CPC Definition - Subclass G08B

Last Updated Version: 2024.01
SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
Definition statement

This place covers:

Visual, audible, tactile signalling systems (or combinations thereof) and arrangements of signalling in devices if not provided for elsewhere.

Burglar, theft or intruder alarms. Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders.

Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion.

Alarms responsive to unspecified undesired or abnormal operating condition if not provided for elsewhere.

Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, either spontaneously or upon interrogation from the central station.

Alarm systems in which the alarm condition is signalled from a central station to a plurality of substations.

Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation; Predictive alarm systems characterised by extrapolation or other computation using updated historic data.

Relationships with other classification places

The mere provision of an audible or visible signalling device on a measuring or switching apparatus;

Alarm systems for indicating that a specific variable has reached a predetermined value are classified in subclasses of G01 specifying the particular variable concerned;

Alarms relating to specific processes or types of machines or apparatus are covered by the relevant subclasses for the processes, machines, or apparatus.

G08B is principally defined in terms of fields of application, rather than fields of technology. For example G08B 13/00 is defined in terms of burglar, theft or intruder alarms but not limited to a particular technology, such as camera systems, tag systems etc. The systems and devices classified in G08B consequently involve many different technologies and the subclass has a high number of neighbouring technical fields. Neighbouring technical fields are typically either those areas dealing with the sensing devices per se (typically G01) or other application fields which use the same technologies (usually in G06, G07 or H04N).

Example 1:

G08B 13/2402 deals with electronic article surveillance using tags attached to valuables. Often these tags are radio frequency identification tags (RFID). However, RFID techniques and devices per se are classified in G06K. Likewise many other specific applications using RFID tags should not be classified in G08B, e.g. entrance control using tags (G07C), inventory systems using tags (G06Q).

Example 2:

Theft detection using cameras belongs to G08B, Close-circuit television (CCTV) systems per se are classified in the video fields (H04N 7/00). Other systems employ similar camera systems, but for a different purpose. E.g. entrance systems using cameras (G07C), traffic control using cameras (G08G). The mere mentioning of surveillance in a video system does not qualify the document for classification in G08B. In G08B the object of surveillance is always to detect theft or intrusion.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signalling arrangements on vehicles

B60Q

Railway signalling systems or devices

B61L

Signalling systems on cycles

B62J 3/00

Signalling or alarm devices in mines

E21F 17/18

Lamps or shutters for lamps

F21S

Sensitive measuring elements

G01K

Traffic control systems

G08G

Visual indicating means

G09G

Sound-producing devices

G10K

Radio or near-field calling systems

H04B 5/00, H04B 7/00

Selecting arrangements

H04Q 5/00, H04Q 9/00

Loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like acoustic electromechanical transducers

H04R

Systems for signalling characterised solely by the form of transmission of the signal
Definition statement

This place covers:

Signalling systems where the emphasis is put in the transmission or relaying of the signal, not on the way of perceiving the signal.

Further details of subgroups

This subgroup contains diverse alarm systems, where the alarm signalling of a sub-element (e.g. a detector within the system) is transformed to electrical signals from a different medium, e.g. transmission of an electric alarm signal upon detection of an audible alarm signal.

Audible signalling systems; Audible personal calling systems
Definition statement

This place covers:

Audible signalling systems. Pager receivers signalling only audibly.

References
Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Indicating the time by acoustic means

G04B 21/00

Producing acoustic time signals by electrical means

G04C 21/00

Telephonic communication systems combined with bell systems

H04M 11/02

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signaling devices actuated by tyre pressure

B60C 23/02

Alarm locks

E05B 45/00

Alarm locks with mechanically-operated bells

E05B 45/02

Electric alarm locks

E05B 45/06

Indicating liquid or fluent solid material level by means of an alarm

G01F 23/0015

Sound producing devices, e.g. hooter, buzzer

G10K

Telephonic systems with personal calling arrangements

H04M 11/022

Distributing signals to two or more loudspeakers

H04R 3/12

Public address systems

H04R 27/00

User notification, e.g. alerting and paging

H04W 68/00

using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Telephonic communication systems combined with bell systems

H04M 11/02

Distributing signals to two or more loudspeakers

H04R 3/12

Public address systems

H04R 27/00

{Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems (selective calling systems and call receivers H04W 84/00, H04W 68/00)}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Network topologies

H04W 84/00

using explosives
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Guiding railway traffic

B61L

Alarm locks with detonating alarm devices

E05B 45/04

Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
Definition statement

This place covers:

Visible signalling systems. Paging receivers signalling visually.

Relationships with other classification places

With a view to understanding the relevance of the term "visually" for the classification of paging receivers, the following information is of importance:

Paging receivers which signal visually are classified in this group. This implies that:

  • G08B hosts the paging receivers, which is not explicit from the main group titles.
  • That the paging receivers are classified in two different groups in G08B. If the paging receiver details the way it signals VISUALLY, it is to be classified under G08B 5/22. If the paging receiver presents details as to how it signals AUDIBLY, it shall be classified under G08B 3/10.
  • If the paging receiver presents details as to how to signal both audibly and visually, since no appropriate entry exists for paging receivers under G08B 7/00, the document shall be classified in both G08B 5/00 and G08B 3/00 accordingly.
  • Paging systems are NOT to be classified in G08B, rather H04W (formerly also H04Q).
  • All Visual indicators of the types specified in the subgroups of G08B 7/06 (e.g. indication of emergency exits or escape routes) are classified there and not in G08B 5/00, even if they comprise only visual signalling means.
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signalling arrangements on vehicles

B60Q 1/34, B60Q 1/46

Locks with signalling devices

E05B 39/00

Electro-, magneto- or acousto-optic display devices

G02F

Display of alphanumeric information

G09F

Display tubes

H01J 17/49

Lamps for indicating

H01K 7/04

Paging systems

H04Q, H04W

Electroluminescent light sources

H05B 33/00

Circuit arrangements for flashing lamps

H05B 41/30, H05B 39/09

{Distress signalling devices, e.g. rescue balloons (vehicle optical signalling for indicating emergencies B60Q 1/52)}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Arrangements for vehicles of signalling for indicating emergencies

B60Q 1/52

Balloons

B64B 1/40

with indicator element moving about a pivot, e.g. hinged flap or rotating vane
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Telecontrolling indicating devices, e.g. hinged flap,

G08C 19/30

Signalling systems for auctioneering devices

H04L 12/1804

Signalling devices for telephones

H04M 19/04

using flashing light
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Arrangements on vehicles

B60Q 1/34, B60Q 1/46

Circuit arrangements for flashing lamps

H05B 41/30, H05B 39/09

using smoke, fire or coloured gases
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

For personal calling arrangements

G08B 3/1008, G08B 3/1016

Smoke producers for aircraft

B64D 1/16 - B64D 1/20

Chemical compositions

C06B

Missiles, e.g. of tracer, illuminating, signal or smoke producing type

F42B

Sky-writing

G09F 21/16

Tactile signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems
Definition statement

This place covers:

Tactile (e.g. vibratory) signalling systems.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations

B06B 1/045

Indication of time by feeling

G04B 25/02

Motors converting reciprocating into rotary movement or vice-versa

H02K 7/06

Motors with reciprocating, oscillating, or vibrating magnet, armature, or coil system

H02K 33/00

Telephone hand set vibration alarms

H04M 19/047

Deaf-aid sets

H04R 25/00

Special rules of classification

Tactile signalling systems with a specific application classified elsewhere (e.g. a vibratory signalling device comprised in a mobile telephone).

Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B 3/00 - G08B 6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B 3/00 - G08B 6/00
Definition statement

This place covers:

Subject matter combining more than one of visual, audible and/or tactile signalling means.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Walking aids for blind persons

A61H 3/06

Devices for facilitating escape from buildings

A62B 3/00

Combinations of display devices with advertising

G09F

Exit signs (e.g.) on doors

G09F 2013/05

Combinations of display arrangements with audible advertising

G09F 27/00

Special rules of classification

The following special rules apply:

Signalling systems with a specific application classified elsewhere (e.g. a particular machine comprising a visual and an audible signalling device where the classification related to this machine already contains signalling related entries). G08B 7/00 takes precedence over any group in G08B 3/00, G08B 5/00, G08B 6/00.

Although the heading of this group specifies "more than one … signalling means", systems and devices comprising only one single signalling means are classified in the following subgroups: G08B 7/064, G08B 7/062, G08B 7/068, G08B 7/066 (see also precedence note here above).

using electric transmission {, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Walking aids for blind persons

A61H 3/06

Facilitating escape from buildings

A62B 3/00

Order telegraph apparatus, i.e. means for transmitting one of a finite number of different orders at the discretion of the user, e.g. bridge to engine room orders in ships
Definition statement

This place covers:

Order telegraph apparatus.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signalling devices in mines

E21F 17/18

using ratchet
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Order telegraph apparatus, mechanical

G08B 9/08

using rotary shaft
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Order telegraph apparatus, mechanical

G08B 9/08

using ratchet
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Order telegraph apparatus, hydraulic, pneumatic

G08B 9/14

by varying displacement of the fluid
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Order telegraph apparatus, hydraulic, pneumatic

G08B 9/14

by varying pressure of the fluid
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Order telegraph apparatus, hydraulic, pneumatic fluid

G08B 9/14

Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
Definition statement

This place covers:

Arrangements, devices and systems triggering an alarm in case of intrusion, theft or burglary.

This group is mainly subdivided according to the technology used to detect the burglary, theft or intrusion. Each subgroup will typically have related fields in the areas where the corresponding sensors and systems per se are classified, and in many technical fields where the same type of detectors might be used.

Relationships with other classification places

If the invention lies in a central station control unit of a distributed system or in the way in which alarm signals are transmitted between the central station control unit and satellite detectors of the distributed system, classification is likely to be G08B 25/00, G08B 26/00 or G08B 27/00, rather than G08B 13/00. Similarly, if the invention lies in the checking of or testing for malfunctions of an alarm system, then classification is likely to be in G08B 29/00.

Exceptions to the above are those distributed systems in which the specific theft detection technology is relevant to the invention (e.g. video theft detection systems communicating with a central station and where the problem solved by the invention is particularly related to video).

G08B 13/00 only covers theft, burglary and intrusion alarms, it does not cover other alarms (e.g. personal safety alarms, machine fault warnings G08B 21/00).

Intrusion here means physical intrusion, not non-authorised (electronic) access to a system, e.g. hacking.

References
Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Vehicle fittings for preventing or indicating unauthorised use or theft of vehicles, actuating a signalling device

B60R 25/10

Appliances indicating unauthorised use or theft of cycles, e.g. acting on signalling devices

B62H 5/20

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Fire or police telegraphic systems

G08B 25/00, G08B 26/00, H04M 11/04

Devices to prevent theft or loss of purses, luggage or hand carried bags

A45C 13/18

Anti-theft means for show stands, hangers or shelves

A47F 5/0861

Layered products, e.g. glass panels

B32B 17/00

Cycle theft alarms

B62H 5/00

Seals for envelopes

B65D 27/30

Seals for containers

B65D 55/02

Containers incorporating RFID tag

B65D 2203/10

Anti-theft means in containers

B65D 2211/00

Locks giving indication of unauthorized opening

E05B 39/00

Alarm locks; Alarm systems limited to lock systems

E05B 45/00, H01H 13/18, E05B 45/06

Anti-theft devices fixed to portable articles

E05B 73/0017

Tags fixed to articles to be removed at check out

E05B 73/0023

Alarm devices on safes

E05G 1/10

Windows, doors against burglary

E06B 5/11

Mechanical details for pivoting arrangements, e.g. for cameras

F16M 11/12

Illumination activated by motion detection

F21V 23/0442, H05B 47/105

Photometry; Lens details

G01J 1/04

Radiation pyrometry; Infrared sensors

G01J 5/08

Opening detection in general

G01R 11/24

Active positioning systems

G01S

Detecting using light barriers

G01V 8/10

Detecting using light barriers, single beams

G01V 8/16

Detecting using light barriers, multi beams

G01V 8/24

Security arrangements for protecting input/output devices, i.e. mouse, keyboards

G06F 21/83

Security arrangements for protecting casings of electronic components

G06F 21/86

Detecting or preventing theft or loss

G06F 21/88

RFID readers

G06K 7/00

RFID transponders

G06K 19/07

Tracking of shipping of goods

G06Q 10/0833

Motion analysis in video images

G06T 7/20

Camera calibration, e.g. determining intrinsic or extrinsic parameters

G06T 7/80

Surveillance or monitoring of activities in scenes in image or video recognition or understanding

G06V 20/52

Recognising scenes under surveillance, e.g. with Markovian modelling of scene activity

G06V 20/52

Recognition of scenes under surveillance

G06V 20/52

Recognition of humans or body parts in video images

G06V 40/10

Control access systems, sometimes combined with EAS systems

G07C 9/00

Anti-theft control in POS systems

G07G 3/003

Security seals

G09F 3/03

Fastening or securing to goods by means of strings, straps, chains or wires

G09F 3/14

Antenna details, also for EAS interrogators

H01Q 1/22, H01Q 7/04

Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic; arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols

H04L 9/00

Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security

H04L 63/00

Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication

H04L 65/00

Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications

H04L 67/00

Fire or burglar alarm telephonic systems

H04M 11/04

Closed circuit television systems

H04N 7/18

by breaking of glass
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Layered products, e.g. glass panels

B32B 17/00

Windows, doors against burglary

E06B 5/11

by tampering with fastening
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Electronic seals for envelopes

B65D 27/30

Electronic seals for containers

B65D 55/02

Anti-theft means in containers

B65D 2211/00

Locks giving indication of unauthorized opening

E05B 39/00

Alarm locks

E05B 45/00

Alarm devices on safes

E05G 1/10

Windows, doors against burglary

E06B 5/11

Opening detection in general

G01R 11/24

Opening or tampering of input/output devices, i.e. mouse, keyboards

G06F 21/83

Opening or tampering of casing of electronic components

G06F 21/86

by opening, e.g. of door, of window, of drawer, of shutter, of curtain, of blind
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Electronic seals for envelopes

B65D 27/30

Electronic seals for containers

B65D 55/02

Locks giving indication of unauthorized opening

E05B 39/00

Windows, doors against burglary

E06B 5/11

Opening detection in general

G01R 11/24

Opening or tampering of input/output devices, i.e. mouse, keyboards

G06F 21/83

Opening or tampering of casing of electronic components

G06F 21/86

by pressure on floors, floor coverings, stair treads, counters, or tills
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Floor coverings

D06N 7/00

Treadles for traffic control

G08G 1/02

Contact cables, contact carpets

H01B 7/10

Electrical switches operated by change of a non-electrical or thermal condition

H01H 9/00

by the breaking or disturbance of stretched cords or wires
Definition statement

This place covers:

This group contains arrangements where an item is protected against theft or intrusion by some type of "fence" which encloses or surrounds the item and whereby the disruption of the fence is detected. Here the term "fence" includes not only a conventional fence, such as one surrounding a building, but also a grid surrounding an electronic circuit in an electronic package.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Fences

E04H 17/00

Opening or tampering of input/output devices, i.e. mouse, keyboards

G06F 21/83

Opening or tampering of casing of electronic components

G06F 21/86

by lifting or attempted removal of hand-portable articles
Definition statement

This place covers:

This group relates to inventions in which the (attempted) physical removal of an object is detected, rather than the mere approach to an object, as is the case in G08B 13/12. E.g. Whilst cutting a cable in a fence in G08B 13/12 would indicate someone attempting to approach an object, cutting a cable in G08B 13/1445 would indicate that a cable by which an object was tethered has been cut, making the object removable.

Important: Electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags are not classified in G08B 13/14. They are classified in G08B 13/2402 and the subgroups thereof.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Devices to prevent theft or loss of purses, luggage or hand carried bags

A45C 13/18

Show stands, hangers or shelves with antitheft function.

A47F 5/0861

{with transmitter-receiver for distance detection}
Definition statement

This place covers:

This group relates to transmitter receiver alarm systems where part of the system, e.g. the transmitter, is physically associated with an article to be protected. The technology employed is the same as that of transmitter receiver systems according to G08B 21/0202 where a part of the system, e.g. the transmitter, is physically associated with a child to be protected. Transmitter receiver article theft systems must be classified in G08B 13/1427, and additionally in the appropriate subgroups of the personal safety alarms under G08B 21/0202 as additional information.

{with motion detection}
Definition statement

This place covers:

The motion of a mechanism attached to a portable object is detected, not the motion of an intruder.

{with detection of interference with a cable tethering an article, e.g. alarm activated by detecting detachment of article, breaking or stretching of cable (furniture, e.g. shelves for displaying merchandise, incorporating tethers to prevent theft A47F 7/024, A47F 5/0861)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

see comments to G08B 13/14.

Actuation by interference with mechanical vibrations in air or other fluid
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Vehicle theft alarms

B60R 25/10

Active positioning systems

G01S

Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signalling devices using photo-electric devices in general

G09F

by interruption of a radiation beam or barrier
Definition statement

This place covers:

This group relates to interruption of a radiation beam. The groups under G01V 8/10 have the same structure and are useful for the search.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Industrial safety devices with photocells

F16P 3/14

Detecting using light barriers

G01V 8/10

using radiation reflectors
Definition statement

This place covers:

In G08B 13/184 systems incorporate reflectors for reflecting a beam from the emitter to the receiver. The groups under G01V 8/10 have the same structure and are useful for the search.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Detecting using light barriers

G01V 8/10

using light guides, e.g. optical fibres
Definition statement

This place covers:

This group relates to protection using light guides such as optical fibres. Where the invention relates to a light guide, such as an optical fibre, incorporated into the structure of a fence for protecting an object, the classification is G08B 13/124, which takes precedence over G08B 13/186.

If the light guide, e.g. optical fibre, is used for the tethering an object, the correct classification is both G08B 13/1445 and G08B 13/186 (as additional information is appropriate).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Detecting using light barriers. single beams

G01V 8/16

Detecting using light barriers. multi beams

G01V 8/24

using infrared-radiation detection systems {(G08B 13/194 takes precedence)}
References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

using image scanning and comparing systems

G08B 13/194

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Illumination activated by motion detection

F21V 23/0442, H05B 47/105

Radiation pyrometry per se

G01J 5/00

Infrared sensors. Radiation pyrometry.

G01J 5/08

using focusing means
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Radiation pyrometry. Lens details

G01J 1/04

using television cameras
Definition statement

This place covers:

Theft or intrusion detection using video cameras.

Many details are contemplated by the classification scheme, and they should be allocated as completely as possible. They are grouped within the following structure:

  • Movement detection and image analysis
  • Camera casing
  • Details of the system layout
  • Electrical details
  • Camera communication details
  • Data storage details
  • User interface details

In general, a document which discloses generally known subject matter pertaining to one or more of the detailed subgroups, but where the invention does not lie in the aspects covered by these subgroups, should not be allocated that particular classification. If no subgroup can be appropriately allocated, then the document should be classified in G08B 13/196 as invention information, and the details present in the document should be classified in the corresponding subgroups as additional information. A document where the invention clearly focuses on the topic of an existing subgroup should be given only this subgroup as invention information, further details being classified as additional information where appropriate.

Relationships with other classification places

Personal safety, industrial process control, traffic surveillance, entry-exit systems, tele-presence or video conferencing systems are not classified in G08B (see the neighbouring fields of main group G08B 13/00).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Image analysis per se

G06T 7/00

Television cameras

H04N 23/00

by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signals actuated by trains

B61L

Metal detectors using induction coils

G01V 3/10

Metal detectors combined with record carrier readers

G06K 7/085

{Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting (mechanical aspects of the tags, e.g. related to locking E05B 73/0017; RFID readers G06K 7/00; RFID tags G06K 19/00; access control systems G07C 9/00; anti-theft control in point of sale systems G07G 3/003; security seals G09F 3/03)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) tags are classified in G08B 13/2402 and its subgroups.

A tag in accordance with this group is an electromagnetic, non-contact marker detected by an antennae (typically a loop antenna arranged at the entrance of a shop or other building). Systems employed for the detection of theft of portable articles comprising an RF transponder communicating with a central station by a radio link are generally classified in the subgroups of G08B 13/14, even though the transponder may be referred to in the document as a tag.

Systems comprising a transponder and a tag is, at the time of writing in 2011 , an active topic (e.g. a tag detected by loop antennae at exit points of a shop but also communicating with the WLAN of a shop via Wi-fi access points). These documents should be classified both in G08B 13/1427 and G08B 13/2402.

The classification scheme hierarchically under G08B 13/2402 is detailed, and the relevant aspects of a document should be rigorously classified. Similar criteria as for G08B 13/196 applies:

In general, a document which discloses generally known subject matter pertaining to one or more of the detailed subgroups of G08B 13/2402, where the invention does not lie in the solution to a problem therein should not be allocated that particular classification. If no subgroup can be appropriately allocated, then the document should be classified in the header G08B 13/2402 as invention information, and the details present in the document should be classified in the corresponding subgroups as additional information.

A document where the invention clearly focuses on the topic of an existing subgroup should be given only this subgroup as invention information, further details being classified as additional information where appropriate.

Further details of subgroups

The group is structured in four main topics. The header groups for each main topic (discussed in bold here below) should NOT be used for classification, They exist rather for distinguishing the matter classified underneath. These topics are:

Classification is according to the tag technology used. Documents in which the specific technology is of relevance to the problem solved should be classified here. It is noted that documents specifically disclosing RFID tags solving problems in the field of theft detection should be classified in G08B 13/2417. RFID tags per se are not classified in G08B. Furthermore, merely mentioning security control or surveillance as possible fields of application for an RFID tag in a document is not sufficient to warrant classifying the document in G08B.

The classification defines technical aspects of the tag itself.

The classification defines specific applications of the tag which should only be considered if the system includes theft or intrusion detection (e.g. a system using tags storing check-out information and used for theft detection. Documents disclosing only tags used for check-out should not be classified here.

The classification defines systems or elements of systems other than the tag e.g. antennae for detecting tags, devices for deactivating tags, or transmission or communication arrangements employed within the system.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Containers incorporating RFID tag.

B65D 2203/10

Anti-theft means in containers

B65D 2211/00

Mechanisms for attaching tags to goods

E05B 73/0017

RFID readers

G06K 7/00

RFID transponders

G06K 19/07

Tracking of shipping containers

G06Q 10/0833

Control access systems, sometimes combined with EAS systems.

G07C 9/00

Anti theft control in POS systems

G07G 3/003

Security seals

G09F 3/03

Fastening or securing to goods by means of strings, straps, chains, or wires

G09F 3/14

Antenna details, also for EAS interrogators

H01Q 7/04, H01Q 1/22

Closed circuit television systems

H04N 7/18

{having a radio frequency identification chip}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings

G06K 19/00

Administration; Management

G06Q 10/00

{Intrusion detection systems, i.e. where the body of an intruder causes the interference with the electromagnetic field}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Microwave detectors for detecting intrusion.

Special rules of classification

If the microwave detector is combined with a further sensing technology, documents are classified in G08B 13/2494.

Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders, e.g. by explosives
Definition statement

This place covers:

Means or measures to stop thieves, trap them or deter them from their planned activity.

Relationships with other classification places

Personal portable devices transmitting an alarm signal to a remote security centre should be classified in G08B 25/016, not G08B 15/004.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Devices to prevent loss of bags, trunks or travelling baskets by producing sound, piercing, gas-discharging or the like

A45C 13/24

Alarm locks

E05B 45/00

Detonating alarm

E05B 45/04

Burglar traps or the like on safes

E05G 5/02

Hand-held or body-worn self-defence devices using repellent gases or chemical

F41H 9/10

Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
Definition statement

This place covers:

The generation of an alarm based on the detection of fire, smoke or particles indicating fire.

Relationships with other classification places

Flame detection or analysis to solve the problem of monitoring a controlled combustion process, e.g. in order to optimise burners in a kiln (F23N). Sensing elements per se, particle detectors air pollution detectors (G01N). Fire fighting arrangements; e.g. extinguishers, sprinklers, safety doors (A62C).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Fire fighting in general

A62C

Fire fighting area fires or forest fires,

A62C 3/02

Automatic fire-extinguishing and alarm devices

A62C 35/00, A62C 37/00

Structural combination of lighting devices with smoke detectors

F21V 33/0076

Arrangement of safety devices on stoves

F24C 7/08

Safety devices on stoves, cooking apparatus

F24C 7/087

Radiation pyrometry

G01J 5/00

Temperature-responsive elements

G01K

Light scattering per se

G01N 21/53

Temperature responsive switches

H01H 37/00

Special rules of classification

Where the invention disclosed in a document relates to the structure of a fire alarm system including a central station, without specifying what kind of detectors are used, the document should be classified under G08B 25/00, G08B 26/00, G08B 27/00 or G08B 29/00 as appropriate. In this case, the document should also be classified in the head group G08B 17/00 as additional information, so that the document can be retrieved when searching for fire alarm systems.

Devices generating an alarm upon the detection of a combustible gas (i.e. before an explosion has actually taken place) and thus endangering the safety of persons, are not classified in G08B 17/00 but in G08B 21/16.

The classification is used for smoke detectors other than those defined in any of the specific subgroups thereof. E.g. systems comprising aspiration ducts used for the analysis and detection of smoke or other combustion products.

The classification is used for photoelectric smoke detectors responsive to the obscuration (reduced transmission) of light in the presence of smoke, the detector having a light detector arranged to receive light from a light source when no smoke is present.

The classification is used exclusively for photoelectric smoke detectors responsive to the scattering of light in the presence of smoke, the detector having a light receiver arranged to receive light from a light source which has been scattered by smoke.

Electric actuation of the alarm, e.g. using a thermally-operated switch
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Thermally-operated electric switches per se

H01H 37/00

Actuation by presence of smoke or gases {, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Turbidimetric analysis of gases, e.g. of smoke

G01N 21/534

using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Vacuum gauges making use of ionisation effects

G01L 21/30

Gas analysis by investigating the ionisation

G01N 27/62

Constructional details
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Discharge tubes for measuring pressure of introduced gas, or for detecting presence of gas, in general

H01J 41/02

by using a detection device for specific gases, e.g. combustion products, produced by the fire (G08B 17/103, G08B 17/11 take precedence)
References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

For detecting light-scattering due to smoke

G08B 17/103

Using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas

G08B 17/11

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Investigating or analysing gases in general

G01N

Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electro-chemical, or magnetic means

G01N 27/00

Particle spectrometers per se

H01J 49/00

Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Flame detection in burners

F23N 5/00

Alarm or controlling circuits using ionisation chamber, proportional counters or Geiger-Müller tubes also functioning as u-v detectors

G01T 7/125

Alarms responsive to two or more different undesired or abnormal conditions, e.g. burglary and fire, abnormal temperature and abnormal rate of flow
Definition statement

This place covers:

Combinations of the subject matter of G08B 13/00 and G08B 17/00.

Relationships with other classification places

Weather alarms (G01W 1/00). Indications of formation of ice on aircraft (B64D 15/20).

Special rules of classification

Specific details covered by subgroups of G08B 13/00 or G08B 17/00 should also be classified in those subgroups.

Fire and burglary alarms where the invention lies in G08B 25/00 - G08B 27/00 should not be classified here. G08B 19/005 deals with a detecting unit, not a system, intended both for the detection of fire and intrusion,

Example: a video camera detecting both fire and intrusion whereby, the details of the video camera system relating to intrusion detection should also be classified in the appropriate subgroups of G08B 13/196.

Alarm responsive to formation or anticipated formation of ice
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Indicating weather conditions

G01W 1/00

Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
Definition statement

This place covers:

Alarms of various kinds, always exclusively in case they are not provided for elsewhere in the entire classification scheme. This group mainly covers alarms systems responsive to situations compromising the safety of persons. Additionally the group covers some alarms indicating faults in systems or devices and for which the entire classification scheme does not provide a more specific entry. It is important that classification under G08B 21/00 is carried out in accordance with the following rules in order to maintain the usefulness of the group for search purposes.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnostic purposes

A61B 5/00

Devices signalling that patients are leaving their beds

A61B 5/1115

Diapers with wetness sensors and indicators

A61F 13/42

Reminders for taking medicines

A61J 7/04

Anti-dozing alarms for vehicle drivers

B60K 28/06, A61B 5/18

Passenger detection in vehicles

B60N 2/00

Absence or presence of persons in vehicles

B60N 2/002

Alarm devices for indicating persons falling over board

B63C 9/0005

Elevator stopping systems in case of earthquake or other calamity

B66B 5/027

Industrial safety in conjunction with the operation of a machine

F16P 3/00

Alarms on gas pipes

F17D 3/01

Measuring and indicating liquid levels in container

G01F 23/00

Detection of biological contaminants

G01N 2015/019

Seismology

G01V 1/00

Alarm clocks

G04G

Recognising scenes under surveillance, e.g. with Markovian modelling of the scene activity)

G06V 20/52

Checking timed patrols e.g. of night security personnel

G07C 1/20

House arrest systems

G07C 9/28

ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities, e.g. managing hospital staff or surgery rooms

G16H 40/20

ICT specially adapted for the remote operation of medical equipment or devices

G16H 40/67

Electrical disconnection protective circuits for electric machines, also with operator alerts.

H02H 3/00, H02H 3/24

Special rules of classification

Alarm systems related to a specific device or system which is found elsewhere in the classification.

An exhaustive list of examples cannot be given here, since so many specific devices, installations or systems have provisions for indicating malfunctions.

The following are not classified here e.g.: Theft, burglary or intrusion alarms (G08B 13/00), battery charge indicators (H01M 10/00, H02J 7/00), over-voltage indicators (G01R 19/00), an alarm for a crane (B66C 23/90) , an indicator of a fault on a fridge (F25D 29/008), or an alarm on a gas pipe (F17D 3/01).

Personal safety alarm systems not covered by the definition of G08B 21/0202 are classified here. e.g. fireman in-field safety alarm. Stopping a machine on safety grounds is not here (F16P 3/14, Industrial safety). Personal alarm systems (panic button) also not classified here (G08B 25/016)

This subgroup contains transmitter-receiver alarm systems e.g. where a parent carries a transceiver for monitoring a child carrying another transceiver. This subgroup uses the same technology as that of G08B 13/1427. If the invention relates to a specific subgroup of G08B 21/0202, the document should be classified in that specific subgroup as invention information. Otherwise the class G08B 21/0202 should be allocated as invention information. In both cases, the details disclosed in the document should, where possible, be classified also as additional information in the appropriate subgroups.

Details of documents classified in G08B 13/1427 should be classified also as additional information in the appropriate subgroups of G08B 21/0202.

Surveillance of elderly or infirm people. G08B 21/0407, the (sensor) means used for detecting an emergency and G08B 21/0438, the criteria for judging an emergency, constitute header groups defining the two main topics covered by this group. These should not be used for classification. Documents disclosing details of both topics should be classified under both topics.

G08B 21/04 itself is only to be used if the invention does not correspond to subject-matter covered by a subgroups.

There is considerable overlap of documents classified in G08B 21/06 and those classified in B60K 28/066 and A61B 5/18. A complete search should therefore include all three groups.

The literal wording of the definitions of these groups is so general that it could apply to almost any technology. In order for these groups to be useful for search, and to avoid loosing access to documents elsewhere, a document should only be classified in these groups if in the entire classification scheme a more appropriate classification entry cannot be found at all.

Where security or safety is compromised in dependence of the presence or absence of a person in a given area (e.g. alarm systems responsive to: the absence of a patient from a hospital bed; the absence of a parolee under house arrest from their house; the presence of a in an area in which they are not authorized to be). Documents detecting presence or absence of persons for specific applications elsewhere provided for are not to be classified here, for example detecting presence of a child in a hot car (B60N 2/266).

indicating a condition of sleep, e.g. anti-dozing alarms
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Psychotechnic analysis of vehicle drivers

A61B 5/18

Safety devices for propulsion-unit control of vehicles responsive to incapacity of driver

B60K 28/06

responsive to calamitous events, e.g. tornados or earthquakes
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Seismology

G01V 1/00

Indicating weather conditions

G01W 1/00

responsive to undesired emission of substances, e.g. pollution alarms
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Alarms on pipe lines

F17D 3/01

Reminder alarms, e.g. anti-loss alarms
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Devices to prevent loss of bags or the like

A45C 13/24

Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
Definition statement

This place covers:

Alarm systems where a central station receives alarm information from satellite detectors or subsystems.

These groups focus on alarm systems as a whole, not merely on the point where an alarm condition is detected.

Relationships with other classification places

Polled alarm systems (G08B 26/00). With the exception of groups G08B 25/001 - G08B 25/009 (see special rules for classification below).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Domotic systems

G05B 19/00

Signalling system in general

G08C

Emergency calls from traffic accidents

G08G 1/205

WLANs

H04L 12/189

Home automation networks

H04L 12/2803

Portable communication terminals supporting an emergency service

H04M 1/72418

Telephonic communication systems adapted for combination with fire or burglar alarm system

H04M 11/04

Services facilitating emergency connection

H04W 4/90

Special rules of classification

Groups G08B 25/001 - G08B 25/009 relate to typical problems solved in the context of distributed alarm systems. They are relevant both to systems where the remote detector sends an alarm signal spontaneously and to systems having detectors which are polled by a central station. Documents classified in G08B 26/00, but which deal with any of the problems contemplated in these groups should additionally be classified in G08B 25/001 - G08B 25/009 as appropriate.

Procedures for cancelling an initiated alarm routine, e.g. cancelling an alarm routine after initiation due to: a user carrying out a cancelling action within a given time; a user failing to carry out an alarm acknowledgement or confirmation action within a given time.

Intermediate, pre-alarm state in the system.

Enrolment procedures for addressable elements of the alarm system.

Documents where the content or structure of the message exchanged between the central station (control unit) and the detectors is described in detailed or relevant for solving the problem posed.

Enrolment procedures for addressable elements of the alarm system.

An intermediate unit is used as a relay or extender of the system for communicating with the central station. Typically, nodes of the system can act both as a detector and as a repeater. The mere provision of an alarm panel that receives information from a detector and sends an alarm signal to a remote central station (e.g. the police) by telephone should not be classified here (rather on G08B 25/08), since this is typical of the way any alarm system transmits information using communication lines. G08B 25/009 is rather directed to systems where sub-units transmit to other sub-units, typically using the same transmission medium that will eventually be used for communicating with the central station. (alternative: G08B 25/009 is rather directed to systems where a sub-unit relays an alarm to another sub-unit, and the invention lies in the particular arrangement or way in which this is done.) As most of the documents in this group are wireless systems, this group takes precedence over G08B 25/10, i.e. a document classified here should not also be classified in G08B 25/10.

Personal alarm systems. This group differs from G08B 15/004 in that I requires the alarm to be transmitted to a central station, whereas in G08B 15/00 the aim is to deter the attacker by scaring them (e.g. by generating a sound or spraying an irritating gas).

These are typically, wired alarm networks where each detector has a characteristic electric element (e.g. a resistor having a particular resistance value which is switched into the circuit when the detector is in an alarm state). The central station typically monitors one or more circuit parameters of the line (e.g. line resistance) to detect an alarm and to identify which detector has triggered the alarm.

This classification includes both land line telephone networks (PSTN or POTS) and mobile (cell-phone) telephone networks (the latter are not classified in G08B 25/10).

using power transmission lines
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Systems in general for transmission of information via power distribution lines

H04B 3/54

using communication transmission lines {(G08B 13/19658, G08B 21/0286, G08B 25/016 take precedence)}
References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Telephone systems used to communicate with a camera, e.g. PSTN, GSM, POTS

G08B 13/19658

Tampering or removal detection of the child unit from child or article.

G08B 21/0286

Personal emergency signalling and security systems

G08B 25/016

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Telephone communication systems combined with alarm systems

H04M 11/04

Alarm systems in which substations are interrogated in succession by a central station
Definition statement

This place covers:

Alarm systems where a central station polls satellite detectors or subsystems.

This group focuses on the alarm system as a whole, not merely on the point where an alarm condition is detected.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Polling in data switching networks

H04L 12/403

Special rules of classification

Documents classified in G08B 26/00, disclosing a polling system, but dealing with any of the problems considered in groups G08B 25/001 - G08B 25/009 should also be classified in those groups.

Alarm systems in which the alarm condition is signalled from a central station to a plurality of substations
Definition statement

This place covers:

Alarms signalled from a central station to a plurality of remote users or subscribers, e.g. on the basis of their being in a particular geographic area for which the alarm is relevant, or on the basis of their belonging to a particular group such as a fire fighting team or parents of a particular school.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Signaling systems in general

G08C

Special rules of classification

Alarms where the invention lies in transmission of alarms from a plurality of satellites to a single central station. Transmission related aspects of emergency broadcasting (H04W).

Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
Definition statement

This place covers:

The continuous testing and supervision of signalling and alarm systems falling under the previous subgroups of the subclass G08B. This testing and supervision is conducted for the purpose of detecting malfunctions as well as (attempted) tampering or sabotage (G08B 29/02). The periodic testing of said systems, may be manual or automated (G08B 29/12). Detecting and correcting deviations from correct functioning (e.g. due to age related drift of component characteristics, environment variations, noise or interference) may be achieved by: monitoring temporal variations in signals; evaluating signals per se; and by the provision of other checking measures (e.g. dual detectors, data fusion from two detectors).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Arrangements for testing electric properties, arrangements for locating electric faults

G01R 31/00

Special rules of classification

A document disclosing an invention falling under the subgroup G08B 29/00 does not need to be classified elsewhere according to the specific type of alarm system disclosed. In other words G08B 29/00 takes precedence over other subgroups. However, where there are also details disclosed pertaining to the specific alarm system, and which would be of relevance for search, then the document should also be classified in the corresponding subgroup. E.g. a document disclosing an invention relating to detecting tampering with a smoke detector in a fire alarm system should be classified under G08B 29/046 and need not be further classified under G08B 17/00. However if there are particular details of the smoke detector which could be useful for search, then the document should also be classified under G08B 17/00.

Monitoring of the line circuits, e.g. signalling of line faults
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Testing or locating faults in cables or lines in general

G01R 31/50, G01R 31/08

{of line circuits}
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Testing or locating faults in cables or lines in general

G01R 31/50, G01R 31/08

Predictive alarm systems characterised by extrapolation or other computation using updated historic data
Definition statement

This place covers:

Alarm systems in which the alarm is triggered as a result of analysing data to warn of a potential threat before a dangerous situation has actually developed. E.g. an alarm system making a video analysis of a crowd of people, the analysis comparing the behaviour of individuals in the crowd against a set of "normal" behaviour parameters, (walking speed, appropriateness of clothing for the weather etc.) in order to decide whether a particular individual poses a potential threat.