Chemical aspects of the processing of lime, magnesia or dolomite and of molten slag.

Compositional aspects of:

Physico-chemical aspects of methods for obtaining mortars, concrete, artificial stones or ceramics , e.g. for delaying the setting time of mortar compositions.

Treatment including defibrillating of materials such as fillers , agglomerated or waste materials, or refuse to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware, and the preparation thereof.

Methods and apparatus for:

After- treatment of artificial stones, mortars, concrete and ceramics , e.g. coating or impregnation of green concrete after primary shaping.

Non-mechanical treatment of natural stone.

Processing powders of inorganic compounds in preparation to the manufacturing of ceramic products .

The joining of burned ceramics with other articles by heating.

In this subclass, for the parts C04B 2/00-C04B 32/00, C04B 38/00, C04B 40/00, C04B 41/00 the CIS indexing system is used. For details, see below

Combination set (C-sets)

1. Introduction

1.1 This manual relates to the rules to be applied when classifying documents using C-sets in the "cement part" of subclass C04B. With the "cement part" we mean the whole of the subclass, with the exception of the range C04B 33/00 - C04B 37/00.

However, symbols of the range C04B 33/00 - C04B 35/00 can be used as Indexing Codes (when the classification is in C04B 38/00 or C04B 41/00).

1.2 C-sets are used in three major areas:

- C04B 2/00 - C04B 32/00 and C04B 40/00: Compositions of cement/concrete mixtures or of artificial stone like materials

- C04B 38/00: porous materials

- C04B 41/00: after treatment.

1.3 Symbols that are used in the present C-set system are chosen from:

- C04B 2/00 - C04B 41/00 (with the exception of C04B 37/00):

these are symbols which can be used as classification as well as symbols in the combination sets (C-set),

C04B 2103/00 - C04B 2201/00, C04B 2290/00:

these are symbols used as additional information (CCA) or within the C-set (see below).

1.4 The principles of Combination sets are based on the possibilities offered by the IPC (until IPC7) for using classification symbols also as (linked) Indexing Codes.

The C-sets are present in EPODOC:

/CCI : CPC classification symbol

/CCA: Additional information

/CLC: the combination sets (C-sets) of symbols linked to the classification (CCI) or to the additional information (CCA)

The first symbol of a C-set is referred to as the "base class". Symbols in the C-set are separated by a comma (,).

The base group can be an CCI or CCA group

2. C-sets in the range C04B 2/00 - C04B 32/00 and C04B 40/00

2.1 This part of C04B relates to cement-, mortar-, concrete- and artificial stone compositions or their constituents or ingredients.

As a general rule such compositions (further referred to as "mixtures") contain three types of ingredients:

- one or more binders (organic or inorganic)

- fillers (inactive ingredients)

- active ingredients, e.g. accelerators.

[Exception: main group C04B 30/00 relates to compositions not containing binders].

2.2 Overview of main groups:

- C04B 2/00 - C04B 12/00 : relate to inorganic binders as such

- C04B 14/00 - C04B 20/00 : relate to fillers

- C04B 22/00 - C04B 24/00 : relate to active ingredients

- C04B 26/00 - C04B 32/00 : relate to the mixtures

- C04B 40/00 : relates to characteristics / preparation of the mixtures

2.3 Classification rules:

2.3.1 When an invention relates to an individual ingredient, classification is made in the range C04B 2/00 - C04B 12/00 if this ingredient is a binder, in the range C04B 14/00 - C04B 20/00 if the ingredient is a filler and in the range C04B 22/00 - C04B 24/00 if it is an active ingredient.

2.3.2 When an invention relates to a mixture, classification is made in the range C04B 26/00 - C04B 32/00, according to the binder used while applying the last place rule (LPR). So if a combination of an organic and an inorganic binder is present, classification is made in C04B 28/00, not in C04B 26/00. If a combination of two inorganic binders is present, classification is done in C04B 28/00 according to the LPR for one of the binders, the others are added as symbols in the C-set and are chosen from C04B 7/00-C04B 12/00 groups. If one of the ingredients is (suspected to be) new or unusual, or special details describing this ingredient are given, classification is also made for this ingredient.

2.3.3 When the invention merely relates to the preparation or characteristics of the mixture, classification is made in C04B 40/00. If the mixture as such or one of its ingredients is considered to be new or unusual, classification is made for these aspects too. For obtaining porous materials see point 3. below.

2.3.4 When the invention relates to an active additive which is a mixture on its own, e.g. the combination of two specific polymers and a specific inorganic salt, classification is made in C04B 40/0039. If the use of one of the ingredients as such is new to the field, classification for this ingredient as such is made also.

2.4 C-set rules:

2.4.1 Primary goal of the combination set is to identify the individual constituents of the mixtures, using the classification symbols for these ingredients as part of a C-set, linked to the classification symbol which already identifies (one of) the binder(s).

Example 1:

A mixture containing a mixed binder of aluminium cement, Portland cement and a polymeric co-binder, next to diatomaceous earth and an inorganic sulfate will be classified - according to the LPR - in C04B 28/06, the other ingredients being identified by the appropriate symbols in the C-set:

CCI: C04B 28/06 C-set (CLC) : C04B 28/06, C04B 7/02, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/142, C04B 24/26

An organic co-binder next to an inorganic binder is indexed as an active organic ingredient (main group C04B 24/00).

Because in this example, all ingredients as such are known in the field, no further classification is made.

2.4.2 When for one of the ingredients alternatives are mentioned, separate C-sets are made.

Example 2:

If in the example 1, an inorganic chloride was mentioned as an alternative to the sulfate, the indexing would look like:

Set 1: C04B 28/06, C04B 7/02, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/142, C04B 24/26

Set 2: C04B 28/06, C04B 7/02, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/12, C04B 24/26

(Putting C04B 22/12 and C04B 22/142 in the same set would mean they are both present in the same mixture).

2.4.3 When classification is made for individual (active) ingredients, their function or in some cases their characteristics can be identified using the C04B 2103/00 series.

Example 3:

A new organic sulfonated plasticizer:

/CCI : C04B 24/16 /CCA : C04B 2103/30

When for a mixture, many alternatives for the same ingredient with a specific function are mentioned, instead of making a set for each alternative, only one C-set with the C04B symbol in the C-set for the function can be made. If one of the alternatives is preferred in the document a second set with the symbol for that alternative can be made too.

Example 4:

In a concrete mixture, a superplasticizer is added. This superplasticizer can be chosen from many alternatives, for each of which a C04B 24/00 entry exist. However a lignosulfonate is preferred.

/CCI : C04B 28/02 C-set 1 C04B 28/02, C04B 2103/32

C-set 2 C04B 28/02, C04B 24/18

2.4.4 In a similar way, characteristics or uses of the mixtures are identified with symbols of the C04B 2111/00 series. These symbols are always used as additional information.(CCA)

Example 5:

The composition of example 1 is used for sound insulation:

In addition to the above sets CCA: C04B 2111/52

2.4.5 When information is given about the preparation or characteristics of

the mixtures - this information not being the "main" information - additional symbols of main group C04B 40/00 can be added in the C-set.

Example 6:

The mixture of example 1 is hardened using microwaves:

C-set : C04B 28/06, C04B 7/02, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/142, C04B 24/26, C04B 40/0218

The mixture of example 1 is of the deferred action type:

C-set: C04B 28/06, C04B 7/02, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/142, C04B 24/26, C04B 40/06

2.4.6 When the process of making is the main invention a CCI in C04B 40/00 can be given. As a general rule, when classifying in C04B 40/00, symbols in the C-set are used to identify the kind of mixture, not to identify the individual ingredients. If it is important to identify these ingredients, further classification is made as mixture and the ingredients are identified by symbols linked to the classification symbol of the mixture in the C-set.

Example 7:

If only common ingredients are used:

/CCI : C04B 40/0286 C-set: C04B 40/0286, C04B 28/06

If also the composition of the mixture is of interest:

/CCI C04B 40/0286 and C04B 28/06

C-set 1: C04B 40/0286, C04B 28/06

C-set 2: C04B 28/06, C04B 14/386, C04B 22/0013

2.4.7 A special case within main group C04B 40/00 are the pre-mixtures of ingredients.

Here the same principle as for point 2.4.1 is applied, i.e. the classification symbols identifying the ingredients are linked to C04B 40/0039 (CCI) and a symbol from the range C04B 26/00 - C04B 32/00 is added to the C-set to indicate for which kind of mixture the pre-mixture is intended to be used.

Example 8:

/CCI :C04B 40/0042 C-set : C04B 40/0042, C04B 14/08, C04B 22/142, C04B 24/26, C04B 28/06

2.4.8 In the range for inorganic binders as such (C04B 2/00 - C04B 12/00) symbols can also be used in a C-set to identify aspects for which a classification symbol exists, but which aspects as such are not important enough to be classified.

Example 9:

/CCI: C04B 7/47 C-set : C04B 7/47, C04B 7/364

Example 10:

/CCI : C04B 11/26 C-set : C04B 11/26, C04B 11/024

2.4.9 For agglomerated materials (= artificial aggregates or fillers), which are classified in C04B 18/021 and subgroups, the starting materials other than the binder can be identified with further symbols in the C-set.

Example 11:

Making artificial gravel from a mixture of cement and mining refuse:

/CCI : C04B 18/021 C-set : C04B 18/021, C04B 18/12

2.4.10 Main group C04B 20/00 is a general group for fillers. When classification is made in this group, very often the specific filler involved is identified by adding the specific filler symbol in the C-set..

Example 12:

Expanding perlite in a rotary kiln:

/CCI: C04B 20/061 C-set: C04B 20/061, C04B 14/18

Example 13:

Coating alumina with metal:

/CCI : C04B 20/1062 C-set : C04B 20/1062, C04B 14/303

2.4.10a Groups C04B 20/123 and C04B 20/126 are used in the C-set only in combination with C04B 20/12 to indicate:

-in the case of C04B 20/123 that a coating is an alternative to the previous indicated coating

Example 14:

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1037

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1033, C04B 20/123

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1055

-in the case of C04B 20/126 that the coating layer is the same as a previous coating layer

Example 15:

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1037

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1033

C04B 20/12, C04B 18/22, C04B 20/1037, C04B 20/126

3.Classifying in main group C04B 38/00.

3.1 This part of C04B relates to porous or lightweight cement-, mortar-, concrete-and artificial stone compositions and porous or lightweight ceramics.

More generally we could say that C04B 38/00 relates to inorganic foamed materials or bodies, with the exception of foamed metal.

Subdivision of C04B 38/00 is largely based on the methods used for obtaining the porosity or the reduction in weight, e.g. by adding lightweight filler (C04B 38/08), by adding a gas forming agent (C04B 38/02) or by burning out a burnable additive (C04B 38/06).

3.2 Classification and C-set rules:

3.2.1 Officially in main group C04B 38/00, there is no LPR. Nonetheless when porosity is obtained by a combination of methods, as a general rule, classification is made in the last appropriate place. The second method, not identified by classification (CCI), is identified by a C04B 38/00 symbol in the C-set. If of interest, documents can be even classified twice (see further point 3.2.3)

3.2.2 The central idea for classification/indexing in C04B 38/00 is:

- classification according to the method (see 3.2.1) and

- Indicating the nature of the material that is made porous or lightweight.

For identifying the nature of the material, symbols can be chosen from C04B 26/00 - C04B 35/00. In very exceptional cases also C04B 14/00 symbols can be used.

Example 16:

Obtaining a porous silicon carbide body by dissolving out a soluble salt.

/CCI : C04B 38/04 C-set: C04B 38/04, C04B 35/565

Example 17:

Obtaining porous porcelain by burning out a monolithic PUR sponge impregnated with clay slip:

/CCI : C04B 38/0615 C-set : C04B 38/0615, C04B 33/24

HOWEVER there is a fundamental difference in approach when classifying "cement type" mixtures and "ceramic type" materials or bodies: see points 3.2.6 and 3.2.7 below!

3.2.3 When a combination of methods is used, the method that is not identified by the classification is given a C04B 38/00 symbol in the C-set.

Example 18:

To the material of example 14 there is also added a gas forming agent:

/CCI : C04B 38/04 C-set: C04B 38/04, C04B 35/565, C04B 38/02

3.2.4 In the same way other aspects of interest can be identified by giving further C04B 38/00 symbols.

Example 19:

The material of example 18 is characterised by the dimensions of the nanosized pores and the overall % of porosity:

/CCI : C04B 38/04 C-set: C04B 38/04, C04B 35/565, C04B 38/0054, C04B 38/0074, C04B 38/02

3.2.5 When classifying in main group C04B 38/00, in the same way as for the indexing of mixtures as described in point 2 above, symbols of the series C04B 2111/00 can be used to indicate properties are uses, e.g. sound insulation.

Example 20:

The material of example 17 is used for electronic applications:

/CCI: C04B 38/0615 CCA : C04B 2111/00844 C-set: C04B 38/0615, C04B 33/24

3.2.6 Porous or lightweight ceramics are always classified in C04B 38/00 according to rules 3.2.1 to 3.2.5

3.2.7 Porous or lightweight cement-, concrete-, artificial stone- and like mixtures:

3.2.7a These type of mixtures are classified as such mixtures, so in the range C04B 26/00 - C04B 32/00, according to the rules of point 2 above. The appropriate C04B 38/00 symbols are added in the C-set.

Example 21:

Reinforced portland cement based concrete containing also carbon fibres and made porous by adding Al particles (Al will react with Ca(OH)₂ liberated during cement hardening and thus produce H₂ gas):

/CCI : C04B 28/04 C-set: C04B 28/04, C04B 14/386, C04B 22/04, C04B 32/02, C04B 38/02

Example 22:

Foaming gypsum by adding specific sulfonated foaming agent:

/CCI: C04B 28/14 C-set: C04B 28/14, C04B 24/16, C04B 38/10

3.2.7b When one or more of the other symbols give sufficient "C04B 38/00 information", no further C04B 38/00 symbols are given.

Example 23:

Expanded clay containing concrete will NOT receive symbol C04B 38/08, because C04B 14/12 already gives sufficient information:

/CCI: C04B 28/02 C-set: C04B 28/02, C04B 14/12

3.2.7c So as a general rule these kind of mixtures are not classified in main group C04B 38/00. Classification is made in this main group only when the invention relates to the process of obtaining the porosity or the reduction of weight. When the composition as such is still interesting in such a case, further classification is made for the mixture.

Example 24:

The characteristic feature of the invention of example 21 is the way in which the Al particles are handled in the context of obtaining the gas concrete:

/CCI : C04B 28/04 and C04B 38/02

C-set 1: C04B 28/04, C04B 14/386, C04B 22/04, C04B 32/02, C04B 38/02

C-set 2: C04B 38/02, C04B 28/04

3.2.8 While in general the LPR is applied in main group C04B 38/00, exception is made for obtaining porous or lightweight ceramic particles C04B 38/009. As a general rule, this group takes precedence over the other C04B 38/00 groups.

Example 25:

Obtaining porous alumina particles by burning out polymeric core:

/CCI C04B 38/009 C-set: C04B 38/009, C04B 35/10, C04B 38/0615

4. Classifying in main group C04B 41/00

4.1 This part of C04B relates to the after-treatment of materials covered by C04B,

i.e. after-treatment of cement-, mortar-, concrete- and artificial stone products as well as ceramic materials AND natural stone. Hereinafter the treated materials are referred to as "substrates".

While other kinds of after-treatment are not excluded, C04B 41/00 relates to after-treatment of substrate, mainly to :

- coating or impregnation of the substrates: C04B 41/45 and subgroups

- removing material from the substrates: C04B 41/53 and subgroups.

In main group C04B 41/00, no distinction is made between coating or impregnation. Therefore the terms coating, impregnation and layer are considered equivalent.

4.2 Classification and C-set rules:

4.2.1 As a general rule subdivision of main group C04B 41/00 is based on aspects relating to the method of after-treatment, such as the selection of the method for applying the coating material on the substrate, e.g. by CVD (C04B 41/4531) or the selection of the coating or impregnation material with which the substrate is treated, e.g. coating with carbon (C04B 41/5001).

When using C-set, only the range C04B 41/00 - C04B 41/5392 is used . Documents classified in the range C04B 41/60 - C04B 41/91 always get also a class in C04B 41/00 - C04B 41/5392, which may be combined with one or more C-sets.

4.2.2 To identify the substrate that is after-treated, the class C04B 41/009 is given and C-sets are created using complementary symbols chosen from:

- C04B 14/02 - C04B 14/36 when natural stone is treated

- C04B 26/00 - C04B 32/005 when artificial stone, e.g. concrete is treated

- C04B 33/00 - C04B 35/83 when ceramics are treated

- C04B 38/00 - C04B 38/106 when porous materials are treated

- C04B 14/38 - C04B 14/48 when ceramic fibres are treated, i.e. only when classifying in C04B 41/4584.

When the substrate is further defined e.g. a wood fiber/particle board, which in itself is information that does not require classification in the substrate class itself e.g. C04B 28/02 , then the C04B 41/009 set will be:

C04B 41/009, C04B 18/26, C04B 28/02

If a class in C04B 28/00 is also required because the mixture per se is interesting and is part of the invention information, then the C04B 41/009 set will comprise only the C04B 28/02 symbol

Example 26:

Impregnating a natural marble stone with polyester:

/CCI: C04B 41/4826 and C04B 41/009 C-set : C04B 41/009, C04B 14/285

Example 27:

Concrete based on aluminium cement is treated with waterglass (Na-silicate):

/CCI: C04B 41/5089 and C04B 41/009 C-set : C04B 41/009, C04B 28/06

Example 28:

A silicon nitride body is glazed:

/CCI: C04B 41/5022 and C04B 41/009 C-set :C04B 41/009, C04B 35/584

Example 29:

Coating alumina fibres with aluminium:

/CCI: C04B 41/4584 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1:C04B 41/009, C04B 14/4625

C-set 2: C04B 41/4584, C04B 41/5155

So for classification, C04B 41/4584 takes precedence over other C04B 41/00 groups when ceramic particles or fibres are treated!

Multiple coating of particulate or fibrous material is usually also classified in C04B 41/52 so that it is possible to attribute C-sets for each coating layer (see point 4.2.5 below).

4.2.3 In main group C04B 41/00, the LPR applies. As most subgroups relate to specific methods of applying coatings are subgroups of C04B 41/4505, while the groups identifying the nature of the coating material are further down in the scheme, this LPR in general results in a classification according to the material applied. One or more symbols identifying aspects of the method used are added in the C-set.

Example 30:

The process of example 26 is carried out under vacuum and increased temperature:

/CCI: C04B 41/4826 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 14/285

C-set 2: C04B 41/4826, C04B 41/0072, C04B 41/4515

However, when the invention relates to the process proper, classification is made in the process group and a further symbol is used in the C-set for identifying the applied material on the substrate. If more ample information has to be given about the nature of the coating, classification is also made for this aspect in combination with a further C-set.

Example 31:

The process of example 26 is carried out under an atmosphere of very specific composition, this composition being the essential feature of the invention:

/CCI: C04B 41/4519 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1:C04B 41/009, C04B 14/285

C-set 2: C04B 41/4519, C04B 41/4826

Example 32:

In the example 31, the polyester can be mixed with other polymers:

/CCI: C04B 41/4519 and C04B 41/4826 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 14/285

C-set 2: C04B 41/4519, C04B 41/4826

C-set 3:C04B 41/4826, C04B 41/4519, C04B 41/4811, C04B 41/4823

Exception on the LPR: for classification, C04B 41/4584 takes precedence over other groups of C04B 41/00 when treatment of ceramic fibres or particles is concerned (see example 29).

4.2.4 When alternatives are to be identified, the same procedure is applied as for concrete and like mixtures, i.e. two or more C-sets of symbols are made. There might be alternatives both for the process and the material applied to the substrate.

Example 33:

The treatment of example 27 can be carried out either under vacuum or under inert atmosphere:

/CCI: C04B 41/4826 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 14/285

C-set 2: C04B 41/4826, C04B 41/4515

C-set 3: C04B 41/4826, C04B 41/4517

4.2.5 Multiple coating or impregnation.

When the same substrate is coated with two or more layers, classification is made in C04B 41/52. If one of the layers as such might be new in the field, classification for this layer as such is made too.

For each layer a separate C-set is made, each starting with C04B 41/52, the first set relating to the first layer, the second set relating to the second layer etc.

Example 34:

A clay ware body is first coated with an engobe and then with a glaze:

/CCI: C04B 41/52 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 33/00

C-set 2: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/504

C-set 3: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/5022

Example 35:

The engobe used in example 34 looks new to the field:

/CCI: C04B 41/52 and C04B 41/009 and C04B 41/504

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 33/00

C-set 2: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/504

C-set 3: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/5022

Exception: when the different coatings result in layers of the same composition, classification is made according to the nature of that layer and C04B 41/52 is added to the C-set !

Example 36:

A boron carbide body is coated with two or more layers, which might slightly differ in composition, but which all result in a carbon coating:

/CCI: C04B 41/5001 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 35/563

C-set 2: C04B 41/5001, C04B 41/52

As for single layer coatings, additional C04B 41/00 codes can be added to the C-set to identify other interesting aspects of the respective coatings.

4.2.6 When, in the case of multiple coating, alternatives are mentioned, the following procedure is followed.

If, e.g. for layer 2 an alternative is to be identified, the third C-set will represent this alternative layer, with at the end the symbol C04B 41/522. [This symbol is not to be used for classification.] So in this case, a possible third layer will be identified by the fourth C-set, because the third one refers to an alternative of the second layer (represented by the second set).

Example 37:

In the example 34, a porcelain layer can be used as an alternative to the engobe layer:

/CCI: C04B 41/52 and C04B 41/009

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 33/00

C-set 2: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/504

C-set 3: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/5038, C04B 41/522

C-set 4: C04B 41/52, C04B 41/5022

-When a coating layer is the same as a previous coating layer, a similar procedure as above is followed, adding the symbol C04B 41/524 at the end of the layer that is identical to a previously identified layer

Example 38

C - C04B 41/52, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5045

- C04B 41/52, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5054

- C04B 41/52, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5045, C04B 41/524

- C04B 41/52, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5055

- C04B 41/52, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5045, C04B 41/524, C04B 41/524%2

- C04B 41/5055, C04B 41/4529, C04B 41/5031

4.2.7 For the sake of classification/C-sets in C04B, treatment of "green" concrete or ceramics, i.e. concrete that has not hardened yet, resp. ceramic products that are not fired yet, is considered to be covered by C04B 41/00. Such documents will receive C04B 41/4578 as an extra symbol in the C-set. Only in exceptional cases, classification can be made in this group.

Example 39:

The substrate of example 25 is treated before hardening of the concrete:

/CCI: C04B 41/5089 /SI : C04B 28/06 C-set: C04B 41/5089, C04B 41/5007

4.2.8 Group C04B 41/53 relates to the removal of part of the materials of the treated article. A coating process including a step like polishing, roughening or etching is however not classified in C04B 41/53 or a subgroup (what could be expected applying the last place rule), but is classified applying the general rules for coatings above and adding C04B 41/53 or a subgroup to the C-set. If however the removal is the essential step of the invention, classification in C04B 41/53 is (also) made.

4.2.9 In the same way as when classifying/C-sets in the other parts of C04B, mentioned above, symbols of the series C04B 2111/00 can be used to identify uses or characteristics of the products obtained.

Example 40:

The material of example 36 is used for electronic applications:

/CCI: C04B 41/5001 , C04B 41/009

/Indexing Code: C04B 2111/00844

C-set 1: C04B 41/009, C04B 35/563 and

C-set 2: C04B 41/5001, C04B 41/52

Lime binders as such; Preparation thereof;

C-set is used only incidentally in this class. If so, symbols are chosen from other C04B 2/00 groups and C04B. A C04B 2/00 symbol in a C-set set having a C04B 28/00 CPC class indicates the presence of a second binder.

Slaking, with water including air slaking, filtering after slaking

Devices for slaking lime, e.g. devices for preparing milk of lime or for purifying slaked lime e.g. by filtering

Hydraulic cements as such and their manufacturing methods.

CIS is used only incidentally in this class. If so, index codes are chosen from other C04B 7/00 groups and C04B. A C04B 7/00 index code in a CIS set having a C04B 28/00 EC class indicates the presence of a second binder.

Portland cement (PC),

i.e. hydraulic cement produced by firing limestone or chalk and clay (or other silica, alumina, iron bearing materials) so that Ca-silicate sand aluminates are formed. Average composition: 45% C3S, 25%C2S, rest C3A, C4AF;

i.e. average oxide composition: SiO2 17-24, Al2O3 3-7, Fe2O3 1-5, CaO60-65, MgO 1-5, alkali 1, SO3 1-3;

i.e. average water : cement ratio is 0.4 - 0.6;

i.e. during hydration Ca(OH)₂ is formed, given thus an alkaline reaction;

i.e. PC clinker mostly coground with gypsum to retard setting;

e.g. WHITE PC: low proportion of iron oxide by the choice of raw materials or by firing in reducing flame;

e.g. MEDUSA CEMENT = white PC ;

e.g. LOW HEAT CEMENT : high % of C2S and C4AF, low % of C3S and C3A;

e.g. MASONRY CEMENT for more plastic mortar, often produced by grinding more finely than ordinary PC , a mixture of PC and limestone (or colloidal clay, diatomaceous earth);

e.g. RAPID HARDENING PC = ground finer than PC, slightly altered, setting time similar but strength developed more rapidly;

e.g. SULPHATE RESISTANT PC = high % of C3S and C2S, low % of C3A and C4AF. Should not contain C3A to avoid formation of ettringite (="cement bacillus")

Portland cement using raw materials containing gypsum, e.g. using CaSO₄ instead of chalk or limestone as raw material in the combined production of cement and H₂SO₄ (actually production of SO₂)

C04B 7/60 takes precedence

Hydraulic cements comprising slags as raw material, e.g. cements having low heat of hydration, cements with higher glass content (improved hydraulic characteristics)

Hydraulic cement containing metallurgical slag,

Examples of metallurgical slag :

blast furnace slag .;

STEELMAKING SLAGS.

L.D. slags, (as such not suited as hydraulic cement because of high content of CaO and MgO (lime and magnesia are sprayed on the bath during the oxygen injection for decarburizing and refining the steel)

Laitier = scorie de haut fourneau = blast furnace slag

Laitier d'aciéries = steelmaking slags

LD slags = scorie d'aciéries

Hydraulic cement containing metallurgical slag with other inorganic cementitious materials or other activators,

e.g. basic slags + PC clinker or anhydrite;

METAAL CEMENTEN = basic slags + PC clinker or anhydrite;

when the alkali activated slag results in a polymeric - Davidovits type - cement, additional classification in C04B 12/005 should be given

Hydraulic cement containing metallurgical slag mixed with calcium oxide containing activators,

e.g. SLAG CEMENT = "cold process slag cement" = obtained by cogrinding granulated B.F. slag

BF slag = ciment de laitier

slakkencementen (BE) = ciment de laitier à la chaux (FR)

Hydraulic cement containing metallurgical slag mixed with Portland cements,

e.g. PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE CEMENT (GB) = cogrinding 65% B.F. slag +PC clinker (no gypsum);

e.g. PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT (US) = 25-65% granulated B.F.slag;

e.g. CIMENTS DE HAUT-FOURNEAU (BE) = 30-70% granulated B.F. slag;

e.g. CIMENTS PERMETALLIQUES (BE) = more than 70% B.F. slag;

e.g. CIMENTS PORTLAND DE FER (FR) = 25-35% B.F. slag;

e.g. CIMENTS METALLURGIQUES MIXTES (FR) = 45-55% B.F. slag;

e.g. CIMENTS DE HAUT-FOURNEAU (FR) = 65-75% B.F. slag;

e.g. CIMENTS DE LAITIER AU CLINKER (FR) = more than 80% B.F. slag;

e.g. EISENPORTLANDZEMENT (DE) = less than (35 or) 40% B.F. slag;

e.g. HOCHOFENZEMENT (DE) = 36 (or 41) -85% B.F. slag;

Portland cements = ciments de haut-fourneau = ciment permétallique,= ciments Portland de fer = ciments métallurgiques mixtes = ciments de laitier au clinker = eisenportalndzement = hochofenzement

Hydraulic cement containing metallurgical slagmixed with calcium sulfate containing activators,

e.g. SUPERSULPHATED CEMENT = granulated B.F. slag + CaSO4 + small % PC or lime

Supersulphated cement = ciment métallurgique sursulfaté = ciment sursulfaté = sulfathüttenzement

Hydraulic cement using as raw materials oil shales, residues or waste resulting from different processes, e.g. combustion waste, demolition waste, household, not being slag

Hydraulic cements produced from oil shales, residues or wastes mixed with activators or composition-correcting additives

Composition correcting additives = activators

Hydraulic cements produced from combustion residues,

e.g. artificial pozzuollans other than slags or fly ashes.

Hydraulic cements produced from oils shale, from oil shale residues, from lignite processing,

e.g. simultaneous production of cement and combustion gas from coal

Schistes houillers = bitumineus kalksteen

Hydraulic aluminous cements, obtained by melting (or sintering) a mixture of bauxite and chalk; cooling; grinding.

Composed of :3CaO.Al2O3 (tricalcium dialuminate), CaO.2Al2O3 (calciumtetraaluminate), CaO.Al2O3 (calcium metaaluminate).

Comp.: CaO 37.7 ,Al2O3 38.5 , Fe2O3 12.7 , FeO 3.9 , SiO2 5.3 , SO3 0.1 .

Hydration: -->mostly 3CaO.Al2O.6H2O + Al(OH)3 formed;

i.e. characteristics: less aggressive to the skin than PC,

* very rapid strength development (24h = 28 days for PC)

*setting time = similar to PC

* sulphate/seewater resistant

* colour =black ,

* to be used to -10 C

used for castable refractories;

e.g. high alumina cement;

e.g. 11CaO.7Al2O3.CaX2

Hydraulic calcium aluminosulfate cements

e.g. 4CaO.3Al2O3.SO3;

i.e. HYDRAULIC LIME : obtained from limestone containing clay, burnt at 1000 - 1200 C ..>; beta-C2S, C2AS, C4AF .

WATERKALK. The more hydraulic the closer to cement;

i.e. ROMAN CEMENT = ROCK CEMENT = obtained by calcining a natural mixture of clay and limestone;

i.e. NATURAL CEMENT = idem (below sintering);

e.g. SELENITIC CEMENT = lime + 5 - 10% plaster of lime;

e.g. HYDRAULIC HYDRATED LIME = hydrated dry cement. Product obtained by calcining limestone containing silica and alumina to a temper. short of incipient fusion --->; sufficient free CaO formed to permit hydration and leaving unhydrated suffic. calc. silicate;

e.g. HIGH CALCIUM HYDRAULIC HYDRATED LIME = hydraulic hydrated lime containing <= 5% MgO;

e.g. HIGH MAGNESIUM HYDRAULIC HYDRATED LIME = hydraulic hydrated lime containing >= 5% MgO;

Controlling, monitoring hydraulic cement manufacturing processes,, e.g.. automation

Manufacture of hydraulic cements preventing environmental pollution during the process e.g. desulfuration

Manufacture of hydraulic cements by treating raw materials with active ingredients added before or during the burning processes e.g. additives for obtaining white cement

Manufacture of hydraulic cements by treating raw materials with acids or salts added before or during the burning processes e.g. vanadates

Manufacture of hydraulic cement by preheating without addition of fuel during the preheating step, for example by using exhaust gases, e.g. RSP = reinforced suspension preheater

Manufacture of hydraulic cement by preheating with addition of fuel , e.g. with addition of fuel in the calcining step, besides the addition of fuel in the kiln itself

Treatment or selection of the fuel for the burning during the manufacture of hydraulic cement e.g. fuel for burning other raw material; waste hot gases

e.g. heavy fuel oil (S-content >1%)

Electric burning or melting during the manufacture of hydraulic cement

Clinker hydration during manufacture of hydraulic cement, i.e. in principle for the hydration of the lime content of the clinker;

e.g. hydrating ground clinker

grinding and cooling : CIS indexed as (C04B 7/52; C04B 7/47)

Cements characterised by fineness obtained by the clinker grinding e.g. "microcement": particles with diameter smaller than 15 micrometer

Cements are based on magnesium, e.g. Mg oxychloride, Mg oxysulfate; Preparation thereof;

CIS is used only incidentally in this class. If so, index codes are chosen from other C04B 9/00 groups and C04B. A C04B 9/00 index code in a CIS set having a C04B 28/00 EC class indicates the presence of a second binder.

Process of manufacturing magnesium cements or similar cements, e.g. burning, calcining

Calcium sulfate cements,

e.g. Natural forms of CaSO4.2H2O: SELENITE, MARIAGLAS, TERRA ALBA,SATINITE, ALABASTER;

e.g. MORMOR CEMENT = Ca-sulphate;

e.g. MACK'S CEMENT = plaster of Paris + K2SO4 or Na2SO4;

e.g. LANDPLASTER = CaSO4.2H2O ;

e.g. aging of calcined gypsum

CIS is used only incidentally in this class. If so, index codes are chosen from other C04B 11/00 groups and C04B.

Methods and apparatus for dehydrating gypsum,

e.g. PLASTER = mostly alpha + beta.

e.g. regeneration of gypsum molds: (classification being //( C04B 11/02; C04B 11/262) or other way around)

e.g. drying of alpha-gypsum;

e.g. quick setting alpha-plaster + K2CO3;

used for making moulds for the ceramic industry.

Moulds are classified in B29C in combination with B29K index scheme

The presence of C04B 11/032 in a c-set indicates that alpha-hemihydrate form is used

Devices for the dry process of dehydrating gypsum

The presence of C04B 11/036 in a c-set indicates that beta-hemihydrate form is used

Inorganic materials used ad fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, and their treatment to enhance their filling properties e.g. inorganic pigments other than oxides;

C04B 14/00 and subgroups are used as substrate codes for coatings of natural stone

Carbon used as fillers for mortar, concrete or artificial stone, elemental carbon, e.g. COKE, KOKS (=90%C), LIGNITE, COCKES, "TEERKOKS";

"MINERAL NOIR" = shale (70% SiO2, 30%C) = coal black = " NOIRMINER" = "NOIR D´ IVOIRE"

Silica-rich materials, silicates used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. "LOESS";

e.g. GREYWACKE, GRAYWACKE = conglomerate rock (round pebbles + sand, cemented together.)

Magnesium silicates used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SEPIOLITE; ASBESTINE

Alkali-metal containing silicates, Al-alkali metal silicates used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. PETALITE Li2O.Al2O3.8SiO2;

e.g. SPODUMENE LiO2.Al2O3.4SiO2;

e.g. EUCRYPTITE LiO2.Al2O3.2SiO2;

e.g. NEPHELINE SYENITE;

e.g. MAGADIITE

Quartz, sand used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SILICA (SiO2) is polymorphic i.e. capable of existing in two or more crystal forms. Main forms of crystalline silica : QUARTZ,TRIDYMITE, CRISTOBALITE.

e.g. vitreous silica, amorphous silica;

e.g. precipitated silica; pyrogenic silica;

e.g. SILT = fine sand;

e.g. CHERT; FLINT; MOLDING SAND;

microsilica used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. colloidal silica 0.001-0.2 microns

Silica aerogel used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. silica aerogel being obtained by forming a SiO2 gel impregnated with a solvent, and evaporating the solvent under hypercritical conditions

Specific natural sands used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. BARKHAN SAND, BARHAN SAND

Diatomaceous earth used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. hydrated amorphous silica, skeletons of Diatomacea which are related to brown algae

e.g. INFUSORIAL EARTH;

e.g. TRIPOLITE;

e.g. FOSSIL FLOUR,, MOUNTAIN FLOUR;

FOSSIL FLOUR= FARINE FOSSILE= MOUNTAIN FLOUR

KIESELGUHR, KIESELMEHL

"DIATOMEEN PELITE";

"MOLERERDE"

BERGHMEHL

Clay used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. Al silicates;

e.g. BALL CLAY;;FULLERS EARTH;;

e.g. MARL;

e.g. PORCELANITE

BALL CLAY= GLAISE = FULLERS EARTH= LEEM;

MERGEL" = "MARNE" = MARL

OCRE

Bentonite, e.g. montmorillonite used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. HECTORITE, synthetic hectorite;

e.g. BLEACHING EARTH, "BLEICHERDE" = Al-Mg-Silikate

Kaolin used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

Kaolin is not sintered

e.g. METAKAOLIN, KAOLINITE;

e.g. SMECTITE [9212];

Shale, slate used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

SHALE = SLATE = "SCHISTE" = "SCHIEFER" = "LEISTEEN" (harde klei) =ARDOISE

Expanded clay used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. porous clay; expanded shale;

Mineral of volcanic origin used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. natural pozzuolanes (pozzolana, puzzolan) other than diatomaceous earth;

e.g. IGNEOUS ROCK

e.g. ANDESITE, RHYOLITE, PORFIER;

e.g. OBSIDIAN = vulcanic glass with little or no crystal water;

e.g. TRASS = TUFF = unconsolidated vulcanic ashes;

IGNEOUS ROCK = "ERGUSSGESTEIN " = "ROCHE EFFUCIVE

UITVLOEIINGS GESTEENTE" = "GESTOLDE LAVA"

"PECHSTEIN" = acidic vulcanic glass;

Porous minerals of volcanic origin used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. PUMICE = porous volcanic rock;

e.g. LIPARITE =(Ca pegmatite) e.g. SHIRAZU, SHIRASU = volcanic ash;

e.g. PUMIZITE = volcanic glass

e.g. SCORIA, CINDER

PUMICE = "PIERRE PONCE " = "PUIMSTEEN" = "BIMS"(12mm)

FLUGSAND = like bims but finer (7-10mm);

Perlite being mineral of volcanic origin used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone e.g. volcanic glass

Expanded perlite (mineral of volcanic origin) used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. expanded by evaporation of crystal water

Mica, vermulite used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. "GLIMMER", KAl3Si3O10(OH)2;

e.g. BIOTITE = dark or magnesia mica (rich in Mg and Fe);

e.g. MUSCOVITE = (Na,K)2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O;

e.g. TRACHYLIPARITE;

e.g. sericite

Vermiculite used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. = hydrated biotite mica (OH)2(Mg Fe)3(SiAlFe)4O10.4H2O;

Any type of glass used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. recuperated, waste glass;

e.g. frits, email

Carbonates used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. MAGNESITE, DOLOMITE, "DOLOMIE"

Carbonates of calcium used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. TRIPOLI;

e.g. SHELLS, CORAL, MOTHER OF PEARLS,

e.g. CHALK,

e.g. ICELAND SPAR = pure crystalline calcite (CaCO3)

"ARDUIN" = blue stone

Chalk = "NEUBERGER KREIDE", "KIESELKREIDE

Oxides other than silica used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. simple oxides;

e.g. oxides used as pigments;

used as CIS codes for refractory filler in concrete

Alumina used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. Al(OH)3;

e.g. BAUXITE;

Iron oxide used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. CAPUT MORTUUM = ENGLISH RED = Fe₂O₃

Inorganic materials not classified in groups C04B 14/022, C04B 14/04 - C04B 14/34 used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. mineral salt (NaCl);

e.g. LITHOPONE = BaSO₄ + ZnS (=pigment);

e.g. SPINEL = MgAl₂O₄

Soil used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. mud, sapronel, laterite

mud, sapronel, = "Faulschlamm

Glass fibers, glass whiskers used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

Oxides , hydroxides of rock wool used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

Titanates, TiO2 of rock wool used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

Macromolecular organic compounds used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone e.g. glass-clear thermoplastic MBS resin (methacrylate-butadiene-styrene) for packaging , medical applications

Fibrous organic macromolecular compounds used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. regenerated cellulose fibers;

e.g. textile waste,

textile waste="Textilschnitzel"

Fibrilles used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. polyalkanes;

e.g. stretched films,

e.g. "pulp" aramid fibers = very short , highly fibrillated with very fine fibrils or subfibers attached to core fibre

stretched films= films "etirés"

Fibrilles of polyamaide, of polyaramides used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone e.g. aromatic polyetheramide fibers;

e.g. ARAMID fibers = poly (p-phenylene terephtalamide)

e.g. NYLON = aliphatic polyamide

Porous organic macromolecular compounds used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. PS, EPS;

e.g. expanded PS

Organic materials used as fillers for mortar, concrete or artificial stone characterised by their shape

For agglomerated materials (artificial aggregates or fillers) which are classified in C04B 18/021 or other equivalent subgroups of C04B 18/00, the starting materials, other than the binder, can be identified in the C-set with Indexing Symbols. Symbols are chosen from C04B 14/00, C04B 16/00, C04B 18/00 and less often from C04B 22/00 or C04B 24/00.

See the special rules under C04B 18/021.

Agglomerated materials wherein a melting or firing step takes place during the agglomeration.

See the special rules under C04B 18/021.

A lightweight material (C04B 18/027) which is fired or melted (C04B 18/023) is classified as (C04B 18/027, C04B 18/023).

Grog used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. crushed refactory materials added to ceramic mixes to reduce lamination in clays and shrinkage on drying,

e.g. crushed pottery, firekrick, quartz quartzite, burned ware, saggers;

e.g. CHAMOTTE, FIRED CLAY, FIRECLAY as filler for concrete

Before [9105] documents were classified in C04B 14/10 and received C04B 20/04 index code in the C-set

Agglomerated materials wherein a melting step takes place during the agglomeration

Low density or porous agglomerated material used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone.

For crushed porous concrete aggregate, one set of symbols is used with C04B 18/027 or C04B 38/00 and an alternative classification in C04B 18/16.

A lightweight material (C04B 18/027) which is fired or melted (C04B 18/023) is classified as (C04B 18/027, C04B 18/023).

Waste materials or refuse, e.g. from industrial or other processes or Si-Stoff, or a waste from alumina production. This place also covers mixtures of wastes.

Waste from the purification of bauxite used as filler for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

Dry waste materials used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

Wet waste materials that is dried before use as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

Synthetic gypsum form waste material used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Other specific industrial waste materials not provided in the other subgroups of C04B 18/00 used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. PYRITE CINDER Fe₂O₃;

kiesabbraende

Combustion residues used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases, bottom ash, coal ash or cinders.

Ashes from fluidised bed furnaces used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. AFBC ashes = atmospheric fluidised bed combustion ashes

fly ashes from fluidised bed furnaces take two alternative sets of codes one with C04B 18/061 and one with C04B 18/08

Residues from coal gasification used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. residues from the partial oxidation of coal

Flue dust, fly ash; which is used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Flue dust from brown coal or lignite used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

Lignite fly ash = Braunkohlefilterasche"

Cenospheres used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. = floating fraction of PFA = hollow spheres (20-200micron) of aluminosilicate glass;

e.g. ARMOSPHERES, FILLITE, EXTENDOSPHERES

Pelletizing fuel dust used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

Melting fuel dust to form aggregate;

e.g. sintered PFA

Burned or pyrolised refuse used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. municipal solid waste, slags from waste incineration or burned paper processing waste.

Burned rice husks or other burned vegetable material used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. expanded rice hull ash, reburned rice hull ash

Burned or pyrolised sludges used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SSA = SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH / SLAG

Gaseous combustion products or dusts collected from waste incineration used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. AQCS =Air quality combustion system = fly ash + desulfurisation products

Waste materials form quarries, mining or the like used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Tailings = BERGE", "BERGEMATERIAL", "GRUBENBERGE", "WASCHBERGE

Waste materials from metallurgical processes used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, such as nephelin slurry from Al production.

Slags from metallurgical processes used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. blast furnace slag;

e.g. cupola slag, "

cupola slag = KUPOLOFENSCHLACKE

Filter dust from silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloy production;

(non-thixotropic)

Waste materials from metallurgical processes other than silica fume or slag used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. EAFD, electric arc furnace dust

Waste materials or refuse from building or ceramic industry used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. reclaiming cement slurry or broken ceramic tiles.

Foamed concrete as aggregate: two C-Sets are given, one with C04B 18/16 and one with C04B 18/027.

Cement kiln dust or lime kiln dust used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Dust resulting from cement production.

Organic waste materials used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, such as hair, feathers, leather, manure, mest or wool fibers.

Vegetable refuse, cellulosic materials used as fillers for mortar, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. CORK, SISAL, PEAT, KAPOK;

e.g. VEGETABLE IVORY = CORAJO = TAGUA;

e.g. COMPOST;

e.g. expanded cellulosic material i.e. puffed rice, popcorn is classified in this group and received the C-set containing C04B 20/06

Paper products used as fillers for mortar, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. pulp from bark;

e.g. waste paper

Cork, bark used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone.

Wood and bark are not synonymous, wood used as filler being classified in C04B 18/26.

Wood used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. BAMBOO;

e.g. ARBOLITE = wood chips/waste cement boards;

e.g. FIBROLITE = wood wool cement boards

Mineralising vegetable refuse, compositions therefor used as filler for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

hollow or porous particles of specific composition are classified according to the composition and receive C04B 20/002 as CIS code;

e.g. mixtures of different fibres; when the specific fibre type is not so important

e.g. FIBRE = relatively short;

e.g. FILAMENT = (quasi-)endless;

e.g. YARN = united assembly of fibres (e.g. by spinning);

e.g. THREAD = assembly of yarns or filaments

Mixtures of fibres of different physical characteristics used as materials for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. by twisting

Materials used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 and characterised by the grain distribution

e.g. fine aggregate < 5mm, coarse aggregate > 5mm,

mortar: no coarse aggregate,

concrete: >50% coarse aggregate;

Treatment of materials used as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties

e.g. removing dust from particles;

e.g. getting round particles (e.g. scrap glass)

Heat treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. drying

Expanding clay, perlite, vermiculite or like granular materials by grate sintering to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. Blast roasting=Dwight-Lloyd process

Saugzugsinteranlage = Dwight-Lloyd

Expanding clay, perlite, vermiculite or like granular materials in fluidised beds to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

Wirbelschicht = fluidised beds

Defibrillating asbestos to enhance its filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. dispersing, flocculating asbestos;

e.g. separating asbestos from bearing material, ores

if a mixture is used for the coating: last place rule applies , add C04B 20/10+ codes for other ingredients in the C-set

Coating or impregnating with macromolecular compounds materials according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. polymer + pigment

Coating or impregnating with organo-metallic compounds, organo-silicon compounds, materials according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. with BENTONE

Coating or impregnating with silicates, materials according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00 - C04B 18/00 to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. SAND, SILICA FUME, GLASS

Groups C04B 20/123 and C04B 20/126 are used for indexing purposes only in C04B 20/12 to indicate:

-in the case of C04B 20/123 that a coating is an alternative to the previous indexed coating; example:

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1037

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1033; C04B 20/123

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1055

-in the case of C04B 20/126 that the coating layer is the same as a previous coating layer; example:

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1037

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1033

C04B 20/12%; C04B 18/22; C04B 20/1037; C04B 20/126

Inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. HYDRAZINE, NH2NH2;

e.g. SILICATES;

e.g. HYDROALUMITE 3CaO.Al2O3.CaX2.nH2O, X = (NO3, NO2, OH, CH3COO, CO3,SO4)

Inorganic active ingredients as components of a cementitious mixture are indexed in the CIS database using entries from C04B 22/00. Classification in C04B 22/00 and subgroups is made when these ingredients are (or suspected to be) new or unusual or special details describing this ingredient are given.

used as code to indicate that another C04B 22/00 ingredient is a wasteproduct

Boron compounds, e.g. fluoro-boron compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. magnetised water

e.g. ionized water

e.g. alkali-ion water

This class is given as an index in a C-set or as a class only when very particular aspects of the mixing water are given

Aluminates used as active ingredient for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

Elements used as active ingredient for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. Si;

e.g. O₃

Metals used as active ingredient for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

oxides, hydrocides used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. gelatinous Al(OH)₃

oxides, hydroxides of the alkali or alkaline-earth metals used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. NH₄OH;

e.g. NATRON LYE = AQUEOUS SOLUTION of NaOH;

e.g. HYDROXYLAMINE = NH2OH;

e.g. (POTASH) LYE= aqueous solution of KOH;

e.g. NaOH with Soda impurities;

e.g. KOH

"LESSIVE DE SOUDE" = " NATRONLOOG" = NATRON LYE = AQUEOUS SOLUTION of NaOH;

(POTASH) LYE = "LAUGE" = aqueous solution of KOH

"SODASTEIN" = "SEIFENSTEIN" = NaOH with Soda impurities;

"POTASCHE" = "POTASSE" = KOH

Peroxides used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. H2O2

Acids or salts of inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. MOLYBDATES;

e.g. PERMANGANATES

Acids or salts of inorganic materials containing carbon in the anion, used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SALMIAC = (NH4)2CO3

e.g. SODA = SODA ASH = Na2CO3;

e.g. K4(Fe((CN)6).3H2O yellow, K3(Fe(CN)6) red;

e.g. CYANATES, KCN;

e.g. also CO2

SALMIAC = (NH4)2CO3 = "GEISTERSALTZ" = "HIRSCHHORNSALZ";

SODA = SODA ASH = "SOUDE"

"BLUTLAUGENSALZ" = K4(Fe((CN)6).3H2O yellow, K3(Fe(CN)6) red;

Acids or salts of inorganic materials containing halogen in the anion used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. BLEACHING POWDER = CaCl(OCl).CaO.H2O;

e.g. Hg chloride;

e.g. MURIATIC ACID = HCl

BLEACHING POWDER = "CHLORKALK"

"SUBLIM CORROSIF" = Hg chloride

Chlorides of ammonium or of alkali or alkaline earth metals used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. NH4Cl = muriate of ammonia

Fluorine compounds of inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SILICOFLUORIDES;

e.g. FLUOROSILICATES

Acids or salts thereof of inorganic materials containing sulfur in the anion used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SULFAMIMIC ACID = NH2SO3H;

e.g. Na-THIOSULFATE = Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O;

e.g. Ca-THIOCYANATE

Sulfates of inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. EPSOM SALT = MgSO4;

e.g. KFe(SO4)2 x 12H2O;

e.g. mixtures or alternatives of sulfates (covered by several C04B 22/142 subgroups)

"BITTERSALZ" = EPSOM SALT

"EISENALAUNE" = Doppelsalze des Eisen(III)-sulfats nach Art derAlaune, e.g. "KALIUMEISENALAUN" (KFe(SO4)2 x 12H2O);

Alkali-metal sulfates, ammonium sulfate of inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. GLAUBERITE

Aluminium-sulfate of inorganic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. (calcined) ALUNITE;

e.g. ALUMS

Acids or salts thereof of inorganic materials containing phosphorous in the anion,

e.g. MICROCOSMIC SALT = Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O

Organic materials used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. LIGROIN (benzine);

e.g. RUTIN;

e.g. WHITE SPIRIT = mainly heptane, octane;

e.g. impure NAPHTALENE e.g. esters of inorganic acids, ethylene carbonate;

e.g. PERFUME;

e.g. YEAST

e.g. norbornene and its derivatives (e.g. as modifiers for sulfur cements)

e.g. (di) cyclopentadiene (e.g. as modifiers for sulfur cements)

Organic active ingredients as components of a cementitious mixture are indexed in the C-set of the CIS database using entries from C04B 24/00. Classification in C04B 24/00 and subgroups is done when these ingredients are (or suspected to be) new or unusual or special details describing such an ingredient are given.

all halogenated compounds except chlorosilanes

Aldehydes, ketones used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. GLYOXAL OHCCHO;

e.g. FURFURAL;

e.g. FORMALIN (40% aq. sln of formaldehyde);

e.g. ACETYL ACETONE CH3COCH2COCH3;

e.g. DIOXAN

All Alcohols, phenols, ethers used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. ALCOHOL;

e.g. PHENOL;

e.g. POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS i.e. DIOLS: GLYCOL, TRIOLS: GLYCEROL =GLYCERINE = 1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL, ETHYLENE GLYCOL (HOCH2CH2OH),TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL = 1,3-PROPANEDIOL (HO(CH2)3OH);

e.g. "KRESOL" CRESOL = CH3C6H4OH, o-, m-, p-;

e.g. ETHYLALCOHOL = SPIRITUS;

e.g. SORBIT = SORBITOL C6H14O6 (6 OH groups), SORBITAN =MONOANHYDROSORBIT C6H4O(OH)4;

e.g. FUCUSOL = FUCOSOL = furfurol + methylfurfurol;

e.g. 2,3-DIHYDROXY-1,4-DIOXAN = glyoxal trimer;

e.g. CATECHOL = 1,2-C6H4(OH)2;

e.g. RESORCINOL = 1,3-C6H4(OH)2;

e.g. HYDROQUINONE = 1,4-C6H4(OH)2;

e.g. PHLOROGLUCINOL = 1,3,5-C6H3(OH)3;

e.g. PYROGALLOL = 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene;

e.g. NAPHTHOL;

e.g. PENTAERYTHRITOL;

e.g. ALKOXIDE = ALCOOLATE i.e. Al(OC2H5)3;

e.g. EUGENOL;

e.g. TERPINEOL, TERPINENOL

PHENOL = "CARBOLSAEURE"

RESORCINOL = "RESORZIN"

All ethers used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. ETHER R-O-R';

e.g. DIETHYLENE GLYCOL HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH;

e.g. TRIOXYMETHYLENE = TRIOXANE (CH2O)3 = PARAFORMALDEHYDE;

e.g. epoxide

All fatty alcohols used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. ethoxylated fatty alcohols

Carboxylic acids, Salts, anhydrides thereof used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS R-COOH (carboxy-, -oic acid);

e.g. CARBOXYLIC ACID SALTS R-COOM (M carboxylate, -oate);

e.g. ANHYDRIDES;

e.g. GLYOXYLIC ACID HOOCHO;

e.g. BENZOIC ACID, BENZOATES;

e.g. AGATHIC ACID;

e.g. NAPHTHENIC ACID, NAPHTHENATES;

e.g. RESIN ACID, RESINATES e.g. complex mixture of monocarboxylic acids derived from pine tree extrudate, tree stumps, or tall oil manufacturing. Major components : ABIETIC ACID (=SYLVIC ACID)and PIMARIC ACID;

e.g. KETOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS HO2CCH2CH2COCOOH= a-ketoglutaric acid;

e.g. COAL ACIDS;

e.g. ERYTHORBIC ACID, ERYTHORBATES;

e.g. RESIN SOAPS, SAPONIFIED RESINS

"HARZSEIFEN"=RESIN SOAPS, SAPONIFIED RESINS

Esters of carboxylic acids used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. organic carbonates e.g. ETHYLENE CARBONATE;

e.g. ESTERS R-COOR' (R-carboxylate, R- oxycarbonyl, R-oate);

e.g. GLYCERIDES = glycerine esters;

e.g. ACETINS = acetates (ethanoates) of glycerol, MONOACETIN,DIACETIN,TRIACETIN;

e.g. ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE = ethylidene diacetate = acetaldehydediacetate H3CCO-O-C2H4-O-OCCH3;

e.g. LACTONES = cyclic esters;

e.g. CAPROLACTONE

Carboxylic acids, salts, anhydrides containing hydroxy groups, used as active ingredients for mortars, concreter or artificial stone

e.g. OXYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS;

e.g. LACTIC ACID CH3-CH(OH)-COOH;

e.g. CREAM OF TARTAR = potassium hydrogen tartrate C4H5O6K;

e.g. Na a- and b- GLUCOHEPTONATE;

e.g. CITRIC ACID;

e.g. GLUCONIC ACID;

e.g. GALLIC ACID;

e.g. ALDONIC ACID;

e.g. SACCHARIC ACID = TETRAHYDROXYADIPIC ACID;

e.g. CRESYLIC ACID;

e.g. FLUORESCEIN = RESORCINOLPHTHALEIN = URANINE (Na salt) =DIOXYLFLUORANE C20H12O5;

e.g. BILE ACID (cholic acid)

Fats, fatty oils, ester type waxes, oxidised oils or fats used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. FATS = esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol;

e.g. FATTY OILS = idem e.g. SOJA OIL, OLIVE OIL,RICINUS OIL = CASTOROIL,LINSEED OIL, PALM OIL;

e.g. ESTER TYPE WAXES = "CIRE" = monoesters of long chain unbranched fatty acids and alcohols e.g. MONTAN WAX, CHIN-SAP WAX, SPERMACETI WAX=WALRAT;

e.g. LIPIDES = esters of long chain carboxylic acids e.g. FATS;

e.g. RAPESEED OIL (COLZA OIL);

e.g. CHINA WOOD OIL;

e.g. ETHOXYLATED FATTY ACID

"RUEBOEL" = RAPESEED OIL ("REPSOEL", "RAPSOEOL","RUEBSENOEL", "RUEBOEL", COLZA OIL);

e.g. "HOLZOEL" = "TUNGOEL" = CHINA WOOD OIL

Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SOAPS = salts of higher fatty acids;

e.g. UNSATURATED HIGHER FATTY ACIDS : PALMITOLEIC, OLEIC, RICINOLEIC,LIONLEIC, LINOLENIC, ELEOSTEARIC;

e.g. SATURATED HIGHER FATTY ACIDS: CAPROIC, CAPRYLIC, CAPRIC, LAURIC,MYRISTIC, PALMITIC, STEARIC, ARACHIDIC, BEHEMIC, LIGNOCERIC, CEROTIC;

e.g. OLEIN;

e.g. OLEIC ACID

OLEIC ACID = "ÖLSAÜRE" = "OLIENSAÜRE" = "OCTADECENSAÜRE"= "ACIDUMOLEINICUM"

Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. historically Cx(H2O)y = polyhydroxylated compounds;

e.g. OLIGOSACCHARIDES : DISACCHARIDES, TRISACCHARIDES, TETRASACCHARIDES;

e.g. MOLASSE, MELASSE, SUCROSE;

e.g. MANNITOL= MANNITE;

e.g. WHEY (lactose is the most important ingredient after water);

e.g. SKIMMED MILK;

e.g. SAPONIN = plant glycosides, forming soapy lathers on shaking with water;

e.g. GLYCOSIDES (GLUCOSIDES) , hydrolyse into sugars and other organic substances;

e.g. LEVULOSE = d-FRUCTOSE= FRUIT SUGAR, DIABETIN, LEVOGLUCOSE,SUCROLEVULOSE;

e.g. ALDOSE, KETOSE

MANNITOL= MANNITE= "MANNAZUCKER";

MANNITOL= MANNITE;

e.g. WHEY = "MOLKE" = "WEI" = "BOTERMELK"

Nitrogen containing compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. PENAZOLINE e.g. CA93:136836, CA92:63547, CA93:172622, CA90:141458;

e.g. CHLOROPHYLL;

e.g. AMINE OXIDE R1-R2-R3-N=O

Amines, polyamines used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. and derivatives e.g. salts;

e.g. TM UROTROPINE = HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE;

e.g. ANILINE C6H5-NH2 = PHENYLAMINE = AMINOBENZENE;

e.g. FATTY AMINES

Hydroxy amines and derivatives, e.g. salts used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone;

e.g. NH2 + OH;

e.g. ETHANOLAMINES: MONOETHANOLAMINE, DIETHANOLAMINE, TRIETHANOLAMINE;

e.g. ADRENALINE

Amino-carboxylic acids and derivatives used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. NH2 + COOH;

e.g. NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID N(CH2COOH)3;

e.g. GLUTAMIC ACID = a-AMINOGLUTARIC ACID = 2-AMINOPENTANEDIOIC ACID =amino acid derived from hydrolysis of vegetable protein;

e.g. GLYCINE = AMINOACETIC ACID H2N-CH2-COOH;

e.g. EDTA = ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID

e.g. betaine

Amides, acid amides and derivatives used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. e.g. RCONH2, (RCO)2NH, (RCO)3N;

e.g. FATTY AMIDES e.g. COCOAMIDE

Compounds containing one or more carbon-to nitrogen double or triple bonds and derivatives used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. CYANATES R-N=C=O;

e.g. CYANAMIDE NH2CN;

e.g. DICYANDIAMIDE H2N-CNH-NH-CN;

e.g. NITRILES RCN;

e.g. IMINES R-CH=NH

Urea and derivatives used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. = CARBAMIDE NH2-CO-NH2;

e.g. THIOUREA = THIOCARBAMIDE NH2-SC-NH2

All heterocyclic nitrogen compounds , even if they fall under one of the categories covered by the previous subgroups used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. LACTAMS = cyclic amides , CAPROLACTAM;

e.g. CYANURATES, ISOCYANURIC ACID;

e.g. HYDANTOIN = GLYCOLYLUREA = GLYCOLUSIL;

e.g. IMIDAZOLE

e.g. DINITROPENTAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE

PEPTIDES (much smaller number of amino units per molecule than proteins); ENZYMES;

PROTEINS (polymers of a-amino acids) and derivatives thereof used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. GELATIN, COLLAGEN, KERATIN;

e.g. CASEIN,

e.g. BLOOD, HEMOGLOBINE;

e.g. GLUTEN;

e.g. ZEIN = corn protein

e.g. BLACK GRAM = polysaccharide-protein

e.g. PROTALBINIC ACID, LYSALBINIC ACID;

e.g. soluble proteins: ALBUMINS, GLOBULINS, GLUTELINS, HISTONES,PROTAMINES;

e.g. GLYCYLGLYCINE = dipeptide

CASEIN,=COLLE D´OS

"KOELNER LEIM

Sulfur-containing compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. SULfONIC COMPOUNDS = -SO3H, sulfonated;

e.g. SULFURIC COMPOUNDS = -OSO3H, sulfated;

e.g. BUNTE SALTS = water soluble organic thiosulphate compounds;

e.g. TURKEY RED OIL = SULFORICINATE;

e.g. ISOPROPYL THIOCYANATE (CH3)2CHSCN

TURKEY RED OIL = SULFORICINATE = "TURKISCH ROTÖL"

Lignin sulfonic acid or derivatives thereof used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. LIGNIN SULFONIC ACID = substituted phenylpropane R-CH(SO3H)-CH(OH)-R

e.g. modified lignosulfonate

Sulfonated aromatic compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. SULFANOL;

e.g. FOKS = fuel oil cracking sulfonated = salt of sulfonated andoxidised product resulting from the reaction of SO3 with fuel oils from steam cracking of oil products

Condensation or polymerisation products thereof of sulfonated aromatic compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

Condensation or polymerisation products containing aromatic nucleus;

e.g. sulphonated polystyrene;

e.g. sulphonated amino-s-triazine

Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensation products used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. sulphonated melamine resins;

e.g. triazine-HCHO condensation product

Macromolecular compounds used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. LIGNIN;

e.g. HUMIC ACID;

e.g. LIGNATE

Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. PETROLEUM RESIN (C4/C6 alkene fraction, C8/C10 aromatic fraction or dicyclopentadiene fraction);

e.g. VERSATATES;

e.g. LATEX RESIN;

e.g. COUMARONE RESIN = CUMAR RESIN or GUM = PARACOUMARONE RESIN =BENZOFURAN = synthetic rein from coal tar destillates;

e.g. DIALLYL POLYMERS

Resins as such equivalent to those are classified in C08F

Polyalkenes obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. POLYTERPENES i.e. NATURAL RUBBER

Coumarone polymers used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. INDENE-CUMARONE RESIN

Polyvinylalcohols, polyvinylacetates obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. ETHYLENE VINYLACETATE;

e.g. VINYLLAURATE-VINYLACETATE;

e.g. POLYVINYL PROPIONATE

Polyacrylates, polymethyacrylates obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone,

e.g. COPOLYMERS of POLY(METH)ACRYLATES with other VINYL MONOMERS (e.g. styrene, vinylacetate);

e.g. mixture of acrylic monomers

Nitrogen containing polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. ACRYLNITRIL-STYROL COPOLYMER;

e.g. ACRYLNITRIL-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER;

e.g. Polyvinylamide

Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. STYROL-MALEIC ACID COPOLYMER;

e.g. VINYLACETATE-MALEIC ACID COPOLYMER;

e.g. ISOBUTYLENE-MALEIC ACID COPOLYMER;

e.g. POLYALKYLENE SUCCENIC ANHYDRIDE;

e.g. VINYL ACETATE-DIBUTYL MALEATE COPOLYMER

Polystyrenes compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. STYRENE-BUTADIENE;

e.g. STYRENE-BUTADIENE-PVA

C04B 24/2641 takes precedence.

Halogen containing polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. PTFE (RN 9002-84-0);

e.g. CHLOROPRENE

C04B 24/2682 takes precedence

Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHTALATE;

e.g. POLYIMIDES; POLYESTER IMIDE; POLYAMIDIMINE;

e.g. POLYTHIOCARBONATE;

e.g. POLYSULFONES; POLYSULPHONAMIDE;

e.g. POLYTHIOETHER;

e.g. POLYSULPHIDE;

e.g.. ETHOXYLINE RESIN;

e.g. FURAN RESIN (deriv. from furfuryl alcohol);

e.g. POLYALKYLENE POLYAMINES;

e.g. POLYAMINES; POLYESTERAMIDES

e.g. POLYETHYLENE IMINE (CH2CH2NH)x

resins as such equivalent to those classified in C08G

Polyepoxides compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. a-EPICHLORHYDRINE-1 CHLORO 2,3 EPOXY PROPANE

Polyesters compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds and used as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone

e.g. ALKYD resins;

e.g. polylactic acid, polylactide

The use for instance of phenol resin as binder, novolac resin, resol resin.

Phenol-formaldehyde resins, as a group, are formed by a step-growth polymerization reaction that can be either acid- or base-catalysed. Since formaldehyde exists predominantly in solution as a dynamic equilibrium of methylene glycol oligomers, the concentration of the reactive form of formaldehyde depends on temperature and pH.

Phenol is reactive towards formaldehyde at the ortho and para sites (sites 2, 4 and 6) allowing up to 3 units of formaldehyde to attach to the ring. The initial reaction in all cases involves the formation of a hydroxymethyl phenol:

HOC₆H₅ + CH₂O → HOC₆H₄CH₂OH

Novolacs (originally Novolak, the name given by Leo Baekeland), are phenol-formaldehyde resins made where the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of less than one. The polymerization is brought to completion using acid-catalysis. The phenol units are mainly linked by methylene groups

Base-catalysed phenol-formaldehyde resins are made with a formaldehyde to phenol ratio of greater than one (usually around 1.5). These resins are called resols. Phenol, formaldehyde, water and catalyst are mixed in the desired amount, depending on the resin to be formed, and are then heated

Phenol - the simplest of the phenols

Formaldehyde