Planing, slotting, shearing, broaching, sawing, filing. scraping like operations for working metal by removing metal not otherwise provided for..

In general, although displaying sometimes a structure which can appear similar, devices which are suitable for shearing metal sheets or metal plates in the range of gauges used in industry for product manufacture are not suitable for cutting paper, plastics, fabrics etc., mainly because of blades shapes and settings. Devices for cutting paper, plastics or fabrics are mainly classified in B26D and B26F. It is observed that cutting with abrasive disks is seen as sawing, see e.g. B23D 45/00 - B23D 65/04, B27B, B28D.

Machines and devices for planing or slotting cutting by relative movement of the tool and workpiece in a horizontal straight line only during the machining pass . The tool or workpiece may be fed in a non-linear manner between passes to produce profiled stock.

Planing/shaping machines are generally (but not necessarily) large and typically used to produce elongate products such as rails or machine tool slideways.

rail planing machine classed in B23D 1/006

slotting machine classed in B23D 3/02

Both of the terms "planing" and "slotting" relate to the removal of material in the form of chips by a relative movement of at least one tool with a geometrically defined cutting edge and the workpiece along a non-circular trajectory. Both the tool and the workpiece are non-rotating. The process is similar to turning (B23B) except that in turning either the tool is moved around the workpiece in a circular path or the workpiece is rotated. In turning the tool path is therefore circular with respect to the workpiece whereas in planing or slotting the toolpath is non-helical.

Tools which can be used for both planing/slotting and for turning with distinctive constructional features are classed in B23B according to the functional feature. This is especially true for tool holders with replaceable indexable inserts.

The use of planing and slotting machines in metal working is not as widespread as it once was as a result of developments in milling machines and computer controls for milling machines. The field is therefore relatively slow-moving and classification in these groups is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings. The feed movement of B23D 1/28 refers to the relative feed movement of the tool and workpiece between the linear cutting passes.

Planing or slotting machines cutting by relative movement of the tool and workpiece in a vertical or inclined straight line. The tool or workpiece may be fed in a non-linear manner between passes to produce profiled stock.

Planing or slotting machines cutting otherwise than by relative movement of the tool and workpiece in a straight line, i.e. in which the actual cutting stroke is not linear, so that non-prismatic surfaces can be produced..

Planing or slotting machines characterised only by constructional features of particular parts. If characterising features relate to the pillars or to the cross beam, document should be classed in B23D 7/04, rather than in B23D 7/02, as these terms are more specific than the term "frame" of B23D 7/02.

Hand-operated planing devices; Portable planing apparatus

Planing or slotting devices able to be attached to a machine tool that is not primarily designed for planing or slotting, whether or not replacing an operative portion of the machine tool

Tools or tool holders specially designed for planing or slotting machines

Metal sheets, metal plates and metal bars or rods shearing devices comprising at least one blade which translates or roto-translates, in the latter case the blade being articulated about at least two pivoting links, the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material betweeen them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Metal sheets, metal plates and metal bars or rods shearing devices comprising at least one elongated, possibly curved blade which rotates (completely or partially), or roto-translates, the blade being articulated about a single pivoting link, the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Shearing machines or shearing devices cutting by rotary discs, the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Devices for shearing (the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting) or cutting tubes. The term tube is to be intended as a profile showing a continuous, convex, closed section.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Devices for shearing (the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting) or cutting metal profiles showing a discontinuous, concave or open section, window coverings, window or door profiles.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Machines or arrangements for shearing stock while the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut, the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices being offset or abutting (i.e. flying shears).

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

Machines or devices comprising at least one punch like tool and adapted to produce a line of cut which is the result of a sequence of overlapping punching operations.

Devices in which the cooperating cutting edges of the shearing devices are offset or abutting.

Abutting means that the cutting edges pinch the material between them and the blades do not essentially cross.

In addition to combinations of similar or different shearing machines as defined in the preceding main groups, breaking machines (e.g. for rails, connecting rods, rings), demolition shears, devices for trimming deep drawn products outside the press.

Feeding, holding, positioning or guiding stock directly into the operating area of the shearing machines or devices, devices for indicating the position of the cut.

The accessories are meant to be part of the shear, a feeder of a general purpose should be classified in B21D 43/00 (see title)

Shapes and sections of the cutting members, means for mounting and adjusting the position of cutting members

Shapes can be any shape, sections are profiles of cutting members as viewed across their sections

Control means for coordinating the action between feeding means and shearing means

Broaching machines or devices. Broaching is similar to shaping/planing (B23D 1/00-B23D 13/00) except that a tool with multiple teeth is employed. The difference in height between successive teeth on a broaching tool determines the feed, and hence the chip thickness, whereas in shaping or planing the feed is determined by a relative movement between tool and workpiece between each pass.

Broaching of cylindrical workpieces e.g. crankshafts B23D 37/005

Horizontal broaching machine B23D 37/04

Vertical Broaching machine for inner surface B23D 37/10

Broaching machine with tools on chain B23D 37/18

Broaching is similar to shaping/planing (B23D 1/00-B23D 13/00) except that a tool with multiple teeth is employed. The difference in height between successive teeth on a broaching tool determines the feed, and hence the chip thickness, whereas in shaping or planing the feed is determined by a relative movement between tool and workpiece between each pass.

B23D 37/005 for rotary broaching takes precedence over all other subgroups

Classification in this group is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups. The term "horizontally arranged" of B23D 37/02 should be understood a meaning arranged so the teeth or the broach are arranged in a generally horizontal plane and the tool moves horizontally with respect to the workpiece. Similarly the teeth of the broaching tools of B23D 37/08 are arranged in a generally vertical plane and the tool describes a generally vertical motion with respect to the workpiece.

Accessories for broaching machines or broaching devices. Broaching is similar to shaping/planing (B23D 1/00-B23D 13/00) except that a tool with multiple teeth is employed. The difference in height between successive teeth on a broaching tool determines the feed, and hence the chip thickness, whereas in shaping or planing the feed is determined by a relative movement between tool and workpiece between each pass.

Classification in this group is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Broaching machines or broaching devices characterised only by constructional features of particular parts. Broaching is similar to shaping/planing (B23D 1/00-B23D 13/00) except that a tool with multiple teeth is employed. The difference in height between successive teeth on a broaching tool determines the feed, and hence the chip thickness, whereas in shaping or planing the feed is determined by a relative movement between tool and workpiece between each pass.

Classification in this group is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Broaching tools. Broaching is similar to shaping/planing (B23D 1/00-B23D 13/00) except that a tool with multiple teeth is employed. The difference in height between successive teeth on a broaching tool determines the feed, and hence the chip thickness, whereas in shaping or planing the feed is determined by a relative movement between tool and workpiece between each pass. Broaching tools are multi-toothed cutting tools in which the geometrically defined functional edges of the tool teeth are so related to one another that the tip of one tooth (or set of teeth) extends further than that of an adjacent tooth (or set of teeth) from a datum line interior to the tool extending parallel to the path of relative movement between the tool and the work and in whose operation the teeth successively engage the work, each tooth or set of teeth removing an amount of material determined by its relationship to the adjacent tooth (or set of teeth). In the case of rotary broaches no relative movement is necessary between the axis of the tool and the work in order to effect cutting.

linear broach B23D 43/02

Rotational broach B23D 43/06

Classification in this group is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

B23D is the main entry for sawing. Other large areas covering sawing are B27B (sawing wood or similar material) and B28D 1/02 (sawing stone). Precedence is given to B23D. Features not restricted to a particular type of saw are classified in B23D. However, such features are classified in B27B if a more specific entry exists in B27B, for example:

Features of saws which are specific for a particular application, for example, devices for sawing venetian window blinds, railroad rails, pallets.

(US2003/017288 A1)

(EP 1 772 221 A1)

(US 1 413 182)

(US 2 606 584)

(DE 10 2008 003 739 A1)

(US 2010/0162579 A1)

(EP 1 884 304 A1)

(EP 1 325 790 A2)

US 6 662 455 B2

US 7 350 302 B2

the saw blade being rotatable around its longitudinal axis during sawing for sawing along a curved path (DE 10 2008 001 762 A1)

the saw being angularly adjustable relative to its foot plate

(DE 10 2007 034 529 A1)

the saw blade being mountable in different planes (EP 2 368 659 A1)

the saw blade being adjustable in different planes (US 2010/0154231 A1 and EP 1 884 304 A1)

For example: wire saws, chain saws, saws for sawing under water or at places accessible with difficulty.

Filing or rasping machines or devices; Filing entails the removal of material in the form of chips by a tool having multiple geometrically defined cutting edges arranged at similar distances from a datum line interior to the tool extending parallel to the path of relative movement between tool and work in order to produce a surface of predetermined form. Rasping is a type of filing using a course file with multiple geometrically defined raised teeth usually formed in a sheet of metal by deformation of the sheet.

Illustrative example(s) of the subject matter classified in this group:

Filing machine with reciprocating tool B23D 67/02 or B23D 67/04

Rasping machine with rotary tool for rubber like materials (tyres)

B23D 67/06, B23D 67/10 (and additionally B23D 71/025)

Hand held rasping machine B23D 67/12

Filing or rasping is similar in nature to grinding, which is classified in B24B and B24D. The principal difference between grinding and rasping or filing is that in grinding material is removed by a tool having cutting edges of undefined angles. Grinding tools usually consist of abrasive particles embedded in a fixing medium. In filing or rasping the approach and rake angles of the cutting edges are usually known and determined by the configuration of the tool. Files generally have rows or fine teeth arranged in a pattern and are used for relatively precise work. Rasps are in general designed for coarser (rougher) work and may (but may not) have randomly arranged cutting edges.

Classification in group B23D 67/00 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Filing or rasping machines or devices. characterised only by constructional features of particular parts, e.g. guiding arrangements, drives

Accessories for filing or rasping.

Classification in ECLA group B23D 69/00 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Filing or rasping tools and securing arrangements for filing and rasping tools. Filing tools generally have multiple geometrically defined cutting edges arranged at similar distances from a datum line interior to the tool extending parallel to the path of relative movement between tool and work in order to produce a surface of predetermined form by chip removal. A rasp is a type of course file with multiple geometrically defined raised teeth usually formed in a sheet of metal by deformation of the sheet.

Rotary filling tool B23D 71/005

Rasping machine with rotary tool for rubber like materials (tyres)

B23D 71/025 (and additionally B23D 67/06, B23D 67/10)

Hand file B23D 71/04

Hand rasp with single interchangeable blade B23D 71/06

Classification in ECLA group B23D 71/00 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Making files or rasps.

Classification in ECLA group B23D 73/00 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Machines specifically designed for reaming. Reaming involves enlarging the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides through the removal of chips using a tool rotating relatively to a workpiece about the axis of the hole to be produced and moving along this axis relatively to the workpiece. It is to be noted that most reaming is carried out on machines also designed for drilling and tapping, which machines are not classed in B23D 75/00, as they are not specifically designed for reaming.

A reaming tool usually includes a short inclined major cutting edge and a longer calibrating auxiliary edge. A reaming tool is also used such that its axis is generally coincident with the axis of the bore being reamed and the feed movement is generally along this axis. Some fine boring heads (B23B 29/03, B23B 29/034) also exhibit these properties. Conversely milling tools (B23C 5/00) generally have longer major cutting edges, shorter auxiliary cutting edges and the feed motion between tool and workpiece is transverse to the axis of rotation of the tool, except in plunge milling.

Many of the adjustment mechanisms for cutting inserts within a milling tool (B23C 5/24) would also be applicable to reaming tools.

Classification in ECLA group B23D 75/00 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Reaming tools. Reaming involves enlarging the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides through the removal of chips using a tool rotating relatively to a workpiece about the axis of the hole to be produced and moving along this axis relatively to the workpiece. A reaming tool usually (but not necessarily) includes a short inclined primary cutting edge and a longer calibrating auxiliary edge.

Reamer. Nomenclature of reamer shown B23D 77/00

Reamer with unequal distribution of flutes to prevent chatter (vibration) B23D 77/003

securing arrangement for insert in reamer B23D 77/025

Adjustment of diameter by oblique planes (15,22) B23D 77/042

Adjustment of diameter by screws B23D 77/044

adjustment of diameter by radial cams B23D 77/046

Adjustment of diameter by conical screws B23D 77/048

Expandable reamer with slots B23D 77/08

Expandable reamer without slots B23D 77/10

Tapered reamer B23D 77/12

A reaming tool usually includes a short inclined major cutting edge and a longer calibrating auxiliary edge. A reaming tool is also used such that its axis is generally coincident with the axis of the bore being reamed and the feed movement is generally along this axis. Some fine boring heads (B23B 29/03, B23B 29/034) also exhibit these properties though usually boring heads do not have a calibrating auxiliary cutting edge. Conversely milling tools (B23C 5/00) generally have longer major cutting edges, shorter auxiliary cutting edges and the feed motion between tool and workpiece is transverse to the axis of rotation of the tool, except in plunge milling.

Many of the adjustment mechanisms for cutting inserts within a milling tool (B23C 5/24) would also be applicable to reaming tools.

For B23D 77/00 and subgroups a 2000-series Indexing Code system is present (B23D 2277/00 ). Indexing Codes this series should be allocated at every opportunity. When classifying reaming tools particular attention should be paid to the Indexing Codes. Indexing Codes should also be added routinely to give details of the workpiece or tool configuration, when this is not implicit in the ECLA system.

For example a document showing a particular reaming tool having a particular configuration of adjustment mechanism for the cutting blade and showing explicit provision for coolant may be given a class in the ECLA only for the details of the adjustment mechanism as this forms the subject of the invention. Such a document should also be allocated Indexing Codes relating to the provision of coolant and/or further details of the reaming tool itself to allow easy retrieval.

The 200-series Indexing Codes relating to the material of tool or workpiece should also be routinely allocated where available. However in this instance, where a material is generally used for a particular part (e.g. tungsten carbide for an cutting insert or blade, steel for a reaming cutter body), the Indexing Code for the material concerned should only be allocated if further details of the material itself are present in the document.

Classification in ECLA groups B23D 75/00 - B23D 77/14 is simply according to a literal interpretation of the group and subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence and the references contained within the subgroups.

Methods, machines, or devices not covered elsewhere, for working metal by removal of material.

Illustrative example of subject matter classified in this group:

Thermal deburring of workpiece (2) in a chamber (14) by igniting a mixture of gas (from supply 19) and oxygen (from supply 23) using a spark providing device (16). This type of device is commonly used to deburr inaccessible intersections of drilling within workpieces. B23D 79/005

Scraping (deburring) device to remove dross from end of cut metal workpiece B23D 79/02

Hand scraping device for deburring and/or cleaning B23D 79/02

Removal of internal bead from pipe by scraping B23D 79/023

Removal of internal pipe bead with additional equipment (hot gas31) B23D 79/025

Scraping device with rotating cutting tool B23D 79/04

Scraping devices with reciprocating tool B23D 79/06

Hand scraping device for deburring B23D 79/08

Bar peeling device not working by turning B23D 79/12

This group is only used when the removal of metal cannot be classified in a more suitable field elsewhere in the CPC schemes.

Attention is also drawn to the notes for B23, which define the term "metal" as including other materials unless the context determines otherwise. In this group the inclusion of the word "metal" indicates that this group should not be used for the removal of materials other than metal.

Classification B23D 79/00 is according to the literal interpretation of the subgroup headings, taking into account the notes concerning precedence rules and the references contained within the subgroups.

Methods, machines, or devices for working metal, covered by more than one main group in B23D 1/00 - B23D 79/12.