 15/12 or G01N 15/1031, cf. also G01N 27/00 and relevant subgroups.

G01N 15/1031 refers to measuring electrical or magnetic effects of the individual particles other than their resistance or impedance as measured in the specific way in which Coulter counters operate. For magnetic separation of particles in automatic analysis, see G01N 35/0098. For use of magnetic beads in immunoassays, see G01N 33/54326. Mere separation of particles by electrical or magnetic methods is dealt with in B03C. If the focus is on the specific magnetic sensor for measuring individual or collective magnetic effects of particles, e.g. giant magnetoresistance, see G01R 33/12.

G01N 15/12 and its subgroups refer to Coulter counters and their details, i.e. the impedance or resistance change due to the transfer of an individual particle through an aperture is measured between electrodes upstream and downstream of the aperture.

G01N 15/14 and its subgroups refer to the electro-optical investigation of individual particles, e.g. in flow cytometers, whether or not microstructured (microfabricated devices are covered by subgroup G01N 15/1484; mere manipulation of particles in microfluidic systems is dealt with in B01L 3/5027). In case of image analysis for only measuring the size distribution without any interest in the analysis of individual particles, the related document is classified in G01N 15/0227. In case the focus is on the characterisation of individual particles by image analysis, the document is classified in G01N 15/1433, either with or without resolution of the inner structure of the particle.

For searches: G01N 21/00 may contain additional relevant documents, e.g. in G01N 21/03 (cuvette constructions), in particular G01N 21/05 (flow-through cuvettes), in G01N 21/47 (scattering, in general), in G01N 21/49 (scattering within a body or fluid), in G01N 21/51 (scattering inside a container), in G01N 21/53 (scattering within a flowing fluid) or in G01N 21/64 (fluorescence).

The details of the image analysis in G01N 15/1433 can be classified in addition in (and should therefore be circulated to) G06M 11/04 (counting objects disposed at random with size distinction) G06V 10/40 (extraction of features from image for pattern recognition), G06V 20/69 (specific image analysis method for the recognition of microscopic objects, G06T 5/00 (image enhancement in general) and G06T 7/00 (image analysis in general).

The determination of particle sizes or size distributions characterised by one or more steps of filtering a fluid is classified in B01D, e.g. B01D 43/00-B01D 50/00.

The determination of particle sizes or size distributions by sifting solid particles dispersed in bulk materials is classified in B07B, e.g. B07B 13/04.

The criterion that demarcates G01N 15/14, and particularly G01N 15/1433, from G01N 15/0227 is whether the image analysis leads to size characteristics peculiar to some particles (in which case G01N 15/14 is the proper classification place), or whether the image analysis produces solely a statistical result characteristic of the sample as a whole and representing the particles' size or size distribution (which is classified in G01N 15/0227).

Investigating resistance of materials to atmospheric or chemical agents, or their resistance to light.

The detection of fouling.

Specially adapted electrochemical means used in such investigations.

Mechanical methods for investigating materials as well instruments, e.g. hygrometers, used for performing such methods.

is limited by the means used for the investigation ('mechanical methods').There is no limitation as to the type of properties investigated: they are not necessary mechanical properties. G01N 19/00 is mainly subdivided according to the property investigated. The enumeration of these properties - friction; adhesive force; moisture content; removal of material (spark-testing) presence of flaws or irregularities- covers in fact the properties investigated in this main group. There is no limitation on the state of the material (it can be solid, fluid, fluent). But the limitation by exclusion of subject-matter covered by the previous groups of G01N is essential as many previous groups use mechanical methods (e.g. G01N 3/00, G01N 5/00, G01N 9/00, G01N 11/00).

As indicated in the definition of the sub-class G01N, the testing of structures is classified in the relevant subclass for the structure being tested. G01M is the residual place for classifying testing of structures not covered elsewhere. The properties investigated in G01N 19/00(e.g. friction, adhesive force) are most of the time properties of the materials rather than the structure and are classified accordingly;

For example:when the friction between road and wheels of a vehicle is determined without a specific friction sensor, it is classified uniquely in B60 (vehicles). But when a special 'friction sensor' is incorporated, there may be a double classification B60 and G01N 19/00, even if it could be argued that the friction is related to the structure of the tyre and the vehicle rather than simply to the material of which the tyre is made.

G01N 19/00 may overlap with G01N 3/00(investigations of strength properties):

For example

In case two or more groups of the same level are essential to the subject-matter of a document, it is classified in all these groups

The G01N 19/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme should be used for additional information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N 19/00.

The investigation by removing mechanically material is classified within G01N 19/06, provided it is not a sampling of the material (G01N 1/04), a preparation of the surface before the investigation (G01N 1/286), or an abrasion test (G01N 3/56).

The measurement of moisture content is classified in G01N 19/10 uniquely if it is done by mechanical means. As there is no general group in G01N for measuring moisture content, G01N 19/10 is only one among a plurality of groups for measuring moisture content: e.g. G01N 5/025, G01N 5/045, G01N 21/3554, G01N 22/04, G01N 25/56, G01N 27/048, G01N 27/121, G01N 27/223, G01N 27/605, G01N 31/222.

Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical radiation, i.e. from far-ultraviolet to far-infrared radiation, with a wavelength of 0.1-1000 micrometres (µm), or by visual inspection.

Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation, e.g. cuvettes.

Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated, e.g. spectral properties of the material.

Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light, e.g. photo-luminescence, thermo-luminescence or electro-luminescence.

Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being optically investigated, e.g. chemo-luminescence.

Visual inspection, e.g. for investigating the presence of flaws, defects or contamination.

Investigating or analysing materials by using other optical effects than those mentioned above.

Investigation of spectral properties of light per se, or measurements of the properties of materials where spectral properties of light are sensed and primary emphasis is placed on creating, detecting or analysing the spectrum, is classified in G01J 3/00, as opposed to investigating, i.e. testing or determining, the properties of material samples by the use of optical means, where primary emphasis is given to the materials, which is classified in this group.

Testing or determining the properties of structures, e.g. apparatus, machine parts etc, by the use of optical means is classified in the relevant subclass for the structure being tested, as opposed to investigating, i.e. testing or determining, the properties of material samples by the use of optical means, which is classified in this group. In this regard, G01M 11/00 is the residual place for classifying testing of optical apparatus, or testing of structures by optical methods not covered elsewhere.

The low-frequency end of the terahertz (THz) spectrum overlaps the high frequency end of the microwave spectrum.

Whilst THz wave-based analysis is classified in G01N 21/3581, where such analysis relates to methods and apparatus at the high frequency-end of the microwave spectrum and based on (modified-) microwave technology, classification should also be in G01N 22/00.

The EC classes are used for invention information.

The Indexing Codes G01N 21/00 are used for additional information.

The Indexing Codes G01N 2201/00 are used for features of devices only if the device is classified in G01N 21/00.

G01N 21/03; 2-dimensional sample arrays and multiwell plates: classify only in the subgroup according to the measurement method (G01N 21/253 or G01N 21/6452)

G01N 21/256; if the light sources emit different wavelengths: classify only in G01N 21/3151

G01N 21/274; also used for calibration of fluorescence measurements or calibration of diffraction measurements

G01N 21/39; also cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy

G01N 21/43; refractometers based on total internal reflection

G01N 21/4788; if the grating is coated with a reagent (chemical indicator): classify only in G01N 21/774 or G01N 21/7743

G01N 21/4795; This subgroup comprises 3-dimensional imaging and optical coherence tomography;

in-vivo applications: classify only in A61B

G01N 21/53; investigation of granular solids: classify only in G01N 21/85

G01N 21/552; if the reflection takes place along an reagent-clad optical fibre or optical waveguide: classify only in G01N 21/7703

G01N 21/553; if fluorescence is excited and detected: classify only in G01N 21/648

if Raman scattering is detected: classify only in G01N 21/658

G01N 21/61;

analysis of gases with infrared radiation: classify only in G01N 21/3504

G01N 21/6428;

fluorescent labels or fluorescent particles per se (molecular structure): classify only in C09K or C07D

G01N 21/6486; biological material without label

G01N 21/65; apparatus for measuring Raman scattering: classify only in G01J 3/44

G01N 21/71; also laser-excited

G01N 21/718; also laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

G01N 21/7703; also optodes/optrodes

G01N 21/783; If the emphasis is on chemical aspects: classify only in G01N 31/223

Spectroscopy and optical systems and methods as defined in the appended groups. The intended use determines apparatus or method details making up the invention, such as those related to measurements in industrial or agricultural environments.

G01N 21/84 and subgroups represent an application-oriented classification approach to the spectroscopical techniques ranging from the infrared to the ultraviolet in G01N 21/00 - G01N 21/83.

Optical and spectroscopic determination of properties, e.g. presence or absence of determined substances or elements, of particular objects, liquids and gases are classified in groups ranging from G01N 21/84 - G01N 21/87.

Optical inspection of defects and contaminants in manufactured products in general, i.e. deviations from the production standards are classified in G01N 21/88 - G01N 21/958.

An exception is made with respect to the measurement of coatings, in which even those inventions directed to the detection of flaws receive also the G01N 21/8422 class..

Systems and methods for the optical measurement of properties of thin films, coatings and multilayers, such as e.g. wear of thermal barrier coatings by detecting fluorescence from embedded labels.

Systems and methods in which the condition of a sample is optically determined by detection of changes of reagent present on a substrate such as a test strip with e.g. reagent pads, or a reagent band.

Systems especially adapted for measuring spectral properties and contaminants of solids such as grains, ore, flour, etc., gases such as fuels, and liquids like e.g. water. The target material is moving, flowing, falling e.g. on conveyors, in chutes, ducts, pipelines, etc.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group.

EP1892520

US2008282779

Inventions in which optical and constructional details are specifically adapted to enable the device penetration in the medium to be measured.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group.

US2005264816

WO2005003728

Systems and methods in which properties are optically probed, such as e.g. moisture content by infrared detection in conveyed paper sheet.

Precedence rule in group title is obsolete

Systems for monitoring and detecting the presence of defects and contamination.

Inventions in which visual inspection of human operator is foreseen. Detection of the light primarily effected by the human eye.

Optical inspection of running yarn, fabric, web such as paper, cardboard, plastic film, etc. Other continuously or quasi-continuously cast raw material such as wood, metal, glass, etc. are also considered within this group and its sub-groups.

Precedence rules in group title regarding G01N 21/91 and G01N 21/94 are obsolete.

Optical inspection of yarn, fibre, thread, etc.

Inventions for detecting the presence of minute through holes (pinholes) in the materials under inspection. Pinholes are considered as defects, thus inventions for inspecting the quality of holes or of arrays of holes are not classified here.

Inventions dealing with the inspection for optically detectable defects in transparent material, such as running glass or plastic sheet, rod, etc.

Inventions for inspecting bottles, flasks, carafes, cups, phials, cans, jars, kegs, and other similar receptacles.

Precedence rule in group title is obsolete

If suitable classify the inventions additionally in Indexing Code G01N 2021/9063 (Hot-end container inspection).

Classify additionally in G01N 21/8851 the inventions which are characterised by special signal processing.

Inventions dealing with non-optical aspects of the optical inspection, such as protections from dirt (e.g. DE2904126, cover plate 6, wiper blade 13), mechanisms for container spacing or handling during inspection (e.g. DE3621976, clamping mechanism 2, 4), anti-vibration arrangements for the optics or the container manipulator (e.g. JP1224651, mounting of camera 6), etc.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

DE2904126

DE3621976

JP1224651

Inventions in which a plurality of emitters / receivers is employed in order to concurrently obtain views of a container portion from different perspectives. Inventions basing on the use of multiple detectors for providing views of different container portions are not classified here.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

WO2010/100026

This applies also to inventions in which the plurality is formed by a single emitter/detector in combination with multiple reflectors to provide said multiplicity of perspectives (e.g. US5495330, reflectors 16, 17, 18, 20).

US5495330

This group also comprises inventions in which a multiplicity of detectors provides subsequent multiple views.

JP55076942

Inventions dealing with signals originating from embossing, ornaments, seams, or scratches affecting the container's surface. In some cases aiming the suppression of said signals in order to better detect flaws. In other cases with the objective of inspecting said signals for detecting defects in the embossing, ornaments, degree of scuffing etc.

Inventions which focus on the inspection of the container finish such as mouth, sealing surface, thread, or parts in its proximity. Devices implementing standard or not specially detailed container finish inspection which is carried out together with inspection of other container parts such as the sidewall or the bottom should not be classified here.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

EP0047936

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

EP0047936

JP2010141

Inventions which are specifically defined for the inspection of plastic containers. Inventions which indistinctly find application to plastic as well as to glass containers should not be classified here.

Inventions dealing with the inspection of containers which are not transparent to visible light (e.g. cans, US6022124). Inventions concerning the inspection of other opaque parts normally in connection with containers such as caps (e.g. WO03016886), corks (e.g. US2008180111), etc. are also classified here.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

US6022124

WO03016886

US2008180111

Inventions dealing with the inspection of semiconducting wafer material.

Manufacturing processes per se of semiconductor devices implementing a measuring step are classified under H01L21/66.

Inspection of objects presenting spherical or approximately spherical shape, such as golf balls, eggs, bearings, etc.

Examples of inventions covered by this group are given by the following documents:

US2009190824

DE102008027904

Inventions dealing with the inspection of the outer surface of cylindrical and other elongated objects presenting some kind of axial symmetry, such as e.g. cables, pipes, cigarettes, beams, bobbins, etc.

Precedence rule in group title is obsolete

Inventions for inspecting general inner surfaces, such as those of tanks, cisterns, pipes, etc. but also of other bodies presenting bores and hollow parts such as nuts, tyres, etc.

Illustrative examples of subject matter classified in this group:

WO2010005399

US2003127602

DE19702851

WO2010134232

For instance, inventions dealing with the inspection of strip conductors and tracks in printed circuit boards, soldering bumps, etc.

Precedence rule in group title is obsolete.

Precedence rule in group title is obsolete.

Inventions dedicated to the inspection of articles transparent to visible light.

The inspection under G01N 21/958 aims the detection of flaws of transparent objects by optical means. Testing the optical properties of lenses falls under G01M 11/02.

Classify if suitable also in Indexing Code S01N21/881F2

Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwave radiation or radio waves, i.e. with a wavelength of one millimetre or more.

The high-frequency end of the microwave spectrum overlaps the low frequency end of the THz spectrum.

Although THz wave-based analysis is classified in G01N 21/3581, where such analysis relates to methods and apparatus at the low frequency-end of the THz band and based on (modified-) microwave technology, classification should also be in G01N 22/00.

Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave radiation of very short wavelength (high energy), i.e. with a wavelength of 100 nanometres or less, e.g. X-rays, or synchrotron radiation.

Investigating or analysing materials by the use of particle radiation, e.g. neutrons, ions or electrons.

Activities involved in investigating or analyzing materials by nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], electron paramagnetic resonance [EPR] or other spin resonance effects;Activities involved in processing the signals collected during the steps of investigating or analyzing materials by NMR, MRI, EPR or other spin resonance effects.

The following places may also be relevant for classification:

G01R 33/20: Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance

There is an overlap between the scope of G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) and G01R 33/20 (or its relevant subgroup) in the sense that, depending on the disclosure of a given document, the document may have to be classified in G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) only, in G01R 33/20 (or its relevant subgroup) only or in both places.

For instance, if the invention information of a document to be classified was primarily directed to the MR process as such (e.g. a novel pulse sequence which, according to the document, can be applied for analyzing materials wherein the document merely mentions this application but does not specifically disclose its implementation in detail), the document should be classified in G01R 33/20 (or its relevant subgroup) and the additional information related to the potential application for analyzing materials should be classified using the appropriate Indexing Code of G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup).

However, if the invention information of the document was primarily directed to the analysis of a material using a known standard MR technique, the document should be classified in G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) only.

G01V 3/32: Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging operating with electron or nuclear magnetic resonance

There is an overlap between the scope of G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) and G01V 3/32 in the sense that, depending on the disclosure of a given document, the document may have to be classified in G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) only, in G01V 3/32 only or in both places.

For instance, if the invention information of a document to be classified was primarily directed to the MR process as such (e.g. a novel pulse sequence for analyzing a material which, according to the document, can be applied for MR in a borehole wherein the document merely mentions this application but does not specifically disclose its implementation in detail), the document should be classified in G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) and the additional information related to the potential application in the borehole may be classified using the appropriate Indexing Code corresponding to G01V 3/32.

However, if the invention information of the document was primarily directed to geophysics aspects or the application of MR in a borehole, the document should be classified in G01V 3/32 only.

It is further noted that a document being directed to the analysis of a core sample (taken from a borehole) in a laboratory using MR should be classified in G01N 24/00 (or its relevant subgroup) only.

Moreover, the same is true for a document being directed to a borehole tool adapted for taking a sample in situ within the borehole (e.g. a fluid sample) and for analyzing the sample within the tool using MR, even when the tool is still located within the borehole during the analysis.

Examples:

WO03087861 A1

This document discloses an NMR probe for single-sided MR comprising a standard permanent magnet assembly and a non-standard RF surface coil assembly. Moreover, the document mentions the use of the probe for analyzing materials. However, no specific details with respect to this application are given.

Therefore, the following classification symbols were assigned:

G01R 33/3808 Magnet assemblies for single-sided MR

G01R 33/383 using permanent magnets

G01R 33/341 comprising surface coils

G01N 24/08 Investigating or analyzing materials using NMR

WO2004019034 A1

This document discloses a method for the structural determination of ligands bound to macromolecular targets using standard NMR NOE spectroscopy.

Therefore, the following classification symbols were assigned:

G01N 24/08: Investigating or analyzing materials using NMR

G01R 33/4608: RF excitation sequences for enhanced detection, e.g. NOE

G01R 33/465: NMR spectroscopy applied to biological material

In this group, classification of additional information, i.e. non-invention information, is compulsory using the appropriate Indexing Code (G01N 24/00 - G01N 24/14).

The combined use of at least two different spin resonance techniques for analyzing materials, e.g. the combined use of NMR and NQR.

Thermal and calorimetric analysis of materials.

Thermography.

Investigating:

flash-point

Investigating non-electric or non-magnetic properties of materials by using electric or magnetic methods.

Investigating by electrochemical means, e.g.:

Instruments, e.g. hygrometers, for measuring non-electric or non-magnetic properties.

G01N 27/00 is specifically intended for classification of documents related to the measurement of material properties, thus not for the testing of electrical circuits, batteries or devices, which should be classified in G01R 31/00.

Measuring or investigating electric or magnetic properties of materials per se is classified in G01R, as opposed to investigating materials by electric or magnetic means, which is classified in this group.

Although G01N 27/327 is concerned with details of biochemical electrodes, details not specific to a particular biological test should additionally be classified in G01N 33/4875 or G01N 33/48785.

Separating and identifying ionised molecules based on their mobility in a carrier gas.

Inventive combinations of ion mobility spectrometry and another analytical technique covered by groups G01N 29/00, G01N 30/00 or G01N 33/00 are fully covered by this group. However, when the sub-combination aspect belonging to groups G01N 29/00, G01N 30/00 or G01N 33/00 is deemed inventive in its own right, it is also classified in the relevant one(s) of those main groups.

For example, investigation of a material performed by combining a chromatography apparatus with an ion-mobility spectrometer is classified solely in this group, whereas an improved chromatography apparatus which is advantageously used in a combination of a chromatography apparatus and an ion-mobility spectrometer is classified both in this group and in the most relevant subgroup of main group G01N 30/00.

If the other sub-combination system does not belong to subclass G01N, classification is then made both in the present group and in the appropriate place for the other sub-combination element.

A combination of ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry is covered by group G01N 27/623.

The investigation of materials by using a combination of a mass spectrometer and an ion-mobility spectrometer, where the improvement arises from the combination of the two spectrometers.

An improvement in a mass spectrometer that is used in an analytical system combining an ion-mobility spectrometer and the mass spectrometer is classified both in this group and in the most relevant subgroup of H01J 49/00.

Separating and identifying ionised molecules based on their mobility in a carrier gas using a non-uniform electric field.

Investigating or analysing materials by using sound waves (also called acoustic waves).

Visualisation of the interior of solid objects by using sound waves, e.g. acoustic microscopy.

Instruments, e.g. probes, for investigating or analysing by use of sound waves.

Further detail is covered by the subgroup of Indexing Code group G01N 2291/00.

Classification is mandatory. In particular:

Documents should either get at least one class or one code referring to the 'measured parameter', i.e. velocity of sound, attenuation (see G01N 29/024, G01N 29/028, G01N 29/032, G01N 29/036, G01N 29/07, G01N 29/09, G01N 29/11, G01N 29/12 or G01N 2291/01 and subgroups) or should be classified in ultrasonic flaw detection (see G01N 29/041, G01N 29/043, G01N 29/045), ultrasonic imaging (see G01N 29/06) or acoustic emission (see G01N 29/14).

Documents should also be classified with one code from G01N 2291/10 and subgroups (number of transducers).

Documents should additionally be classified with one or more codes of G01N 2291/04 and subgroups (wave modes and trajectories).

Further subgroups G01N 29/22 (Details), G01N 29/34(Wave generation), G01N 29/36 (Wave detection), G01N 29/44 (Signal processing), G01N 2291/025 (Condition change) and G01N 29/028 (Material parameters) or their corresponding subgroups should be used if applicable.

Instrumentation for qualitative analysis by field flow fractionation, column chromatography, inverse chromatography, plate chromatography, ion chromatography, and details thereof.

Throughout the subgroups, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, no particular distinction is made between gaseous, liquid or supercritical mobile phases.

An Indexing Code scheme G01N 30/00 mirrors the G01N 30/00 scheme with additional subdivisions for further details. This G01N 30/00 scheme and more generally the G01N scheme should be used, if applicable, for secondary non invention related information as well as more specific information to the documents classified in G01N 30/00.

Investigating non-biological materials by the use of:

Investigating the properties of materials specially adapted for use in processes covered by subclass B23K (namely: soldering or unsoldering; welding; cladding or plating by soldering or welding; cutting by applying heat locally, e.g. flame cutting; working by laser beam) which is classified in the group G01N 31/12 (investigating using combustion).

The observation of the progress of the reactions as covered by groups G01N 31/02 - G01N 31/22 by any of the methods specified in groups G01N 3/00 - G01N 29/00, if this observation is of major importance, is classified in the relevant group covering the method.

In addition to covering specific methods not covered by groups G01N 1/00 – G01N 31/00, G01N 33/00 and subgroups are also considered where there is emphasis on the particular material being analysed, or where the method is specifically adapted for analysis of a particular material.

Analysis as an integrated step of a process should be classified with the process, insofar as the process is fully provided for in another subclass. For example, analysis of water as an integrated step of a water treatment process is classified in subclass C02F.

If the apparatus is fully classifiable in a single other subclass, e.g. B01L for chemical or physical apparatus for general laboratory use, classification should be made in the appropriate apparatus area.

Testing or determining the properties of structures, e.g. apparatus or machine parts, is classified in the relevant subclass for the structure being tested. G01M is the residual place for classifying testing of structures not covered elsewhere.

Nominal recitation of analysis, unsupported by disclosure of an inventive or non-trivial testing technique, is not typically classified in G01N 33/00 and subgroups. For example, G01N 33/00 and subgroups are not allocated for analysis of a merely trivial or conventional nature, such as could be performed using a commercially available test kit, nor for highly general references to analysis with no emphasis on any particular testing technique (e.g. use of a highly generic "sensor").

In subgroups G01N 33/0004 – G01N 33/46, the material listed in the title is the primary constituent of the materials being analysed. For example, a document relating to detection of heavy metal ions in water is covered by G01N 33/1813, rather than G01N 33/20, which covers metal as the primary constituent of the material being analysed. An exception is made with respect to analysis of drilling fluids, which can be covered by G01N 33/2823, even if oil is not the primary constituent (e.g. water-based drilling fluids).

G01N 33/00 – G01N 33/46 and G01N 33/483 – G01N 33/4977:

It is common to classify in G01N 1/00 – G01N 31/00 for the technique (e.g. optical testing in subgroups under G01N 21/00 or thermal testing in subgroups under G01N 25/00), and also in G01N 33/00 for the material tested (where the material is important), typically allocated as additional information (A).

Orthogonal Indexing Codes:

Orthogonal indexing codes in the range G01N 2333/00 – G01N 2800/7095 must be used when appropriate to further classify technical aspects of documents classified in G01N 33/50 – G01N 33/98 or in C12Q 1/001 – C12Q 1/66. See Special rules of classification for G01N 33/50 and C12Q 1/00 for further guidance.

Sensory analysis or sensory evaluation, i.e. analysis using the sense organs. An example is using olfactory systems for smell testing.

NOTE: Analysis that is merely intended to mimic sensory evaluation but that does not actually involve the sense organs, e.g. artificial "electronic nose" systems, is not regarded as organoleptic.

Investigating or analysing gaseous media, insofar as gaseous media being the material object of the investigation or analysis is of major importance.

Multiple classification is used when it is necessary to classify different inventive aspects of subject matter or when the subject matter contains additional information that is desirable to be classified. Unnecessary multiple classification is to be avoided. For each classifiable aspect, choose the single most appropriate symbol.

Example: Boundary with G01N 33/497

Documents relating to physical analysis of gaseous biological material (e.g. breath) are covered in G01N 33/497. Thus, G01N 33/0004 would not be allocated simply to designate the material being tested, since the more descriptive symbol G01N 33/497 can be used for this aspect. Exceptions would be possible in the case of multiple embodiments, where one of the embodiments is a non-biological gas not covered by G01N 33/497.

Classification in both G01N 33/497 and G01N 33/0004 subgroups G01N 33/0006 – G01N 33/0034 or G01N 33/0063 – G01N 33/0075 can be made in order to cover different inventive aspects insofar as constructional details etc. are not provided for in G01N 33/497. Thus, a portable gas analyser specially adapted for physical analysis of breath samples may be classified in both G01N 33/497 and in G01N 33/0009, the former symbol designating the material being tested and the latter designating the constructional detail of a portable analyser.

General constructional details of gas analysers relevant to the analysis.

For constructional details relating to the analysis, e.g. to sensor components, then classification can also be made in G01N 33/0009 or its subgroups. Where the constructional details relate only to obtaining or withdrawing of the gaseous sample, classification is made in G01N 1/22.

Sample conditioning that takes place as part of the analysis process, e.g. in-line sample conditioning which occurs within the gas analyser. An example would be a gas analyser that specifically reacts with ambient gas to release a chemical that is then detected.

G01N 33/0011 covers sample conditioning that takes place as part of the analysis process (typically in-line within the analyser), whilst preliminary manipulation of samples in preparation for analysis is covered in G01N 1/28.

Use of an alternating circulation of another gas, such as a reference gas.

Illustrative example of subject matter classified in this place:

A gas is being alternated with another gas.

When a gas to be analysed is alternated with a reference gas for calibration of a gas analyser, classification should be made in G01N 33/0026 for the alternating circulation of a gas with another gas, and also in G01N 33/0006, for the calibration.

Gas sensor arrays, particularly mechanical details relating to arrays, such as their arrangement.

G01N 33/0031 is used to designate mechanical details relating to arrays, while G01N 27/27 is used to designate electrochemical details. It is possible for a document to be classified in G01N 33/0031 despite being directed to an array of gas sensors that are electrochemical. This is the case, for example, when a document mentions an array to detect multiple analytes, and the inventive features are drawn to the layout of the array with respect to the incoming gas stream. In this situation, it is irrelevant as to whether the sensors are electrochemical in nature, i.e. it is irrelevant as to whether the claimed invention is the constructional details of the array or the functioning of the array. Therefore, G01N 33/0031 is used to designate mechanical details relating to a sensor array and G01N 27/27 is used to designate electrochemical details of a sensor array.

The detector being specially adapted to detect a particular component.

"Specially adapted" in this context is typically supported by disclosure of relevant details of the construction of the detector, such as a specific semipermeable membrane, specific sensor materials or other adaptations to permit detection of a particular component.

Where a gas analyser is clearly indicated to be capable of detecting various different gases, mere exemplification of one particular gas that is not the inventive contribution (i.e. merely a model gas) is not classified in this group.

The detector being specially adapted to detect the presence of warfare agents or explosives in gaseous samples, e.g. air.

G01N 33/0057 concerns detecting the presence of explosives in gaseous samples, whilst G01N 33/227 is concerned with analysing explosives to determine their physical or chemical properties (e.g. detonation properties).

Gas analysers with emphasis on the measuring method or on the display.

Classification may be made in G01N 33/0062 even if the details of the measurement method or the display are not strictly tied to "constructional details" as per group G01N 33/0009.

Gas analysis using a threshold to release an alarm or displaying means during the measuring method.

Arrangements to check the integrity of the analyser, e.g. checking to see whether a sensor is in working order or operating within acceptable parameters.

Control units for multiple spatially distributed sensors, e.g. for environmental monitoring of pollution or air quality.

Investigation or analysis specifically designed for plants or trees.

G01N 33/0098 covers the analysis of plants or trees, but G01N 33/02 – G01N 33/025 covers more specifically:

Determining the physical properties of medicinal preparations, e.g. determining dissolution or hardness properties of tablets or other formulations to see whether they have been correctly manufactured.

G01N 33/15 covers analysis of medicinal preparations per se, rather than analysis of the drug or medicament contained therein. Thus, this area does not encompass drug screening or testing of drugs per se.