CPC Definition - Subclass C10L
This place covers:
Compositions which react chemically, usually with oxygen in air, to produce heat in controllable amounts or which are dispersed in air for explosive combustion in an engine or which produce light along with heat upon combustion, i.e. liquid carbonaceous fuels, gaseous fuels, natural gas, synthetic natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, solid fuels and fuels produced by solidifying fuels
Treatment of fuels to improve their combustion
Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes, e.g. for reducing smoke development, for minimising corrosion or incrustation, for facilitating soot removal or for improving the octane number or the low temperature properties of the fuel
Fire-lighters, i.e. easily-combustible compositions or shaped products which are designed to initiate the combustion of a larger body of fuel and methods or apparatus for their manufacture
This place does not cover:
Explosives or thermic compositions, e.g. fuels for rocket engines intended for reaction with an oxidant other than air | |
Fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for airbags or for propulsion of rockets | |
Cracking hydrocarbon oils, production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. by destructive hydrogenation, oligomerisation or polymerisation, recovery of hydrocarbon oils from oil-shale, oil-sand, or gases, refining mixtures mainly consisting of hydrocarbons and to reforming of naphta | |
Mineral waxes | |
Production of producer gas, water-gas, synthesis gas from solid carbonaceous materials, or mixtures containing these gases or carburetting air or other gases | |
Purifying or modifying the chemical compositions of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide |
Examples of places in relation to which this place is residual:
Fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for rockets |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Synthesis gas produced by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds, e.g. hydrocarbons | |
Hydrocarbons per se | |
Cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution | |
Destructive distillation of carbonaceous materials for producing of gas, coke, tar, or similar materials | |
Lubricating compositions | |
Candles | |
Arrangements or devices for supplying additives to fuels in combustion engines | |
Vessels for containing or storing compressed, liquefied or solidified gases | |
Liquefying gases or gaseous mixtures by pressure and cold treatment | |
Nuclear reactor fuels |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Fire-lighter | Easily-combustible composition or shaped product which is designed to initiate the combustion of a larger body of fuel, e.g. briquettes mainly consisting of charcoal |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives, at least one additive being an inorganic compound and at least one additive being an organic non-macromolecular or macromlecular compound.
- Use of at least one inorganic compound and at least one organic non-macromolecular or macromolecular compound as additives in a liquid carbonaceous fuel
Most of the liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an inorganic additive and an organic additive have been classified in C10L 1/10, the organic additive being macromolecular or not.
The additive composition per se comprising the compound(s) can be classified in other subclasses, especially if the preparation, the chemical composition, the property, the function or the physical state of the additive composition are important per se independently of the use of the composition as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
The particular purpose(s) for which the additive is used in the fuel is classified in C10L 10/00.
This place does not cover:
The components of the liquid carbonaceous fuels; Marking or making uninflammable per se | |
The fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions | |
Gaseous fuels and solid fuels | |
Fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for rockets | |
Candles | |
Nuclear fuel |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Additive compounds: combination of corresponding Indexing Codes | |
Colloidal materials or their solutions | |
Catalysts | |
Inorganic elements, compounds | |
Explosive or thermic compositions | |
Means for generating smoke or mist; Gas-attack compositions; Generation of gas for blasting or propulsion | |
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | |
Heterocyclic compounds | |
Other organic compounds | |
Polysaccharides | |
Rubbers | |
Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds | |
Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds | |
Derivatives of natural macromolecular compounds | |
Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients | |
Compositions of macromolecular compounds | |
Treatment of inorganic materials, other than fibrous filler, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties | |
Emulsifying, dispersing agents | |
Lubricating compositions; use of chemical substances either alone or as lubricating ingredients in a lubricating composition | |
Producing, refining, or preserving fats, fatty substances, fatty oils or waxes | |
Fatty acids from fats, oils or waxes; fats, oils or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained there from |
1. In groups C10L 1/12 - C10L 1/1291 and C10L 1/16 - C10L 1/308, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is always classified in the last appropriate place.
2. A metal salt or an ammonium salt of a compound is classified as that compound, e.g. a chromium sulfonate is classified as a sulfonate in group C10L 1/24 and not in group C10L 1/30. But a salt of a quaternary ammonium compound is classified in C10L 1/2222 .
3. In this group it is mandatory to add the Indexing Codes relating to individual additional components. The Indexing Codes are chosen from groups C10L 1/12 - C10L 1/308.
4. Mixtures of additives are classified in the corresponding main group, individual additives being indexed using the Indexing Code according to point 3.
C-Sets of Indexing Codes may be used:
4.a. For a well-defined polymer: A polymer of ethylene and alkylacrylate is classified in (C10L 1/1963 , C10L 1/1641), starting with the Indexing Code corresponding to the polymer last in the classification scheme.
4.b. For a well-defined composition: A composition comprising a polyethylene and a polyalkylacylate is classified in (C10L 1/1641, C10L 1/1963 ); the Indexing Codes are in the same order as in the classification scheme.
4.c. A composition comprising a polyethylene and a polypropylene is classified in (C10L 1/1641, C10L 2300/20).
5. When several alternatives for the same individual additive are mentioned, e.g. as a Markush-formula, classification may be done in the corresponding main group only, the alternatives being indexed using codes mentioned in point 3; the very relevant main alternatives may be separately classified in the corresponding groups.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Polyether polymer | Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in themain chain of the macromolecule and comprising 4 or more monomers. |
Hydrocarbon polymer or macromolecular compound | Hydrocarbyl group containing 30 or more carbon atoms |
Additive | Any compound in the composition with a concentration of at most 2%, in volume or weight |
This place covers:
Liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an anti-knock additive stabilised by an other additive or compound; the deterioration with time of the anti-knock agent is prevented; the anti-knock agent may be maintained uniformly dispersed in the fuel.
The anti-knock additive and the other additive or compound can be both organic compounds. The fuel may contain no inorganic additive.
Use of a stabilised anti-knock agent as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
This place does not cover:
Liquid carbo naceous fuels containing additives, at least one being inorganic | |
Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing only organic compounds as additives |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Colloidal materials or their solutions | |
Use of pretreated ingredients | |
Treatment of inorganic materials, other than fibrous filler, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties | |
Anti-oxidant composition; Composition inhibiting chemical change | |
Emulsifying or dispersing agents |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Anti-knock agent | Octane improver, ignition improver in a gasoline fuel . The meaning of "anti-knock" can be broadened to ignition-improving agent for diesel fuels |
Ignition-improving agent for diesel fuels | Cetane improver, ignition improver in diesel fuels |
Stabilised | Showing oxidative resistance, maintained dispersed |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing at least one additive which is an inorganic compound and at least one additive which is an organic macromolecular compound.
- Use of at least one inorganic compound and at least one organic macromolecular compound as additives in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Most of the liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an inorganic additive and an organic additive have been classified in C10L 1/10, the organic additive being macromolecular or not.
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing an additive which is an inorganic compound.
- Use of an inorganic compound as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Catalysts | |
Inorganic elements, compounds | |
Lime; magnesia; slag; cements; artificial stones; ceramics; treatment of natural stones | |
Use of inorganic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material being an inorganic material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing at least two organic non-macromolecular compounds as additives; the fuel does not comprise any specified inorganic additive nor any specified organic macromolecular additive.
- Use of at least two organic non-macromolecular compounds as additives in a liquid carbonaceous fuel; no mention of the use of a specified inorganic compound nor of the use of a specified organic macromolecular compound as additives in the fuel.
This place does not cover:
Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing also an organic macromolecular additive |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Use of non-macromolecular organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more organic non-macromolecular compounds |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising at least one organic macromolecular compound and at least one organic non-macromolecular compound as additives; the fuel does not comprise any specified inorganic additive.
- Use of at least one organic macromolecular compound and at least one organic non-macromolecular compound as additives in a liquid carbonaceous fuel; there is no mention of the use of any specified inorganic additive.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Use of non-macromolecular organic ingredients | |
Compositions of macromolecular compounds | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non macromolecular compound |
The combination of the additives does not belong to a group lower than C10L 1/143 (special rule of classification 4 within C10L 1/10).
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising at least two organic macromolecular compounds belonging to different macromolecular groups, as additives, or comprising an organic macromolecular compound according to different macromolecular groups, as additive; The fuel does not comprise any specified inorganic additive nor any specified organic non-macromolecular additive.
- Use of at least two organic macromolecular compounds belonging to different macromolecular groups or of an organic macromolecular compound according to different macromolecular groups, as additives in a liquid carbonaceous fuel; there is no mention of the use of any specified inorganic additive nor of the use of any specified organic non-macromolecular additive.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Compositions of macromolecular compounds | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more macromolecular compounds covered by more than one of the main groups |
The combination of the different macromolecular groups does not belong to a group lower than C10L 1/146 (special rule of classification 4 within C10L 1/10).
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing only C and H in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing only C and H in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons | |
Hydrocarbons | |
Rubbers | |
Polymers of unsaturated hydrocarbons | C08F 10/00, C08F 12/00, C08F 36/00 , C08F 38/00, C08F 110/00, C08F 112/00, C08F 136/00, C08F 138/00, C08F 210/00, C08F 212/00, C08F 236/00, C08F 238/00, C08F 240/00 |
Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Hydrocarbon oils, mixtures obtained by different processes; mineral waxes | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a hydrocarbon, |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing only C, H and O in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing only C, H and O in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only | |
Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds containing carbon and oxygen | |
Heterocyclic organic compounds | |
Heterocyclic organic compounds having oxygen as hetero atoms | |
Sugars, steroids | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating composition characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing oxygen | |
Animal or vegetable oils, fats, fatty substances, waxes, fatty acids |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing an halogen in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing an halogen in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | |
Heterocyclic organic compounds | |
Sugars, steroids | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing halogen |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing nitrogen in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing nitrogen in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | |
Heterocyclic organic compounds | |
Sugars, steroids | |
Peptides | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Glue, gelatine | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing nitrogen |
A salt of a quaternary ammonium compound is classified as the quaternary ammonium compound.
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing sulphur, selenium and/or tellurium in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing sulphur, selenium and/or tellurium in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | |
Heterocyclic organic compounds | |
Sugars, steroids | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing sulphur, selenium and/or tellurium |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing phosphorus in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing phosphorus in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Organic compounds containing phosphorus | |
Sugars | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing phosphorus |
Amine salts of certain phosphorus-containing compounds are classified in C10L 1/2625 or C10L 1/2658.
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound containing silicon in its molecule.
- Use of an organic compound containing silicon in its molecule as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Organic compounds containing silicon | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing silicon |
This place covers:
- Liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by comprising an additive being an organic compound not mentioned before.
- Use of an organic compound not mentioned before as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.
The additive is an organic compound which contains at least one element different from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or silicon; the additive is for example an organic metal complex.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium | |
Macromolecular compounds | |
Use of organic ingredients | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the base material | |
Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic compound containing atoms of elements not provided for before |
This place covers:
Fuel compositions which are a mixture of solid coal or biomass particles with a hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic phase.
Coal particles including biomass particles
This place does not cover:
Emulsifying process | |
Emulsifying agents |
This place covers:
Solid coal particles in an oil phase to form an oily slurry.
This place covers:
Slurries comprising solid coal and water (or another hydrophilic phase) and oil.
This place covers:
Solid coal particles in a water phase to form a slurry.
This place covers:
Fuel emulsion compositions and/or preparations therefore (clearly indicating fuel composition though) comprising a hydrophobic phase and a hydrophilic phase, usually comprising water but also including and/or a (short-chained) alcohol.
This place does not cover:
Emulsifying process in general | |
Emulsifying agents |
The type of emulsion, if indicated, should be classified (w/o or o/w or w/o/w or bicontinuous) using the Indexing Code: C10L 2250/08 or subgroups.
This place covers:
Any gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuel, which is not covered by a subgroup or has too little detail or too much of a deviating detail from the titles of subgroups to be included therein.
This place covers:
Gaseous fuel compositions comprising additives such as a marker, non detectable by senses, which could be to increase heat value or storage stability.
This place covers:
Adding colour or smell to a gas for recognition, or aesthetic reasons.
This place covers:
Acetylene comprising gas fuel compositions which could be used e.g. for welding tools, mixed with other compounds to e.g. increase heat value or improve storage.
This place covers:
Additives used to improve storage of acetylene, e.g. as an absorbing mass in a container
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Storage containers for solvent containing fuels |
This place covers:
This place does not cover:
Cryogenic processes to separate or otherwise treat a gas, i.e. the gas to be treated is in (cold) liquid state |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Gas hydrates in well drilling compositions |
This place covers:
Processes of synthetic natural gas, e.g. production of biogas through e.g. anaerobic digestion or by methanation from syngas.
This place does not cover:
Methanation when the goal is not methane production, but purification of hydrogen | |
Gasification processes where methane may be a byproduct, or goes on to further use other than as a fuel |
This place covers:
Further treatment of natural gas (no matter what the origin of the gas stream), not exhaust gases.
With regard to overlap with F25J it is noted that when the NG treatment is done upstream of the liquefaction (LNG production) and whereby NG is treated still as a gas (or partly gas), it should be classified in this group.
This place does not cover:
Cryogenic processes to separate or otherwise treat a gas, i.e. the gas to be treated is in (cold) liquid state |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Gas separation by adsorption/absorption |
This place covers:
removal of contaminants, e.g. unwanted heavy hydrocarbons.
This place covers:
Removal of acid compounds in general, other than S or CO2 or when no detail is given at all.
This place covers:
Removal of S-containing compounds in particular.
When both S compounds and CO2 are removed from the gas stream, both symbols C10L 3/103 and C10L 3/104 should be given.
This place covers:
Removal of CO2-containing compounds in particular.
When both S compounds and CO2 are removed from the gas stream, both symbols C10L 3/103 and C10L 3/104 should be given.
This place covers:
Dehydration of natural gas.
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used as synonyms:
- "desiccation " and "dewatering"
This place covers:
Methods for removal or inhibition of gas hydrate formation.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Well drilling compositions |
This place covers:
Methods to produce gas hydrates, e.g. for transport.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Well drilling compositions |
This place covers:
LPG compositions (mainly a composition comprising propane and butane), characteristics, production and/or upgrading.
This place does not cover:
Cryogenic processes to separate or otherwise treat a gas, i.e. the gas to be treated is in (cold) liquid state |
This place covers:
A solid matter which is of mineral origin, e.g. coal or non-mineral origin, e.g. wood and which is clearly usable as a fuel.
This place does not cover:
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Mixing solids | |
Briquetting presses | |
Fuel delivery or fuel directly delivered, to combustion apparatus | |
Preparation of lump or pulverant fuel |
In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place.
This place covers:
Briquettes or other solid shapes of carbonaceous material.
This place does not cover:
Peat briquettes |
This place covers:
The type of mineral feed material is an object of the invention.
This place does not cover:
Pretreatment of raw materials of non-mineral origin |
This place covers:
The method of forming the solid fuel, e.g. briquettes, pellets or logs, independently of the origin of the fuel.
This place does not cover:
Moulding of materials in general, not for use as fuel | |
Mechanical part of pressing briquettes per se |
This place covers:
Briquettes are formed and bound e.g. by the action of pressing itself or heat, but without addition of a binding agent.
This place does not cover:
Peat briquettes |
This place covers:
Organic binders. mixed with inorganic binders
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Organic binders | (Hydro)carbonaceous binders, i.e. comprising a hydrocarbon chain |
This place covers:
An inorganic compound usually being an ionic compound added to the solid fuel to serve as a binder.
This place covers:
An organic compound could be any compound comprising at least partly a hydrocarbon structure, which is added to the solid fuel to serve as a binder. Either naturally occurring or a (side) product.
This place covers:
Lignin binders mainly used in biomass fuels as it is itself derived from biomass (mainly wood).
This place covers:
Binders comprising longer chain alkanes (paraffins) which are solid at room temperature, e.g. waxes.
This place covers:
Binders with bituminous binders, e.g. tar, pitch or other heavy hydrocarbonaceous fractions used to bind the briquettes.
This place covers:
binders comprising naphthalene, (molecular formula C10H8).
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used as synonyms:
- Tar Camphor, White Tar, Moth Flakes, albocarbon, naphthaline, naphthalin or anti-moth
This place covers:
Organic binders comprising hydrogen sulfite.
This place covers:
Details of the specific application of the binder to the fuel, either method or apparatus
This place covers:
Dust combating either by a process step or alteration of briquetting process or by addition of a compound which reduces dust formation
This place covers:
Any process steps applied after the briquetting to serve a particular purpose such as improving storage or transport stability.
This place covers:
When heating is done after briquettes are formed in order to coke them and stabilize their structure.
This place covers:
When cooling is done in a particular way which is an object of the invention, e.g. after a briquetting process from which the briquettes emerge at too high a temperature.
This place covers:
Cating of briquettes either superficially or including also impregnation with a certain compound.
This place covers:
Any detail other than the shape or size of the briquette.
This place covers:
Shape or also including specific dimensions being part of the object of the invention.
When size is merely mentioned as additional information in the application, Indexing Code should be assigned for size: C10L 2250/06.
This place covers:
Briquettes, e.g. such as used for barbecues.
This place covers:
Pellets as produced by pelletizer.
This place covers:
Log-shaped fuel, e.g. to imitate actual wood logs.
This place covers:
Powdered fuel as the end product, which could be pulverised pellets or briquettes, to be used e.g. in powdered coal fuelled combustor.
This place covers:
The bundling or collecting of individual pieces of fuel, e.g. logs or briquettes, by e.g. a rope around them or putting them in bags or any other type of container.
This place covers:
The composition of the briquettes comprises several components and each of them is applied in a separate layer, e.g.details on layer thickness.
This place covers:
Any solid fuel which includes material of non-mineral origin.
This place does not cover:
Candles |
This place covers:
Fuel produced from paper waste, e.g. pulp or black liquor.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Paper production |
This place covers:
Solid fuel based at least partly on plastic (waste) material.
This place covers:
Meat or bone waste from a slaughterhouse.
Excrement or manure waste.
This place covers:
Biomass, as broadly defined as possible, but not including animal substances, usable as a fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
This place covers:
Solid fuel based explicitly on wood or wood waste, i.e. a further limitation over biomass.
This place covers:
Solid fuel based on biomass comprising different agricultural waste other than wood.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Incinerators for field or garden waste |
This place covers:
Solid fuels based on e.g. charcoal or other biomass which has been carbonised before treatment to solid fuel.
This place covers:
House or town refuse, i.e. residential mixed wastes. Also includes pretreated house or townrefuse, which fraction is known as RDF (refuse derived fuel) or SRF (solid recovered fuel).
This place covers:
Waste on industrial level.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Incinerators for field or garden waste |
This place covers:
Fuels when the fuel is solidified from a liquid fuel based on an alcohol (of any chain).
This place covers:
Residual group for special applications which really cannot possibly be classified anywhere else.
This place covers:
Treatments of solid fuels after they have been formed, specifically to improve combustion in some way, e.g. heat value or contaminants in flue gas.
This place covers:
Means when chemicals are added and/or a chemical reaction is required to treat the solid fuel in order to improve combustion characteristics.
This place covers:
Methods of treating solid fuels by addition of hydrogenating compounds.
This place covers:
Methods of treating solid fuels by addition oxidising compounds.
This place covers:
Treatments which consist mainly of heating the solid in order to improve its combustion characteristics.
This place covers:
Torrefaction or bertinisation whereby the solid (waste) feed is treated around 150-350°C under low oxygen atmosphere to produce a more dense and valuable solid fuel product, e.g. low temperature- or pre-pyrolysis.
This place covers:
Hydrothermal carbonization, which can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxylation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours.
This place covers:
Treating solid fuels when any kind of additive is mixed with the solid to improve its combustion.
This place does not cover:
Addition of additive during combustion or at entry of combustion/gasification/or other chamber |
This place covers:
Compounds that facilitate oxidation or generate oxygen at combustion.
This place covers:
- Particular purposes for which additives or additive compositions are used in fires and inside the combustion processes.
Use of the additive for a specific purpose which is not one mentioned in one of the groups C10L 10/02 - C10L 10/18.
Use of the additive which is not a detergent or dispersant (C10L 10/18) to prevent, decrease or clean deposits (keep-clean, clean-up), antifouling additive.
The mechanical aspects of the combustion conditions, places, apparatuses where the fire or combustion take place are classified, when relevant, in section F of the CPC; the mechanical aspects of cleaning combustion emissions, residues, deposits in the combustion apparatus, exhaust, chimneys, are also classified, when relevant, in section F.
A combustion improver which decreases deposits from the combustion of a fuel containing it relatively to the deposits from the combustion of the same fuel but without the combustion improver, is classified in this group.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Fuel containing the additive | C10L 1/10- C10L 1/308 and C10L 1/12- C10L 1/308, C10L 1/32, C10L 3/00 - C10L 9/00 |
Foam dispersion or prevention in liquids, by addition of chemical substances | |
Purification; separation; stabilisation; use of additives | |
Purification; Separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation | |
Anti-static materials | |
Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning | |
Anti-oxidant compositions; compositions inhibiting chemical change | |
Inhibiting fouling in apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbon oils by addition of antifouling agents | |
In lubricating oils, inhibition of oxidation, anti-oxidants, metal deactivation, antiseptic, biocidal, anti-foaming property | |
Preserving fats, fatty substances, fatty oils by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants | |
Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines | |
Controlling engines characterised by use of non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures | |
Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel, or fuel-air mixture | |
Cleaning of fuel-injection apparatus | |
Removal or treatment of combustion products or combustion residues; Flues | |
Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire |
When an additive or an additive composition are used for several purposes of interest, each purpose is classified in the corresponding group.
If the additive is added to the fuel, the fuel composition is classified in C10L 1/10-C10L 1/308, and/or eventually in C10L 1/32-C10L 1/328, C10L 3/00 - C10L 9/00.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Deposits | Sediments or sludges coming from deterioration of liquid fuels in a storage vessel, pipes or apparatuses; Also solid carbonaceous residues from fuel combustion, on the walls of the combustion enclosure or apparatuses. |
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used as synonyms:
- Deposits, slag, tar, soot, ash or clinker.
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for reducing smoke development, reducing the emissions of pollutants from fuels, and pollutants from their combustion like nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SO2), hydrocarbons, soot, particulate, particles, other pollutants like dioxins.
- Also use of additive to reduce emissions of dust from coal, emissions of volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC) from liquid fuels.
- Use of an additive to decrease the vapour tension, volatility of a fuel.
A combustion improver which decreases emissions from the combustion of a fuel containing it relatively to the emissions from the combustion of the same fuel but without the combustion improver, is classified in this group.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Chemical or biological purification of combustion gases, engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes or flue gases | |
Arrangements or devices for treating smoke or fumes |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for reducing corrosion of, or incrustation on, walls in contact with the fuels, with fuel vapours, with the combustion process, or with combustion emissions; also corrosion inhibitor, rust inhibitor.
- Use of the additive to decrease the corrosive nature of a fuel, of deposits, emissions coming from a fuel or its combustion.
- Use of the additive to protect the walls in contact with a fuel, its vapours, its deposits, or its combustion products, against corrosion coming from these chemical entities.
This place does not cover:
Use of the additive to prevent or clean deposits | |
Use of the additive to facilitate soot removal |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Compositions for in situ inhibition of corrosion in boreholes or wells | |
Inhibiting corrosion during distillation of hydrocarbon oils | |
Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils: preventing or removing incrustation | C10G 9/12, C09G16/00 |
Inhibiting corrosion in apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbon oils by addition of corrosion inhibitors | |
In lubricating oils, inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives | |
Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material | |
Inhibiting incrustation in apparatus for heating liquid | |
Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for facilitating soot removal, for modifying the consistence, the state, the nature of the combustion deposits in such a way that this deposit is easier removed; the deposit can be on the walls of the combustion enclosure, on the walls of the emission exhaust, of the chimney.
- The use of an additive, of a catalytic additive, which is combined, when the fuel combustion takes place, with the combustion products and decreases the ignition temperature of the combustion deposits formed, thus these deposits can be easier burnt in an exhaust apparatus; or the catalytic fuel or combustion additive is used to replenish the catalyst of a catalytic exhaust apparatus burning soot, deposits formed in the exhaust apparatus.
This place does not cover:
Use of the additive to prevent or clean deposits | |
Use of detergents or dispersants for decreasing, removing or preventing deposits |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Exhaust apparatus having means for treating exhaust, adding substances to exhaust | |
Removing ash, clinker, or slag from combustion chambers; Removing solid residues from passages or chambers beyond the fire; preventing premature solidification of molten combustion residues |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for improving the lubricity of the fuel, the lubricating power, the oily consistence of the fuel, for decreasing the wear, the friction of the fuel against the walls in its contact.
- Lubricity agent, anti-wear, friction inhibitor, lubricating agent or lubricant.
A lubricating additive composition well described can be also classified in C10M.
This place does not cover:
Lubricants used in combination with gasoline, for two cycle engines |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
In lubricating oils, use of the additive to improve oiliness, film-strength or anti-wear | |
Animal or vegetable oils, fats, fatty substances or fatty acids |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for improving the octane number of a gasoline, of a fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine. Anti-knock agent.
- The use of the additive for improving the ignition properties of a gasoline, of a fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine.
- Use of an additive for improving the octane index of a gasoline.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Manufacture of firelighters | |
Explosives, thermic compositions, detonating or priming devices, fuses, chemical lighters, pyrophoric compositions | |
Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding anti-knock agents to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture |
In patent documents, the following abbreviations are often used:
RON | Research octane number |
MON | Motor octane number |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for improving the cetane number of a diesel fuel, of a fuel for a compression ignition internal combustion engine.
- The use of the additive for improving the ignition properties of a diesel fuel, of a fuel for a compression ignition internal combustion engine.
- Use of additive for improving the cetane index of a diesel fuel.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Manufacture of firelighters | |
Explosives, thermic compositions, detonating or priming devices, fuses, chemical lighters or pyrophoric compositions |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
CN | Cetane number |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive for improving low-temperature properties of fuels; cold flow improver; the use of the additive to improve the ability of the fuel to flow at low temperature, to decrease the temperature at which the fuel can flow, the temperature at which the fuel can pass through a filtration device, or the temperature at which wax can form a cloudy appearance.
- The use of the additive to modify the wax crystals formed when the fuel temperature is decreased, decrease their sizes, change their shapes, to keep the crystals dispersed, to improve the filterability at low temperatures of the fuel; the use of the additive to prevent precipitation and sedimentation of the wax crystals at low temperatures in the fuel.
- The use of the additive to decrease the cloud point, the wax appearance temperature, and/or the cold filter plugging point of the fuel.
This place does not cover:
Additives which are only pour-point depressants |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating organic depositions, e.g. paraffins or asphaltenes | |
Inhibiting fouling in apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbon oils by addition of antifouling agents | |
In lubricating oils, use of the additive to improve the pour-point, the viscosity index |
The use of an additive for improving several low-temperature properties of a fuel, among which properties is decreasing the pour-point of the fuel, is classified in C10L 10/14 and in C10L 10/16.
In patent documents, the following abbreviations are often used:
CFPP | Cold filter plugging point |
CP | Cloud point |
PP | Pour-point |
WAT | Wax-appearance temperature |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive to decrease the pour-point of the fuel, to decrease the temperature at which the fuel flows.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
In lubricating oils, use of the additive to improve the pour-point |
When the use of the additive to decrease the pour-point of the fuel is mentioned in it, the document is classified in C10L 10/16; If the improvement of an other low-temperature property is mentioned in the document, it is also classified in C10L 10/14.
In patent documents, the following abbreviations are often used:
PP | Pour-point |
This place covers:
- The use of the additive which is a detergent or a dispersant for purposes not provided for in groups C10L 10/00-C10L 10/16, for example for cleaning parts of the combustion apparatus or flues, exhaust pipes, for cleaning walls of vessels, pipes in contact with fuels.
The detergent compositions per se, if relevant, can be classified in C11D.
This place does not cover:
Use of the additive to prevent or clean deposits | |
Use of additives for facilitating soot removal |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning | |
Inhibiting fouling in apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbon oils by addition of antifouling agents | |
In lubricating oils, use of detergent or dispersant additive | |
Methods for using cleaning compositions; special cleaning and washing methods for industrial or commercial equipment, e.g. engines | |
Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines | |
Cleaning of fuel-injection apparatus | |
Removing ash, clinker, or slag from combustion chambers; Removing solid residues from passages or chambers beyond the fire |
This place covers:
Firelighter compositions, usually solid or gel/liquid.
This place covers:
Firelighter which is fire resistant itself and does not or hardly burn along.
This place covers:
Compositions meant to start a fire and to burn along with it, e.g. barbecue lighters.
This place does not cover:
Matches |
This place covers:
Firelighters when the shape of the firelighter is special, i.e. not common and one of the main objects of the invention.
if shape or dimension is not the main object, but just additionally mentioned, this feature should not be classified here, but the Indexing Code should be used: C10L 2250/06.
This place covers:
Apparatus for the production of firelighters and details thereof.