CPC Definition - Subclass C10G
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand or non-melting solid carbonaceous materials (e.g. wood, coal), from oxides of carbon (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes), from oxygen-containing organic materials (e.g. fatty acids or fatty oils) or from gases (e.g. natural gas).
Distillation, dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils.
Catalytic or non-catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen.
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen.
Reforming naphtha.
Hydrotreatment processes involving refining, cracking or other treatment of hydrocarbon oils in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen generating compounds.
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. oligomerisation or polymerisation to make longer carbon chains. Multi-step processes for treating hydrocarbon oils in the presence or absence of hydrogen.
Working up of normally gaseous mixtures of undefined composition obtained from cracking processes.
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils or fatty oils for lubricating purposes, including thickening by voltolisation. Recovery of refining of mineral waxes, e.g. montan wax.
This subclass covers the production or treatment of normally liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. The production or treatment of normally solid or gaseous carbonaceous materials is covered by subclasses C10B, C10C, C10F, C10J, C10K.
The borderline between C10G 2/00, C10L 3/06 and C07C 1/02 is not entirely clear in respect of the production of hydrocarbons from oxides of carbon (e.g. using processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch process starting from synthesis gas or syngas). Multiple classifications exist in this area.
Processes in general and apparatus for distillation are classified in B01D and working-up unidentified gaseous mixtures obtained by cracking hydrocarbon oils are classified in C10G 7/00.
Catalytic reactors are in general classified in B01J and refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents are classified in C10G 25/00.
This place does not cover:
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Distillation in general | |
Mechanical separation of oil from oil-shale, oil-sand or the like | |
Compositions essentially based on waxes | |
Chemical modification of drying-oils by voltolising | |
Destructive distillation of oil-shale | |
Lubricating compositions | |
Inhibiting corrosion or incrustation in general | |
Protection of pipes against corrosion or incrustation |
Looping references between C10G and C10B have been identified. Until this inconsistency is resolved in IPC, the current classification practice in CPC is as follows: C10B is considered as informative reference.
In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place.
Groups C10G 9/00 - C10G 49/00 are limited to one-step processes; combined or multi-step processes are covered by groups C10G 51/00 - C10G 69/00. Refining or recovery of mineral waxes is covered by group C10G 73/00.
Liquid intermediary products with oxygen or biomass are classified in C10G 3/00.
Solid oxygen containing carbonaceous material is classified in C10G 1/00.
Classification within the main scheme is only done with Invention symbols.
The use of orthogonal codes is mandatory, especially if some features are only available in the orthogonal groups, e.g. process features.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
- "in the presence of hydrogen" or "in the absence of hydrogen" mean treatments with hydrogen, in free form or as hydrogen generating compounds, is added, or not added, respectively;
- "hydrotreament" is used for conversion processes as defined in group C10G 45/00 or group C10G 47/00;
- "hydrocarbon oils" covers mixtures or hydrocarbons such as tar oils or mineral oils;
- In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place.
Cracking | Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. the rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and the presence of any catalysts. |
Refining | Refining is the process of purification of a substance. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in a purer form. For instance, most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but they will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and byproducts. the Term "refining" is broad and may include more drastic transformations. the refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation. |
Reforming (catalytic) | Thermal or catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert naphtha boiling range feedstocks, typically having low octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates which are components of high-octane gasoline (also known as petrol). The process represents the total effect of numerous simultaneous reactions, such as dehydrogenation, isomerisation, cracking and polymerisation. |
Destructive hydrogenation | Splitting of molecules of the raw material with addition of hydrogen to them, also called direct liquefaction, liquefaction of coal by reacting it with hydrogen at high temperature and pressure. |
Voltolising | Subjecting oils to treatment with an electric discharge. |
In patent documents, the following abbreviations are often used:
cat-cracking | catalytic cracking |
This place covers:
- Pretreatments for liquefaction processes;
- Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand or non-melting solid carbonaceous, biomass, e.g. bagasse, vegetation, hay, straw, cornstalk
- Oil release using microorganisms, electric or magnetic means or radiation (not classified in C10G 32/00).
This place does not cover:
Mechanical separation of oil from oil-shales, oil-sand or the like |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils | |
Destructive distillation of oil-shale or bituminous rocks and apparatus therefor | |
Gasification with production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide |
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbons mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand or non-melting solid carbonaceous by separation of insoluble materials.
Separation process of bitumen from froth, which can be prepared by a process is classified in C10G 1/047.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
destructive hydrogenation | reaction of splitting of molecules of the raw material with addition of hydrogen to them, e.g. direct liquefaction of coal by reacting coal with hydrogen at high temperature and pressure |
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used as synonyms:
- "Hydroretorting" and "destructive hydrogenation"
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand or similar material in the presence of a catalyst, the catalyst being moving or not.
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from CO or CO2, Fisher-Tropsch reaction.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Production of liquid hydrocarbons form oxygenated hydrocarbons |
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from gas not from a liquid like in reforming reaction
This place covers:
Processes using Fischer-Tropsch reactions as such (no details), e.g. in combination with other process steps.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Iron group | Fe, Co and Ni |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Platinum-group | Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Stationary catalyst bed | Fixed bed reactor, trickle bed reactor |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Moving solid catalysts | an ebullated bed reactor, a slurry bed reactor, or a loop reactor |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Moving bed method | process where there is a netto movement of the catalyst, i.e. a laminar flow, the whole catalyst moves up or down in one direction. (all the catalyst moves up or down, moves in one direction |
This place covers:
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from carbon monoxide with water vapour
Preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof from compounds containing exclusively or additionally elements other than carbon and hydrogen, are classified in C07C 1/00.
This place does not cover:
Production from non-melting solid oxygen-containing carbonaceous materials |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts in general |
This place covers:
Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases by cooling or compressing, e.g. straight condensation cooling
Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon from gases by condensation cooling is classified in C10G 5/00
Distillation of hydrocarbon oils is classified in C10G 7/00
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen by cooling is classified in C10G 31/06
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Processes combining adsorption and distillation | |
Distillation in general |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Dewatering with electrical or magnetic means | |
Dewatering with chemical means | |
Dewatering with mechanical means | |
Treatment of water, waste water, sewage or sludge |
This place does not cover:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents |
This place covers:
Dehydrogenation of parafins to olefins; dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics.
This place covers:
Coking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils to produce liquid products.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Thermal cracking with production of gas, coke or tar as main product |
In patent documents, the following words/expressions are often used as synonyms:
- " Delayed coking" and " coking"
This place covers:
Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by pressure distillation characterised by the apparatus for removing incrustation, e.g corrosion
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Removing incrustation in general |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Preventing or removing incrustation in general |
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Steam cracking | cracking in the presence of steam |
This place does not cover:
Cracking in direct contact with molten metals or salts |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Combined use of gas and steam turbines | |
Using steam turbines | |
Using gas turbines |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen by liquid-liquid treatment forming two immiscible phases using halogen acids or oxyacids of halogen, e.g. acid halide, HF (hydrogen flouride)
This place does not cover:
Refining with acids generating halogen |
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen by liquid-liquid treatment forming two immiscible phases using acid-forming oxides, e.g. oleum
This place does not cover:
Refining with CO2 or SO2 as a selective solvent |
This place does not cover:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds or acid-containing liquids | |
Refining hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Dewaxing oils |
This place covers:
Refining processes using a mixture of compounds from groups C10G 21/14 - C10G 21/26.
This place covers:
Refining processes using as a solvent a compound containing two or more elements from the group (oxygen, halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphor and silicon);
organic compounds not provided for in a single one of groups C10G 21/14 - C10G 21/26.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Refining processes using physical adsorbents.
When classifying in this group, classification is also made in group
B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to
chromatography is concerned.
This place covers:
Specific sorbent materials, like silica, alumina, etc. not covered by C10G 25/02 or C10G 25/03.
This place covers:
Processes using ion-exchange material as adsorbent, thus no ion-exchange takes place, i.e. the material adsorbs the impurity without leaving an ion (being part of the material) in the hydrocarbon liquid.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Ion-exchange material | material that can exchange ions, e.g. clay |
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with crystalline alumino silicates, e.g. molecular sieves, zeolites.
In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:
Molecular sieves | Crystalline alumino-silicates, Aluminophosphate [ALPO], silicoaluminophosphate [SAPO] |
This place covers:
Oxidation processes using as the catalyst an alkaline solution, e.g. sodium hydroxide solution
This place covers:
Oxidation processes using as the catalyst copper chloride.
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen by oxidation processes using as the catalyst metal-containing organic complexes or cationic ion-exchange resins
This place does not cover:
Use of plumbites or plumbates |
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbons oils by adding a catalyst; chemisorption, other chemicals being any compound that will react with the hydrocarbon oils in order to refine them, to remove impurities.
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid adsorbents is classified in C10G 25/00
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen by reaction with hydrocarbons added to the hydrocarbon oil, e.g.
Alkylation processes.
This place does not cover:
Refining by distillation |
This place covers:
Desalting processes, refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by treating with liquid water or steam
This place covers:
Refining of hydrocarbon oils by particle radiation
Nuclear radiation processes.
This place does not cover:
Dewatering by distillation |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Treatment of naphtha, in order to improve the octane number or its aromatic content.
This place covers:
Catalytic reforming naphta characterised by the catalyst containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves, zeolites including only silica or alumina.
This place does not cover:
Crystalline zeolitic molecular sieves, other than aluminosilicates, e.g. zeolie including other elements with or without silica or alumina like SAPO, ALPO |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Hydrogenation of olefins.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Selective hydrogenation of diolefins | |
Selective hydrogenation of aromatics |
This place covers:
Refining processes in the presence of an ebullated bed.
This place covers:
Dewaxing processes by selective hydroisomerisation and/or selective hydrocracking, without changing the boiling point.
This place does not cover:
Refining of hydrocarbons oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation or by using microorganism | |
Improving or increasing the octane number or aromatic content of naphtha |
This place covers:
Dehydrogenation processes of naphthenes.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Aromatisation of naphtha |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Cracking processes of hydrocabon oils in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen generating compounds characterised by the catalyst being oxides, the oxides does not form part of the reaction. It's a bulk catalyst
Cracking processes using a bulk catalyst, i.e. in the absence of a support.
This place covers:
Cracking processes of hydrocabon oils in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen generating compounds characterised by the catalyst being sulfides
Cracking processes using a bulk catalyst, i.e. in the absence of a support.
This place covers:
Cracking processes of hydrocabon oils in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen generating compounds characterised by the catalyst being halides
Cracking processes using a bulk catalyst, i.e. in the absence of a support.
This place covers:
Thermal hydrovisbreaking processes.
This place covers:
Refining processes in the presence of an ebullated bed.
This place covers:
Hydrocarbons that can give hydrogen, e.g. parafine transformed to olefine, the hydrogen being released with the reaction is used for the cracking process.
Hydrogen donor diluent cracking, e.g. tetraline.
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Cracking starting from oil-shale, oil-sand or non-melting solid carbonaceous material |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils in the presence of hydrogen not provided for in a single one of the groups C10G 45/02, C10G 45/32, C10G 45/44, C10G 45/58 or C10G 47/00, i.e. processes in general that can be applied to any process in the presence of hydrogen.
Exceptions are C10G 49/002, C10G 49/005, C10G 49/007, C10G 49/22 and C10G 49/24: documents should be classified in C10G 49/002, C10G 49/005, C10G 49/007, C10G 49/22 or C10G 49/24 and C10G 45/00 (if hydrorefining) or C10G 47/00 (if hydrocracking).
This place covers:
Treatment in the presence of hydrogen from a special source (refining, cracking, general) , e.g. Fischer-Tropsch tail gas.
Any specific source other than hydrogen, specific cleaning treatment
This place covers:
Treatment in the presence of hydrogen (refining, cracking, general) comprising separation of the effluents.
This place covers:
Start-up treatment in the presence of hydrogen (refining, cracking, general).
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Alkylation processes |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Refining in one step with two or more solvents which are introduced or withdrawn separately |
This place covers:
working-up undefined normally gaseous mixture obtained by processes covered by C10G 9/00, C10G 11/00, C10G 15/00, C10G 47/00 and C10G 51/00.
working up implies improvement of the material, it's a kind of processing
This place does not cover:
Chemical modification of drying oils by voltolising |
This place does not cover:
Compositions essentially based on waxes |
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Controlling or regulating in general |
This place covers:
Treatment of apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbons oils in general, against corrosion or fouling.
This place does not cover:
Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:
Protection of pipes against corrosion or incrustation |