an electrical conductor or array of conductors that radiates signal energy (transmitting) or collects signal energy (receiving); it's a transducer between a guided electromagnetic wave e.g. in a coaxial cable, waveguide, stripline and an electromagnetic wave in free space; the reciprocity relation is valid; the antenna is a passive linear reciprocal device That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves.

Structural details or features of antennas not dependent on electric operation and applicable to more than one type of antenna. However, structural details or features described with reference to an antenna of a particular type are classified in the group or sub-group appropriate to that type. This implies that any class under H01Q 1/00 should normally be accompanied by another class specifying the antenna type and/or working principle.

Power handling capability means efficiency. Also effects due to high-power use, e.g. multipaction, (passive) intermodulation, as far as it relates to antennas, are to be classified here.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Also covered by this group: reduction of mechanical deformations of an antenna, mast, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Indoor coverage with distributed antennas. 'Indoor' is to be interpreted in a broad sense, e.g. inside an airplane, room, building.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Heating for removing snow or ice, for example used to blow droplets of water of the radome of a horn radiator in an earth station antenna. Cooling of T/R modules (see also H01Q 21/0025 Modular arrays).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

In a borehole, tunnel, underground or underwater.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Originally used for lamps on masts; now also used for a LED on an antenna of a mobile phone. See the class F21S 8/00 as lighting devices for signalling; lamps on antennas or powerlines; antenna markers.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Not used for the extractable antennas as used on mobile phones, nor for the clamshell phones with integrated antennas.

For example:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Using (normally) a hinge.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Traditional whip antenna with a mounting coil for a vehicle, rubber duck antenna (monopole coil wrapped in rubber cover).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Tape measure used as an antenna with variable length; antennas used on a vehicle that can be (electrically) extended by means of a tape-measure like conductor, push-pull wire, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Thin hollow metallic tubes/pipes that can be pushed into one another; telescoping tubing (former active group for telescopic car or mobile antennas).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Extension/retraction by motor; BNC/bajonet type of releasable connecting arrangements.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Any support related to an antenna; lower groups have turned into mobile telecoms usage.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Details of coupling fastening devices by engagement/disengagement.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example: through the vehicle body of automobiles. Mounting through the roof of another object, e.g. vehicle, house, housing.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Wall mounted, also onto house roofs or tile roofs. If the wall is penetrated, it should be classified in H01Q 1/1214.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Boom is to be interpreted as a supporting tubular pipe; cross-section of this pipe can be circular, rectangular, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Tripods; vehicles for telescopic masts.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Tower, mast, pylon, pole, post: a self-supporting mast as lattice, or a concrete mast or guyed mast with guy cables for anchoring.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antenna aiming; pointing the antenna to a fixed target by mechanical movement; sometimes also called tracking, i.e. means motion given to the major lobe of an antenna with the intention that a selected moving target, e.g. satellite, be contained within the major lobe. Collimation means adjusting accurately the line of sight, 'making parallel' However, scanning (a repetitive motion given to the major lobe of an antenna) in H01Q 3/10.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The strength of the received signal is monitored, as used as a parameter for steering the positioning means; normally feed back processing is used.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Not frequently used; large overlap with the classes H01Q 3/02 and groups thereunder.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Glass antenna; window-; window pane-; on-vehicle glass antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

US class: 343/713. It appears these kinds of applications are classified by the JPO under H01Q 1/32.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Can be capacitive feeding through the complete glass layer, or partly through the glass layer, e.g. from within the layer to one outside thereof.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Not frequently used; overlap with H01Q 1/082: the distinction is that in this class the balloon is only the support, whereas in H01Q 1/082 the balloon is the antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mechanical details for the so-called curtain antennas used in HF broadcast.

Illustrative examples of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The unstable platform can be a ship, or a tower which is bending due to wind forces. Often a gimbal is used.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Any depointing due to the moving platform is corrected for using electronic means.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mechanical details of fixtures; normally used in conjunction with a monopole-like radiator (stems from old car-antennas with a resilient base, e.g. coil).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The antenna or antennas are mounted on something else; this something else is an item with a dedicated use: integration aspects of the antenna and the item.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas for a system of interrogator / reader which sends a unique identification (ID) to a tag which receives and sends back its stored information.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas for interrogation reader (stationary, portable or hand-held) depending on operating frequency such as e.g. loop or dipole antennas; also multi-frequency, multiple antennas; antenna arrays.

This class is normally accompanied with a class relating to the antenna type, e.g. slot, dipole, coil, etc.

Antenna types depending on operating frequencies. Inductively coupled as multilayer coils, wrapped around ferrite cores, or radiatively coupled as dipoles, folded dipoles/monopoles, short loops, bow-tie, patch antennas

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

This class is normally accompanied with a class relating to the antenna type, e.g. slot, dipole, coil, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For monitoring pressure, wear, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally a radar principle including time-of-flight is used to determine the distance between the radiating antenna the liquid or other material inside a container. This is to be used for details on the radiating antenna, not on other aspects for the measurement system (see G01F 23/284).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas for computer equipment as laptops, notebooks, pdas, tablets, desktops or workstations.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Also antennas mounted in(side) a hinge are considered here.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Typically the expansion card is removable; this reflects more the use of the antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A small-size antenna which has an antenna element buried in a dielectric chip or stacked on the surface of a dielectric chip, (Murata appears to be the major applicant here).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas for a wireless system of access points as base stations and of clients with laptops, notebooks, PDA's, desktops or workstations.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Documents where antennas are in a transmitting/receiving set, i.e. a transceiver. " "Receiving" here means actually receiving and/or transmitting.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication, also 3G and other telecommunications systems.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Hand-held here excludes wireless phone for domestic use. In mobile (read: cellular) telephones.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Stored/located/contained within the housing. Also when integrated within the shell of the phone housing.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally antenna is within the housing, but part of it can be extracted (extendable; extractable; pulled out; stored, pushed in, contained; passive, retract+). The device should be claimed/disclosed; isolated antennas in H01Q 1/08 or H01Q 1/10 (and subgroups).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas per se are classified in H01Q 1/10 and subgroups.

Health protection, RF exposure. Overlap in H04B: "protect user against rf exposure". This class is about measures that influence the shape of the pattern, with the aim of reducing RF exposure / absorption by the user.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Power control after proximity detection (for example), should be in H04B.

To be interpreted as base stations in generalised cells (macro / micro / pico).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Cell station; hub station; cell site; cellular cell site; radio base station; homebase; central site, fixed site.

As LNB (Low noise block converter) or LNC (Low Noise Converter) or LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) as feeder of reflector antennas.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Rectifying antenna for microwave power transmission and conversion; antenna elements and rectifiers (diodes) are directly connected to produce a DC output; energy harvesting.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example plasmas used for exciting waves; ionised gas columns excited by coil antenna at base.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mostly wristwatch-type-, clock-, timepiece antennas; collars; necklaces.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Military applications; use of these helmets by motor cycle drivers, soldiers.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

(trains, cars are excluded)

Antennas mounted in the nose of an airplane behind a radome.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antenna inside a radom projecting from the fuselage/housing of the vehicle.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Form of a monopole antenna that is blade-shaped for strength and low aerodynamic drag. E.g. shape of a blade or fin protruding from the surface of the aircraft affecting the aircraft aerodynamics; e.g. monopole made by flat sheet.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Wire antennas mounted on the vehicle; fuselage / housing used as support. Trailing antennas are NOT classified here.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna constructed into the surface of a mechanism, or of a vehicle, without affecting the shape of that surface. Contrast with a conformal antenna: An antenna (array) that conforms to a surface whose shape is determined by considerations other than electromagnetic; for example, aerodynamic or hydrodynamic.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Only specifies the location where the antennas are flush mounted.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas mounted in or on a satellite or space based station in aerospace, e.g. communication satellite as geostationary or low or medium earth orbiting (LEO or MEO).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antenna being trailed by aircraft, missiles, ships, satellites or balloons.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

NOT the windscreen antennas.

Directed at the use of the antennas.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Safety and security aspects.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Directed at the location of the antenna on the vehicle.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Internal AND external mirrors.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Roof rack; inside cavities within the vehicle.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Directed at specific shapes of the radiator.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Definitions: An antenna whose configuration is that of a helix (the diameter, pitch, and number of turns in relation to the wavelength provide control of the polarization state and directivity) Here: helical antennas in the normal mode that means radiation broadside to the helix with linear polarization if helix diameter is less than lambda but length is comparable to lambda; i.e. helical monopole (coiling the antenna along its length).

H01Q 11/08+: helical antennas in axial/radial mode and circular polarization as monofilar, bifilar or quadrifilar (circumference in order of lambda and axial length several times larger than lambda).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Directed at specific/special materials.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Sub-group of H01Q 1/36 whereby special structural forms of radiating elements are mounted on an insulating support.

Printed circuit antenna, an antenna of some desired shape bonded onto a dielectric substrate with various insulating materials, like dielectrics; ceramics, ferrites, ferroelectric composites.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Protective cover like as radome and better matching to epsilon air.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Elements are INSIDE radome.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A cover, usually intended for protecting an antenna from the effects of its physical environment without degrading its electrical performance.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally choice of material, thicknesses of layers, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally multilayer or sandwich construction.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally used using a moulding/molding process and expansion, e.g. polystyrene shells used for protection against weather influences.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Metallic grid e.g. for heating; as polarizer or frequency selective surface (FSS).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally used are fabrics.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Artificial trees; disguising antenna in other objects; camouflage; nicer, (a)esthetic appearance for reflectors; patterning / coloring of antennas; devices with integrated perfume dispensers.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Power distribution lines used for a lf radar application.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Counterpoise: A system of conductors, elevated above and insulated from the ground, forming a lower system of conductors of an antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Only when integrated with antenna. The devices as such are in H01T.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Increasing isolation between antennas.

Reducing the irradiation of objects.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas are next to each other, but have no relation to another: antennas on the same GSM mast, but dedicated to the same service.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas next to each other, and belong to the same array, i.e. Sharing a feeding system.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Solutions for overload / saturation at RX antenna: one antenna transmits, and at the same time, the other neighbouring antenna receives.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example:

Grounded wall between a radiator and something else; fences.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Reduing the influence of currents induced by the antenna onto, e.g. A support; increasing the decoupling of a ground-plane supported antenna, where the ground plane is not a counterpoise. ideally influence should be nothing, e.g. antenna on space craft.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Changing or varying the orientation that is beam steering as changing the direction of the major lobe.

Related is beam scanning that is a repetitive motion given to the major lobe.

Changing or varying the shape that is beam forming.

Motion of the major lobe to have moving target within the lobe that is beam tracking.

Realized either:

Remote control aspects as such.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The variations are mechanical variations, e.g. Deformable sub-reflectors in dual reflector antenna systems.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The whole antenna moves, i.e. one needs.

Rotary joints, couplers between fixed TIR and rotating antenna. Rotary joints belong to H01P.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Either azimuth, elevation or another axis of rotation, e.g. Polar axis for leo orbit satellites.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally variation of two (orthogonal) angles, e.g. Azimuth and elevation, polar and cross-polar angles.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The direction of maximum radiation generates a cone whose vertex angle is in the order of the antenna half-power beamwidth.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The movement is relative, one element moves w.r.t. another one, e.g. feed w.r.t. lens, sub-reflector w.r.t. feed. See also lower classes for specific cases of relative movement.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Refracting device, like lens.

Diffracting device, like grating.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Primary active element, like feed, radiating element.

Reflecting device, like sub reflector or main reflector.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mechanically moving the feed of the antenna, that is steerable-beam antenna.

Feed-motion, off-axis fed, that is lateral displacement of the feed.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Reflector tilt; subreflector scanning.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Type of electronic scanning, i.e. scanning an antenna beam by electronic or electric means without moving parts, inertialess scanning.

Frequency scanning is defined as that the direction of the radiated beam is controlled by changing the operating frequency. It is based on the fact that the phase delay through a length of transmission line changes with frequency; no phase shifters.

Frequency hopping means that the frequency of the transmitter abruptly changes (or hops) in accordance with a pseudo-random code sequence; the receiver tracks these changes.

With a phased array without phase shifters, frequency hopping will inevitably result in beam scanning.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Scanning of a radiating beam by selecting a particular fixed beam from an available set of fixed beams.

Due to the switching, there exists only a single beam at a time. The non-selected elements are simply not used. This concept is distinctively different from having a multiple beam array antenna with a beam former for which only a specific beam port is selected. In this specific case all the active elements will radiate/receive at all times.

For example, if the direction of main radiation of two antenna elements is different, selecting one or the other element will change the direction of the beam.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Circumferential scanning means that the beams scan around the circumference e.g. with a cylindrical array, an array on a cylinder with transfer switches (double-pole, double or four throw switches).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The switching in fact causes the phase center of the active element to change, e.g. lateral displacement. As a consequence, also the produced beam changes direction.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

On-off switching of elements or parts of a single element.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Varying the phase or amplitude:

Varying the distribution of energy across aperture:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Adaptivity: automatic signal-dependent weight adjustment to reduce unwanted signals and/or emphasize the desired signal or an antenna system having circuit elements associated with its radiating elements such that one or more of the antenna properties are controlled by the received signal.

Different Weight-determining Algorithms in the Adaptive Control Processor.

Applebaum-Howell circuit.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Sidelobe canceller, sidelobe blanker: destructive interference is used for blanking a null in a pattern by subtraction of signals having identical amplitude and phase: this causes a distinct null in the pattern.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Adjusting terminating reactances, e.g. Varicap diodes.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Perform beam steering in an automatic fashion by retransmitting an incoming selfphased signal in a phase conjugated manner. The received signal is then retransmitted in the direction it was originated from. Active devices can be added to enhance the return signal (that is, active retrodirective antenna system); as retro-reflector or retro-reflective transponder; Van Atta array.

A receiving antenna system that introduces a phase distribution among the array elements so as to maximize the received signal, regardless of the direction of incidence; Contrast with: Retrodirective.

Phased array in/at the focal point of a lens or parabolic/hyperbolic dish.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

This gives the possibility of shaping the beam that is incident upon the focussing device, as well as its angle of incidence.

Examples:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Testing means diagnosis of faults by integral monitors; with built-in performance monitoring and measurement of aperture distribution; near-field measurements with a probe antenna; built-in test equipment BITE.

Calibration means to standardize by determining the deviation from standard so as to ascertain the proper correction factors, i.e. diagnosis of errors in terms of amplitude and/or phase.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Optical control means beam scanning by the use of photoelectric conversion i.e. optical to microwave conversion and reverse with lasers, photodiodes and fibers as true time delay elements; photonic time shifter; electric-optical conversion elements.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Other method beside beam steering/scanning with phase shifters using delay lines which introduce a frequency independent time delay; e.g. switchable delay lines; Blass matrix.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An input electrical signal is launched as acoustic signal by an input transducer. The acoustic signal undergoes a finite delay as it propagates over the medium and then reconverted to electrical signal. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) or Magnetostatic Wave (MSW) with YIG material as ferrimagnetic material.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example: time delays in sub-array, phase shifters in each element.

The time delay becomes important in wideband applications where 2*pi phase shift do not suffice.

See also: R.C. Hansen, Phased array antennas, section 6.2.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Varying the amplitude for shaping the antenna pattern as beamwidth and sidelobes; shaped beams, varying the amplitude distribution of the radiating aperture e.g. by amplitude taper:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Varying the distribution of the phase over any path, surface or radiation pattern for steering, scanning the beam.

Phase shifters can be broadly classified as mechanical or electronic, depending on whether the phase control is achieved through mechanical or electronic tuning.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mechanical phase shifters are generally constructed in coaxial line or metallic waveguides. The insertion phase is varied by means of mechanical tuning, such as variation in the physical length or rotation-displacement of a dielectric slab inside the waveguide.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Electronic phase shifters as:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

With continuous variation (analog phase shifter).

In discrete step (digital): too coarse resolution will lead to discretisation lobes.

Ferrite phase shifters:

Semiconductor device phase shifters:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Digital means in steps; e.g. as 3 bit phase shifter(180°,90°,45°):

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Circuit configuration whereby signal inputs are connected with antenna elements via a matrix with phase shifters and hybrid couplers; Beam Forming Matrix / Network (BFM,BFN). The inputs of the matrix are referred to beam ports, since the signal of this port corresponds to a beam direction. The BFN therefore works as a kind of Fourier transformer.

For example:

Butler -Matrix: Network with number of inputs and outputs; multibeam; beam scanning by sequentially feeding the elements with the phase increment provided by the matrix. The phase gradient over the outputs is dependent on the beam port chosen.

Blass-Matrix: a number of travelling wave feed lines are connected to a linear array; at each crossover point a small will be coupled and the path difference between the input and each element control the beam direction.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Beam forming is carried out on Intermediate Frequency (l.F.). l.F. is formed when the R.F. signal coming from the antenna elements is mixed with local oscillator to convert the R.F. down to a more convenient frequency, where, for example, accurate phase shifts are easier to be performed.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Typically material parameters are varied to achieve the desired effect. The antenna is a leaky antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example: one active element and a number of passive elements, reactively loaded and adjustable. Irrespective of the antenna types: here only the principle is classified.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Reflective array: An antenna consisting of a feed and an array of reflecting elements arranged on a surface and adjusted so that the reflected waves from the individual elements combine to produce a prescribed secondary pattern. The reflecting elements can be waveguides containing electrical phase shifters and terminated by short circuits.

Active lens: array of active units (receive-amplify-transmit), that is transponders, in which also phase shifts can be introduced. The array behaves as a lens, and high power can be generated.

Active lens is therefore of the transmission type, whereas a reflecting array is of the reflection type.

Illustrative examples of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna designed to operate simultaneously, without modification, in any of a number of pre-set frequency bands.

Remark: It is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between some of the groups, but here are some clear examples representing the underlying ideas.

Dual-band imp-match: H01Q 5/335

Two feed points: H01Q 5/35

Different paths: H01Q 5/364

Branching: H01Q 5/371

Parasitic: H01Q 5/378

Imbricated, interleaved: H01Q 5/40

Special feed arrangement: H01Q 5/50

Common feeder: H01Q 21/30

Antennas with (inherent) broadband characteristics are classified in the antenna type, e.g. folded or loaded or extended surface monopole antennas with broadband are classified in the relevant antenna type groups.

Multiband aspects for resonant antennas (lambda/4 or lambda/2) as e.g. vertical monopole or horizontal dipole antennas.

Single resonant multiband dipole- or monopole antennas.

Resonant antennas with trap circuits or stub elements.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Collinear means a linear arrangement of radiating elements with their axis lying in a straight line (vertical or horizontal), e.g. multi-band trap centre-fed dipole.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas with specific applications related to two or more different wavebands, where focus is on the application and not on how the achievement of the different wavebands is done.

Arrangements of antennas with operation on both RF and non-RF wavebands.

Antenna arrangement operating on two or more wavebands, where certain properties are achieved over these bands, such as constant polarisation, beam width, etc.

Antennas with special features making the antenna operable over two or more different frequency bands.

Antennas considered have a single fed radiating elements, connected radiating elements, or a combination of a fed radiating element and a non-directly fed element (parasitic element).

Antennas having frequency dependent circuits in order to create multiple resonances, for example by trap circuits blocking parts of the antenna at certain frequencies.

Frequency dependent circuits at the (single) feed, and which are responsible for the multiple wavebands.

The circuit typically has one input and one output.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Antennas having different current paths, for example:

Antennas, where the different current paths are also branching, for example:

The arrangement of a fed antenna with a parasitic element in order to create different wavebands.

Antenna arrangement of fed radiating elements, where there is a structural and/or electromagnetic relationship between the elements.

Antenna arrangement where two different types of antennas (dipole and monopole, slot and patch, etc.) are partly overlapping.

Illustrative examples of subject-matter classified in this group:

For example double coaxial horn; horn in horn; nested horn. Typically, the feeds have the same phase centre.

For example vertical or horizontal stacked Yagi-Uda antennas

Antennas having special feeding/matching arrangements at or before the feeding for directing the signal from the antenna on at least two paths, for example diplexer circuitry.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna whose configuration is that of a loop, bent into the shape of closed curve.

Two types:

Circumference of the loop is small compared to lambda with constant current distribution (same value at any point) - magnetic antenna (more H-field) - max. sensitivity in the plane; nulls are perpendicular to the plane of the loop - circular (ring) with a number of windings as a solenoidal coil on a frame: multiturn loop; Alford loop antenna (see H01Q 7/08).

The loop circumference is comparable to lambda with sinusoidal current distribution (half- or one wavelength loop); -more E-field (resonant loops; dual to dipole antenna) - max. sensitivity perpendicular to the plane - circular (ring); square (Quad, that is four sides lambdal4); delta, diamond shapes.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

There are mechanical measures foreseen to collapse the aerial.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

For improving the directivity the loop antenna is drawn into a metal tube with a gap. The gap constitutes a potential source which generates a current at the exterior side of the tube. The current generates a magnetic field around the external side of the tube (screened by the metal tubes).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Application for article surveillance (G08B 13/2402, G08B 13/2402).

The voltage at the terminals of a small loop antenna can be increased by filling the loop with a core of permeable material. The effect of the core is to increase the magnetic flux through the area of the loop.

Choice of materials with different permeability.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A loop receiving antenna with a ferrite rod core used for increasing its radiation efficiency.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An integral number of lambda/2 -standing waves of current or voltage; self-resonant e.g. lambda/2-dipole; lambda/4 monopole; lambda/2 X lambda/2 -square patch. Also electrically small antennas whose dimensions are such that it can be contained within a sphere whose diameter is small compared to a wavelength at the frequency of operation.

Originally intended for pulsed operation; now slowly moving to UWB type of operation.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Used for pulsed signals; transient signals; reduction of ringing effect after extremely short pulses.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Inactive.

Microstrip device with two parallel conducting layers, a ground plane and and a resonant plate, separated by a thin dielectric substrate and a feeder coupled to the resonant plate.

Rectangular patch; cavity- backed patch; inverted patch i.e. dielectric on top.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: XP000965987, XP001175135, XP00680870, XP00026.

H01Q 9/065 Microstrip dipole antennas (a resonator made of a narrow conductor strip ecxited in the middle).

H01P microstrip transmission lines.

JPO classifies in H01Q 13/08 ("Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines") resp. in H01Q 13/18 for cavity backed patches.

Reasons; accord. Transmission line model, that is half-wave open-ended transmission line resonator or cavity model with edges as radiating slots.

Content:

Documents that address generally to parameters that determine the characteristics of the patch antenna like frequency (only bandwidth), radiation pattern like beamwidth by modifying shape, dielectric material, size of ground plane , overlays/ superstrates, thickness, feed position.

Shapes:

Square, rectangular, circular(disc), triangular, elliptical, bow-tie , fractal shaped (Sierpinski); H- or E-shaped , with slits or slots, but annular ring patch (H01Q 9/0464); non-planar, stepped or wedge-shaped (H01Q 9/0471).

Material:

Dielectric constants, ceramics, ferrite, air, multilayer, photonic bandgap or electromagnetic bandgap (PBG or EBG) materials.

Feed:

Standard probe/coaxial or stripline fed but particular feeding means in H01Q 9/045; electromagnetically coupled in H01Q 9/0457.

Stacked: Two or more electromagnetically coupled patches are placed on top of one another to increase bandwidth or operating on different frequencies.

Illustrative examples of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: XP00686400,XP000457518

Folded: Folding the patch to reduce its surface cross section resp. to increase its physical length

See: XP1192752, XP6010688, US2003107518, US2002175865

If stacking leads to separate dual- or multiple resonances then also H01Q 5/20 or H01Q 5/40.

If planar parasitic elements are placed also as side elements then H01Q 19/005 too.

All documents where stacked patches are used.

An inverted F antenna is essentially a shorted quarter wavelength long patch. Shorting pins/posts or vertical wall inserted where the surface currents are at a minimum maintain the antenna resonance at the same frequency as a full-size patch, thus size reduction, small size.

Planar inverted L-antenna (PILA) Planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: XP1112734, XP963857.

Inverted- L and inverted -F-antennas as wire (not-planar) are in H01Q 9/42 (monopole with folded element).

Single-fed circularly polarised (CP) patch antenna: two orthogonal modes are generated by perturbations or modifications to the standard patch geometry; that leads to circular polarisation radiation in the far field; without external network.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: XP740145

Circular polarised patch antennas using a single feed, single- or singly-fed.

Circular polarised patch with dual feed at two orthogonal points with equal amplitude and 90° phase difference.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Input signal is split with 90° degree hybrid or Wilkinson power divider in two signals and coupled directly or capacitively coupled two feed points.

See: XP1058724, XP279307.

Keyword for dual polarisation, i.e. polarisation-dual (H01Q) (will/to be converted into Indexing Code /CPC symbol).

Particular tuning means refers here to patch antennas where the resonance frequency or bandwidth may be adjusted/controlled by tuning elements/circuits like switch devices, diodes, varactors, reactive loading, stubs, strips, capacitors, permeability of ferrites, ferroelectric materials, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

With tuning stub(28); with pin diodes(230,240); with stub line (41);reactive loaded.

See: US2002075190, XP680870.

Comprises patch antennas with controllable tuning elements.

All feedings means which are particular, not standard like coaxial probe-fed or direct coplanar transmission line fed (H01Q 9/0407).

Particular direct coupling:

transmission line with matching circuit and coax probe feed

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Inset-fed; edge- fed; coplanar waveguide fed (CPW).

See:XP336955, XP273716, XP1058725, US4724443

This group contains documents with particular direct coupling; electromagnetical coupling is in H01Q 9/0457.

All patch antennas without direct connection of the feed line to the patch, i.e. with non-contacting feeding structures as electromagnetic coupling like:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Proximity stripline coupled; L-probe proximity coupled; aperture coupled; CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) coupled.

See: XP1046273, XP895921, XP294631, XP1006617, XP230628, XP1158250.

All patch antennas whereby the patch radiator is in the form of an annular ring which shows small size and larger bandwidth as compared to conventional rectangular or circular patches.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Annular ring proximity/electromagnetically coupled; direct coupled annular elliptical ring.

See: XP1201836, XP951884.

Microstrip-fed slot-ring in H01Q 13/106.

Special shaped patch antennas whereby the patch:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Non-planar; stepped; wedge shaped; cylindrical.

See: XP680870, EP1026774, US6879290, US2003210190, US200289455, EP806810.

Comprises also patches wraparound cylindrical surfaces; also patches with shaped ground planes.

Patches with means for reducing spurious modes which cause cross polarization i.e. the unwanted other polarization e.g. the orthogonal linear or circular polarization caused by a second mode resp. by orthogonal currents on the patch.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Patch with plurality of parallel conductive strips; with dual-probe fed (balanced feed) or two shorting pins.

Consists of a volume of a dielectric material disposed on or close to a grounded substrate, with energy transferred by way of monopole probes inserted into the dielectric or by way of aperture feeds provided in the ground substrate. In a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) it is the dielectric material that radiates when excited by the feed.

The resonant characteristics depend upon the shape and size of the volume of dielectric, the material >>1, the shape , size and position of the feeds thereto and also on the shape, size and position of the ground plane.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: US6198450, WO2004017461.

Quite similar modifications as for patch antennas in respect to feeding (probe-fed or slot/ aperture fed), increasing of bandwidth and tuning of resonant frequency.

USPTO classifies in H01Q 1/38 (/IC).

A dielectric loaded antenna (DLA) is a patch antenna in which the conductive radiating element is encased in a dielectric material for modifying the resonance characteristics.

Using two feed points, or using coupled modes.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Inactive.

A microstrip antenna of rectangular shape with its width much smaller than its length. A resonator made with a narrow conductor strip, i.e. making L resonant and W very thin.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Originally used for top-set TV antenna with adjustable angle between telescopic dipole arms.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Inactive.

Inactive.

Inactive.

Inactive.

A dipole consist of two collinear and contiguous metallic rods or tubes with the feed between or of two conical conductors, typical hollow, or of strips or triangles printed on a thin dielectric substrate: maximum radiation everywhere at right angles, zero along the length.

Sleeve-dipole antenna: An antenna surrounded in its central portion by a coaxial conducting sleeve.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Typically used for pattern which is omnidirectional in azimuth.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Collinear, taht is axis lying in a straight line.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Cylindrical dipole: dipole with cylindrical arms.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

This actually pertains to how the currents on the dipole are excited.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna composed of two or more parallel, closely-spaced dipole antennas connected together at their ends with one of the dipole antennas fed at its center and the others short-circuited at their centers.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Only pertains to the shape of the dipole.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna consisting of one or more conducting wires or tapes arranged as a spiral.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Spiral antennas are usually classified according to the shape of the surface to which they conform (for example. conical or planar spirals). and according to the mathematical form (for example. equiangular or archimedean).

Basically any dipole geometry for which the dipole arms have a specific shape: bow-tie, bicone.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Dipole printed on a dielectric substrate; printed -, dielectric dipole.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna, constructed above an imaging plane, that produces a radiation pattern approximating that of an electric dipole in the half-space above the imaging plane. The monopole requires a ground plane or counterpoise which may be the equipment enclosure. The monopole is a dipole with half of its length replaced by an "image created by an infinite (or very large) ground plane; also with base or centre loading.

Coaxial monopole antenna: An antenna comprised of an extension to the inner conductor of a coaxial line and a radiating sleeve that in effect is formed by folding back the outer conductor of the coaxial line; sleeve-monopole/sleeve stub antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Only pertains to the orientation.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Mechanical rigidity required.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A vertical monopole with an additional metallic structure at the top intended to increase the effective height of the antenna and to change its input impedance.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

As series-fed or shunt-fed vertical antenna whereby the antenna is insulated from ground and whose feed line connects between ground and the lower end of the antenna or the antenna is connected directly to ground and whose feed line connects between ground and a point suitably positioned above.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Basically any monopole geometry for which the radiator has a specific shape: conical, planar-triangular, etc.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A monopole antenna formed from half of a folded dipole with the unfed element(s) directly connected to the imaging plane.

Inverted- L antenna: a short monopole as vertical element and a wire horizontal element (quarter wavelength) attached at the end of the monopole.

Inverted -F antenna: a small I-L element is attached at the end of the vertical element of the ILA.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Turkish sabre shape.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Remark:

If the straight elements have different length, see also H01Q 21/30, since multiband operation is obtained in this way when fed at the same point (see reference below).

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See also H01Q 21/30 if the elements are joined to the same feed point.

An antenna consisting of one or more wires whose length is large in respect to the wavelength (long-wire antennas). Two types:

Long-wire antenna: A wire antenna that, by virtue of its considerable length in comparison with the operating wavelength, provides a directional pattern.

Travelling-wave antennas means antennas whose excitation has a quasiuniform progressive phase, as the result of a single feeding wave traversing its length in one direction only. Terminated in a resistance.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

As fishbone antenna: an end-fire, travelling wave antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Rhombic antenna: composed of long wire radiators arranged in such a manner that they form the sides of a rhombus.

V-antenna: A V-shaped arrangement of two conductors, balanced fed at the apex, with induced angle, length and apex height above the earth chosen so as to give the desired directive properties to the radiation pattern.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna consisting of a single conductor or multiple conductors wound into a helical shape, whereby the helix circumference is of the order of one wavelength; radiating in axial mode i.e. along the helix axis.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Windings are on a (part of a) cone; tapered geometries.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A class of antennas having the structural geometry such that its impedance and radiation characteristics repeat periodically as the logarithm of the frequency.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

When the long-wire antenna is open at its end standing waves can be formed when the length is a multiple of the wavelength.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A V-shaped arrangement of two horizontally arranged long-wire antenna.

In essence, it is a centre-fed dipole for which the arms are collinear; this has an effect on the impedance seen at the feedpoint.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Horn radiator: a waveguide section in which the cross section increases towards an open end that is the aperture.

Slot antenna: a radiating element formed by a slot in a conducting surface.

Leaky wave antenna: an antenna that couples power in small increments per unit length, either continuously or discretely, from a traveling wave structure to free space.

An antenna consisting of a waveguide section in which the cross sectional area increases towards an open end that is the aperture.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A hybrid-mode horn antenna produced by cutting narrow transverse grooves of specified depth in the interior walls of the horn.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Depth of the corrugations is not constant: e.g. for dual frequency operation, the depth still is a quarter wave at the respective frequencies.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Rectangular, pyramidal, elliptical.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Normally slots are disposed in the wall of a waveguide. Flanges are attached in order to increase directivity.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Converters from linear polarisation to circular and vice versa; linear to linear (polarisation rotator), or from linear to elliptical.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Multiple modes are used either for matching, or for cross-polarisation reduction, or any other aim.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Receiving or transmitting orthogonal polarised signals; polarisation filter which separates orthogonal polarisations within the same band; OMT.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Chokes are either for VSWR reduction, or for sidelobe reduction.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Ridges in pyramidal horns to expand frequency range of operation; ridge-loaded.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Any manufacturing process related to horns is to be classified here.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Any manufacturing process related to corrugated horns is to be classified here.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna consisting of two conical horns having a common axis and vertex.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An open waveguide with round or square opening.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Chokes for either for VSWR reduction, or for sidelobe reduction.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Open-ended coaxial line: current minimum and voltage maximum at the end; standing waves by superposition of running and reflected wave TEM-mode coaxial line as feeding a radiating annular slot.

Microstrip line, open-ended or with short -circuited edge.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A microstrip-line as open-ended or with a short-circuited edge becomes a microstrip antenna when its length is half-wave resp. quarter-wave and its width less than a wavelength, then it behaves as a half wave open-ended transmission line resonator with radiating edges.

JPO classifies this antenna type here; however we classify said type as a resonant structure in H01Q 9/0407 and subgroups.

In the form of tapered or flared slot antenna: Are a type of travelling-wave antenna where a travelling wave propagates along the surface of the antenna taper with a phase velocity less than the speed of light. Under this condition, endf ire radiation results.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

A radiating element formed by a slot in a conducting surface; in its simplest form as thin rectangular slot having a length of lam bda/2 or lambda cut in an extended thin flat sheet of metal excited by a voltage source to the opposite edges of the slot; complementary to dipole.

Slot, usually a half-wavelength long, is cut from a large (relative to the slot length) metal plate. The center conductor of a coaxial cable is connected to one side of the slot, the outside conductor is connected to the other side of the slot; the feed-point can be off-center to provide 50- Ohm impedance.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

See: XP010608951.

Normally speaking, a slot is a cut for which the wavelength is around half a wavelength, due to the boundary conditions of the electric field.

A notch typically has an open end, and this causes that its minimum length is around a quarter wavelength.

In the field, slit is used to denominate both types of radiators (slot and notch).

Basically impedance loading is used for tuning the antenna; here it can be a reactive load (L/C) or a resistive one (R), contrary to the definition of the class.

Slot in conducting surface bonded to a thin grounded dielectric substrate.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The geometries can be the following: narrow slot/slit, circular slot, annular -, ring- ,slot-ring antenna; spiral, bow-tie; folded slot antenna.

A cylindrical waveguide with a continuous slot in its wall; the geometry can be such it is not continuous, but curved or wave, in order to change the excitation law along the longitudinal extent of the waveguide.

Examples: as narrow slot/slit, circular slot, annular -, ring- ,slot-ring antenna; spiral, bow-tie; folded slot antenna.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Inactive.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

An antenna that couples power in small increments per unit length, either continuously or discretely, from a travelling wave structure to free space; a guiding structure that leaks power all along its length; typically 20 times lambda; remaining power in matched load.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group:

The radiation happens via periodic slits/slots or holes in the outer conductor; variation of slot length, width and inclination angle.

Illustrative example of subject-matter classified in this group: