Arrangements for

or otherwise controlling:

Arrangements or measures for starting a motor when the power re-establishes after a power failure, e.g. when the motor does not automatically starts turning.

In particular restarting before the motor has stopped.

Repulsion start induction motor (RS-IM):

An alternating-current motor that starts as a repulsion motor; at a predetermined speed the commutator bars are short-circuited to give the equivalent of a squirrel-cage winding for operation as an induction motor with constant-speed characteristics.

The resistance may be an actual resistor or it could also be a semiconductor operating in its linear region.

In this group is for starting a commutator motor supplied by AC.

Repulsion start induction motor (RS-IM):

An alternating-current motor that starts as a repulsion motor; at a predetermined speed the commutator bars are short-circuited to give the equivalent of a squirrel-cage winding for operation as an induction motor with constant-speed characteristics.

The polyphase refers to the supply. An induction motor having main and auxiliary windings could be considered as a polyphase motor, but not within the meaning of H02P 1/26. They are classified in H02P 1/42 because they are supplied by a single phase power supply which supplies the main and auxiliary windings.

Other means than an inverter

Other means than an inverter.

Other means than an inverter.

The resistance may be an actual resistor or it could also be a semiconductor operating in its linear region.

Any typical frequency converter can be used to start from almost DC to nominal speed without modifications. These documents are not to be classified in this group except in the case where special measures are integrated with the sole purpose of starting.

DC motors, i.e. a motor supplied with a DC voltage, whereby the motor is seen as an independent block not further elaborated. Typically this is a commutated motor, however e.g. a fan motor for a PC is also supplied with DC and therefore the starting of a PC fan motor is also classified here.

Arrangements where energy is not regenerated but lost in resistors or in the impedances of the motor.

Arrangements or measures where the energy is regenerated, e.g. kinetic energy is reused by sending it back to the supply or stored in an energy buffer.

Arrangements where energy is not regenerated but lost in resistors or in the impedances of the motor.

Differential gearboxes where the output speed or phase represents the difference in speeds or phase.

Rotor and stator lines of first motor coupled in parallel with rotor and stator lines of second motor.

First motor switches second motor on during a limited period in one turn (e.g. 120 degrees of 360 degrees).

Not only the speed is equalized but also the phase, e.g. newspaper printing presses where a phase difference results in paper jams.

In this group a DC motor is a motor supplied with a DC voltage, whereby the motor is seen as an independent block not further elaborated. Typically this is a commutated motor, however e.g. a fan motor for a PC is also supplied with DC and therefore the starting of a PC fan motor is also classified here although anno 2010 they are most likely BLDC. A commutator motor supplied with AC goes to H02P 5/74 and subgroups.

In this group an AC motor is a motor supplied with an AC voltage, whereby the motor is seen as an independent block not further elaborated.

In this group a DC motor is a motor supplied with a DC voltage, whereby the motor is seen as an independent block not further elaborated. Typically this is a commutated motor, however e.g. a fan motor for a PC is also supplied with DC and therefore the starting of a PC fan motor is also classified here.

In this group an AC motor is a motor supplied with an AC voltage, whereby the motor is seen as an independent block not further elaborated.

Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors with electronic commutators where commutation is done in dependence on the rotor position, or other dynamo-electric motors with electronic commutators where commutation is done in dependence on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefore

Brushless DC motors, e.g. BLDC motors, BL motors, electronically commutated motors, ECMs, EC motors

In a cost effective approach for the control of a Brushless motor there is a direct link between the Hall sensors and the switching transistors, which enable it to turn only in one direction. An additional circuit for enabling it to run in both direction fall under this group.

The source of the torque ripple is commutation in this group. Reducing is done e.g. by controlling with trapezoidal current or other waveforms.

Creating a delay or advance between the measured or calculated position of the rotor and the commutation itself. e.g. switching before (e.g. for higher speed) or after (e.g. lower torque) or to compensate for misalignment.

All circuits and methods which detect the rotor position inside the motor (or outside if the rotor is mounted on the outside and the stator on the inside).

Starting without feedback from the position detection e.g. when back emf is to low.

Starting without a movement in the wrong direction e.g. for hard disks spindle motor.

DC motor is typically a brushed commutator motor. The DC motor can be supplied by an AC voltage or AC current. There are three types of connections used for DC electric commutator motors: series, shunt and compound. An armature generally refers to one of the two principal electrical components of an electromechanical machine–generally in a motor or generator, but it may also mean the pole piece of a permanent magnet or electromagnet, or the moving iron part of a solenoid or relay. The other component is the field winding or field magnet. The role of the "field" component is simply to create a magnetic field (magnetic flux) for the armature to interact with, so this component can comprise either permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil. The armature, in contrast, must carry current so it is always a conductor or a conductive coil, oriented normal to both the field and to the direction of motion, torque (rotating machine), or force (linear machine). The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current crossing the field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate an electromotive force (EMF). Other DC motors are (from Wikipedia) A homopolar motor is an electric motor that works without the need for a commutator, by rotating along a fixed axis that is parallel to the external magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet. The name homopolar indicates that the electrical polarity of the motor does not change (i.e., that it does not require commutation). Such motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which restricts their practical applications, since they must be used with low voltages and produce relatively small torques. A ball bearing motor is an electric motor that consists of two ball-bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low voltage power supply.

Tirrill regulator: A device for regulating the voltage of a generator, in which the field resistance of the exciter is short-circuited temporarily when the voltage drops (source: McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms).

A Ward Leonard drive is a high-power amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range, built from rotating electrical machinery. A Ward Leonard drive unit consists of a motor and generator with shafts coupled together. The motor, which turns at a constant speed, may be AC or DC powered. The generator is a DC generator, with field windings and armature windings. The input to the amplifier is applied to the field windings, and the output comes from the armature windings. The amplifier output is usually connected to a second motor, which moves the load, such as an elevator. With this arrangement, small changes in current applied to the input, and thus the generator field, result in large changes in the output, allowing smooth speed control. Armature voltage control only controls the motor speed from zero to motor base speed. If higher motor speeds are needed the motor field current can be lowered, however by doing this the available torque at the motor armature will be reduced. Another advantage for this method is that the speed of the motor can be controlled in both directions of rotation. (From Wikipedia).

The use of a transistor or FET in linear mode (non switching)

Using a Schmitt trigger with two thresholds.

Electronic switches that do not extinguish automatically.

Rotating amplifiers, e.g. metadyne, amplidyne, rototrol, magnicon and magnavolt.

Source:

“Rotating amplifiers: The amplidyne, metadyne, magnicon and magnavolt and their use in control systems” by M. G. Say.

“Direct current machines for control systems” by Arnold Tustin metadyne, amplidyne, rototrol are now obsolete technology. Modern electronic devices for controlling power in the kilowatt range include MOSFET and IGBT devices.

A Ward Leonard drive is a high-power amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range, built from rotating electrical machinery. A Ward Leonard drive unit consists of a motor and generator with shafts coupled together. The motor, which turns at a constant speed, may be AC or DC powered. The generator is a DC generator, with field windings and armature windings. The input to the amplifier is applied to the field windings, and the output comes from the armature windings. The amplifier output is usually connected to a second motor, which moves the load, such as an elevator. With this arrangement, small changes in current applied to the input, and thus the generator field, result in large changes in the output, allowing smooth speed control. Armature voltage control only controls the motor speed from zero to motor base speed. If higher motor speeds are needed the motor field current can be lowered, however by doing this the available torque at the motor armature will be reduced. Another advantage for this method is that the speed of the motor can be controlled in both directions of rotation. (From Wikipedia)

Stepper motors have typically a large number poles which results in a large number of steps, and use permanent magnets resulting in high cogging torque and therefore in a large holding torque, even when the motor is not energized. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (Open-loop control).

Control of current to increase commutation speed through the inductive windings, e.g. by measuring the coil current and generating a PWM controlled current or e.g. by applying a first higher voltage and a thereafter a lower voltage.

e.g. by lowering the current to the minimum required to hold the position or by increasing the current when a step is required in particular using feedback to determine the movement.

Control of step size, including half step.

Typically the rotor is moved by an external force and the rotor current is controlled such that a desired output voltage is achieved without an additional converter at the power output stage. The generator has typically two electrical connections and one mechanical input.

Dynamo-electric converters are rotating machines whose purpose is not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type of electric current into another, for example DC into AC. They are multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more sets of rotating contacts (either commutators or slip rings, as required), one to provide power to one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or more attached to other windings to produce the output current. The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric power into any other. This includes converting between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), three phase and single phase power, 25 Hz AC and 60 Hz AC, or many different output voltages at the same time. The size and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any sudden surges or dropouts in the applied power. (source Wikipedia) Dynamo-electric converters are now obsolete technology. Modern electronic devices for controlling power in the kilowatt range include MOSFET and IGBT devices.

The stator phase currents are measured and converted into a corresponding complex (space) vector. This current vector is then transformed to a coordinate system rotating with the rotor of the machine. Control of the machine is done in this in this rotating coordinate system. The calculated voltages in this in this rotating coordinate system are then transformed into real voltages which usually generated by an inverter bridge are then applied to the motor.

Synchronous Motor having an inherent instability, e.g. when it is used to drive a high inertia load. The motor ideally should spin at a constant angular velocity, but it instead sporadically oscillates about synchronous speed. This phenomenon is known as ‘hunting’. This problem produces current ripples at the motor’s electrical terminals and induces noise.

Temperature related changes in constants like resistance

The speed and the phase (or position) of a rotating shaft are both controlled to reach both a predetermined reference signal

By acting on a device that is not the driving motor; for example, by acting on a brake (see document US4086520).

By acting on the supply of the motor that drives the shaft (see document US4885793).

A software algorithm that is only suitable in motor control which enables the implementation of a strategy in a processor (minimalising computing steps).

The motor parameters are stored in the in memory chip located in (or in the proximity of e.g. installed coder) the motor identifying the motor.

Special control of the motor e.g. by adapting the voltage and the phase/frequency fed to the motor

A Synchronous Motor has an inherent instability when it is used to drive a high inertia load. The motor ideally should spin at a constant angular velocity, but it instead sporadically oscillates about synchronous speed. This phenomenon is known as ‘hunting’. This problem produces current ripples at the motor’s electrical terminals and induces noise.

The motor position is determined as a result of the motor control. If the motor is controlled based on the determined position see H02P 6/00.

Torque ripple here is torque ripple that comes from the construction of the motor: high cogging torque produce by the switching of the reluctance paths.

Shiftable brushes allow control of speed and/or torque

If the supply is not particularly adapted for the control of a motor than it should not be classified here e.g. a variable voltage supply is suitable for a DC motor however it is suitable for various loads and therefore should be classified in a general voltage supply group e.g. H02M or G05B Only when the supply is exclusively for the control of AC motors these groups are used e.g. because control is influenced in function of a motor parameter (e.g. speed, torque, position, motor parameters etc)

The (prime mover) motor is supplied with a constant power supply. Some means connected (mechanically) with the motor and the load influences the speed.

Reduction of high and low order harmonics in the motor and / or harmonics in the power line supplying the motor. Harmonics here refer to frequencies which corresponding with a multiple of the motor speed (or load speed), e.g. caused by asymmetry of the motor. EMI interference is therefore reduced. Fourier analysis and frequency / amplitude graphs are common for this application. Standards to regulate the harmonic current drawn IEC 1000-3-2 and VDE0871.

Protection of the motor by measures taken in the motor controller.

Measures taken in the motor controller to assure the best possible operation of the motor under the given (faulty) circumstance.

e.g. protection against broken phase, against power failure, against power failure.