The general subject matters direction-finding, navigation, determining distances or velocities, locating, or presence-detecting are covered by several subclasses besides G01S such as: G01B, G01C, G01P, G01V.

G01S necessarily requires the use of waves (attention is drawn to the section Glossary of terms).

Therefore, the use of static or time-varying fields that do not obey a wave equation is not sufficient for subject matter to be classified in G01S.

G01S specially emphasizes radio waves. Thus, this subclass is always the appropriate place when radio waves are used for determining directions, bearings, or distances. It is also always appropriate when radio waves are used for determining velocities of solid objects or bodies as well as for locating such bodies or detecting their presence. It is also always appropriate for navigation by using radio waves (attention is drawn to the limited scope of the term navigation, given below in the section Glossary of terms).

As regards the use of other waves than radio waves, the part "analogous arrangements using other waves" of the title requires careful consideration of G01B, G01C, G01P, and G01V that all cover the use of such waves for the measuring of similar variables like distance, velocity, direction, or location.

When propagation effects of waves are relevant (see definition below in the section Glossary of terms), G01B, G01C, and G01P all refer to G01S as being the appropriate place; however, there are some exceptions where propagation effects are relevant but the subject matter is classified elsewhere (see section References relevant to classification in this subclass below).

It is to be noted that this emphasis on propagation effects does not preclude subject matter from being classified in G01S when propagation effects are irrelevant to that subject matter.

Radar, Sonar, Lidar, or analogous systems specifically designed for geophysical use are classified in G01V. However, they are also classified in G01S if they are of general interest.

Beacons (transmitters) which are dedicated to transmit signals from which a position, direction or direction line can be derived. It also covers dedicated receivers for these beacons. Marker beacons, i.e. beacons, the reception of whose signal indicates a location, are also found in G01S 1/00.

Beacons or beacon systems using electromagnetic waves, notably in the optical frequencies, other than radio waves.

Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves (including light), or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received.

Algorithms employing MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant techniques) and other subspace decomposition algorithms to determine the angle of arrival are classified in G01S 3/74 and G01S 3/8006 respectively.

Passive, as distinct from active - involving reflection or reradiation - found in G01S 13/00, G01S 15/00, G01S 17/00, form the vast bulk of inventions found in the G01S 5/00. However, inventions involving re-radiation (G01S 13/74, G01S 13/876, G01S 13/878) in which the underlying principle is akin to a passive system, with the initial illumination of a target acting like a trigger for transmission may also be classified here.

The schemes relating to the different wave types (i.e. radio, optical, acoustic) would be expected to mirror each other. For practical reasons, subgroups analogous to each of the subgroups of G01S 5/02 have not been created in G01S 5/16 or G01S 5/18. Classification of documents related to G01S 5/16 and G01S 5/18 will be carried out in a manner analogous to G01S 5/02, i.e. where a document refers to aspects which are of inherently involved in the measurement of position, but do not describe the measurement of position itself, e.g. signal details, constructional details of transmitters, then G01S 5/18 should be allocated (as no equivalent of G01S 5/0205 exists) and not merely one of the subgroups G01S 5/20 - G01S 5/30.Where combinations of signals between acoustic or optical with radio comprise the invention, these inventions should be classified in G01S 5/0257.

Transmission of data between stations. In general, the subgroups of G01S 5/0009 relate to transmission of either measurements of signals which allow for locating a receiver or transmitter, or the transmission of the position of the located receiver or transmitter.

G01S 5/0009 and its subgroups relate to transmission of position information between a remote station and reference station or between remote stations or reference stations. However, inventions are classified in these subgroups only where the transmission of information is related to the calculation of position. It is not intended to cover transmission of positioning data or position related data in applications in which the positioning arrangement is merely a black box. Inventions should be assigned G01S 5/0009 only if the invention would also have warranted G01S 5/00 outside of G01S 5/0009 and its subgroups.

All aspects which influence the how, when and if a position should be determined.

Examples of such are:

Additional allocation should be considered in G01S 5/0215, G01S 5/0218, G01S 5/0263, G01S 19/34, and G01S 19/48 if appropriate.

Identifying specific radio environment conditions appropriate for an object position determination, e.g. high incidence of multipath, poor signal reception conditions, high interference levels.

Identifying whether an object is considered to be indoors or outdoors.

Notes:

Identifying from received signals whether the receiver is indoors or outdoors and accordingly whether using an indoor position technique or an outdoor position technique is more appropriate is classified here, in G01S 5/012.

Identifying a particular location from received signals should be allocated in G01S 5/0269.

Identifying in which type of area, e.g. large room, stairwell, lift, or corridor, of a building a device is located. Accordingly, a positioning algorithm which is optimised for such an environment can be chosen.

G01S 5/0269 should be allocated in the case of identifying a particular location, e.g. a particular stairwell, or corridor, from received signals.

Identifying that a device has moved from one environment to another, e.g. moving from a corridor to a stairwell, passing under a bridge, entering a tunnel, changing from a rural to an urban environment.

G01S 5/0269 should be allocated in the case of identifying that the transition allows one to pinpoint a particular position, e.g. detecting from a sudden disappearance and reappearance of GPS signals that one has passed under a particular bridge on a motorway.

Identifying that a device has moved into or out of a building, this often will be suggested by the sudden appearance or disappearance of GPS signals.

Where the identification of the transition allows one to pinpoint a particular position (e.g. where the transition unambiguously suggests a particular position, e.g. the doorway of a building with a single door or entry gate of an underground car-park, G01S 5/0269 should be allocated.

Identifying that a device has transitioned between different areas of a building, e.g. entering an area of the building with lots of windows such that GPS reception is possible, entering a stairwell or a lift.

Where the identification of the transition allows one to pinpoint a particular position (e.g. where the transition unambiguously suggests a particular position, e.g. only stairwell in a building, G01S 5/0269 should be allocated.

Among others, detecting whether a device is stationary (in which case position determination could be suspended), whether that pattern of movement suggests that the device is carried by a pedestrian, or that the device is travelling in a car of train.

Using non-radio wave signals to identify conditions for positioning, e.g. detecting natural light, noise patterns or temperature can indicate whether a device is likely to be in an indoor or outdoor environment, or in a multipath environment.

Power saving, energy consumption and other related issues which can affect the choice of positioning algorithm.

Allocation of G01S 19/34 or G01S 5/0221 may also be necessary, particularly if the energy saving technique reduces energy without any particular relation to the choice of position determination routine. One example where G01S 19/34 might be allocated without the allocation of G01S 5/019 is where low-power components are employed in the GPS receiver, with no mention of using an alternative to GPS in the determination of position.

G01S 5/02 covers algorithmic steps of positioning determination while H04W 64/00 covers more the network specific aspects thereof, e.g. scheduling, server aspects. H04W 64/00 refers more to established technologies

Details of receivers, e.g. signal acquisition, interference cancellation; details of transmitters, e.g. transmission signal, constructional details; and other aspects which do not relate directly to the positioning algorithm used.

Detection and/or correction or incorrect operation of transmitters of receivers employed in position determination. Where transmitters involved are dedicated positioning beacons or the receivers are designed for operation using signals from dedicated positioning beacons, G01S 1/022 should be allocated. Accuracy or reliability of positions determined: G01S 5/0244.

Multipath detection and/or mitigation in signal reception.

This group does not relate to how signals which are subject to multipath are subsequently used in determining position. This aspect is addressed in G01S 5/0273. It may be necessary to classify a document in either or both of G01S 5/0218 and G01S 5/0273 depending on which or both the invention refers to.

Where the multipath detection is in the context of determining the electrical environment in which the position device find itself, in order to decide on how best to carry out position determination, G01S 5/01 should also be allocated to the document.

Details of networks of receivers for determining position. Typically, aspects such as synchronisation, aspects of communication between the receivers, type and makeup of the receivers is intended.

Although G01S has a main group entry (G01S 1/00) for the system aspects of networked beacons systems which provide signals received by a mobile receiver which determines its position from these signals, it does not, as yet have an entry for the reciprocal arrangement - i.e. the network aspects of a network of receivers which determine the position of a transmitter. This subgroup is to address this need.

Details of networks of receivers for determining position in which timing or synchronisation of the receivers are the focus.

Determining the position of a transmitter which will later be used in positioning. Examples of such are: determining the location of an FM broadcasting station using triangulation in a mobile receiver, the position of the FM receiver is then stored and signals from the FM transmitter may later be used in position determination.

Determinations or indications of accuracy, reliability, plausibility and other similar indicators of positions determined and/or measurements.

Positioning methods such as frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) etc., and other techniques where a position can be determined using Doppler measurements.

Using measurements from a moving receiver to determine position. One illustrative example of what is expected in this place is the following: instead of the position of a transmitter being determined from signals received by multiple stationary receivers, one or more receivers make measurements at different places, essentially mimicking the situation of having stationary receivers.

This method of determining position of transmitters is often used in G01S 5/0242. It may be necessary to classify such in both G01S 5/0242 and in G01S 5/0249.

Positioning techniques where a database (radio-map) of measurements has been created with radio wave measurements indexed against position coordinates of where the radio wave measurements were made (rf fingerprints), this database is subsequently queried for determining position of other devices.

Alternatively, if the radio environment is accurately known (e.g. where most significant propagation parameters are known), it is possible to simulate the measurements to be used in the database rather than having to physically carry out measurements.

In this subgroup the term "Radio frequency fingerprints" is used to refer to the use of measurements of signal parameters, e.g. Received Signal Strength Indicator [RSSI], signal phase, or differences in times of arrival) and to the use of identifiers, e.g. SSIDs or ApIds, transmitted on a signal.

Where position is determined by comparing measured values, e.g. RSSI, RTT or other measured parameters of signals, or identifiers, e.g. SSIDs, with a radio-map, i.e. a database of previously measured values or identifiers indexed against the position at which they were measured.

Arrangements where measurements of further values, e.g. acoustics signals, pressure, or temperature, are stored along with the radio wave measurements or identifiers.

Aspects such as protocol, timing, encryption, compression, refresh rate used for transmitting database items to the receiver. It also relates to how much data is downloaded by the receiver, and when, etc.

Aspects such as the path taken by a receiver when collecting rf measurements or identifiers, rate at which measurements are taken etc.

Cases where simulated fingerprints are generated.

Cases where only identifiers (and not measurements such as RSSIs) have been stored in the radio-map.

Combining different signals to compute a position or combining computed positions from different positioning systems to arrive at a final position. The other positioning systems may include non-radio wave signals, e.g. inertial signals, barometer signals, optical signals, acoustics signals.

Cases where measurements from different sources, e.g. wifi signals, inertial signals, barometric values, light signals, or acoustic signals, are combined to determine a position of a receiver.

Where at least one of the signals is a GPS signal, G01S 19/45 should be allocated instead of G01S 5/0258 (see limiting reference at G01S 5/02).

G01S 5/0258 differs from G01S 5/0263 in that G01S 5/0263 relates to combining position solutions (rather than measurements) from different systems. The following example should clarify the situation: in a scenario where several wifi signals and several cellular signals are available, if all (or several) signals are combined to determine the position, G01S 5/0258 is allocated; where two separate positions are calculated using exclusively the wifi signals and exclusively cellular signals respectively, and a final solution is determined as a weighted average of the two, G01S 5/0263 is allocated.

Determining position using a combination of radio wave signal(s) and e.g. acoustic, light, pressure, etc signals. Tightly coupled radio wave + inertial navigation systems are also covered.

Where at least one of the signals is a GPS signal, G01S 19/45 should be allocated instead of G01S 5/02585 (see limiting reference at G01S 5/02).

G01S 5/02585 differs from G01S 5/0264 in that G01S 5/0264 relates to combining position solutions (rather than measurements) from different systems. The following example should clarify the situation: in a scenario where several wifi signals and several acoustic signals are available, if all (or several) measurements of signals are combined to determine the position, G01S 5/02585 is allocated; where two separate positions are calculated using exclusively the wifi signals and exclusively acoustic signals respectively, and a final solution is determined as a weighted average of the two, G01S 5/0264 is allocated.

Where position is determined using e.g. dead reckoning, i.e. where an initial position is determined using radio wave signals, and a dead reckoning is done either in parallel or during periods when radio wave signals are not available, G01S 5/0264 is allocated.

The term "positioning systems" is interpreted quite broadly to include any system transmitting sufficient similar signals for the determination of position, i.e. cellular signals, wifi signals (however not a single cellular signal + a single wifi signal + a single nfc signal).

Where the combination involves a position determined using GPS signals, G01S 19/48 should be allocated (see limiting reference at G01S 5/02).

Determining position by choosing one possible solution out of several possible solutions deliverable by a positioning signal system, e.g. to combining a position solution derived using a TDOA algorithm with one using an angle of arrival algorithm all derived from signals in a single system; also included are instances where different combinations of signals from different transmitters are combined to arrive at an optimal position solution.

Inferring position using knowledge of:

An illustrative example of constraining a position is: a receiver on a train being constrained to lie on a train line.

The techniques involved in inferring position can be similar to those for determining an electromagnetic environment, such as covered by G01S 5/011. The difference between these subgroups is how the determination of the environment is subsequently used. If the determination of environment is only for the purposes of choosing a particular positioning method, then G01S 5/011 is allocated. If the determination of the environment is specific enough to indicate the position of the device to be positioned, then G01S 5/0269 is allocated. However, it may be necessary to allocate both symbols.

Where a position is inferred as that of e.g. a wifi access point from which a signal has been received, G01S 5/0295 is allocated.

Devices to be located travelling on railways, travelling on a road, restricted to particular corridors of building etc. In general, when the curve upon which a device is to travel is known, fewer radio-wave measurements are required than in the case of TDOA position determination etc.

Trajectory determination and general target tracking.

Facets:

In this group, tracking is used to imply employing predictive filtering and other techniques such as determine the position of a target. In general, this group relates to scenarios where predictive filtering will be necessary in order to be able to continuously determine the position of a target. It is not intended for simply "keeping track of" inventory items, taxis, where determination of position of the items is relatively uncomplicated.

Methods where the location is taken from the location of a transmitter whose signal is received and in general involves reading the ID of the transmitter, rather than a measurement of any parameter, e.g. signal strength, angle of arrival, or time of arrival, of the signal received.

The following are examples of documents found in this subgroup:

It may be necessary to also consult G01S 5/02529 during search. The subject-matter of G01S 5/0295 and G01S 5/02529 are not unlike one another. Where a list of identifiers is used purely to look up a corresponding position at which this combination was measured, a symbol in G01S 5/0252 (mostly likely G01S 5/02529) is appropriate; however, where the determination of position is determined based on the coordinates of the transmitters whose I.D. has been read, then a G01S 5/0295 symbol should be allocated.

Position determination by co-ordinating position lines of different shapes where all signals received are radio signals.

G01S 5/02 takes precedence

Disclosures which are directly concerned with details or functionality of sub-systems or component parts of systems according to G01S 13/00, G01S 15/00 or G01S 17/00.

Details common to systems of all groups G01S 13/00, G01S 15/00 and G01S 17/00 are covered by G01S 7/00

Details of systems according to groups G01S 13/00 are covered by G01S 7/02.

Details of systems according to groups G01S 15/00 are covered by G01S 7/52.

Details of systems according to groups G01S 17/00 are covered by G01S 7/48.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 13/00, G01S 15/00 or G01S 17/00 respectively;

however details which form an important or technically non-trivial part of a system should also be classified in G01S 7/02, G01S 7/52 or G01S 7/48 respectively.

E.g. radar/sonar/lidar apparatuses using a communication link (cable or wireless) to transmit data to or exchange data with remote stations.

It does not cover data transferred inside the radar apparatus or data transfer between receivers.

Disclosures which are directly concerned with details or functionality of sub-systems or component parts of systems according to G01S 13/00.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 13/00; however details which form an important or technically non-trivial part of a system should also be classified in G01S 7/02.

The subgroup G01S 7/28 covers details of pulse systems whereas the subgroup G01S 7/35 covers details of non-pulse systems. This distinction is made in accordance with the subgroups of G01S 13/08 and G01S 13/58. All other subgroups of G01S 7/02 are applicable to both pulse and non-pulse systems.

Detection or identification of

The use of said information e.g. for anti-jamming or EMI reduction measures is covered by other classes (see below).

Radar-related constructional details of HF (i.e. high frequency)-subsystems.

Details of waveguides, waveguide transitions, couplers (like hybrid couplers etc.) should be classified additionally in H01P, details of antennas should be classified additionally in H01Q, details of oscillators (e.g. VCO, i.e. voltage controlled oscillator, DRO, i.e. dielectric resonator oscillator), resonators, modulators/demodulators (like mixers, switches etc.), amplifiers, impedance matching networks etc. should be classified additionally in H03.

E.g. solid state Tx/Rx-modules, single-chip radar sensors etc.

Circuits or measures to suppress Tx-Rx-crosstalk.

All details of radar displays and the respective data processing.

Not only details of cathode-ray tube displays (old technique from the days of generating this IPC class) but details of all kind of displays; such details are e.g. the use of different colours, cursor lines, symbols, plan-position indicators etc.

The respective details (e.g. schematics) of radars using a pulsed carrier wave

Methods or means for a pulsed radar system providing a modification of the radiation pattern for cancelling noise, clutter or interfering signals, e.g. side lobe suppression, side lobe blanking, null-steering arrays.

These features may likewise apply to non-pulse systems, i.e. G01S 7/35. In the case of non-pulse systems having said features, give both classes, G01S 7/35 and G01S 7/2813.

Schematics, circuit details of pulsed radar transmitters

Circuits for generating electric pulses per se (for all applications, not only radar) are in H03K 3/00

Details of echo extraction in pulsed radars.

Pulsed systems measuring target Doppler but also containing disclosure pertaining to extracting wanted targets from noise are classified in both G01S 13/52 and G01S 7/292.

Details of echo extraction based on data belonging to single radar period in pulsed radars.

e.g. CFAR

Details of echo extraction based on data belonging to a number of consecutive radar periods in pulsed radars using the shape of radiation pattern.

These features may likewise apply to non-pulse systems, i.e. G01S 7/35. In that case give both classes, G01S 7/35 and G01S 7/2925.

e.g. CFAR

E.g., converting polar to Cartesian coordinates, details of computer implemented receivers.

Details (e.g. of schematics) of non-pulsed radar systems, e.g. FMCW or CW radar systems.

Means and measures to counter a jamming attack on the radar.

Radar jammers (active and passive) and similar means

Means and measures to

Monitoring and calibrating parts of the radar system.

Since monitoring and calibrating of a radar (G01S 7/40) inevitably involves the monitoring and calibrating of the parts of the radar system, this class (G01S 7/4004) is regarded as ill-conceived and has to be reformulated/deleted in the near future. To ensure that all documents are found, see also G01S 7/40 and the classes G01S 7/4008 - G01S 7/4026).

This class is not used, and is awaiting revision.

Monitoring and calibrating the transmitter of the radar system.

Since monitoring and calibrating of the parts of the radar system (G01S 7/4004) inevitably involves the monitoring and calibrating of the transmitter of the radar system, it is recommended to consult also G01S 7/4004 for a complete search. The same applies to G01S 7/4017 (HF systems) in which also some documents with transmitter monitoring/calibrating may be hidden.

Monitoring and calibrating the HF systems of the radar system.

Since monitoring and calibrating of the HF systems of the radar system inevitably overlaps with the monitoring and calibrating of the transmitter (G01S 7/4008) and / or the receiver (G01S 7/4021) of the radar system, it is recommended to consult also these classes for a complete search.

This class (G01S 7/4017) is regarded as ill-conceived and has to be reformulated/deleted in the near future.

This class is not used, and is awaiting revision.

Monitoring and calibrating the receiver of the radar system.

Since monitoring and calibrating of the parts of the radar system (G01S 7/4004) inevitably involves the monitoring and calibrating of the receiver of the radar system, it is recommended to consult also G01S 7/4004 for a complete search. The same applies to G01S 7/4017 (HF systems) in which also some document with transmitter monitoring/calibrating may be hidden.

All kinds of radar echo simulation, be it by an internal reference line, be it by external reflectors, e.g. passive of active reflectors, being e.g. either moved or modulated respectively for Doppler-simulation etc.

Example:

An internal reference/delay line in the receiver for generating a distance calibration, e.g. for each echo, would be classified not only in G01S 7/4052 but also in G01S 7/4021 (calibrating the receiver).

Simulation of echoes in or for FMCW radars, e.g. internal reference/delay lines for distance calibration or external frequency modulated active reflectors etc.

Example:

An internal reference/delay line in the receiver for generating a distance calibration, e.g. for each echo, would be classified not only in G01S 7/4052 but also in G01S 7/4021 (calibrating the receiver)

G01S 13/5244 takes precedence

The theoretical aspects (e.g. equations etc.) involved in target characterisation.

Diversity means redundancy, e.g. of components or features: For example a plurality of redundant Tx/Rx-modules, antennas, beams, tilt angles or frequency ranges to be used to ensure target detection (e.g. under jamming, interference or combat conditions).

Details of systems which do not have a specific entry in lower groups, but which are included in the inventive concept of the disclosure, or which do have a specific entry in lower groups but are combinations of such details features, and where classification of each feature individually is inappropriate, should be classified here. disclosures which are directly concerned with details or functionality of sub-systems or component parts of systems according to G01S 17/00.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 17/00; however details of systems which form an important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure of a system should also be classified in G01S 7/48.

Details of disclosures of systems which form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/48, as well as the appropriate system group in G01S 17/00, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.

Detection or identification of

Vehicle based detectors for detecting police roadside lidars, fixed overhead lidars etc.

The use of said information e.g. jamming the police lidar or other measures is covered by other classes (see below).

All aspects of mechanical features, of physical layouts and component details where these are relevant, and which do not have a specific entry in lower groups, but which are included in the inventive concept of the disclosure, or which do have a specific entry in lower groups but are combinations of such details features, and where classification of each feature individually is inappropriate.

All aspects of mechanical features, of physical layouts involving both transmitter and receiver, where these are non-trivial, and which do not have a specific entry in lower groups, but which are included in the inventive concept of the disclosure, or which do have a specific entry in lower groups but are combinations of such details features, and where classification of each feature individually is inappropriate.

Arrangements where at least a part of the measurement beam is guided coaxially for transmission and reception.

Enclosing means, structural and supporting means both internal and external.

Transmitting lidar signals at least partially through optically conducting light guides e.g., optical fibres.

Details including circuit details (circuit diagrams) of lidars, ladars, optical rangefinders using pulsed carrier waves.

Details including circuit details (circuit diagrams) of receiving devices used in lidars, ladars, optical rangefinders using pulsed carrier waves.

Details of the hardware circuits in the signal path from the photodetector to the pulse detection circuit or processor. Details of components and their circuitry like photodetectors, amplifiers, filters or analogue to-digital converters.

Details of detector arrays and details associated with detector arrays, e.g. integrated detector arrays for flash ladar and ToF cameras.

Details of single elements which are adapted or intended for integration as an array.

Time delay measurement, i.e. detecting time between a sent pulse and the reception of its echo, and finding the best point of a signal peak for time measurement, e.g. interpolation over range bins or when to trigger and stop measurement or time interpolation between clock pulses, measures to improve time measurement accuracy, dealing with time walk error, e.g. by knowledge of intensity dependence or an intensity dependent time correction.

Details of echo extraction in pulsed lidars (ladars).

Details including circuit details (circuit diagrams) of lidars, ladars, optical rangefinders using non-pulsed carrier waves.

Transmitter details, e.g. relating to the modulation or circuitry of the transmitter.

Receiver details in general and receiver circuits of optical rangefinders (e.g. based on phase measurements or FMCW). Of time-of-flight cameras measuring distance using indirect time-of-flight.

Details of the hardware circuits in the signal path from the photodetector to the detection circuit or processor, e.g. particular details of photodetectors, amplifiers, filters or analogue to-digital converters.

Details of detector arrays and details associated with detector arrays, e.g. integrated detector arrays for time-of-flight (ToF) cameras based on indirect time-of-flight, i.e. based on a phase measurement.

Details of single elements which are adapted or intended for integration as an array.

Details of time or phase measurement, i.e. details of how the delay or phase values are obtained. Details of FFT, waveform extraction, circuits for obtaining phase or delay information, comparison with reference signal, phase shifting of transmit signal until same phase as received signal, also phase delay of pulse signal train, indirect time-of-flight determination.

Details of echo extraction and signal information relating to distance between transmitter and receiver in non-pulsed lidars (ladars).

Means and measures to carry out OR to counter a jamming attack.

Means and measures to:

The monitoring and (re-)adjusting of the transmitted and/or received beam direction.

All forms of visual, audible or tactile display.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 15/00; however details of systems which form an important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure of a system should also be classified in G01S 7/52.

Details of disclosures of systems which form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/52, as well as the appropriate system group in G01S 15/00, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.

detection or identification of

The use of said information e.g. for anti-jamming measures is covered by other classes (see below).

Methods or means for a sonar system providing a modification of the beam pattern for cancelling noise, clutter or interfering signals.

Means and measures to:

Diversity means redundancy, e.g. of components or features: For example a plurality of redundant Tx/Rx-modules, transducers, beams, tilt angles or frequency ranges to be used to ensure target detection (e.g. under jamming, interference or combat conditions).

Disclosures which are directly concerned with details or functionality of sub-systems or component parts of systems according to G01S 15/8906, i.e. short range imaging systems; acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 15/8906; however details of systems which form an important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure of a system should also be classified in G01S 7/52017.

Details of disclosures of acoustic short range imaging systems which form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/52017, as well as the appropriate system subgroup in G01S 15/8906, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.

As a general rule G01S 7/52017 classes should not be given simultaneously with other G01S 7/00 classes (exceptions: G01S 7/003 and G01S 7/521).

Pulse detection and extraction in pulsed acoustic short range receivers using e.g. thresholding. Complementary to G01S 7/52077.

Pulsed acoustic short range receivers with digital techniques for signal extraction, such as digital beamforming, delta sigma converters, synthetic focusing

Data rate converters for acoustic short range imaging systems. This comprises in particular ultrasound imaging scan converters.

Analyzing the echo signal in acoustic short range imaging systems in order to characterize the reflecting target or the propagation medium. (e.g. determination of varying sound propagation velocity or frequency dependent attenuation of the propagation medium).

Generic details about analysis of echo signal for target characterisation for acoustic imaging should be classified in G01S 7/539.

Details of acoustic short range imaging systems relating to non-linear interaction of the propagating acoustic wave with the propagation medium and/or the reflecting target. Covers (sub)harmonic imaging.

Details of disclosures of acoustic short range imaging systems relating to the transmit or receive channel in order to enhance the output image. Examples are modifications of the transducer diagram such as limited diffraction beams.

Disclosures of generic details for enhancing spatial resolution of targets in acoustic imaging systems where the type of system is not explicitly mentioned, go in G01S 7/52003

Details of acoustic short range imaging systems, relating to the receiver or transmitter aiming at eliminating side or grating lobes and at increasing the resolving power of the resulting system.

Details of short range imaging systems relating to the correction of the phase aberration due to inhomogeneous sound velocities in the propagation medium. Also called adaptive imaging.

Details of short range imaging systems relating to the monitoring during use of the system or calibration prior to the use of the system.

Details of monitoring and calibrating devices wherein the user has complete control of the reflected signal which is used for monitoring or calibration. Covers in particular computer simulation of the echo signal.

Details of short range imaging systems relating to the display of the image.

Details of acoustic short range imaging relating to a 2D display.

Display of constant (or arbitrary) depth images of acoustic short range imaging wherein the image plane does not correspond to the acquisition plane.

Disclosure relating to the display of parts of an image, such as a particular region of interest, a zoom, a magnifying lens effect.

Display of images covering a larger area than what the transducer could cover without movement. Examples are 2D or 3D panoramic imaging, extended field of view imaging.

Display of a variable over time in acoustic short range imaging. This covers in particular spectral Doppler imaging, M-mode imaging.

Displays of acoustic short range imaging producing a stereoscopic effect when looked at. Disclosures related exclusively to the displaying of 3D images.

Acoustic short range imaging systems acquiring and producing 3D data sets which are rendered for displaying an image should be classified in G01S 15/8993.

Disclosures of acoustic short range imaging systems colour coding and mapping information; optimising the colour and/or information display; parametric imaging.

Disclosure of acoustic short range systems overlaying non-alphanumeric information on top of an image.

Disclosures of any kind of visual indicator in acoustic short range imaging systems, such as LED for information or warning.

Details of disclosures of acoustic short range imaging systems relating to noise or interference reduction or elimination: speckle reduction, elimination of artefacts such as aliasing, multiline. Complementary to G01S 7/52026.

All aspects of mechanical features, of physical layouts involving both transmitter and/or receiver, where these are non-trivial.

Schematics, circuit details, circuit diagrams of pulsed sonar transmitters

Pulse detection and extraction in pulsed acoustic receivers using e.g. thresholding.

Pulsed acoustic receivers with digital techniques for signal extraction.

Pulsed acoustic receivers using analogue techniques such as analogue sampling, pulse level thresholds.

e.g., converting polar to Cartesian coordinates, details of computer implemented receivers.

Details including circuit details (circuit diagrams) of sonar using non-pulsed carrier waves.

Means and measures to carry out OR to counter a jamming attack.

Receiver arrangements primarily to aid in measuring the distance to the target.

All details of sonar displays and the respective data processing.

User or automatic selection of e.g. different depth ranges.

e.g. arrangements for storing sonar display data for later use.

Not only details of cathode-ray tube displays (old technique now superseded by newer technologies, e.g. LCD) but details of all kind of displays; such details being e.g. the use of different colours, cursor lines, symbols, plan-position indicators etc.

e.g. displaying, either graphically or not a single variable, e.g. range to target.

Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves. The exemption does not preclude reflected sunlight, thus cameras operating on images received from reflected sunlight, are classified here.

G01S 11/16 takes precedence over G01S 11/02, G01S 11/12 and G01S 11/14.

Using difference in transit time between electrical and acoustic signals to determine distance and velocity. Electromagnetic signals, including optical signals are considered as electrical signals.

Systems for detecting the presence of an object, e.g. by reflection or reradiation (G01S 13/74) from the object itself, or from a transponder associated with the object, for determining the distance or relative velocity of an object, for providing a co-ordinated display of the distance and direction of an object or for obtaining an image thereof; - systems arranged for mounting on a moving craft or vehicle and using the reflection of waves from an extended surface external to the craft, e.g. the surface of the earth, to determine the velocity and direction of motion of the craft relative to the surface.

Disclosure of analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves go in G01S 15/00; using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves go in G01S 17/00.

Details of disclosures of systems which conceptually form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/02, as well as the appropriate system group in G01S 13/00, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.

where a disclosure specifies alternative methods of measuring distance, for example, both time of flight of a transmitted and received radio pulse, as well as a difference measured in a transmitted and reflected continuous wave radio signal, and if these are described in detail, then the disclosure is classified in both G01S 13/10 and G01S 13/32.

Radar systems having a transmitting antenna which is dislocated from the receiving antenna; radar systems without a transmitter antenna that use illuminators of opportunity, e.g. ambient radio signals, satellite signals, TV-station signals.

Systems where only the detection of the existence or not of a signal reflected from a target to the receiver is important.

Systems where an own position at a measuring point is unknown within a given reference system, and is measured using active radio rangefinding, as well as systems where position of a target relative to a measuring point is determined using non-defined measurements of a signal reflected from the target and received at that measuring point.

Systems where a disclosure specifies alternative methods of measuring distance, for example, both time of flight of a transmitted and received radio pulse, as well as a difference measured in a transmitted and reflected continuous wave radio signal, and if these are described in detail, then the disclosure is classified in both G01S 13/10 and G01S 13/32.

Particularities relating to measurement method involving transmission and reception; details as such are put in G01S 7/02.

G01S 13/14, G01S 13/12, G01S 13/16, G01S 13/20, and G01S 13/18 take precedence.

G01S 13/12, G01S 13/22, G01S 13/24, G01S 13/26, G01S 13/28 and G01S 13/30 take precedence

Systems using the simultaneous transmission of dual- or multi-frequency signals.

Systems using other coordinates that include Cartesian or polar spatial coordinates of target

Techniques for determining position involving the use of indirect waves, e.g. waves travelling along multiple paths.

Systems that measure properties of the reflected signal which contain information allowing the velocity of a moving target to be derived, where the moving target has a surface which causes reflection of the impinging radio measurement beam e.g. solid objects, particles suspended in a moving fluid: Note: the velocity of the moving fluid may be inferred from the measured velocity of the particles.

Transponders which are operable in the context of determining position, range, or velocity.

Record carriers comprising integrated circuit chips: G06K 19/07

This subgroup relates to combination of radar systems, meaning that separate, independently operating radar systems are combined into one overall system, in particular by combining measurement data. Radar systems that for example comprise two transmitters are not considered a combination of radar systems.

Traffic control system per se: G08G.

Meteorology per se: G01W 1/00

Systems for detecting presence, distance, position, movement and velocity of objects in space using the reflection of propagating acoustic waves or re-radiation (G01S 15/74) of acoustic waves. Systems for acoustic imaging are also covered, but are divided between long range (far field systems): G01S 15/89, and short range imaging and echography G01S 15/8906; this short range imaging area is dealt with in a separate definition statement.

Disclosures of generic systems for detecting presence, distance, position, movement and velocity of objects in space using the reflection of propagating waves or re-radiation of waves where the type of waves are not explicitly mentioned, go in G01S 13/00; but if these systems include features which are identifiable as relating to acoustic systems, then a class is also given in G01S 15/00.

Details of disclosures of systems which conceptually form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/52, as well as the appropriate system group in G01S 15/00, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.

where a disclosure specifies alternative methods of measuring distance, for example, both time of flight of a transmitted and received sound pulse, as well as a difference measured in a transmitted and reflected continuous wave acoustic signal, and if these are described in detail, then the disclosure is classified in both G01S 15/10 and G01S 15/32.

Systems where only the detection of the existence or not of a signal reflected from a target to the receiver is important.

Systems where an own position at a measuring point is unknown within a given reference system, and is measured using active acoustic rangefinding, are put here; as well as systems where position of a target relative to a measuring point is determined using non-defined measurements of a signal reflected from the target and received at that measuring point.

Where a disclosure specifies alternative methods of measuring distance, for example, both time of flight of a transmitted and received acoustic pulse, as well as a difference measured in a transmitted and reflected continuous wave acoustic signal, and if these are described in detail, then the disclosure is classified in both G01S 15/10 and G01S 15/32.

Particularities relating to measurement method involving transmission and reception; details as such are put in G01S 7/52.

Other coordinates include Cartesian or polar spatial coordinates of target.

Techniques for determining position involving the use of indirect waves, e.g. waves travelling along multiple paths.

Measuring properties of the reflected signal which contain information allowing the velocity of a moving target to be derived, where the moving target has a surface which causes reflection of the impinging acoustic measurement beam e.g. solid objects, particles suspended in a moving fluid: Note: the velocity of the moving fluid may be inferred from the measured velocity of the particles.

Determining velocities by acoustic means when propagation effects are not relevant, e.g. acoustically measuring the velocity of moving fluids per se, G01P 5/24, acoustically measuring fluid flow per se; G01F 1/66, measuring blood flow per se A61B 8/00.

Combination of sonar systems with systems according to G01S 17/00 and/or with passive systems, e.g. direction finders.

Systems for short range imaging using reflection of propagating acoustic waves, in particular medical ultrasound imaging systems.

Disclosures which concern the functioning of the full system should go in G01S 15/8906.

For systems transmitting data to a remote station G01S 7/003 should be given

Details of disclosures of systems which conceptually form a technically important or technically non-trivial part of a disclosure should be classified in G01S 7/52017, as well as the appropriate system subgroup in G01S 15/8906, especially if these details form a significant part of the disclosure, and do not concern well-known and widely retrievable subject-matter.