U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
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Class 585
CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS
Class Definition:
SUBJECT MATTER AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS CLASS
This class provides for a hydrocarbon compound in a pure or
relatively pure state and for certain compositions containing
hydrocarbons. Methods for making such compounds and
compositions by synthesis, blending, etc., and certain
methods for treating are also included herein. The scope of
this class can be readily determined from a review of the
"main line" subclasses of its schedule. These are arranged,
in general, following the principles usually applied in the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for hierarchically ordering
statutory subject matter, that is, more complex subject
matter or that which exists later in time is generally placed
ahead of simpler or earlier subject matter. As applied to
chemistry and chemical engineering this ordering is generally
as follows:
A. Materials defined by structure.
B. Compositions or mixtures
C. Compounds or elements
D. Manufacturing processes, e.g., synthesis, etc.
E. Nonmanufacturing processes, e.g., purification, etc.
F. Manufacturing apparatus
G. Nonmanufacturing apparatus
This class is confined to categories B, C, D, and E of the
above list.
At the heart of this class is the pure compound which
consists of carbon and hydrogen and no other element and
which has a definite empirical formula and an unambiguous
structural formula.
The major portion of patents in this class is drawn to
processes for synthesizing such compound from other materials
which are not this exact compound, with the intent of
recovering the hydrocarbon compound.
Also included in this class, with some exceptions, is a
mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, usually closely related in
empirical and structural formulae, which mixture results from
a single synthesis step, or a series of steps, which mixture
is of utility as a mixture, e.g., a "detergent alkylate", a
"polymer gasoline", etc. The exceptions are discussed
below.
This class also includes, again with some exceptions, a
composition which is a deliberate mixture of various
hydrocarbons only, such as a fuel or lubricant composition,
or a mixture of a hydrocarbon with a nonhydrocarbon material,
which nonhydrocarbon material is designed to improve the
general utility of the hydrocarbon. Thus, the nonhydrocarbon
additive may be a solvent, a preservative, etc.
This class also provides, again with certain exceptions, for
methods of manufacturing compounds and compositions
classifiable herein and for certain methods of purifying the
same or otherwise treating the same.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
This class is the residual class of all Patent Office classes
concerned with categories B, C, D, and E listed above. See
Class 588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or
Containment, appropriate subclasses for the destruction of
hydrocarbon hazardous or toxic waste. The particular subject
matter of each such class which is provided for in that
class, rather than in Class 585, is dealt with below and in
search notes in individual subclasses listed in section IV of
this class definition.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter for one of the
categories B to E above and another claim to subject matter
for another of these categories, the patent is assigned as an
original to the class which provides for the "lowest"
lettered category and is cross-referenced to such other
classes as required by the claims and disclosure.
When a patent has a claim to subject matter in categories B
or C of the above list, which subject matter is provided for
in this class, and other claim to subject matter in this same
category which is provided for in another class, the patent
is placed as an original in the other class and
cross-referenced to this class. For example, when one claim
is to a solid resinous hydrocarbon polymer and another is to
a liquid hydrocarbon polymer, the patent is classified as an
original in the class which provides for the solid resinous
polymer.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set
forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection
Composition Class Superiority, which includes a hierarchical
Order of Superiority for Composition Classes.
For a compilation of Patent Office classes dealing with
categories B and C above, see the definition of subclass 1
below. For a compilation of Patent Office classes dealing
with category E above, see the definition of subclass 800
below.
As for category D, a process for manufacturing a composition
or a chemical compound generally is provided for in the class
which would provide for the composition or compound, per se,
were it to be claimed. An exception to this rule is where
another class provides for a particular synthesis procedure.
The main classes of this type are the following, in order of
priority:
Class 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for
processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all
types of materials, including hydrocarbon.
Class 201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, provides
for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements,
including hydrocarbons, by elevated-temperature processes
which leave a solid carbonaceous char, e.g., coke.
Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for
synthesis of chemical compounds or elements, including
hydrocarbons, by electrical or wave energy, as provided for
under the Class 204 definition.
Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used
Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, for
electrolytic processes, including synthesis of chemical
compounds or elements.
Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
provides for the synthesis of chemical compounds or elements,
including hydrocarbons, by enzymatic action.
Class 518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or
Purification, or Recovery of Products Thereof, provides for
the synthesis of chemical compounds, including hydrocarbons,
by the hydrogenation of carbon oxides.
If a synthesis process leads to two products, a hydrocarbon
and a nonhydrocarbon, both of which are intended to be
recovered from the process, the patent is classified as an
original in the class providing for the nonhydrocarbon
synthesis and cross-referenced to Class 585 when the
hydrocarbon synthesis is proper for this class. For example,
a process which treats an alkyl sulfate to recover both an
olefin and sulfuric acid is placed in the class providing for
sulfuric acid recovery.
Where a patent contains a claim to a multistep synthesis
process for producing a nonhydrocarbon intermediate which is
converted to a hydrocarbon and has another claim for
synthesis only of the nonhydrocarbon intermediate, the patent
is classified as an original in the class providing for
synthesis of the intermediate, despite the fact that the
claim for Class 585 is more "comprehensive".
When a patent has claims only to a multistep process which
produces a hydrocarbon compound or mixture which would be
classified in this class, and the final synthesis step is
provided for in Classes 195, 201, or 204, the patent is
classified in that class; where the step provided for in
those classes is earlier than the final synthesis step, the
patent is classified in Class 585.
Where a Class 201 synthesis step is not positively recited,
that is, synthesis is performed upon mere hydrocarbon
products of such step, classification is proper in Class 208
when a hydrocarbon mixture is obtained and in Class 585 when
a relatively pure hydrocarbon compound is obtained.
Where a patent has only category E claims, the above rules do
not necessarily apply. The complex classification lines which
prevail among the purification classes are spelled out below,
in the discussion of the hierarchical relationship among
subclasses 800+ of this class and other areas.
LINE BETWEEN SUBCLASSES 800+ AND OTHER AREAS
Subclasses 800+ are residual and receive only those original
patents not acceptable elsewhere. These "elsewheres" are
dealt with in the Notes below, and are summarized as follows
(A) Separation or purification by electrical and or wave
energy phenomena. - Class 204, Chemistry:Electrical Wave
Energy. See (1) Note below.
(B) To produce mineral oil mixture - Class 208, Mineral
Oils: Processes and Products. See (2) Note below.
(C) Involving the formation of an adduct of urea or thioreaor
thiorea - Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass
96.5. See (3) Note below.
(D) Involving the formation of a hydrocarbon hydrate - Class
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclass 15. See (4)
Note below.
(E) Involving hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond of a
hydrocarbon - Class 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 250+. See (5) Note below.
(F) Of gaseous feed - Class 95, Gas Separation: Processes.
See (6) Note below.
. (G) Involving a chemical reaction - Class 423, Chemistry of
Inorganic Compounds. See (7) Note below.
. (H) Involving liquefaction or solidification. Class 62,
Refrigeration. See (8) Note below.
(I) Of liquid feed - Class 210, Liquid Purification or
Separation. See (9) and (10) Note below
. (J) By distillation - Class 203, Distillation: Processes,
Separatory. See (11) Note below.
. (K) By removal of gas or vapor - Class 95, Gas Separation:
Processes.. See (12) Note below.
.. (L) To leave solids concentrate - Class 159, Concentrating
Evaporators. See (13) Note below.
. (M) By chilling to solidify - Class 62, Refrigeration. See
Note 14 below.
(N) By drying a solid - Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor
Contact With Solids. See Note 15 below.
(1) Note. Where the purification process involves a
chemical reaction due to electrical or wave energy (other
than merely thermal) effects, or movement of ions or
particles due to electrical "pressure" (electrophoresis or
electroosmosis) classification in Class 204 is usually
proper.
(2) Note. Where the desired product is a mixture of
hydrocarbons which can be considered a mineral oil fraction,
classification is proper in Class 208, subclasses 177+ and
308+.
(3) Note. Where the process involves the formation of an
adduct of urea or thiourea classification in Class 260,
subclass 96.5 is proper.
(4) Note. Where the process involves the formation of a
hydrocarbon hydrate (complex of hydrocarbon with water)
classification is proper in this class (585), subclass 15.
(5) Note. Where the process involves conversion of impurity
in a desired hydrocarbon to more of the desired hydrocarbon,
classification is proper in a synthesis subclass of this
class (585). See, in particular, subclasses 258+.
(6) Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in
gaseous form and the recovery process involves a chemical
reaction, classification in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is
usually proper.
(7) Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in
gaseous form and the recovery process involves a chemical
reaction, classification in Class 423, subclasses 210+ is
usually proper.
(8) Note. Where the feedstock is a normally gaseous
material (e.g., a C[subscrpt]1[end subscrpt]-C[subscrpt]4[end
subscrpt] hydrocarbon) and separation is accomplished by
removing heat, thereby liquefying or solidifying a component
of the feed mixture, classification is proper in Class 62,
subclasses 606+ and 617+.
(9) Note. Where the feedstock is specified as being in
gaseous form and the recovery process does not meet the
limitations of (11) Note or (12) Note above, classification
in Class 95 is usually proper.
(10) Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and
separation is accomplished by vaporizing and condensing a
component of the mixture, classification in Class 203 is
usually proper. Such classification is also proper when a
chemical reaction which facilitates distillation takes place
before the distillation and/or a disparate separation
procedure, not involving a chemical reaction, follows the
distillation. Classification in Class 203 also is usually
proper when an additional agent is added to dissolve a
desired or undesired component, adjust the boiling point of
the mixture, etc., (extractive distillation). See also the
note in the class definition of this class (585) to Class
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic.
(11) Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and a
component is removed as a gas without subsequent
condensation, classification is usually proper in Class 95,
subclasses 241+.
(12) Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid solution or a
suspension of solids in a liquid and the separatory process
is the evaporation of a component, without subsequent
condensation of vapor, to leave a fluent concentration of
solids or a dry solid, classification in Class 159 is usually
proper.
(13) Note. Where the feedstock is a liquid mixture and
separation is accomplished by chilling to solidify
(crystallize) a component of the mixture, classification is
as follows:
(a) Where no non-hydrocarbon organic compounds are disclosed
and a hydrocarbon compound is separated or purified or a
hydrocarbon hydrate is formed, placement is proper in Class
585, especially subclasses 812+.
(b) Placement is to Class 260, including the related
classes, for processes of treating or modifying claimed or
disclosed non-hydrocarbon organic compounds: by
crystallization wherein the crystallization is not brought
about by refrigeration; or wherein crystallization, by any
means including refrigeration, is combined with synthesis or
modification of carbon compounds by chemical means; or
wherein separation of carbon compounds is by physical means
other than refrigeration. Otherwise placement is proper in
Class 62 when refrigeration is claimed.
(c) Placement is to Class 62 where no specific (i.e.,
classifiable) compound is disclosed.
(d) Placement is proper for Class 117 for processes forming
single-crystals of all types of materials, including
inorganic or organic, and by all techniques. See the Class
117 definitions for guidance in placement of single-crystal
art.
(14) Note. Where the separation of a liquid feed is by
flocculation, filtration, gravity settling, or magnetic
attraction of solids already present in the feed,
classification in Class 210 is usually proper.
(15) Note. Where separation of liquid feed is by phenomenon
other than those recited in notes 14-18, classification in
Class 210 is usually proper when (a) water is claimed as the
product or a species of product to be recovered or (b) no
species of product is claimed and water is disclosed as a
recoverable species.
(16) Note. Where the feed is a solid or slurry of solid and
liquid is evaporated from the feed, classification in Class
34 is usually proper. If the starting material is in the
form of a liquid suspension or solution, even if the process
is continued to the point of complete dryness, Class 159 will
take the process. The removal of water of crystallization is
considered a chemical synthesis for this class (585).
LINE WITH CLASS 208
The subject matter of Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and
Products, is closely related to the subject matter of this
class and constitutes a subset restricted as to product,
feedstocks to the processes, and materials recovered from the
process.
Class 208 provides for the treatment of generally liquid
(oil) feedstocks which have come out of the ground (mineral)
or liquid feedstocks of nonmineral origin which cannot be
readily distinguished from mineral feedstocks. The treatment
given such feedstocks must result in a mixture of compounds
if it is to be classified in Class 208 as a product or a
process. Reaction of a Class 208 material with small amounts
of nonmineral oil hydrocarbons will not take a process out of
Class 208, but a claim to a product mixture of mineral oil
and nonmineral oil material usually will serve to assign such
product to Class 585. Conversion of a Class 208 feedstock to
a nonhydrocarbon intermediate and subsequent conversion back
to a hydrocarbon mixture is provided for in Class 585.
Conversion of a mineral oil feedstock to normally gaseous
hydrocarbons (C[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt] or less) and
reconversion of such gases back to a liquid hydrocarbon
compound or mixture is provided for in Class 585.
Besides those hydrocarbon mixtures which have been recovered
from the earth as a liquid, i.e., petroleum, other feedstocks
which qualify a process for placement in Class 208 are those
mainly hydrocarbon feedstocks derived from solid natural
products, e.g., coal, wood, asphalt, etc., and
"Fischer-Tropsch" crudes, that is, those derived from the
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which is the subject matter of
Class 518, subclass 700.
The scope of the purification and separation treatments
included in Class 208 differs from those included in Class
583, mainly in that Class 208 takes its own distillation
processes.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
1
PRODUCT BLEND, E.G., COMPOSITION, ETC., OR BLENDING PROCESS,
PER SE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which comprises an intentional mixture of a
hydrocarbon with another material which may be a hydrocarbon
or a nonhydrocarbon, and process for making such a mixture
which does not involve any claimed chemical reaction or
purification step.
(1) Note. By "intentional" it is meant that at least one of
the different components of the mixture is present because of
a desired effect, not merely because the mixture is the
normal result of a synthesis process, as in polymerization,
or is found as such in nature. Reaction product mixtures,
per se, are classified in subclasses 16+.
(2) Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the
Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are
set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection
COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical
ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES. Where
classification is called for in different main classes, based
upon the components of the composition or claims pertaining
to a plurality of use, properties, or functions, a patent is
assigned as an original to that class or portion of a class
coming first in the list given in the class definition, (5)
Note of Class 252. This superiority list is not intended as a
complete list and will be expanded or added to as the
relationship between other classes containing compositions is
determined.
The enumeration of classes below, in general, follows the
priority list of Class 252 and covers some additional
classes. Thus, this enumeration is not authoritative insofar
as priority of classes is concerned. The definitions of
these classes should be studied to determine the proper
placement of patents therein.
Class 504, Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions,
subclasses 116.1 through 367 provide for plant growth
regulating compositions; and subclasses 101+ provide for a
fertilizer containing an insecticide, fungicide, or
deodorant.
Class 424 provides for drug, bio-affecting and body treating
compositions. A material, composition, or compound
containing a Class 424 composition to preserve the material,
composition, or compound itself from biological attack
generally is classified with the material, composition, or
compound. Residual methods for preserving, disinfecting, or
sterilizing are in Class 422.
Class 426 provides for foods, beverages, and other edible
compositions and certain edible articles and stock
materials.
Class 71, provides for fertilizers.
Class 208, subclasses 14+ provide for composition made up
exclusively of components derived from mineral oil
(petroleum) and certain other feedstocks, as explained in the
class definition of Class 208. Each such component may be an
entire "crude oil", a complex distillate or fraction thereof,
a fraction formed by some chemical conversion (e.g.,
cracking, reforming), solvent extraction, or other treatment
provided for in Class 208. Where, in addition to one or more
mineral oil-derived components, the composition contains a
single definite hydrocarbon or a mixture of hydrocarbons not
of mineral origin, the composition is classified in this
class (585). Exemplary of such compositions for this class
are gasoline admixed with benzol, hydrocarbons formed by
reduction of the alcohol and aldehyde fraction produced by
the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, naphthalene,
isopentane, alkylated benzene, disobutylene, anthracene, etc.
A process of separating the mineral oil into fractions, one
of which may be definite hydrocarbon, followed by treating
the various fractions to convert them chemically and then
blending two or more fractions to form the final fuel is
classified in Class 208, Mineral Oils: Processes and
Products, unless there is present a claim to the composition,
per se, which recites the blend of a mineral oil and a
definite hydrocarbon.
Class 149 provides for explosive and thermic compositions and
charges. Subclass 87 provides for such compositions
containing free metal or metal hydride with a hydrocarbon.
Class 508, particularly subclasses 110+, provides for
lubricants which contain nonhydrocarbons. Lubricants which
are mixtures of hydrocarbons (except for solid synthetic
hydrocarbon polymers) are in this Class 585 or in Class 208.
Lubricants which contain solid synthetic hydrocarbon polymers
are classified in Class 508.
Classes 44 and 48 provide for fuels which contain
nonhydrocarbon components. Fuels which are all hydrocarbon
are in this class (585) or in Class 208.
Class 148 provides in subclasses 240+ and 22+ for certain
compositions for treating solid metal. Subclass 25 provides
for oleaginous fluxing compositions.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 228+ for sintered metal powder compositions and
subclasses 95 and 257 for certain additives for molten
metal.
Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process,
Composition, or Product, Thereof for compositions and
articles defined in terms of their chemical composition which
are useful in forming images by the impingement of radiation
thereon, e.g., photography, etc.
Class 252 provides in subclasses other than those listed
above or below for special utility compositions.
Class 106 provides for a composition which is in fluent or
solid noncoherent form and which is adapted for coating or
impregnating and for change to a less fluent or a solid
coherent form by setting (e.g., concrete, plaster, etc.),
chemical reaction, removal of solvent, solidification from
molten state, etc., and fillers and pigments for its own and
some other compositions. Subclass 11 provides for a
hydrocarbon-containing polish; subclass 239 provides for a
coating or plastic composition containing a fatty oil and a
hydrocarbon; and subclass 285 for such composition containing
a hydrocarbon.
Class 51 provides for abrading compositions.
Classes 520+ provide for a synthetic resin (spinnable, film
forming, etc.) and Class 260, subclasses 709+ provide for a
vulcanizable natural hydrocarbon gum (e.g., rubber).
2 Class 516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents;
Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing,
Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject
matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*,
emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or
pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or
spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems
containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or
peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems;
compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and
designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or
inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the
compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking
(resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance,
when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art.
Class 252, subclasses 299.01+, 363.5, 367.1, 372+, and 378
provide for compositions on a nonfunctional basis.
Class 423 provides for inorganic compounds; and subclasses
265+ provide for compositions having an inorganic compound
and an agent which improves the general utility of the
compound.
Class 260 and its daughter Classes 530-570 provide for an
organic compound containing more than carbon and hydrogen and
such compound blended with an agent which improves the
general utility of the compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
302 for a process in which different hydrocarbon components
of a composition are separately synthesized and then
blended.
Subclass:
2
With nonhydrocarbon additive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
containing a hydrocarbon and a nonhydrocarbon.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example,
polymerizable hydrocarbons, e.g., styrene, butadiene, etc.,
admixed with a stabilizing or preserving agent.
(2) Note. In the compositions of this and indented
subclasses, the nonhydrocarbon is added to improve the
general utility of the hydrocarbon, e.g., by preserving it,
etc. Where the nonhydrocarbon additive improves a utility of
the hydrocarbon which is provided for elsewhere, the patent
is classified elsewhere; for example, where the additive
improves the dielectric properties, it is in Class 252,
subclasses 570+, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, 380, particularly subclasses 397+, for
preserving agents, per se.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for a compound of that
class mixed with a preserving agent, etc.
Subclass:
3
O containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter
wherein a nonhydrocarbon additive contains oxygen.
Subclass:
4
And N containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein a nonhydrocarbon additive contains nitrogen.
(1) Note. The oxygen and nitrogen may be present in the
same additive molecule or in different additive molecules.
Subclass:
5
Additive(s) aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Subject matter
wherein the nitrogen and/or oxygen are present in a compound
containing an aromatic moiety.
Subclass:
6
Gaseous blend:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
wherein the mixture is a gas at standard temperature and
pressure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclasses for
such compositions containing other than merely hydrocarbons.
252, Compositions, for gaseous compositions containing other
than merely hydrocarbons, especially subclass 182.11 for
chemically reactive gas compositions; subclasses 372+ for gas
compositions in general; and subclass 571 for gaseous
dielectric compositions.
Subclass:
6.3
Fluent dielectric:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
claimed as a nonconductor of electricity.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, 570 for a fluent dielectric composition
containing other than hydrocarbons, and the definitions
thereto, for the location of other electric insulating
compositions.
Subclass:
6.6
Mineral oil-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 6.3. Subject matter
wherein the dielectric composition includes a mineral oil
(petroleum) fraction.
Subclass:
7
Component of indefinite molecular weight greater than 150:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
containing a component which (a) is not describable by an
empirical formula free of numeric ranges and (b) has a
molecular weight greater than 150.
(1) Note. Where the component is normally solid or is a
heavy, oily material, it is assumed to have a molecular
weight greater than 150.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, 67, 70+, and 71+ for "functional fluids",
that is, hydraulic transmission fluids, low freezing point
fluids, etc., containing other than merely hydrocarbons.
508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant and Separant Compositions for Moving Solid
Surfaces, and Miscellaneous Mineral oil Compositions,
particularly 110, for lubricant compositions which contain a
nonhydrocarbon component or a solid synthetic hydrocarbon
polymer component.
Subclass:
8
Reaction product of halogenated hydrocarbons:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
in which the component of indefinite high molecular weight is
one produced from a compound containing only carbon,
hydrogen, and halogen by a reaction wherein halogen is
removed or presumed to be removed.
Subclass:
9
Wax:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
in which the component is described as wax.
(1) Note. See the definition of Class 208, subclass 20 for
a description of "wax".
(2) Note. The component may be a synthetically produced
polymer which is described as "waxy".
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
946 for a collection of patents concerned with the
production of waxy or grease-like polymers.
Subclass:
10
Polymer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
in which the component is a product made by the condensation
of an indefinite number of the same or different hydrocarbon
molecules to form a single molecule.
Subclass:
11
Containing aromatic ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter
in which the polymer has an aromatic ring as a substituent or
as part of the polymer chain.
Subclass:
12
Plural polymers or copolymer of specified olefins:
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter
wherein the composition contains two or more different
polymers or contains a polymer made by joint polymerization
of two or more different, identified olefins.
(1) Note. A patent is not placed in this subclass on the
mere basis that the polymer is one made from olefins within a
defined range of molecular weight, e.g., "a polymer of
C[subscrpt]3-5[end subscrpt] olefins", etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
11 for a blend containing a copolymer derived from an
acyclic olefin and an olefin having an aromatic substituent,
e.g., ethylene and stilbene, etc.
Subclass:
13
Mineral oil (petroleum) fraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
wherein the component is a mineral oil fraction.
Subclass:
14
For fuel use only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
designed for use exclusively as a fuel.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
6 for a hydrocarbon fuel mixture which is a gas.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses for
a liquid or solid fuel composition containing more than
merely hydrocarbons.
149, Explosive or Thermic Compositions or Charges,
appropriate subclasses for such materials containing
hydrocarbon and an oxidant.
Subclass:
15
HYDRATE OR PRODUCTION THEREOF:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which a product molecule contains
hydrocarbon and water in a definite molecular weight ratio
representable by a chemical formula, or in which a process
makes such a compound.
(1) Note. The process may have as its ultimate utility the
purification of a hydrocarbon, and the hydrate produced may
be decomposed to hydrocarbon and water.
Subclass:
16
COMPOUND OR REACTION PRODUCT MIXTURE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. A
product which may be a single identifiable compound in a
relatively pure state or may be a mixture of closely related
compounds which results from a synthesis process.
(1) Note. Only patents which claim a hydrocarbon product
are placed in this and its indented subclasses. Where a
process for synthesis and/or purification of the product is
also claimed, the patent is cross-referenced to the
appropriate subclass(es) below.
(2) Note. This subclass (16) is the locus for acyclic
nonpolymer hydrocarbon products.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction of hydrocarbon
hazardous or toxic waste.
Subclass:
17
Polymer of indefinite molecular weight:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter
wherein the product is a molecule or mixture of molecules
which cannot be defined by an empirical formula in which all
numerical values are invariable, and which has been formed by
the union of smaller entire hydrocarbon molecules (addition
polymerization) or the hydrocarbyl moieties of nonhydrocarbon
molecules (condensation polymerization).
(1) Note. The smaller (monomer) molecules may be all alike
or two or more varieties may make up portions of the final
product molecule.
(2) Note. Polymers included herein generally are waxy or
liquids or can have a molecular weight less than is required
for placement in Classes 520+. While "solid polymer" implies
that a product is a resin for Classes 520+, the designation
of the product as a "wax" makes it suitable for this class
(585).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
945 and 946, for collections of patents drawn to processes
of making drying oil polymers and waxy or grease-like
polymers, respectively.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for hydrocarbon
polymers claimed or disclosed as a synthetic resin solid.
Subclass:
18
Acyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter
in which the polymer has no ring in its structure.
Subclass:
19
Containing aromatic ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter
in which the polymer contains an aromatic ring.
Subclass:
20
Alicyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter
containing a carbocyclic ring but free of any resonating bond
system characteristic of benzene or azulene.
Subclass:
21
Polycyclo, i.e., fused:
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter
which contains at least two rings which share two carbon
atoms.
Subclass:
22
Of differing carbon content, more than three or with bridge:
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter
containing at least four rings, each of which shares two
adjacent carbon atoms with another ring, or two rings fused
where at least one ring contains a different number of
carbons from the others, or the ring system contains a
bridge, that is, a carbocyclic ring which shares with another
ring two carbons not adjacent to each other.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
552, Organic Compounds, subclass 653 for Vitamin D
compounds, cholecalciferols, dihydrotachysterols, 3-5
cyclovitamin D compounds, etc. which contain only carbon and
hydrogen.
Subclass:
23
Unsaturated ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter
containing a ring which has olefinic unsaturation.
Subclass:
24
Aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter
having at least one carbocyclic ring, usually six-membered,
which is resonating or is characterized by three conjugated
double bonds.
(1) Note. Azulene (Fig. 1) is considered to be aromatic.
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 1. Azulene
(2) Note. Naphthalene (Fig. 1), dihydronaphthalene (Fig.
2), and tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) (Fig. 3), are
aromatic, but decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) (Fig. 4) is
alicyclic. [figure] [caption]FIGURE 1. Naphthalene
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 2. dihydronaphthalene [figure]
[caption]FIGURE 3. tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 4. decahydronaphthalene (Decalin)
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
319 for a synthesis process involving serial diverse
conversions leading to production of a recoverable aromatic
compound.
400 for synthesis of an aromatic compound.
804 for a process for purifying an aromatic compound by
plural diverse serial separations.
827 and 831, for a purification process in which an aromatic
compound is sorbed by a solid sorbent.
Subclass:
25
Plural rings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Subject matter
containing at least two rings, where at least one ring is an
aromatic moiety.
Subclass:
26
Polycyclo, i.e., fused:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter
where at least two of the rings share two adjacent carbon
atoms.
Subclass:
27
Of differing carbon content or with bridge:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter
having a bond or an atom or an acyclic carbon atom chain
connecting two nonadjacent ring atoms, or where at least one
ring is not a six-membered ring, e.g., fluorene.
Subclass:
240
PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURE FROM REFUSE OR VEGETATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which the starting (feed) material of the
process is plant material in a chemically unaltered form or
is a material which ordinarily would be discarded as of no
value, e.g., municipal waste, refinery sludge, etc., is
treated to recover therefrom a mixture of hydrocarbons, e.g.,
a fuel "oil" fraction, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes Thermolytic, appropriate
subclasses for a similar process which produces also a carbon
char product.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction of hydrocarbon
hazardous or toxic waste.
Subclass:
241
From synthetic resin or rubber:
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter
where the starting waste material is a synthetic resin or
rubber.
Subclass:
242
From wood:
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter
in which a claimed feedstock to the process is the stem of a
tree sawdust or a similar vegetation material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material and Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 2
for a compacted trash or refuse bundle.
Subclass:
250
ADDING HYDROGEN TO UNSATURATED BOND OF HYDROCARBON, I.E.,
HYDROGENATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter where elemental hydrogen is included or
produced in a reaction and the hydrogen causes an unsaturated
bond of a hydrocarbon to become less unsaturated.
(1) Note. The starting unsaturated bond may be olefinic,
acetylenic, or aromatic.
(2) Note. Hydrogen exchange disproportionation is included
herein where the more saturated hydrocarbon product is a
desired product of the process. See subclass 257.
(3) Note. Since a process classified herein requires the
unsaturated bond of a feedstock to become more saturated, the
synthesis of a one carbon atom product, e.g., methane or a
methylene free radical, is not proper for classification
herein.
Subclass:
251
With subsequent diverse conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
in which a synthesis operation, different from hydrogenation
of an unsaturated bond is performed upon the hydrogenated
feedstock.
(1) Note. The subsequent conversion must be more than the
mere treatment of an unwanted by-product to make such
by-product equivalent to the feedstock to the original
hydrogenation.
Subclass:
252
Dehydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter
wherein the reaction after the hydrogenation is the removal
of hydrogen, i.e., dehydrogenation.
Subclass:
253
Isomerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogenated feedstock is treated to change its
molecular configuration without a change in its molecular
weight.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
371 for isomerization by ring expansion or contraction to
produce an alicyclic hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
254
With preliminary diverse conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
in which the feedstock to hydrogenation is the product of a
synthesis operation, different from hydrogenation of
unsaturation bonds.
Subclass:
255
Polymerization of olefins only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
wherein the only other synthesis step is the polymerization
of an olefinic feedstock before hydrogenation reaction.
Subclass:
256
Molecular weight reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
wherein, prior to hydrogenation, the feedstock is treated to
remove hydrogen and/or carbon from some or all of its
molecules.
Subclass:
257
By hydrogen transfer from other hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogen which goes toward saturation of the
unsaturated bonds is introduced to the process as a
hydrocarbon compound, the latter hydrocarbon compound
becoming less saturated.
(1) Note. Where the less saturated hydrocarbon is the only
desired product of the process, the process is classified
below as a dehydrogenation reaction.
(2) Note. Processes according to this subclass are
sometimes called disproportionation", "hydrogen-exchange
disproportionation", or "hydrogen transfer".
Subclass:
258
Hydrocarbon is contaminant in desired hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
where the unsaturated hydrocarbon which is hydrogenated is an
impurity or contaminant in a desired hydrocarbon, a
substantial amount of which desired hydrocarbon is present in
the feedstock to the process.
(1) Note. The hydrogenation may result in the production of
further amounts of the desired product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
800 and the notes to the main line subclass for an
explanation of "contaminant" and the line between this class
(585) and the purification classes.
Subclass:
259
Hydrogenation of diolefin or triple bond:
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter
wherein the contaminant has a triple bond which is
hydrogenated or has two double bonds, one or both of which is
hydrogenated.
(1) Note. Examples of subject matter contained herein are
the conversion of acetylene impurity contained in ethylene to
more ethylene, conversion of butadiene impurity to butene or
butane, etc.
Subclass:
260
Using catalyst or support of defined structure, surface
areas, or pore size:
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter
where the hydrogenation of a bond in a contaminant takes
place in the presence of a catalyst or support of specific
structure, e.g., gamma-alumina, or of a specific surface area
or pore size, e.g., 3 meters per cubic meter, 5-7 angstroms,
etc.
(1) Note. The description of a hydrogenation catalyst as a
"molecular sieve" is sufficient for placement in this
subclass.
Subclass:
261
Using catalyst and additional nonmetal material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter
where the contaminant is hydrogenated in the presence of a
catalyst and at least one additional nonmetal material, e.g.,
Decalin, etc.
Subclass:
262
Using S or Group I or II transition metal-containing
catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter
employing a catalyst which contains sulfur, copper, silver,
gold, zinc, cadmium, or mercury.
Subclass:
263
With temperature or concentration gradient in reactor or
specified provision for heating, cooling, or reactor
control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein the temperature or concentration of reactants or
composition of a catalyst changes gradually from one point to
another in a hydrogenation reactor, wherein procedures for
heating or cooling the reactor, reactants, catalyst, etc.,
are specified, wherein a test or measurement is made, or
wherein a synthesis condition is varied in response to a
change in a diverse condition.
Subclass:
264
With preliminary treatment of feed or plural separation
procedures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein a reactant to the process is treated, e.g., by
heating, purification, etc., before the hydrogenation
reaction or wherein more than one separation procedure is
applied to the hydrogenerator effluent.
Subclass:
265
Plural hydrogenation stages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein an effluent material from a hydrogenation reaction is
hydrogenated, e.g., passage of the feed through a stage
having a certain catalyst activity, and a subsequent state
having a different activity, etc.
Subclass:
266
Hydrocarbon is aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
which is directed to the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds,
e.g., the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane or
cyclohexene, or of naphthalene to form
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and/or dechydronaphthalene.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
940 for a hydrogenation or other process which results in
the opening of a hydrocarbon ring.
Subclass:
267
Using alkaline metal material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogenation takes place in the presence of
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium,
magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium in free or combined
form.
Subclass:
268
To produce polycyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
wherein the product material has more than one ring in its
molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
360 for a process in general for synthesizing polycyclic
material having no aromatic ring.
400 especially subclasses 406, 410+, 422+, and 431 for
synthesis of polycyclic materials in which at least one ring
is aromatic.
Subclass:
269
Using Group VIII metal-containing catalyst with additional
nonhydrocarbon agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
wherein the reaction mixture contains a nonhydrocarbon agent
and cobalt, iridium, iron, nickel, osmium, palladium,
platinum, rhodium, or ruthenium in free or combined form.
Subclass:
270
Co, Fe, or Ni:
This subclass is indented under subclass 269. Subject matter
wherein the Group VIII metal is cobalt, nickel, or iron.
Subclass:
271
Partial:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein only part of the unsaturation in a hydrocarbon feed
molecule is hydrogenated resulting in an unsaturated product,
such as the conversion of butadiene to butene or acetylene to
ethylene.
Subclass:
272
Hydrogen supplied by water or alcohol:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogen for the hydrogenation is supplied by the
removal of hydrogen from water or organic hydroxy molecules.
Subclass:
273
Using Group VIII metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by iron, cobalt, nickel,
ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum in
free or combined form.
Subclass:
274
Co, Fe, or Ni:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains iron, cobalt, or nickel.
Subclass:
275
Using transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of a
catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. The transition metals are elements in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table they include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
276
Elemental Co, Fe, or Ni:
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is iron, cobalt, or nickel
in the free or uncombined (zero-valence) state.
Subclass:
277
Group VIII metal with additional nonhydrocarbon agent or
complexed with hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Subject matter
wherein the hydrogenation catalyst contains cobalt, iridium,
iron, nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, or
ruthenium in free or combined form, and contains an
additional nonhydrocarbon agent, e.g., a support etc., or the
catalyst is complexed with a hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
300
PLURAL PARALLEL SYNTHESES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter involving more than one reaction, in which the
feedstock to and effluent from one reaction is independent of
the feedstock to and effluent from the other reaction.
(1) Note. The feedstocks may have a common source and the
effluents may be subsequently blended, but the feedstock to
one reaction is not all or part of the effluent from the
other reaction.
(2) Note. Excluded from the terms "feedstock" and
"effluent" as used in the definition are extraneous materials
such as catalyst, solvents, diluents, etc., which do not make
a net contribution of carbon or hydrogen to the final
product(s).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
265 for plural parallel synthesis each of which involves
adding hydrogen to an unsaturated bond of a hydrocarbon.
310 for a process where the effluent of a synthesis is used
as feedstock to a diverse synthesis.
Subclass:
301
Using same catalyst, solvent, inert heat carrier, or
component thereof:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst, solvent, diluent or inert heat carrier,
or a material which makes up a part of such substance is used
in one of the parallel syntheses, its use in such synthesis
is discontinued, and the catalyst etc., or component thereof
is used in the other parallel synthesis.
(1) Note. Use of identical extraneous materials in both
parallel syntheses is not sufficient for placement of a
patent in this subclass.
(2) Note. Where both parallel syntheses use an extraneous
agent drawn from and returned to a common pool or reservoir,
the patent is placed here.
Subclass:
302
With blending of products from two parallel reactions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
in which a reaction product from one of the parallel
syntheses is blended with a reaction product from another of
the parallel syntheses.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for a process of blending which does not include a claimed
synthesis.
955 for a defined mixing procedure, usually in conjunction
with a hydrocarbon synthesis.
Subclass:
303
And passage to further reaction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
wherein the blended product stream is passed to another
reaction.
(1) Note. Where the subsequent synthesis is of a type
diverse from at least one of the prior parallel syntheses,
the patent should be crossed to the appropriate subclass of
subclasses 310+. See the definition of subclass 310 for the
meaning of "diverse".
(2) Note. Mere recycle of a portion of the blend is not
sufficient for placement in this subclass.
(3) Note. The blending may take place in the zone of
subsequent reaction.
Subclass:
304
Diverse parallel syntheses:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
wherein the syntheses conducted in parallel produce different
types of product or are different types of reaction.
(1) Note. For a fuller explanation of "diverse" see the
definition of subclass 310, (1) Note below.
Subclass:
310
PLURAL SERIAL DIVERSE SYNTHESES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which a feedstock is subjected to chemical
conversion to form an intermediate and in a separate
subsequent step the intermediate is converted to a desired
hydrocarbon product or to another intermediate, etc., each
conversion involving a diverse synthesis type.
(1) Note. A series of syntheses is considered to be diverse
when either (a) each synthesis produces a different type of
product or (b) each synthesis is a different type of
reaction.
(2) Note. The following are considered to be different types
of product: (a) A nonhydrocarbon. (b) An alicyclic
hydrocarbon (naphthene, terpene) (c) An aromatic hydrocarbon
(including aralkyl compounds) (d) An unsaturated hydrocarbon
(olefin, diolefin, alkyne) (e) A saturated hydrocarbon
(paraffin, isoparaffin)
(3) Note. The following are considered to be different types
of reactions. The subclasses of this class concerned with
such type reaction, per se, may be found in the Search this
Class, Subclass Notes below:
(a) Condensation of entire hydrocarbon molecules
(polymerization, alkylation;
(b) Alkyl transfer
(c) Skeletal isomerization;
(d) Shift of double bond;
(e) Removal of nonhydrocarbon element;
(f) Carbon content reduction;
(g) Dehydrogenation
(4) Note. Except for patents claiming process steps
specifically provided for in subclasses 311-316, patents are
placed in this and its indented subclasses on the basis of
the ultimate product of an entire claimed plural serial
diverse synthesis process; the patent placed as an original
in the first appearing subclass which provides for such
ultimate product and is cross-referenced to: a. Other of
these subclasses appropriate for other ultimate or
intermediate products produced by two or more diverse
synthesis steps and b. to every subclass which provides for a
synthesis step which is more than nominally included in any
claim. A nominal recitation is a mere mention of a step,
e.g., "dehydrogenation".
(5) Note. A process in which a single synthesis step is
followed by a reaction which merely converts a by-product of
the synthesis to material identical with the feedstock is not
considered to be plural syntheses. See subclasses 905.
(6) Note. The occurrence of several phenomena
simultaneously in a single step, e.g., alkylation and
isomerization, etc., does not call for classification here
(subclasses 310+). Rather, a patent claiming such a process
step is classified in the first appearing subclass concerned
with either phenomenon and crossed to the subclass dealing
with the other.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
251 and 254+, for a plural serial diverse synthesis process
in which one step is hydrogenation.
353 439, 476, 483+, 539, 613+, 648+, 752, for Carbon content
reduction. (see (3) Note above)
353 358, 365+, 371+, 404+, 476, 477+, 671, 734+, for Skeletal
isomerization. (see (3) Note above)
357 436+, 469+, 603+, 637, 638+, 711, 733, for Removal of
nonhydrocarbon element. (see (3) Note above)
361 364, 375+, 406, 415+, 422+, 438, 446+, 502+, 709+, for
Condensation of entire hydrocarbon molecules (polymerization,
alkylation.(see (3) Note above)
363 377+, 664+, for Shift of double bond. (see (3) Note
above)
375 470+, 643+, 708, for Alkyl transfer. (see (3) Note
above)
379 430+, 440+, 540+ 616+, 654+, for Dehydrogenation. (see
(3) Note above)
930 for a collection of patents drawn to processes which
involve synthesis of a nonhydrocarbon intermediate.
Subclass:
311
One synthesis rehabilitates catalyst for other, e.g., by
alkylation with ester, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
in which a catalyst which has deteriorated in its
effectiveness in a synthesis process is treated to restore
its effectiveness by using it in another hydrocarbon
synthesis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
301 and 702+, for a process in which a catalyst is used in
plural distinct treatments, its use in one treatment
sometimes serving, incidentally, to improve its effectiveness
in the other treatment.
328 for a process in which a nonhydrocarbon material, e.g.,
aluminum trialkyl, reacts in a "growth" reaction with an
olefin to form a higher alkyl nonhydrocarbon, and the alkyl
is replaced by a lower carbon-content hydrocarbon leaving the
original nonhydrocarbon reactant.
Subclass:
312
Same catalyst, solvent, or component thereof used in both
syntheses:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst, solvent, diluent, or a material which
makes up part of such substance is used in both of the
syntheses.
(1) Note. Use of different portions of an extraneous
material in both syntheses is not sufficient for placement of
a patent in this subclass.
(2) Note. Where both syntheses use an extraneous agent
drawn from and returned to a common pool or reservoir, the
patent is placed here.
(3) Note. Use of a material as a catalyst in one reaction
and as a reactant in a second reaction, e.g., use of HF
catalyst from one reaction to form alkyl fluoride in another,
does not provide a basis for classification in this
subclass.
Subclass:
313
Entire catalyst composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein the extraneous material employed in both syntheses
includes all of the catalytic material used in each synthesis
in the same proportions relative to each other.
Subclass:
314
With hydrocarbon effluent stream splitting for recycle to
different syntheses:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from a single reaction is split and
portions of the effluent are sent to different ones of the
serial syntheses.
Subclass:
315
With hydrocarbon recycle from later to earlier synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
in which hydrocarbon material effluent from one synthesis is
passed to a diverse synthesis through which diverse synthesis
zone the hydrocarbon or its precursor has passed before.
Subclass:
316
Earlier synthesis is condensation or alkyl transfer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter
wherein the earlier synthesis is a condensation reaction,
that is, polymerization, alkylation, etc., or an alkyl
transfer (disproportionation) reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 364, 406, 415+, 422+, 438, 446+, 502+, and 709+, for
condensation reactions, per se.
375 470+, 643+, and 708, for alkyl transfer reactions, per
se.
Subclass:
317
To produce alicyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
wherein the ultimate product or an intermediate product,
produced by at least two diverse conversions, is a
nonaromatic cyclic material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
350 for the production of alicyclic compounds by a single
synthesis step or a process performing similar syntheses in
plural serial stages.
Subclass:
318
Having unsaturated ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter
wherein the product has olefinic unsaturation in a ring.
Subclass:
319
To produce aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
in which the ultimate product or an intermediate product,
produced by at least two diverse conversions, is an
aromatic.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
400 for the production of an aromatic compound by a single
synthesis step or by a process performing similar syntheses
in plural serial stages.
Subclass:
320
Polycyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
which the product has more than one ring.
(1) Note. One or more of the rings may be alicyclic, but if
the product contains one or more aromatic rings, the patent
is proper for this subclass.
Subclass:
321
Having plural side-chains:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
wherein the product is an aromatic hydrocarbon having two or
more hydrocarbyl substituents on the aromatic ring.
(1) Note. Any or all of the side-chains may be saturated
(alkyl), unsaturated (alkenyl, alkylidene), etc.
Subclass:
322
Including an aromatization step:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
wherein a step converts a nonaromatic moiety to an aromatic
moiety, e.g., by dehydrogenation of an alicyclic moiety, ring
formation from an open-chain moiety, etc.
Subclass:
323
Including an alkylation step:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
wherein the series of conversions includes an alkylation step
wherein an acyclic material is condensed with an aromatic
material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 for alkylation of aromatics, per se.
Subclass:
324
To produce unsaturate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
in which the ultimate product or an intermediate product,
produced by at least two diverse conversions, is noncyclic
and contains olefinic unsaturation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
500 for the production of unsaturated noncyclic compounds by
single synthesis step or a process performing similar
syntheses in plural serial stages.
Subclass:
325
Having triple bond:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter
wherein the ultimate product or an intermediate product,
produced by at least two diverse conversions, contains
acetylenic unsaturation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
534 for the production of triple-bond material by a single
synthesis step or a process performing similar syntheses in
plural serial stages.
Subclass:
326
Polyolefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter
wherein the olefinic unsaturation comprises two or more
olefinically unsaturated bonds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
506 600 and 601+, for the production of polyolefins by a
single synthesis step or a process performing similar
syntheses in plural serial stages.
Subclass:
327
From O compound feed or intermediate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter
wherein some or all of the carbon atoms appearing in the
final product are introduced to the process as a compound
which contains oxygen or during the course of the process
appear in such a compound.
(1) Note. Patents classified herein are not
cross-referenced to subclass 934.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
604 and 606+, for, per se, synthesis of diolefin from an
oxygen compound.
Subclass:
328
Including displacement from nonhydrocarbon by entire
hydrocarbon molecule, e.g., growth reaction, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter
wherein one step uses as reactants (1) a hydrocarbon, usually
a low molecular weight olefin and (2) a nonhydrocarbon
containing (a) one or more hydrocarbyl moieties and (b) a
nonhydrocarbon atom or radical, the reaction serving to unite
reactant (1) with atom or radical (2b) and to release a free
olefin derived from (2a).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
637 for a displacement reaction, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 448 for
synthesis of an aluminum alkyl by a chain-growth reaction.
Subclass:
329
Including polymerization of olefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter
which includes a step of condensing two or more entire olefin
molecules.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
502 for olefin polymerization, per se.
Subclass:
330
And a preliminary unsaturation step, e.g., cracking,
dehydrogenation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Subject matter
wherein the polymerization step is subsequent to a step
wherein the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon molecule is
reduced.
(1) Note. The polymerization step can immediately follow
the cracking or dehydrogenation, or the unsaturation and
polymerization can be separated by one or more other steps.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
613 and 648+, for a cracking reaction, per se, to produce a
diolefin or a monoolefin, respectively.
616 and 654+, for a dehydrogenation reaction, per se, to
produce a diolefin or monoolefin, respectively.
Subclass:
331
Including alkylation to produce branched-chain paraffin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Subject matter
wherein a non-normal saturated noncyclic hydrocarbon is
produced, including a step of condensing an olefin-acting
material with a nonolefinically unsaturated material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 and 709+, for an alkylation reaction per se to produce
an aromatic or a saturated noncyclic compound, respectively.
Subclass:
332
And preliminary isomerization or polymerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 331. Subject matter
wherein a material undergoing the alkylation synthesis has
undergone a reaction wherein a feedstock is converted to
another material having the same empirical formula but a
different structural configuration, or in which an olefin has
been condensed with one or more other olefin molecules.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
502 for olefin polymerization, per se.
664 for olefin synthesis by double bond shift
isomerization.
734 for skeletal isomerization of paraffins.
Subclass:
350
ALICYCLIC COMPOUND SYNTHESIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a chemical change produces a
hydrocarbon which is cyclic or has a cyclic moiety, the
hydrocarbon having no aromatic rings.
(1) Note. This subclass is the locus for patents drawn to
certain skeletal isomerization phenomena which yield a
monocyclic compound. Such phenomena include:
(a) a change in the relative position of the alkyl group on
a ring, such as a shift of an alkyl group from the ortho to
the meta or para position thereon, (b) a change of the
side-chain size in which a portion of the alkyl group is
transferred to another position on the ring, but the total
number of carbon atoms on the ring remains the same, (c) a
rearrangement of the side-chain on a ring, for example, a
normal propyl group on the ring changed into an isopropyl,
(d) a change from a cisconfiguration to a
trans-configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
266 for hydrogenation of an aromatic to produce an
alicyclic.
317 for production of an alicyclic by serial diverse
syntheses.
353 and 360, for skeletal isomerization processes which
produce a polycyclic nonaromatic.
365 for production of an alicyclic ring from a nonring
hydrocarbon by a cyclization isomerization.
371 for isomerizaton of a larger-ring compound to a
smaller-ring compound and vice versa.
377 for double bond shift isomerization to produce a
monocyclic nonaromatic.
476 and 477+, for skeletal isomerization processes which
produce a compound having an aromatic ring.
600 601 and 671, for skeletal isomerization processes which
produce an olefin.
734 for skeletal isomerization processes which produce a
paraffin.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, 133 for
reforming mineral oils which may include isomerization.
Subclass:
351
Carotene or derivative:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
directed to the production of carotene (Fig. 1) and compounds
in which a hydrogen of the carotene nucleus is replaced by a
hydrocarbyl moiety. [figure] [caption]FIGURE 1. carotene
Subclass:
352
Adamantane or derivative:
Subject matter under 350 directed to the production of the
adamantane nucleus, C[subscrpt]10[end
subscrpt]H[subscrpt]16[end subscrpt] (Fig. 1) and compounds
in which a hydrogen of the adamantane nucleus is replaced by
a hydrocarbyl moiety. [figure] [caption]Fig. 1
Subclass:
353
By shift, opening, or removal of shared-carbon ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
in which a shared-carbon ring, e.g., a bridge, is shifted
from attachment to one carbon of a ring to another carbon, as
in terpene isomerization, or a shared-carbon ring is opened
or removed to give a product containing fewer rings than the
feed material.
(1) Note. The polycyclic feed may have ortho-fused rings or
one ring may bridge another, or the rings may be spiro.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
476 for the synthesis of an aromatic compound by ring
opening, removal, degradation, or shift.
940 for a collection of patents in which a hydrocarbon ring
is opened.
Subclass:
354
Cyclopentadiene from its polymer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 353. Subject matter
in which a polymer of cyclopentadiene, e.g.,
dicyclopentadiene (Fig. 1) is converted to cyclopentadiene.
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 1.
Subclass:
355
Camphene or ten-C monocyclic from polycyclic, e.g., terpene
isomerization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 353. Subject matter
wherein the feedstock to the reaction is a material having
more than one ring and the product is camphene (Fig. 1) or a
hydrocarbon having one alicyclic ring and ten carbon atoms.
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 1.
(1) Note. Because most dictionaries do not carry a list of
C[subscrpt]10[end subscrpt] terpenes, the following list,
although incomplete, is presented as a guide to such
materials:
Carvestrene: racemic mixture of sylvestrene optical isomers
(no illustration). Dipentene: racemic mixture of limonene
optical isomers. (no illustration) [figure] [caption]
Bornane [figure] [caption] 2-Bornene
[figure] [caption]Carane [figure] [caption]Limonene
(Dipentene) [figure] [caption]m-Menthane [figure] [caption]
p-Menthane [figure] [caption]1-p-Menthene [figure]
[caption]1,4(8)-p-Menthadiene (Terpinolene) [figure]
[caption] Pinane [figure] [caption] alpha-Pinene
[figure] [caption] beta-Pinene [figure] [caption]
Sylvestrene [figure] [caption]beta-Terpinene [figure]
[caption]alpha-Terpinene [figure] [caption]gamma-Terpinene
[figure] [caption]Thujane
Subclass:
356
Camphene from pinene or derivative:
This subclass is indented under subclass 355. Subject matter
represented by the equation [figure]
Subclass:
357
From nonhydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
in which the feedstock to the process contains an element
other than carbon and hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
408 454, 469, 603+, 638+, 711, and 733, for synthesis of
other hydrocarbons from nonhydrocarbon feedstocks.
Subclass:
358
Nonring moiety becomes ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter
wherein the product contains at least one more ring than the
feedstock.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
365 and 407, for other cyclization processes.
Subclass:
359
Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter
wherein the nonhydrocarbon contains fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, or iodine.
Subclass:
360
Polycyclic product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein a hydrocarbon is synthesized having more than one
alicyclic moiety.
(1) Note. The rings may be directly connected to each other
or may be substituents on an acyclic chain.
(2) Note. Here is found the production of bicyclo or
"bridge" compounds, e.g., bicyclo {2,2,1} heptane.
Subclass:
361
By condensation, e.g., diels-alder reaction, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Subject matter
wherein two or more molecules are joined together in their
entirety to synthesize the desired product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
427 for a process wherein two or more aromatic molecules are
condensed.
446 for alkylation of an aromatic compound.
Subclass:
362
Dimerizing a cycloolefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter
wherein an alicyclic compound having olefinic unsaturation in
the ring or in a side-chain is condensed with itself to form
a compound having more than one ring.
(1) Note. Many processes herein are designed to remove
cyclopentadiene impurities from a hydrocarbon stream by
dimerizing the impurities.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
832 for a process where a hydrocarbon stream is purified by
polymerizing a component and resolving the polymer to the
monomer.
Subclass:
363
By double-bond shift in side-chain:
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Subject matter
wherein the product is synthesized by isomerization of a
double bond from one position to another position in the
side-chain of the molecule, e.g., from vinyl to ethylidene,
etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
377 for a double-bond shift in a monocyclic nonaromatic
compound.
435 for a similar shift in an aromatic compound.
664 for a similar shift in a noncyclic olefin.
Subclass:
364
By condensive ring expansion, e.g., "olefin dismutation",
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the alicyclic compound is synthesized from a
feedstock molecule, usually a cycloolefin, having fewer
carbons in its ring than the product molecule, the carbons
added to the ring being contributed by another molecule.
(1) Note. The final product may incorporate all of the
carbon atoms of the feedstock molecules (polymerization) or
only part of the carbon atoms of one feedstock
(disproportionation).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
362 for cycloolefin dimerization in which the product has
plural rings.
643 for olefin disproportionation reactions aimed at the
production of acyclic monoolefins. Many of the catalysts
used in such reactions are disclosed as being useful in the
reactions of this subclass (364).
Subclass:
365
From nonring hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
directed to the conversion of an acyclic hydrocarbon to an
alcyclic hydrocarbon.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 for a cyclization process in which the feed is a
nonhydrocarbon.
407 for a cyclization process which produces an aromatic.
Subclass:
366
Alkadiene:
This subclass is indented under subclass 365. Subject matter
wherein the feedstock includes a noncyclic hydrocarbon chain
having two olefinically unsaturated bonds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for a process in which an acyclic olefin, e.g., an
alkadiene, etc., is condensed with a cyclic olefin to produce
a polycyclic nonaromatic hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
367
Using refractory-group metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 366. Subject matter
employing a catalyst which contains in free or combined form
a transition metal of Group IV, V, or VI, that is, titanium,
zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium (columbium), tantalum,
chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten.
Subclass:
368
With nonmetal element or compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter
employing, in addition to the refractory metal component, an
element or compound which does not contain a metal atom.
(1) Note. The nonmetal element or compound must be clearly
an entity separate from the metal-containing material, that
is, it is not part of a "complex" with a metal-containing
"compound".
(2) Note. The nonmetal element or compound need not have a
clearly catalytic function, but may be described as a
solvent, diluent, etc.
Subclass:
369
Using Co-, Fe-, or Ni-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 366. Subject matter
employing a catalyst which contains iron or cobalt or nickel
in free or combined form.
Subclass:
370
With nonmetal organic compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 369. Subject matter
employing, in addition to the iron group metal material, an
organic compound which does not contain a metal atom.
Subclass:
371
By ring expansion or contraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein a ring is made smaller or larger.
(1) Note. The distinction in subject matter between this
subclass and subclasses 365+ is as follows: In this subclass
a ring which is present in a molecule at the start of the
process contains more carbon atoms or less carbon atoms at
the end of the process. The phenomena involved are both ring
opening and ring closing. In subclasses 365+ a molecule or
moiety which is not a ring at the start of the process is a
ring or part of a ring at the end of the process.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
322 for a process wherein methylcyclopentane is converted to
cyclohexane and the later compound is dehydrogenated to
benzene.
Subclass:
372
Using Al group metal halide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Subject matter
using a catalyst comprising a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or
iodide of aluminum, gallium, indium, or thallium.
Subclass:
373
With added hydrocarbon complex or nonhydrocarbon organic
agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
using also a hydrocarbon complex (usually sludge type) or an
organic material containing an element other than carbon and
hydrogen.
Subclass:
374
Using metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Subject matter
using a catalyst which contains a metal or a compound of a
metal.
Subclass:
375
By alkylation or alkyl transfer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the alicyclic compound is synthesized by (a)
condensation of an alicyclic with an acyclic moiety which may
be all or part of another hydrocarbon molecule or by (b)
dealkylation of the alicyclic molecule wherein the removed
alkyl is condensed with another hydrocarbon molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 and 709, for other alkylation reactions.
470 and 643, for other alkyl transfer reactions.
Subclass:
376
Feed has side-chain:
This subclass is indented under subclass 375. Subject matter
in which the feed to the process has an alicyclic ring with
an acyclic side-chain.
(1) Note. The alkylation may involve the side-chain or the
ring.
Subclass:
377
By double-bond shift:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the product is synthesized by isomerization of a
double bond from one position to another position in the
molecule.
(1) Note. The shift may be within a ring, within a
side-chain, from a ring to a side-chain, etc.
Subclass:
378
Using organometallic compound, P- or S- containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 377. Subject matter
using a catalyst which is an organometallic compound or
contains phosphorus or sulfur.
Subclass:
379
By dehydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis involves removal of hydrogen from an
alicyclic molecule.
Subclass:
380
Using H acceptor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter
wherein hydrogen is removed from a desired hydrocarbon by use
of another substance which chemically reacts with and
combines with the hydrogen.
(1) Note. The other substance may be an element, e.g.,
oxygen, etc., or a compound e.g., an unsaturated hydrocarbon,
etc.
Subclass:
400
AROMATIC COMPOUND SYNTHESIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter drawn to a process which includes a chemical
change and results in a recoverable hydrocarbon compound
having at least one carbocyclic ring, usually six-membered,
which is resonating or is characterized by three conjugated
double bonds.
(1) Note. Azulene (Fig. 1) is considered to be aromatic.
[figure] [caption]Azulene (Fig. 1)
(2) Note. Naphthalene (Fig. 1), dihydronaphthalene (Fig.
2), and tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) (Fig. 3) are
aromatic, but decahydronaphthalene (Decalin), (Fig. 4) is
alicyclic. [figure] [caption]FIGURE 1. Naphthalene
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 2. dihydronaphthalene
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 3. tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)
[figure] [caption]FIGURE 4. decahydronaphthalene (Decalin)
(3) Note. This subclass (400) is the locus for processes
wherein carbon atoms already contained in rings are joined to
form an additional ring or wherein a nonaromatic ring moiety
of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is dehydrogenated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
24 for patents which claim an aromatic hydrocarbon
compound.
319 for a synthesis process involving diverse conversions
leading to production of a recoverable aromatic compound.
804 for a process for purifying an aromatic compound by
plural diverse serial separations.
827 and 831, for a purification process in which an aromatic
compound is sorbed by a solid sorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, appropriate
subclasses, especially 133, for a process for synthesizing a
mixture of aromatic compounds from a mineral oil mixture when
there is no recovery of a particular aromatic compound.
Subclass:
401
With measuring, sensing, testing, or synthesis operation
control responsive to diverse condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein the process involves a definitely recited step of
measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition or parameter of the
process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation,
e.g., temperature, etc., is adjusted in accordance with a
different aspect of the synthesis, e.g., strength of
catalyst, etc.
(1) Note. A process in which the same operating condition
is controlled, e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to
a temperature drop in the reaction zone, is not included in
this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
501 and 701, for similar procedures employed in the
synthesis of unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon compounds,
respectively,
956 for a collection of patents disclosing such procedures
in other aspects of hydrocarbon processing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for
making a measurement or test of any kind not claimed in
combination with synthesis of an organic compound and not
elsewhere classifiable, and the class definition thereof for
the identification of other classes concerned with testing.
436, Chemisty: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclass 1 H for chemical reaction not elsewhere
classifiable, or analysis by chemical methods of organic
material.
Subclass:
402
Exploiting or conserving heat of quenching, reaction, or
regeneration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which heat generated by a reaction or by catalyst
regeneration or absorbed by quenching reactants is put to use
in the process.
(1) Note. Patents placed wherein are not cross-referenced
to subclass 910.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
503 535, 602, and 634, for olefin condensation, alkyne
synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound
synthesis, respectively, using similar techniques.
910 for a collection of patents where similar techniques are
employed in other syntheses.
Subclass:
403
Using apparatus of recited composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein the process uses apparatus made of a particular
material, e.g., a ceramic, stainless steel, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for a process in which the apparatus of recited
composition is a heat carrier.
503 537 and 636, for olefin condensation, alkyne synthesis,
and monoolefin synthesis, respectively, using apparatus of
recited composition.
920 for a collection of patents using such apparatus in
other processes.
950 for a collection of patents disclosing prevention of
solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or
temporary protective coating of named composition on the
surfaces of same.
Subclass:
404
By ring expansion or contraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein a change in ring size and usually also
dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen from the ring) takes
place.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
371 for ring expansion or contraction phenomena in the
synthesis of an alicyclic.
Subclass:
405
Using transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of a
catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. The transition metals are elements in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table they include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
406
By dimerization of vinyl aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
which comprises the condensation of two molecules of a vinyl
aromatic compound, e.g., styrene, etc.
(1) Note. The dimer may be one of several types of products
or a mixture of the several types, such as diplenyl alkenes,
phenylindanes, etc.
Subclass:
407
By ring formation from nonring moiety, e.g., aromatization,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein carbon atoms which make up a ring or part of a ring
in the desired aromatic product enter the reaction as part of
an acyclic moiety.
(1) Note. Where a ring is formed by the joining together of
carbon atoms already contained in one or more rings of a
molecule, e.g., conversion of dinaphthyl to perylene, etc.,
classification in subclass 400 is proper.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 and 365, for a similar phenomenon in the manufacture of
an alicyclic hydrocarbon.
406 for a similar phenomenon where the moiety is the
side-chain of a vinyl aromatic.
Subclass:
408
Nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
where the starting material contains at least one element
other than carbon and hydrogen, e.g., chlorine, oxygen, etc.
Subclass:
409
Aromatic or carbonyl-containing reactant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Subject matter
in which material sent into the process, which supplies
carbon atoms for the desired product, has a keto or aldehyde
moiety and/or an aromatic ring or ring structure.
Subclass:
410
Aromatic feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
in which material sent into the process, which supplies
carbon atoms for the desired product, contains an aromatic
ring or ring structure.
(1) Note. The desired product usually is polycyclic.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
409 for a similar process in which the aromatic feedstock or
an accompanying feedstock contains an atom other than carbon
or hydrogen.
Subclass:
411
Using metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 410. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing metal in free or combined
form, e.g., clay, etc.
Subclass:
412
Plural stage, with moving catalyst or with specified flow
rate or procedure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis is accomplished in two or more steps,
wherein the catalyst employed is claimed as moving, e.g.,
from reactor to regenerator, fluidized, etc., wherein a flow
procedure in the reactor, e.g., countercurrent, etc., is
claimed, or wherein a flow rate, e.g., space velocity of
reactant, etc., is claimed.
(1) Note. A mere time span during which the desired
reaction takes place is not sufficient for classification in
this subclass.
Subclass:
413
With preliminary treatment of feed or plural separation
procedures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from the aromatization reaction or a
component thereof passes through at least two separation
steps or wherein a feedstock is treated prior to the
aromatization reaction, e.g., by separation into fractions,
by preheating, etc.
Subclass:
414
Using metal-free H acceptor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis process employs a nonmetal element or a
compound not containing a metal, which chemically reacts with
hydrogen removed from a feedstock, the element or compound
thereby being changed to a more hydrogenated material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon is the acceptor and
the more hydrogenated hydrocarbon is a desired product.
Subclass:
415
Product compound has more C atoms than feed compound, e.g.,
cyclic polmerization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
in which the aromatic product of the synthesis contains more
carbon atoms than a feedstock compound which supplies carbon
atoms to the said product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
502 for polymerization processes which produce a nonsolid
olefin hydrocarbon.
700 for apolymerization process which produces a saturated
hydrocarbon product.
Subclass:
416
Triple bond-containing feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter
in which the ring is formed from acetylene or a substituted
acetylene.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
410 for ring formation from the side-chains or
aryl-substituted acetylenes.
Subclass:
417
Using transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of a
catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. The transition metals are elements in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table they include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
418
Using transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of a
catalyst containing a transition metal in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. The transition metals are elements in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table they include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium, 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
419
Group VIII noble metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains platinum, palladium, rhodium,
ruthenium, iridium, or osmium.
Subclass:
420
Group VI metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains chromium, molybdenum, or
tungsten.
Subclass:
421
With alkaline metal compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 420. Subject matter
where one component of the catalyst is a compound of an
alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, e.g., lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, barium, or radium.
Subclass:
422
By condensation of entire cyclic molecules or entire
hydrocarbyl moieties thereof, e.g., polymerization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which a polycyclic aromatic is produced by joining two or
more entire cyclic molecules of a feedstock or the entire
hydrocarbyl moieties of such molecule.
(1) Note. This subclass (422) is the locus for a process
where a side-chain carbon of one molecule is joined to the
ring carbon of another molecule, e.g., the manufacture of
phenyl tolyl methane from toluene.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for analogous processes where none of the feedstock
molecules is aromatic.
438 and 446+, for a process wherein an aromatic ring moiety
is condensed with a nonring moiety.
470 for a process wherein an aromatic compound is
manufactured by condensation of a molecule with a fragment of
another molecule.
502 and 709+, for a condensation process wherein nonring
moieties are condensed.
Subclass:
423
With plural separation procedures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein a material, usually the effluent from the
condensation reaction or a component thereof, passes through
at least two separation steps.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step is
not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2) Note. Many patents contained herein recycled a
separated component.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
424 for a process wherein the condensation effluent is
subjected to another condensation reaction.
702 705 and 706, for paraffin syntheses in general which may
or do involve specifically directed separation or
purification procedures.
710 and 712, for alkylation procedures which produce a
paraffin, involving specifically directed purification or
separation procedures.
Subclass:
424
Plural stage or with preliminary treatment of feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from an aromatic condensation reaction
or wherein a feed stock is treated prior to the condensation
reaction, e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbons therefrom, by
separating the feed into several different fractions, by
heating, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for a process wherein two or more reactions are
conducted in parallel.
320 for a process wherein an intermediate is formed in an
aromatic synthesis process which results in a polycyclic
product.
Subclass:
425
Ring carbon of one molecule joined to ring carbon of other:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
in which the condensation exploits ring carbon atoms of two
feed molecules, for example, by fusing rings, forming
biphenyl from benzene, etc.
Subclass:
426
Through residue of nonring molecule, e.g., acetylene, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Subject matter
in which a moiety, present as an acyclic molecule in the
feedstock, is present between the joined rings of the
product.
Subclass:
427
Arylene bond formed using metal-containing agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Subject matter
in which a biphenyl, polyphenyl, substituted biphenyl or
polyphenyl, or partially hydrogenated biphenyl or polyphenyl
is the product and the process employs an agent, e.g., a
catalyst, a solvent, etc., which is or contains a metal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
268 for a process in which hydrogenation of an aromatic ring
takes place simultaneously with formation of the arylene
bond, e.g., hydrodimerization of benzene, etc.
Subclass:
428
Nonring moiety of one molecule bonded to nonring moiety of
other, e.g., polystyrene, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
in which ring-containing molecules having side-chain or other
acyclic components are joined by means of the acyclic
components, the ring moieties becoming mere substituents on
the resulting condensed acyclic moiety.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
406 for a process where only two molecules of a vinyl
aromatic are condensed with each other.
502 for polymerization of olefins which do not have an
aromatic substituent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
526, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 346 for
solid polystyrene resins and methods of manufacture.
Subclass:
429
Through residue of nonring molecule, e.g., butadiene, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein a moiety, present as an acyclic molecule in the
feedstock, is present between the joined acyclic components
of the ring-containing feedstock material.
Subclass:
430
From alicyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which an aromatic hydrocarbon is formed from a cyclic
material having the same number of carbon atoms in its ring
system, which cyclic material in nonaromatic.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
266 for the opposite reaction.
400 for conversion of a polycyclic material having an
aromatic ring to one having more aromatic rings, e.g.,
conversion of tetralin to naphthalene, etc.
Subclass:
431
Polycyclic product of with olefinic unsaturation in feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter
wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon is made from a feed compound
having an olefinic double bond or in which the aromatic
hydrocarbon formed is polycyclic, e.g., [figure]
[caption]decahydronaphthalene, naphthalene [figure]
[caption]bycyclo (6,4,0) dodecadiene, benzosuberane [figure]
[caption]1,1-dimethydecalin ; 1,2, dimethylnapthalene
Subclass:
432
Cymene product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter
wherein cymene is the aromatic hydrocarbon formed, e.g.,
p-cymene. [figure]
(1) Note. Often the feed is a terpene.
Subclass:
433
Using H acceptor or Cr-, Mo-, or W- containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter
wherein a material is employed which forms a compound with
the hydrogen removed from the feedstock or which contains,
chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten in free or combined form.
(1) Note. The hydrogen acceptor may be an element of a
compound, the compound being a hydrocarbon or a
nonhydrocarbon.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a hydrogen-exchange disproportionation process in
which the hydrocarbon which becomes more saturated is a
desired product of the process.
380 442, 442, 617+, and 654+, for other dehydrogenation
processes which use a hydrogen acceptor.
403 for aromatic manufacture where the hydrogen acceptor is
embodied in the apparatus used.
900 for aromatic manufacture where a nonhydrocarbon acceptor
is recycled, e.g., after rehabilitation.
Subclass:
434
Using noble metal catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter
catalyzed by a noble metal, that is, gold, silver, platinum,
palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, or ruthenium in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
435
Having alkenyl moiety, e.g., styrene, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which the aromatic product of the synthesis process has
olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation in a sidechain or other
acyclic moiety.
(1) Note. Synthesis of an alkenyl aryl by
disproportionation, i.e., transalkylation, is properly
classified in this subclass.
Subclass:
436
Polycyclic product or from nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter
wherein the product has more than one ring or contains carbon
or hydrogen atoms introduced to the process as part of a
compound containing atoms other than carbon and hydrogen.
(1) Note. Only one of the rings needs to be aromatic for
placement in this subclass.
Subclass:
437
O-containing feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Subject matter
wherein a nonhydrocarbon feedstock compound contains an
oxygen atom.
Subclass:
438
By condensation using metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter
wherein the product is formed by joining plural entire
hydrocarbon molecules, e.g., "alkenylation", "olefin
arylation", etc., and wherein a catalyst is employed which
contains a metal in free or combined form.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
422 for a similar process where two of the joined molecules
contain rings.
436 and 446+, for other condensation processes which produce
aromatics.
Subclass:
439
By C removal, e.g., cracking, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter
in which carbon atoms are removed from a feedstock compound.
(1) Note. The removed carbon atoms are not thereupon joined
to a second hydrocarbyl moiety to increase the carbon content
of the second moiety.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
241 for depolymerization of aromatic-containing synthetic
resin waste.
435 for production of an alkenyl aromatic by
disproportionation, i.e., transalkylation.
476 and 483+, for similar processes wherein the aromatic
product does not have an unsaturated nonring moiety.
Subclass:
440
By dehydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter
in which hydrogen atoms are removed from a feedstock compound
to produce the product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a hydrogen-exchange disproportionation process in
which the hydrocarbon which becomes more saturated is a
desired product of the process.
Subclass:
441
Plural stage or with plural separation procedures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from a dehydrogenation reaction is sent
to another dehydrogenation reaction or in which two or more
separation steps are performed.
(1) Note. One or more of the separation steps may be
preliminary to the reaction.
(2) Note. Frequently a compound separated from the effluent
is recycled.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
800 and the notes thereto for separation procedures, per se,
applied to hydrocarbon materials.
Subclass:
442
Using halogen or S:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter
in which elemental or combined halogen or sulfur is added to
the reaction mixture.
(1) Note. Often hydrogen from the compound which become the
desired product chemically combines with a component of the
halogen or sulfur compound.
Subclass:
443
Using elemental O:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter
in which elemental oxygen, e.g., air, is added to the
reaction mixture.
(1) Note. Usually hydrogen from the compound which becomes
the desired product chemically combines with the elemental
oxygen.
(2) Note. Processes described as "partial combustion" are
placed here.
Subclass:
444
Using metal oxide, sulfide, or salt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter
wherein part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an oxide, sulfide, or salt of a metal.
Subclass:
445
Cr-, Mo-, or W-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 444. Subject matter
wherein the process uses chromium, tungsten, or molybdenum in
free or combined form.
Subclass:
446
By condensation of entire molecules or entire hydrocarbyl
moieties thereof, e.g., alkylation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein there is added to an aromatic hydrocarbon, or that
moiety of an aromatic nonhydrocarbon which remains after
atoms other than carbon and hydrogen have been removed, an
acyclic straight or branched hydrocarbon molecule or that
moiety of an acyclic nonhydrocarbon which remains after atoms
other than carbon and hydrogen have been removed.
(1) Note. The ring compound onto which the chain is
introduced may already include one or more side-chains, e.g.,
toluene, xylene, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
470 for a process in which a hydrocarbyl moiety which is
only a part of a hydrocarbon molecule is added to an aromatic
molecule.
709 for alkylation of an olefin to produce a noncyclic
hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
447
With specified flow rate through reactor or flow procedure
within or at entrance to reactor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein a procedure for achieving contact and/or confluence
of materials in the reactor or at the entrance to the reactor
is specified, or in which the time which a reactant takes to
flow through the reactor is specified.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
922 for a collection of patents drawn to other hydrocarbon
conversion processes wherein a reactor fluid manipulating
device is specified.
955 for a collection of patents drawn to other hydrocarbon
synthesis processes in which a mixing procedure is
specified.
Subclass:
448
With preliminary treatment of feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior to the
alkylation reaction, e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbons
therefrom, by separating the feed into several different
fractions, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
323 for a process wherein an intermediate is formed in an
aromatic synthesis process which includes an alkylation
step.
Subclass:
449
Plural alkylation stages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
in which the effluent from an aromatic alkylation reaction is
sent to another aromatic alkylation reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for a process wherein two or more alkylation reactions
are conducted in parallel.
323 for a process in which an aromatic alkylation reaction
is preceded or followed by a conversion other than aromatic
alkylation.
Subclass:
450
With plural separation procedures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein a material usually the effluent from the alkylation
reaction or a component thereof, passes through at least two
separation steps.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step is
not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2) Note. Many patents contained herein recycle a separated
component.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
449 for a process wherein the alkylation effluent is
subjected to another alkylation reaction.
702 705 and 706, for paraffin syntheses in general which may
or do involve specifically directed separation or
purification procedures.
710 and 712+, for alkylation procedures which produce a
paraffin, involving specifically directed purification or
separation procedures.
Subclass:
451
Including dissolving or solids formation or separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
in which the separation procedure involves filtration,
crystallization, use of solid sorbent, formation of a solid
precipitate, washing, scrubbing, or other dissolving, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
800 for such separation procedures applied to hydrocarbons
without a claimed synthesis procedure.
Subclass:
452
Attachment to side-chain, e.g., telomerization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the process results in the addition of carbon atoms
to the side-chain of a feed aromatic compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
438 for a similar process which produces an aromatic
compound having an unsaturated side-chain, e.g., by
condensation of toluene and butadiene, etc.
471 in which this same result is accomplished by alkyl
transfer.
Subclass:
453
Resulting side-chain has less than four C atoms:
This subclass is indented under subclass 452. Subject matter
wherein a methyl substituent of an aromatic ring becomes an
ethyl or propyl substituent or in which an ethyl substituent
becomes a propyl substituent.
Subclass:
454
Feed other than hydrocarbon, hydroxy, monohalide, or ether:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
in which a nonhydrocarbon molecule supplies a hydrocarbyl
moiety which appears in the final product, the nonhydrocarbon
not being a monohalide, a hydroxy compound, or an ether.
Subclass:
455
Resulting side-chain restricted to more than five c atoms,
e.g., "detergent alkylate", etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the product is an aromatic having a side-chain
claimed in any claim as necessarily containing six or more
carbon atoms.
(1) Note. A "detergent alkylate" is presumed to be a
product having a side-chain of six or more carbon atoms.
Subclass:
456
Using halogen-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 455. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a material containing
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine in free or combined
form.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
462 for halogen-catalyzed alkylation to produce an aromatic
where the side-chain is not restricted to six or more carbon
atoms.
723 for HF-catalyzed alkylation to produce a paraffin.
Subclass:
457
Using organometallic compound catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a compound which
contains both a metal and an organic moiety.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
459 462+ and 467+, for aromatic alkylation processes using
inorganic metal compounds with or without the presence of
organic metal-free compounds.
722 for organometallic-catalyzed alkylation to produce a
paraffin.
Subclass:
458
Using S-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by sulfur in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
459
Using Al halide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by a fluoride, chloride,
bromide, or iodide of aluminum, alone or in combination with
other materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
456 for Al halide catalyzed alkylation to produce an
aromatic where the side-chain is restricted to six or more
carbon atoms.
727 for Al halide catalyzed alkylation to produce a
paraffin.
Subclass:
460
And additional metal-containing or nonhalide inorganic
agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of an
additional agent which contains metal or which is an
inorganic compound not containing halogen.
(1) Note. The additional agent may be water.
Subclass:
461
Complexed, e.g., sludge, etc., or with additional extraneous
organic agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter
wherein the aluminum halide catalyst is described as being in
a chemical complex with another material or wherein the
reaction takes place in the presence of an organic agent,
which may be a solvent, mass-action agent, promoter, etc.,
which does not contribute atoms to the final product.
(1) Note. The aluminum halide complex may be formed in the
reaction of aluminum halide with the hydrocarbon or
hydrocarbons present in the process, or the complex may be
preformed initially.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
312 for plural diverse serial syntheses in which a catalyst
complex formed in one reaction is used in another diverse
reaction.
Subclass:
462
Using halogen-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, or iodine in free or combined form.
Subclass:
463
Alumina containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst also contains aluminum oxide.
(1) Note. The halogen may be added to alumina during the
catalyst preparation before calcination, that is, before the
alumina is formed; the halogen may also be added to alumina
after calcination, or to an alumina-containing catalyst,
e.g., a zeolite, during its fabrication; to a final catalyst
composite, or in a subsequent activation treatment to enhance
the properties of the catalyst in the process.
Subclass:
464
HF:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst is hydrogen fluoride alone or in a
composition with other materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
456 for a process of introducing a side-chain of more than
five carbon atoms to the ring wherein hydrogen fluoride is
used as the catalyst.
723 for a process wherein two nonring molecules are joined
together, e.g., alkylation, etc., which also utilizes a
hydrogen fluoride catalyst.
Subclass:
465
B trifluoride in a complex or with additional nonhydrocarbon
agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Subject matter
in which the catalyst is a complex of boron trifluoride or a
mixture of boron trifluoride with a material containing atoms
other than only carbon and hydrogen.
(1) Note. The complex may be inorganic, e.g.,
BF[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt].H[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]O,
etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
464 for an aromatic alkylation process utilizing HF with an
additional effective agent which may contain, boron, e.g.,
HF+BF[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt], etc.
Subclass:
466
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter
wherein the reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
467
Using metal, metal oxide, or hydroxide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing free metal, an oxide of a
metal, or a hydroxide of a metal.
Subclass:
468
Noncrystalline, and containing Al and Si:
This subclass is indented under subclass 467. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst is amorphous and contains both aluminum
and silicon.
Subclass:
469
From nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein a reactant which contributes atoms to the final
product contains elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
408 for an aromatic synthesis process involving a
nonhydrocarbon feed and ring formation from a nonring moiety,
e.g., cyclic polymerization of benzophenone to produce
1,3,5-triphenyl benzene, etc.
Subclass:
470
By alkyl or aryl transfer between molecules, e.g.,
disproportionation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein an alkyl or aryl moiety of a molecule is transferred
to another molecule.
(1) Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the
net result of the process, regardless of the mechanism
involved, that is, the process may proceed by dimerization
and cracking, as well as by free-radical transfer.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 433, 440, 616, and 656, for disproportionation reactions
involving the transfer of hydrogen between hydrocarbon
molecules or hydrocarbyl moieties.
446 and 709+, for condensation of two entire molecules or
hydrocarbyl moieties to give an alkylated product.
477 671 and 734, for a process wherein an alkyl attached to
one carbon of a molecule is shifted to another carbon of the
same molecule.
643 and 708, for alkyl or alkenyl transfer processes
resulting in unsaturated and saturated products,
respectively.
Subclass:
471
Product is polycyclic, of increased side-chain length, or a
specific position polyalkyl benzene isomer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Subject matter
wherein the product has more than one ring or in which the
alkyl group removed from one hydrocarbon molecule is attached
to a side-chain already on a ring of another molecule to give
an aromatic product with a side-chain containing more carbon
atoms than a feedstock side-chain, or in which the process is
directed to maximize the production of a claimed isomer
having alkyl groups in specific positions on a benzene ring,
e.g., mesitylene, metaxylene, etc.
(1) Note. Only one ring of a polycyclic compound needs to
be aromatic for placement in this subclass.
(2) Note. Where the process includes a step of removing or
recovering a specific material substantially free from its
isomers, it can be assumed that the process is directed to
maximizing the production of the isomer removed or
recovered.
(3) Note. Where the desired product has no aromatic
position isomer, e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc.,
the patent is not classified here.
Subclass:
472
Using Al or B halide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis takes place in the presence of an
aluminum halide or a boron halide.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
473 and 474, for averaging and other transalkylation
processes, respectively, using a halogen-containing
catalyst.
Subclass:
473
Meta- or 1,3,5-alkyl benzene:
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Subject matter
in which the product is a meta-alkyl benzene, e.g.,
1,3-diethyl benzene, etc., or a 1,3,5-trialkyl benzene, e.g.,
mesitylene, etc.
(1) Note. Tetraalkylbenzenes, etc., are not subject matter
for this subclass.
Subclass:
474
Plural compounds of different weight become midweight
compound, i.e., averaging:
Subject matter under 470 wherein two or more compounds fed to
the reaction, each compound differing from the other in
carbon content, are converted to a hydrocarbon compound of
carbon content less than one compound and greater than the
other, for example, conversion of a mixture of xylene and
benzene to toluene.
Subclass:
475
Using crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst is a solid compound containing aluminum,
silicon, and oxygen atoms in an ordered spatial pattern or
arrangement, e.g., a zeolite, etc., and which may be of
natural or synthetic origin.
Subclass:
476
By ring opening, removal, degradation, or shift on chain or
other ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein the product has fewer rings than the feedstock or a
ring attached to a multicarbon alkyl moiety or another ring
becomes attached to a carbon of the moiety or ring different
from the carbon to which attached in the feedstock.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
439 for a similar process in which the resulting product has
an unsaturated chain moiety.
Subclass:
477
By isomerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis involves changing the molecular
structure of the feed material without a change in its carbon
or hydrogen content.
(1) Note. The isomerization may result in movement of a
component, e.g., an alkyl side-chain, etc., to a different
position on a ring of an aromatic, the rearrangement of
carbon atoms within a side-chain, or the removal of a carbon
atom from a side-chain to the ring, e.g., conversion of
ethylbenzene to xylene, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
404 for an isomerization process which involves ring
expansion or contraction.
407 for an isomerization process which involves forming a
ring from a nonring moiety.
471 for a process wherein aromatic isomerization takes place
simultaneously with alkyl transfer.
476 for an isomerization process which involves opening a
ring of a polycyclic feedstock or moving a ring from one
carbon to another of a "side" chain or second ring.
Subclass:
478
With plural separation steps:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter
in which more than one separation step is performed.
(1) Note. A separation step before isomerization combined
with a separation step after isomerization is considered
plural steps.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
804 for an aromatic recovery process employing plural
diverse serial separations.
815 for a hydrocarbon recovery process employing serial
crystallization procedures.
822 for a hydrocarbon recovery process employing plural
serial sorption steps.
Subclass:
479
Including a crystallization step:
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Subject matter
wherein one or more of the plural separation steps involves
chilling a mixture to solidify a component of the mixture.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
812 for solidification processes, per se, specific to the
separation or purification of hydrocarbons.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, 532 for fractional crystallization
processes of general applicability.
Subclass:
480
Using metal oxide-or sulfide-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter
catalyzed by an inorganic compound which contains a metal and
oxygen or sulfur.
Subclass:
481
Crystalline aluminosilicate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter
wherein the compound contains aluminum, silicon, and oxygen
atoms in an ordered spatial pattern or arrangement, e.g., a
zeolite, etc., and which may be of natural or synthetic
origin.
Subclass:
482
Pt-group metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter
catalyzed by ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium,
or platinum in free or combined form.
Subclass:
483
By dealkylation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein a side-chain is wholly or partially removed from the
ring of an aromatic, e.g., the demethylation of ethylbenzene
or xylene to form toluene and/or benzene, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
404 for a process wherein a ring component at the end of the
process has more carbons in the ring or less carbons in the
ring than at the start of the process.
470 for a process wherein an alkyl group removed from one
hydrocarbon molecule is attached to another molecule, i.e.,
dealkylation using a hydrocarbon acceptor for the removed
alkyl moiety.
476 for a process wherein a ring of a polycyclic aromatic is
opened with or without partial or complete removal of carbon
atoms from the resulting side-chain.
800 for a process wherein an aromatic compound feedstock is
purified by cracking the nonaromatic impurities.
Subclass:
484
Polycyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter
in which the feedstock is an alkylated aromatic hydrocarbon
having more than one ring, e.g., naphthalene, tetralin,
indane, fluorene, diphenyl, phenycyclohexane,
phenylcyclopentene, diphenylmethane, etc.
(1) Note. A process which employs a hydrogen donor
compound, rather than elemental hydrogen, is classified in
this subclass, rather than in subclass 485.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon compound supplies
hydrogen for saturating an unsaturated bond of another
hydrocarbon molecule, the latter being recovered as a
product.
Subclass:
485
Using catalyst and H:
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Subject matter
wherein the process takes place in the presence of added
elemental hydrogen and a catalyst.
(1) Note. The catalyst need not be a solid; therefore,
classification is appropriate in this subclass for many
processes which are termed "thermal" or "noncatalytic" but
which in actuality use an agent other than the reactants to
further the reaction by more than merely supplying heat.
Subclass:
486
Using extraneous agent in reaction zone, e.g., catalyst,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter
wherein part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an added material, whether called a catalyst, a
diluent, a heat carrier, etc., or not, which speeds a desired
reaction or retards in undesired reaction and which does not
supply a significant number of atoms of material to the final
product.
(1) Note. Water and hydrogen are considered reactants in
the processes of this subclass and not extraneous agents.
Subclass:
487
And steam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of steam,
water vapor, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, subclass 214 for a
similar process in which a hydrogen-containing gas mixture,
suitable for burning, is the desired product.
252, Compositions, subclass 373 for a similar process in
which a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon oxide is
the desired product.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 652 for a similar
process in which hydrogen is the desired product.
Subclass:
488
And hydrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Subject matter
wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of elemental
hydrogen.
Subclass:
489
Transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing, in free or combined form,
a metal in which an inner electron shell, rather than an
outer shell, is partially filled.
(1) Note. In the periodic table transition metals include
elements 21 - 30 (scandium - zinc), 39 - 48 (yttrium -
cadmium), 57 - 80 (lanthanum - mercury), and 89 - 103
(actinium - lawrencium).
Subclass:
500
UNSATURATED COMPOUND SYNTHESIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which a hydrocarbon molecule is produced
which has no ring configuration and is less than saturated
with hydrogen, that is, is having less hydrogen than the
formula C[subscrpt]nH2n[end subscrpt]+2, which molecule was
not present as the same structurally or empirically identical
molecule at the beginning of the process.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 157.15 for
chemical synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound by utilizing
wave energy and subclasses 168+ for chemical synthesis of a
hydrocarbon compound by utilizing an electrostatic field or
electrical discharge.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for processes of
manufacturing synthetic resins which may be hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
501
With measuring, sensing, testing, or synthesis operation
control responsive to diverse condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the process involves a definitely recited step of
measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition or parameter of the
process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation,
e.g., temperature etc., is adjusted in accordance with a
different aspect of the synthesis, e.g., strength of
catalyst, etc.
(1) Note. A process in which the same operating condition
is controlled, e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to
a temperature drop in the reaction zone, is not included in
this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
401 and 701, for similar procedures employed in the
synthesis of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbon compounds,
respectively.
956 for a collection of patents disclosing such procedures
in other aspects of hydrocarbon processing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for
making a measurement or test of any kind not claimed in
combination with synthesis of an organic compound and not
elsewhere classifiable; and the main class definition thereof
for the identification of other classes concerned with
testing.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
a test or measurement associated with a chemical reaction not
elsewhere classifiable, or analysis, by chemical methods, of
organic material.
Subclass:
502
By addition of entire unsaturated molecules, e.g.,
polymerization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein at least two hydrocarbon molecules, each having a
double or triple bond, join to form an unsaturated compound
having a molecular weight which equals the total of the
molecular weight of the additive (monomer) molecules.
(1) Note. Where a reaction is stated to be
"polymerization", "dimerization", etc., and all the reactants
are unsaturated, it is assumed that the product is
unsaturated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for addition of entire cyclic molecules to form a
polycyclic nonaromatic product.
366 for cyclic polymerization of an alkadiene to produce an
alicyclic compound.
406 dimerization of a vinyl aromatic compound.
415 for cyclic polymerization of an acyclic material to
produce an aromatic compound.
422 for condensation of entire cyclic molecules, including
reactions similar to those herein (subclasses 502+) where an
aromatic ring is a "passive" substituent on an unsaturated
chain, e.g., polymerization of styrene, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclass 46 for
processes of polymerizing or condensing mineral oils;
subclass 20 for petroleum wax products; and subclasses 24+
for treatment of mineral paraffin wax.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for a
polymerization process which results in a solid polymer,
especially Class 526 for the polymerization of ethylenically
unsaturated monomers. Where a patent has claims to
production of both solid and nonsolid polymers or has claims
only to a polymerization process which, according to the
disclosure, may produce a solid polymer as a desired product,
the patent is classified in the Class 520 series and
cross-referenced here (502 ) when appropriate.
Subclass:
503
With heat conservation or using apparatus of recited
composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein heat generated in the process, e.g., by reaction,
catalyst regeneration, adsorbed by quenching reactants, etc.,
is put to use in the process or in which the chemical
composition of apparatus used in the process is specified.
(1) Note. Patents placed herein are not cross-referenced to
subclasses 910+ and 920 unless the processes therein are
disclosed as applicable to other than polymerization
processes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 535, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, alkyne
synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound
synthesis, respectively, using similar techniques.
910 and 920, for collections of patents wherein similar
techniques are employed in other syntheses.
950 for a collection of patents disclosing prevention of
solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or
temporary protective coating of named composition of surfaces
of the apparatus.
Subclass:
504
With specified procedure for recycle of nonhydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein a procedure is recited for getting catalyst or other
nonhydrocarbon material which has been removed from a
reaction back into the reaction, which procedure goes beyond
mere nominal "recycling", "regenerating", etc.
Subclass:
505
Triple-bond product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein the product contains acetylenic unsaturation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
534 for synthesis of triple-bond materials by phenomena
other than polymerization.
Subclass:
506
Poly-double-bond product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein the product contains more than one olefinically
unsaturated bond.
(1) Note. Where a diene is codimerized with a monoene, it
is assumed that the product has two double bonds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
600 and 601+, for synthesis of polyolefins by phenomena
other than polymerization.
Subclass:
507
More than two double bonds, e.g., diene polymerization,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 506. Subject matter
wherein the product has three or more ethylenically
unsaturated sites in its molecule.
(1) Note. An addition product is presumed to have three or
more double bonds when all the monomer molecules have two or
more double bonds.
(2) Note. The products of processes of this subclass are
often of utility as synthetic drying oils.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
945 for a collection of patents disclosing drying-oil
products. Patents classified herein are not cross-referenced
to subclass 945.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclass 1 for a
synthetic drying oil derived from a mineral oil.
Subclass:
508
Of definite molecular weight, e.g., dimer, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Subject matter
wherein the product can be described by an empirical formula
having only invariable subscripts.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
366 for a diene dimerization process which results in the
production of a desired alicyclic product.
Subclass:
509
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 506. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing phosphorus in free or
combined form.
(1) Note. The product has two double bonds as, for example,
a codimer of butene and butadiene, etc.
Subclass:
510
Definite molecular weight product, e.g., dimer, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein a monoolefin product can be described by an empirical
formula having only invariable subscripts.
(1) Note. The desired product may be a mixture of isomers
or a restricted mixture of related compounds, e.g., a
dimertrimer mixture.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
520 for a catalytic polymerization process where there is no
intent to maximize the production of a material having a
definite molecular weight.
Subclass:
511
Using catalyst containing metal bonded to or complexed with
C, C-containing compound, or H:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains a metal bonded to or complexed
with carbon, a carbon compound, or hydrogen, e.g., alkali
metal-carbon complexes, metal hydrides, metal alkyls, metal
carbonyls, etc.
Subclass:
512
Al- and transition metal-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 511. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains aluminum and a transition
metal, either metal or both metals appearing in a hydride,
carbon compound, or complex.
(1) Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially
filled. In the periodic table transition metals include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
513
And N-, P-, or S-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst additionally contains a compound of
nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
Subclass:
514
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material which contains phosphorus in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
515
Using S-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material which contains sulfur in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
516
Using alkali metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material which contains lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium, or francium in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. A crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst, whether
natural or synthetically prepared, will usually contain
alkali metal unless such metal component is specifically
removed.
Subclass:
517
Plural serial polymerization stages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein the effluent of a polymerization is sent to a further
polymerization stage.
(1) Note. A mere recycle of unpolymerized portions of an
effluent to the same polymerization zone does not indicate
classification in this subclass.
Subclass:
518
With preliminary treatment of feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein the feed to polymerization is the effluent from a
nonsynthesis treatment, usually a purification treatment,
heating treatment, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
503 for an olefin polymerization process in which the feed
pretreatment is heating and the heat is that abstracted from
reaction products of the process.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
526, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 77 for a
process in which an olefin monomer is purified preliminary to
its polymerization into a solid polymer.
Subclass:
519
Removal of hydrocarbon fraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Subject matter
wherein the preliminary treatment is such as to remove from
the feedstock a type of hydrocarbon undesired in the
polymerization reaction, e.g., a hydrocarbon of too low or
too high molecular weight, of undesired molecular structure,
etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
517 for such a process in which the removal mechanism is
olefin polymerization.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, 606 and 617+ for extracting, per se, of a
component from a mixture of gases by liquefaction and
separation.
Subclass:
520
Using extraneous nonhydrocarbon agent, e.g., catalyst, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter
wherein part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of a material which chemically effects the synthesis
by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form a part
of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a
catalyst, solvent, etc., and is inorganic or is an organic
material containing other elements than carbon and hydrogen.
(1) Note. Where the claims recite merely a "polymerization"
process but there appears to be a clear intent to maximize
the production of a particular compound, e.g., a dimer, etc.,
the patent is placed in subclasses 510+ and cross-referenced
here (subclasses 520+) when appropriate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, 636, and 920, for hydrocarbon syntheses which
employ apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a
catalyst agent.
507 for a process wherein polyolefins are reacted in the
presence of a catalyst.
510 for a process wherein olefins are reacted in the
presence of a catalyst to produce definite molecular weight
products.
Subclass:
521
Hydride or organic compound or complex containing alkaline-,
B-, or Zn-group material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, barium, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium,
thallium, zinc, cadmium, or mercury in the form of a hydride,
an organic compound, or an inorganic compound complexed with
an organic material.
Subclass:
522
Al trialkyl:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst includes an alkyl aluminum compound
having three alkyl moieties for each atom of aluminum
therein, e.g., triethylaluminum, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
328 for a process for producing an olefin in which a step of
removing an olefin product from an aluminum alkyl "growth"
product compound, by displacement with a different olefin
after the "growth" step, is positively recited.
Subclass:
523
Transition metal-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains one or more transition metals
in free or combined form.
(1) Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially
filled. In the periodic table transition metals include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
524
Ti:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains titanium in free or combined
form.
Subclass:
525
B-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing boron in free or combined
form.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
521 for a similar process catalyzed by a material having a
boron component complexed with an organic material.
Subclass:
526
S-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing sulfur in free or combined
form.
Subclass:
527
N- or P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing nitrogen or phosphorus in
free or combined form.
Subclass:
528
Metal phosphate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 527. Subject matter
wherein the phosphorus compound is a metal phosphate.
Subclass:
529
P compound on solid carrier, e.g., "solid phosphoric acid",
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 527. Subject matter
wherein a phosphorus compound is supported on a solid
carrier.
(1) Note. The designation of the catalyst as "solid
phosphoric acid" is sufficient for placement in this
subclass.
Subclass:
530
Catalyst containing inorganic metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing elemental metal or a metal
compound devoid of organic moieties.
Subclass:
531
Group VIII metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 530. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains iron, cobalt, nickel,
ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum
in free or combined form.
Subclass:
532
Al:
This subclass is indented under subclass 530. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains aluminum.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
521 for an olefin-yielding polymerization process which uses
as a catalyst a complex of an aluminum halide with an organic
compound, e.g., alkylation sludge.
Subclass:
533
Al oxide, e.g., aluminosilicate, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 532. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing an inorganic compound of
aluminum and oxygen.
(1) Note. The compound may contain only aluminum and
oxygen, or other materials as well, e.g., an aluminosilicate,
etc.
Subclass:
534
Triple-bond product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon product is one having
acetylenic unsaturation.
(1) Note. This subclass (534) is the locus for patents
wherein an acetylenic product is made from an inorganic
material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
505 for production of an acetylenically unsaturated material
by polymerization.
943 for a collection of patents disclosing the manufacture
of hydrocarbons from inorganic materials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclasses
for methods and apparatus for manufacture of a fuel gas
mixture containing acetylene and other components.
Subclass:
535
With heat conservation or using solid inert heat carrier,
e.g., regenerative furnace, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter
wherein heat generated in the process, e.g., by reaction,
catalyst regeneration, adsorded by quenching reactants, etc.,
is put to use in the process or wherein an inert solid
material is employed to supply heat to the synthesis reaction
or to absorb heat from the synthesis reaction.
(1) Note. Patents placed herein are not cross-referenced to
subclasses 910+.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 503, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
condensation, diolefin synthesis, and saturated compound
synthesis, respectively, using similar techniques.
910 for a collection of patents where similar techniques are
employed in other syntheses.
Subclass:
536
With carrier movement through reaction zone:
This subclass is indented under subclass 535. Subject matter
wherein the heat carrier, usually in particulate form, e.g.,
pebbles, etc., passes into and out of the reaction zone
during the reaction.
Subclass:
537
Using apparatus of recited composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter
wherein the process recites the composition of apparatus
employed in the process, e.g., a stainless steel reactor
wall, a refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1) Note. Materials which move through or are readily
removable from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not
considered part of the apparatus for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503 and 537, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
polymerization, and monoolefin synthesis, respectively, using
apparatus of recited composition.
920 for a collection of patents using such apparatus in
other processes.
921 for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a
defined structure configuration, independent of the
composition of the structure.
Subclass:
538
From organic nontriple-bond feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Subject matter
wherein the carbon content of the product is derived from a
starting material which comprises an organic compound which
is without acetylenic unsaturation.
(1) Note. Where a feedstock is described merely as a
"hydrocarbon", it is assumed that the feedstock is
nontriple-bond.
Subclass:
539
By thermal conversion of hydrocarbon, i.e., thermolysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter
wherein the conversion is effected without a catalyst or
hydrogen acceptor by application of heat. The feed may have
higher, lower, or the same number of carbon atoms as the
product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
648 for a pyrolysis process similar to those included
herein, where triple-bond materials may be produced but are
not the desired product.
943 for a collection of patents wherein methane or an
inorganic material is a starting material for synthesis of
hydrocarbons. Patents classified herein are not
cross-referenced to subclass 943.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, 216 for methods of
generating acetylene in admixture with other gases.
Subclass:
540
By partial combustion of hydrocarbons:
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter
wherein a hydrocarbon is converted by reaction with oxygen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
621 and 656+, for dehydrogenation processes which employ an
elemental oxygen hydrogen acceptor to produce diolefins and
monoolefins, respectively.
Subclass:
541
Using extraneous nonreactant, e.g., diluent, catalyst, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Subject matter
wherein a material in addition to oxygen and the hydrocarbon
which supplies the atoms recovered in the product is
introduced into the reaction zone to influence the reaction.
The additional material may be a fuel, diluent, inhibitor,
catalyst, etc.
Subclass:
600
Product having more than two double bonds:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis operation produces a compound having
more than two olefinically unsaturated bonds in the
molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
507 for a polymerization process having such a product.
Subclass:
601
Diolefin product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis operation produces a compound having
two olefinically unsaturated bonds in the molecule.
(1) Note. This subclass (601) is the locus for conversion
of a triple bond to two double bonds, e.g., methyl acetylene
to allene, etc., and for double bond shift isomerization to
form a diolefin.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
377 and 664+, for the synthesis, by double bond shift, of
cycloolefins and monoolefins, respectively.
Subclass:
602
With heat conservation or using solid inert heat carrier,
e.g., regenerative furnace, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter
wherein heat generated in the process, e.g., by reaction,
catalyst regeneration, adsorbed by quenching reactants, etc.,
is put to use in the process or wherein an inert solid
material is employed to supply heat to the synthesis reaction
or to absorb heat from the synthesis reaction.
(1) Note. Patents placed herein are not cross referenced to
subclass 910.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 503, 535, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
condensation, alkyne synthesis, and saturated compound
syntheses, respectively, using similar techniques.
910 for a collection of patents where similar techniques are
employed in other syntheses.
Subclass:
603
From nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter
wherein a feedstock compound, which furnished carbon atoms
appearing in the final product, contains atoms other than
carbon and hydrogen.
Subclass:
604
Heterocyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 603. Subject matter
wherein the nonhydrocarbon feedstock is a cyclic material
containing an atom other than carbon in the ring, e.g.,
dioxane.
Subclass:
605
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 604. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing phosphorus in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
606
O-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 603. Subject matter
wherein the nonhydrocarbon contains oxygen.
Subclass:
607
Plural O-containing organic compounds:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Subject matter
wherein at least two organic compounds of the feedstock, each
compound containing oxygen, contribute carbon atoms to the
final product.
Subclass:
608
With unsaturated hydrocarbon in feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Subject matter
wherein the feedstock to the synthesis also contains a
hydrocarbon having olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 433, 440+, 616, and 656+, for hydrogen-exchange
disproportionation processes.
Subclass:
609
Alcohol:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Subject matter
wherein the oxygen-containing compound has a hydroxyl (-OH)
group.
Subclass:
610
Diol:
This subclass is indented under subclass 609. Subject matter
having two -C-O-H groups or a H-O-C-O-H group.
Subclass:
611
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 610. Subject matter
catalyzed by a material containing phosphorus in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
612
Halogen-containing feed using extraneous nonhydrocarbon
agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 603. Subject matter
wherein a feedstock compound contains fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, or iodine and part or all of the synthesis takes
place in the presence of a material which chemically affects
the synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does
not form a part of the desired product and is, at least in
theory, separable from the desired reaction products. The
agent may be a catalyst, solvent, etc., and is inorganic or
is an organic material containing other elements than carbon
and hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited compositions, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a
catalytic agent.
Subclass:
613
By C content reduction, e.g., cracking, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter
wherein the product diolefin molecule contains fewer carbon
atoms than a feedstock hydrocarbon molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
476 539, 648+, and 752, for cracking processes which yield
aromatic, acetylenic, monoolefinic and paraffinic
hydrocarbons, respectively.
Subclass:
614
Isoprene product, per se:
This subclass is indented under subclass 613. Subject matter
wherein the product recovered is isoprene, i.e.,
(1) Note this subclass is the locus for the production of
isoprene by depolymerization of terpenes.
Subclass:
615
Butadiene product, per se:
This subclass is indented under subclass 613. Subject matter
wherein the product recovered is butadiene, i.e.,
H[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] C=CH-CH=CH[subscrpt]2[end
subscrpt].
Subclass:
616
By dehydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Subject matter
wherein hydrogen is removed from a feedstock to synthesize
the diolefin product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a process where a hydrocarbon is dehydrogenated by
transfer of hydrogen to another hydrocarbon, the acceptor
compound being a material desired for recovery.
430 440+ and 654+, for dehydrogenation processes for the
production of other types of hydrocarbon.
613 for a diolefin synthesis process which includes carbon
removal as well as hydrogen removal.
Subclass:
617
Using nonhydrocarbon acceptor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter
wherein the process employs a material which reacts with the
hydrogen removed from a feed molecule thereby synthesizing a
compound containing the removed hydrogen and different from
the added material.
(1) Note. These processes sometimes use a solid acceptor
material which, after it is no longer of satisfactory
activity, may be regenerated. While this acceptor material
may sometimes be called a catalyst it is distinguishable from
a true catalyst by the stoichiometric proportions used and by
the fact the hydrogen is removed from the process as a
compound containing some or all of the atoms brought into the
process by the acceptor.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
900 for a collection of patents which disclose processing of
a used hydrogen acceptor to put it into condition for further
use in dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
618
Halogen-containing acceptor with elemental O:
This subclass is indented under subclass 617. Subject matter
wherein the acceptor is halogen or a halogen-containing
compound and elemental oxygen is included in the
dehydrogenation reaction mixture.
Subclass:
619
Halogen is I only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Subject matter
wherein the halogen material used is restricted to iodine.
Subclass:
620
Halogen is C1 only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Subject matter
in which the halogen material used is restricted to
chlorine.
Subclass:
621
Elemental O acceptor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 617. Subject matter
wherein the acceptor is oxygen which enters the process in
free or uncombined form.
(1) Note. A process which described as "oxidative
dehydrogenation" is presumed to use an elemental oxygen
acceptor.
Subclass:
622
With P containing extraneous agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 621. Subject matter
wherein the process employs an extraneous agent, that is, a
material which does not supply atoms to the final product or
by-product, which contains phosphorus in free or combined
form.
Subclass:
623
Sn-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Subject matter
in which the agent(s) include(s) tin.
Subclass:
624
With metal oxide or hydroxide extraneous agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 621. Subject matter
wherein the process employs an extraneous agent, that is, a
material which does not supply atoms to the final product or
by-product, which contains metal in the form of an oxide or
hydroxide.
Subclass:
625
Ferrite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 624. Subject matter
in which the agent is a compound of trivalent iron oxide with
a basic oxide.
(1) Note. Ferrites are insoluble substances of spinel type
which are prepared synthetically by fusion without water or
occur in nature. The term "ferrite" is also applied to
certain salts which contain tetra- and quinque-position iron,
e.g., BaFeO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt], which is a black powder
formed when barium and ferric hydroxides are heated together
in oxygen. See Miall et al., A New Dictionary Of Chemistry,
4th Edition, p. 239, Longman Group Limited, 1968.
Subclass:
626
Oxide of As, Bi, or Sb:
This subclass is indented under subclass 624. Subject matter
wherein a metal oxide is arsenic oxide, antimony oxide, or
bismuth oxide.
Subclass:
627
Using extraneous nonhydrocarbon agent, e.g., catalyst, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter
wherein part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence to a material which chemically affects the synthesis
by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not form a part
of the desired product and is, at least in theory, separable
from the desired reaction products. The agent may be a
catalyst, solvent, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a
catalytic agent.
Subclass:
628
Moving catalyst or plural stage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from one dehydrogenation procedure is
sent to another, different dehydrogenation procedure or in
which a solid material (including fluent solids) is specified
as moving during the process, that is, moving within, or
into, or out of the reactor.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
330 for a process in which the effluent from a
dehydrogenation step is sent to a polymerization step.
Subclass:
629
Transition metal oxide or sulfide agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter
wherein a compound of one or more transition metals with
oxygen only or sulfur only is an extraneous agent.
(1) Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially
filled. In the periodic table transition metals include
elements 21 through 30 (sandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
630
Cr, Mo, or W:
This subclass is indented under subclass 629. Subject matter
wherein a transition metal is chromium, molybdenum, or
tungsten.
Subclass:
631
With other transition metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Subject matter
wherein the chromium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten compound is
associated with a compound of a transition metal from a group
other than Group VI.
Subclass:
632
Metal salt agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Subject matter
in which an agent is an ionizable compound having a metal
cation and an anion other than hydroxyl.
Subclass:
633
Plural stage or with specified quench or separation
procedure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Subject matter
wherein a dehydrogenation reactor effluent material is passed
to another dehydrogenation reaction or stage to a temperature
reduction stage or to a separation procedure.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
330 for a process in which the effluent from a
dehydrogenation step is sent to a polymerization step.
654 for a process of monoolefin synthesis by
dehydrogenation, which process may often be equivalent to the
first stage of processes contained herein (subclass 633).
Subclass:
634
With heat conservation or using solid or molten inert heat
carrier, e.g., regenerative furnace, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein a synthesis process includes the withdrawal of heat
from an exothermic part of the process, e.g., catalyst
regeneration, quenching of reaction products, etc., and
transfer of this heat to an endothermic part of the process,
e.g., feed-stream preheating, dehydrogenation, etc., or in
which heat is conveyed to an endothermic part of the process
by preheating a solid or melted solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 602, 616, and 910, for heat conservation in other
hydrocarbon syntheses.
Subclass:
635
With carrier movement through reaction zone or use in
quenching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 634. Subject matter
in which the solid or molten heat carrier enters and exits
from the reaction zone during the synthesis reaction or in
which the carrier is contacted with a reaction effluent to
cool the effluent stream.
Subclass:
636
Using apparatus of recited composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the process recites the composition of apparatus
employed in the process, e.g., a stainless steel reactor
wall, a refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1) Note. Materials which move through or are readily
removable from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not
considered part of the apparatus for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503 and 537, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
polymerization, and alkyne syntheses, respectively, using
apparatus of recited composition.
920 for a collection of patents using such apparatus in
other processes.
921 for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a
defined structural configuration, independent of the
composition of the structure.
950 for a collection of patents disclosing prevention of
solid deposits on apparatus by forming a permanent or
temporary protective coating of named composition on surfaces
of same.
Subclass:
637
By displacement of hydrocarbon radical by hydrocarbon
molecule:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
in which the carbon content of the unsaturated material,
which is a product of the process, enters the process as a
substituent of a larger molecule from which the substituent
is displaced by an entire hydrocarbon molecule which becomes
a radical (e.g., Fig. 1 below) diagram. [figure]
[caption]FIGURE 1
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
328 for a process which includes the synthesis of the
substituent, e.g., a "growth" reaction, before displacement.
Subclass:
638
From nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein an olefin is produced from a feedstock molecule which
contains another element in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
357 469, 603+, and 733, for the production in general, from
nonhydrocarbon feedstocks, of alicyclic, aromatic, diolefin,
and paraffin products, respectively.
930 for collections of patents which include the production
of a nonhydrocarbon intermediate.
Subclass:
639
Alcohol, ester, or ether:
This subclass is indented under subclass 638. Subject matter
wherein a nonhydrocarbon feedstock molecule is an alcohol, an
ether, or an ester.
(1) Note. An acid extract of an olefin which requires
"decomposition" for recovery of the olefin usually is an
ester.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
311 and 710, for synthesis processes, one step of which may
be liberation of an olefin from an ester of a catalytic
acid.
858 for a purification process which may involve liberation
of an olefin from its sulfate ester.
Subclass:
640
Using metal oxide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 639. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst containing a metal oxide is employed.
Subclass:
641
Halogen-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 638. Subject matter
wherein a nonhydrocarbon feedstock molecule contains
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
Subclass:
642
Using acid, metal oxide, or salt catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 641. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst is used which contains acid, metal oxide,
or a metal salt.
Subclass:
643
By alkyl transfer, e.g., disproportionation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
in which an alkyl or alkenyl moiety of a molecule is
transferred to another molecule.
(1) Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the
net result of the process, regardless of the mechanism
involved, that is, the process may proceed by dimerization
and cracking, as well as by free-radical transfer.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
368 433, 440, 616, and 656, for disproportionation reactions
involving the transfer of hydrogen between hydrocarbon
molecules or hydrocarbyl moieties.
446 and 709+, for the condensation of two entire molecules
or hydrocarbyl moieties to give an alkylated product.
477 671 and 734, for a process wherein an alkyl attached to
one carbon of a molecule is shifted to another carbon of the
same molecule.
470 and 708, for alkyl or alkenyl transfer processes
resulting in aromatic and saturated products, respectively.
Subclass:
644
Plural stage or averaging:
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter
in which the effluent from an alkyl transfer reaction or
stage is sent to another alkyl transfer reaction or stage or
in which olefins of at least two different carbon contents
are reacted to produce olefin material having a carbon
content numbering between the carbon content numbers of the
starting olefins.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
474 for averaging processes applied to aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
645
Using organic extraneous agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter
wherein a part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of an organic material which chemically affects the
synthesis by promoting, retarding, etc., but which does not
form a part of the desired product and is, at least in
theory, separable from the desired reaction products. The
agent may be a catalyst, solvent, etc.
Subclass:
646
Using catalyst containing Mo, W, or Re and another transition
metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter
wherein the reaction employs as a catalyst a material
containing molybdenum, tungsten, or rhenium and in addition a
transition metal other than these three.
(1) Note. A transition metal is one in which an inner
electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is partially
filled. In the periodic table transition metals include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
647
Using Re-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 643. Subject matter
wherein the reaction employs a catalyst containing rhenium
and free from other transition metals.
Subclass:
648
By C content reduction, e.g., cracking, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the feed to the reaction contains more carbon atoms
in its molecule than the product contains.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
439 and 476, for cracking processes which produce an
aromatic product.
500 for cracking processes which produce a triple-bond
product.
752 for cracking processes which produce a paraffin
product.
Subclass:
649
Isobutylene product, per se:
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Subject matter
wherein isobutylene (H[subscrpt]3[end
subscrpt]C-CH[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]) is produced for
example, by depolymerization of polybutylene.
(1) Note. The expression, "per se", is meant to include
product mixtures which contain isobutylene as a desired
product and to exclude derivatives of isobutylene.
Subclass:
650
Ethylene product, per se:
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Subject matter
wherein ethylene is produced.
(1) Note. The expression, "per se", is meant to include
product mixtures which contain ethylene as a desired product
and to exclude derivatives of ethylene.
Subclass:
651
Using catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 650. Subject matter
wherein the process employs a catalyst.
Subclass:
652
Using O (partial combustion) or steam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 650. Subject matter
wherein steam (usually superheated steam) is mixed with the
feed or with the reaction effluent for heating or other
purposes or wherein elemental oxygen is employed in the
reaction.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include indirect heating
or cooling where the medium passing through the coil is
steam.
(2) Note. The oxygen must react with molecules which supply
the atoms of the final product; the mere use of
oxygen-containing gas to burn a fuel, which combustion merely
supplies heat to the reaction, is not sufficient for
placement of a patent herein.
Subclass:
653
Using catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst is employed in the reaction.
Subclass:
654
By dehydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein a monoolefin is produced by removing hydrogen from a
molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
330 for a process wherein a material is dehydrogenated
before polymerization.
430 440 and 603, for dehydrogenation processes yielding
aromatics and diolefins.
Subclass:
655
With plural separation procedures applied to effluent or
effluent component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from the dehydrogenation reaction or a
component thereof passes through at least two separation
steps.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step is
not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2) Note. Many patents contained herein seek to recover a
separate hydrocarbon in addition to the main dehydrogenation
product.
Subclass:
656
Using acceptor, e.g., hydrogen-exchange disproportionation,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter
wherein the dehydrogenation employs an element or compound
which chemically reacts with the removed hydrogen, being
itself thereby changed to a more hydrogenated material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon is the acceptor and
the more hydrogenated hydrocarbon is a desired product.
433 and 617+, for similar processes yielding aromatics and
diolefins, respectively.
Subclass:
657
Halogen-containing acceptor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 656. Subject matter
in which the removed hydrogen combines with free halogen or a
halogen-containing compound.
(1) Note. The reaction mixture may contain an agent for
synthesizing elemental halogen in stoichiometric amounts in
situ from a halogen compound, e.g., oxygen + HC1, etc.
Subclass:
658
Elemental O or S acceptor with extraneous nonhydrocarbon
agent, e.g., catalyst, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 656. Subject matter
wherein the removed hydrogen combines with free oxygen and
part or all of the synthesis takes place in the presence of a
material which chemically affects the synthesis by promoting,
retarding, etc., but which does not form a part of the
desired product and is, at least in theory, separable from
the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst,
solvent, etc.
Subclass:
659
Plural stages or with catalyst movement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from a dehydrogenation reaction stage is
passed to another dehydrogenation reaction stage or in which
movement of solid extraneous agent is described.
Subclass:
660
Using extraneous agent containing Pt-group metal and
non-Pt-group metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis takes place in the presence of an agent
which comprises at least two metals, one of which is iridium,
osmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, or ruthenium and the
other of which is a metal different from those listed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a
catalytic agent.
Subclass:
661
Using transition metal oxide, sulfide, or salt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 654. Subject matter
in which the synthesis takes place in the presence of an
oxide, sulfide, or a salt containing a metal in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table transition metals
include elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39
through 48 (yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80
(lanthanum through mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium
through lawrencium).
(1) Note. The transition metal may appear in the anion of a
metal salt catalyst.
Subclass:
662
Cr, Mo, or W:
This subclass is indented under subclass 661. Subject matter
in which the transition metal of the oxide, sulfide, or salt
is chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten.
Subclass:
663
With other transition metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 662. Subject matter
in which the chromium molybdenum or tungsten metal, oxide, or
sulfide is employed in combination with another transition
metal oxide or sulfide.
Subclass:
664
By double-bond-shift isomerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein the olefinic unsaturation (double bond) of a feed
monoolefin molecule shifts to another position in the
hydrocarbon molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
377 and 601+, for the synthesis by a double-bond-shift, of
cycloolefins and diolefins, respectively.
Subclass:
665
Using organometallic catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
wherein the process employs a catalyst which comprises a
compound containing both a metal and an organic moiety.
(1) Note. A metal is any element of the periodic table
other than hydrogen, a noble gas, a halogen, a chalcogen,
nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, or boron.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
669 for a process in which the catalyst comprises aluminum
halide complexed with a hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
666
Using aluminosilicate catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
in which an aluminosilicate composition such as a zeolite,
clay, etc., is employed.
(1) Note. The aluminosilicate may be naturally occurring or
synthetically formed, and often has a crystalline structure
which may be modified in some way to remove or add a
constituent, for example, by ion exchange or by impregnation
techniques.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
377 for double-bond isomerization of an alicyclic in which
an aluminosilicate catalyst is employed.
518 for isomerization of aromatic hydrocarbons in which an
aluminosilicate catalyst is employed.
671 for olefin skeletal isomerization reactions in which
aluminosilicate is used.
739 for paraffin skeletal isomerization reactions in which
aluminosilicate is used.
Subclass:
667
Using P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst contains phosphorus.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
740 for a process in which a phosphorus-containing catalyst
is utilized to effect a change in the skeletal structure of a
paraffin molecule.
Subclass:
668
Using S-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
wherein sulfur is present in the catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
734 in which a sulfur-containing catalyst may be utilized to
effect a change in the molecular skeletal structure of a
paraffin molecule.
Subclass:
669
Using halogen-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
wherein the reaction employs a catalyst containing fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, or iodine in elemental or combined form.
Subclass:
670
Using transition metal-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 664. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst is employed which contains a transition
metal in free or combined form.
(1) Note. The transition metals are elements in which an
inner electron shell, rather than an outer shell, is
partially filled. In the periodic table they include
elements 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc), 39 through 48
(yttrium through cadmium), 57 through 80 (lanthanum through
mercury), and 89 through 103 (actinium through lawrencium).
Subclass:
671
By skeletal isomerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter
wherein a monoolefin hydrocarbon undergoes a skeletal
rearrangement of its carbon atoms.
(1) Note. The hydrocarbon may go from a straight chain
configuration to a branched configuration, from a less
branched to a more branched configuration, or it may go in
the reverse order from a more branched to a less branched or
to a straight configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
350 477, 601, and 734+, for skeletal isomerization reactions
which produce alicyclic, aromatic, diolefin, and paraffin
products, respectively.
371 for skeletal isomerization which results in enlarging or
contracting an alicyclic ring.
375 470+, 643+, and 708, for processes in which a hydrocarbyl
moiety from one molecule is transferred to another molecule
to produce an alicyclic, aromatic, olefinic, or paraffin
compound, respectively.
Subclass:
700
SATURATED COMPOUND SYNTHESIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which a hydrocarbon molecule is produced
which has no ring configuration and is saturated with
hydrogen, that is, of the formula C[subscrpt]n[end
subscrpt]H[subscrpt]2n[end subscrpt]+2 which molecule was not
present as the same structurally or empirically identical
molecule at the beginning of the process.
(1) Note. This subclass (700) is the locus for paraffin
synthesis processes not provided for below, e.g., by
condensation of saturated hydrocarbons, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
16 for saturated hydrocarbon products.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 157.15 for
chemical synthesis of a hydrocarbon compound by utilizing
wave energy and subclasses 168+ for chemical synthesis of a
hydrocarbon compound by utilizing an electrostatic field or
electrical discharge.
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes: or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for hydrogenation of carbon
oxides.
Subclass:
701
With measuring, sensing, testing, or synthesis operation
control responsive to diverse condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
wherein the process involves a definitely recited step of
measuring, analyzing, etc., a condition of parameter of the
process or in which a condition of the synthesis operation,
e.g., temperature, etc., is adjusted in accordance with a
different aspect of the synthesis, e.g., strength of
catalyst, etc.
(1) Note. A process in which the same operating condition
is controlled e.g., adding heat to a reaction in response to
a temperature drop in the reaction zone, is not included in
this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
401 501, for similar procedures employed in the synthesis of
aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds,
respectively.
956 for a collection of patents disclosing such procedures
in other aspects of hydrocarbon processing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for
making a measurement or test of any kind not claimed in
combination with synthesis of an organic compound and not
elsewhere classifiable; and the Class Definition thereof for
the identification of other classes concerned with testing.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
a test or measurement associated with a chemical reaction not
elsewhere classifiable, or analysis, by chemical methods, of
organic material.
Subclass:
702
Synthesis catalyst, solvent, or component thereof used as
agent in hydrocarbon purification or separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which a material which is a catalyst or solvent or
component thereof already used, or to be used, in a synthesis
operation is used as an agent for treating a hydrocarbon to
improve the hydrocarbon by removing or making innocuous
undesired materials contained in the hydrocarbon.
(1) Note. Where a catalyst or solvent used in a first
hydrocarbon synthesis is further used in a second hydrocarbon
synthesis, which second synthesis may result in separating
out the catalyst from an additional hydrocarbon product, the
second synthesis is not considered to be a separation
treatment for this subclass.
(2) Note. The material used in the two treatments must be
the same material, not merely two different batches of
material having the same composition.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
301 for a process in which the same catalyst, solvent, or
component thereof is used in plural parallel syntheses.
311 and 312, for plural diverse serial syntheses which use
the same catalyst or in which one synthesis rehabilitates the
catalyst for the other synthesis, respectively.
Subclass:
703
By interaction with nonhydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter
in which the used or to-be-used catalyst interacts with a
nonhydrocarbon to separate the nonhydrocarbon from the
hydrocarbon.
(1) Note. The separating action may be "physical", that is,
adsorption or dissolving the nonhydrocarbon, or may be
"chemical", that is, a reaction with the nonhydrocarbon,
catalyzing a reaction of the nonhydrocarbon, etc.
(2) Note. Where the interaction of the catalyst is with
both a hydrocarbon component and a nonhydrocarbon component,
the patent is placed in subclass 702 and cross-referenced
here.
Subclass:
704
With control of water content of recycled catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which catalytic material from a paraffin synthesis is
recycled to the synthesis and during the recycle the water
content of the catalyst is adjusted, e.g., by water removal,
etc.
Subclass:
705
With removal of catalyst component from metal-hydrocarbon
complex:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
wherein a metal-hydrocarbon sludge resulting from a paraffin
synthesis is treated to remove catalyst component therefrom,
usually for recycle of the component.
(1) Note. The removed component need not be metal
containing.
(2) Note. The removed component need not be part of the
complex but may be merely entrained or dissolved therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
240 for the treatment of waste sludge to recover a
hydrocarbon mixture therefrom, usually for use as a fuel,
etc.
Subclass:
706
With addition of reactor effluent component to catalyst as
agent for rehabilitation or recycle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
wherein a catalyst or catalyst component is rehabilitated
(reactivated) and/or recycled to the paraffin synthesis
reaction by adding to the catalytic material a portion of the
reactor effluent, e.g., an unreacted feed fraction, etc.,
usually for use in transporting the catalyst.
(1) Note. The process generally will involve treatment of a
reactor effluent to separate the components of the effluent
and a recombination of a component rich in catalyst with
another component poor in catalyst or free of catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
718 719 and 738, for paraffin synthesis processes involving
effluent separation procedures.
Subclass:
707
With specified procedure for adding fresh makeup catalyst
component to complex (sludge), support, or inert contact
material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which the catalytic activity of a liquid or solid, usually
inactive or less active, component of a paraffin synthesis
catalyst is boosted by compositing fresh makeup catalyst
therewith.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
702 for a paraffin synthesis process in which a support
material is used to separate active catalyst component from a
product mixture, resulting, incidentally, in a reconstituted
catalyst composition.
705 for a paraffin synthesis process in which a catalyst
component is removed from a metal-hydrocarbon complex.
Subclass:
708
By alkyl transfer, e.g., disproportionation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which an alkyl moiety of a molecule is transferred to
another molecule.
(1) Note. Patents are classified herein on the basis of the
net result of the process, regardless of the mechanism
involved, that is, the process may proceed by dimerization
and cracking, as well as by free-radical transfer.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 433, 440, 616, and 656, for disproportionation reactions
involving the transfer of hydrogen between hydrocarbon
molecules or hydrocarbyl moieties.
470 and 643+, for alkyl or alkenyl transfer processes
resulting in aromatic and insaturated products,
respectively.
Subclass:
709
By condensation of a paraffin molecule with an olefin-acting
molecule, e.g., alkylation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which a paraffin molecule and an olefin molecule or the
entire hydrocarbyl moiety of a nonhydrocarbon molecule are
joined into a single molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
422 for a process wherein two aromatic molecules are
joined.
446 for a process wherein an alkyl moiety is joined to an
aromatic molecule.
502 for a process wherein two or more unsaturated
hydrocarbon molecules are joined.
708 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon molecule and part of
the hydrocarbon moiety of another molecule are joined (alkyl
transfer).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, 133 for
processes of reforming mineral oils which may include
alkylation reactions.
Subclass:
710
With catalyst rehabilitation by reversion from different
compound or HF complex:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein the alkylation effluent or a component thereof is
treated to cause a chemical reaction, this reaction serving
to form a chemical compound, suitable for use as a catalytic
agent or catalyst component in subsequent alkylation
reactions, the compound containing atoms which entered the
original alkylation as part of the catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
311 for a similar process in which the chemical reaction
serves also for hydrocarbon synthesis.
705 for a paraffin synthesis which involves removal of a
catalyst component from a metal-hydrocarbon complex.
904 for a collection of patents drawn to catalyst
rehabilitation, by the same method, in synthesis reactions
other than alkylation to produce paraffins.
Subclass:
711
Including nonhydrocarbon reactant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein a hydrocarbyl moiety which is condensed is part of a
molecule which contains other than carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
310 and 930+, for processes which claim or disclose,
respectively, the synthesis of the nonhydrocarbon
intermediate.
Subclass:
712
With removal of organic halogen contaminant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
in which an organic compound containing halogen is removed
from the alkylation product or from a hydrocarbon stream in
said process.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
310 for a process wherein an alkyl fluoride by-product forms
the intermediate in a hydrocarbon synthesis, especially
subclass 311 where the synthesis is stated to produce HF for
reuse as a catalyst in the procedure.
710 for a process where an organic halogen by-product is
decomposed to produce a halide catalyst material.
711 for a process where an organic halide is used as an
alkylating agent.
723 and 729, for a alkylation processes which use hydrogen
halide catalysts, promoters, etc.
Subclass:
713
Using solid catalyst or sorbent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 712. Subject matter
in which a solid catalyst or sorbent is used to remove the
organic halogen compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
718 for an alkylation process in which the effluent is
treated with a solid sorbent for removal of materials other
than organic fluorides.
820 for a sorption process, per se, for purification of a
hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
714
With introduction of same material at more than two serially
spaced points of reaction zone system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein a feedstream of material, e.g., a catalyst,
feedstock, recycle material, etc., which can be considered as
coming directly from the same source, that is, having the
same composition, is introduced to an alkylation reaction
zone system at more than two points spaced along the flow
path of the reactant material.
Subclass:
715
With autorefrigeration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
in which the synthesis reaction zone is cooled by evaporation
of the more volatile materials which are, or have been,
present in the reaction zone.
(1) Note. The low boiling materials are vaporized by
lowering the pressure with concomitant cooling of the
remaining liquid hydrocarbons.
(2) Note. The chilled liquid hydrocarbon may be used to
refrigerate the reaction zone directly or indirectly through
heat exchanger walls.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
911 for collections of patents concerned with introducing,
maintaining, or removing heat by an atypical procedure other
than autorefrigeration in a paraffin alkylation process.
Subclass:
716
Plural alkylation stages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
in which the effluent from a paraffin alkylation reaction is
sent to another paraffin alkylation reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for a process wherein two or more alkylation reactions
are conducted in parallel.
311 for a process in which a paraffin alkylation reaction is
preceded or followed by a conversion other than paraffin
alkylation.
Subclass:
717
With preliminary treatment of feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior to the
alkylation reaction, e.g., by separating nonhydrocarbon
therefrom, by separating the feed into several different
fractions, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
310 for a process wherein an intermediate is formed by a
chemical reaction before use in an alkylation process,
especially subclass 332 for those processes wherein
preliminary polymerization is carried out to obtain an olefin
polymer and at least a portion of the olefin polymer is
subsequently alkylated, or where the feedstock is isomerized
before alkylation.
Subclass:
718
With coalescing or sorption of, or addition of specific agent
to, effluent or effluent component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from the alkylation reaction or a
component thereof is treated, employing a chemical or
physical phenomenon, to purify or separate the effluent or
effluent component, the phenomenon being coalescence or
sorption of with a solid sorbent, or requiring the addition
of a material from outside the reaction mixture, e.g., a
solvent, a reactant, a reaction inhibitor, etc.
(1) Note. See the notes to subclass 719 for a summary of
other subclasses dealing with after treatments of alkylation
effluent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid, Purification or Separation, 348 and 634 and 702
for processes and apparatus, respectively, for coalescing
where the purpose is to purify water or an unspecified
liquid.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in
the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Subclass:
719
With plural separation procedures applied to effluent or
effluent component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from the alkylation reaction or a
component thereof passes through at least two separation
steps.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "recovery" or "separating" step is
not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2) Note. Many patents contained herein seek to recover a
separate hydrocarbon in addition to the alkylate product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
331 for a process where an alkylation reaction is followed
by a diverse conversion to produce a paraffin.
702 705 and 706, for paraffin syntheses in general which may
or do involve specifically directed separation or
purification procedures.
710 and 712, for alkylation procedures involving
specifically directed purification or separation procedures.
716 for a process wherein the alkylation effluent is
subjected to another alkylation reaction.
Subclass:
720
With specified flow procedure within or at entrance to
reactor, e.g., by use of named mixing device, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein a procedure for achieving contact and/or confluence
of materials in the reactor or at the entrance to the reactor
is specified.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
922 for a collection of patents drawn to other hydrocarbon
conversion processes wherein a reactor fluid manipulating
device is specified.
955 for a collection of patents drawn to other hydrocarbon
synthesis processes in which a mixing procedure is
specified.
Subclass:
721
Using extraneous nonhydrocarbon agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter
wherein part or all of the synthesis takes place in the
presence of material containing an atom other than carbon and
hydrogen, which chemically affects the synthesis by
promoting, retarding, etc., which does not form a part of the
desired product and is, at least in theory, separable from
the desired reaction products. The agent may be a catalyst,
solvent, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, 636, and 920, for processes which employ
apparatus of recited composition, in some cases the
composition (e.g., a reactor lining) being or containing a
catalytic agent.
520 for a polymerization reaction utilizing an ethylenically
unsaturated feed in the presence of a chemically effective
agent, e.g., catalyst.
704 706, 707, 710, and 712, for certain procedures in
paraffin synthesis in general or alkylation in particular
dealing with catalysts and catalyst components.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in
the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Subclass:
722
Aluminosilicate or organometallic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
wherein the agent comprises an aluminosilicate or
organometallic compound.
(1) Note. Aluminosilicate includes zeolites or molecular
sieves, both natural occurring and synthetically produced.
(2) Note. An aluminum halide complex with a hydrocarbon or
nonhydrocarbon organic material is not considered to be an
organometallic compound for this subclass.
Subclass:
723
HF:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
wherein an agent is hydrogen fluoride.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
702 for a paraffin synthesis procedure in which HF catalyst
is also used as an agent for hydrocarbon separation or
purification.
710 for an alkylation process which includes the recycle of
HF removed from a compound or a complex contained in the
alkylation effluent.
716 for a process wherein fluoride is present in at least
one stage of a plural-stage alkylation process.
Subclass:
724
With additional nonhydrocarbon agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 723. Subject matter
wherein there is present during the reaction a promoter,
catalyst, etc., in addition to the hydrogen fluoride.
Subclass:
725
B-, N-, or P-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter
wherein the additional agent comprises boron, nitrogen, or
phosphorus in elemental or combined form.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, alkylation
processes wherein the catalyst comprises HF +
BF[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt].
Subclass:
726
B-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
wherein the agent comprises boron in elemental or combined
form.
(1) Note. This subclass contains a boron compound, alone or
in admixture or combination with other substance, except in
admixture with hydrogen fluoride.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
725 for an alkylation process in which hydrogen fluoride is
used with a boron, nitrogen, or phosphorus compound or
element, e.g., HF + BF[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt], etc.
Subclass:
727
Al halide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
wherein the agent comprises an aluminum halide.
(1) Note. This subclass (727) is the locus for a process
using, as a catalyst, an aluminum halide complexed with a
hydrocarbon.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
728 for a process wherein the aluminum halide is used as a
complex with an ether, etc.
Subclass:
728
With additional nonhydrocarbon agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 727. Subject matter
wherein an additional chemically effective agent is used with
the aluminum halide catalyst, the agent containing elements
other than carbon and hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
727 wherein the aluminum halide is utilized as a complex
with a hydrocarbon, without an additional nonhydrocarbon
agent, e.g., nonhydrocarbon promoter, etc.
Subclass:
729
H halide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 728. Subject matter
wherein hydrogen chloride, bromide, or iodide is an
additional agent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
721 for an alkylation process wherein a hydrogen chloride,
bromide, or iodide is used alone or in admixture with another
catalyst not specified in any of the preceding subclasses.
723 for an alkylation process employing HF as an extraneous
agent.
Subclass:
730
S-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent is elemental sulfur or a sulfur
compound.
Subclass:
731
Sulfuric acid with additional nonhydrocarbon agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 730. Subject matter
wherein there is present during the process a sulfuric acid
catalyst and an additional chemically effective agent which
is a nonhydrocarbon.
Subclass:
732
O-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 721. Subject matter
in which the extraneous agent is elemental oxygen or an
oxygen compound, e.g., water, alumina, phosphoric acid, etc.
Subclass:
733
From nonhydrocarbon feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
in which a paraffin product is produced from a feedstock
containing an element other than merely carbon and hydrogen.
Subclass:
734
By isomerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
wherein a paraffin hydrocarbon undergoes a skeletal
rearrangement of its carbon atoms.
(1) Note. The hydrocarbon may go from a straight chain
configuration to a branched configuration, for a less
branched to a more branched configuration, or it may go in
the reverse order from a more branched to a less branched or
to a straight configuration.
(2) Note. This subclass (734) is the locus for
skeletal-type isomerization utilizing a catalyst that is not
provided for in any of the indented subclasses below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
350 477, 601, and 671, for skeletal isomerization reactions
which produce alicyclic, aromatic, diolefin, and olefin
products, respectively.
371 for skeletal isomerization which results in enlarging or
contracting an alicyclic ring.
375 470+, 643+, and 708, for processes in which a hydrocarbyl
moiety from one molecule is transferred to another molecule
to produce an alicyclic, aromatic, olefinic, or paraffin
compound, respectively.
Subclass:
735
Using temperature gradient or material concentration gradient
or introduction of same material at more than two serially
spaced points of reaction zone system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein feedstreams of a material, e.g., a catalyst,
feedstock, recycle material, etc., which can be considered as
coming directly from the same source, that is, having the
same composition, are introduced to an isomerization reaction
zone system at more than two points spaced along the flow
path of the reactant materials, or in which temperature
conditions or the concentration of materials in the reactor
is stated as changing gradually in space, that is, in the
flow path of materials through a reaction zone from inlet to
outlet, or in time, that is, from the moment that the reactor
is put on stream until it is taken off stream.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
736 for an isomerization reaction which takes place in a
series of distinct stages, without a stated gradual change of
conditions from one stage to another.
Subclass:
736
Plural isomerization stages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
in which the effluent from an isomerization reaction is sent
to another isomerization reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for a process wherein two or more isomerization
reactions are conducted in parallel.
332 for a process wherein an isomerization reaction is
followed by an alkylation or alkyl transfer reaction to
produce a branched-chain paraffin.
Subclass:
737
With preliminary treatment of paraffin feed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the hydrocarbon feed is treated prior to the
isomerization reaction by chemically modifying the feed or by
separating nonhydrocarbons therefrom, or by separating the
feed into several different fractions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
331 for those processes wherein an alkylation reaction is
carried out initially and a portion of the alkylate product
is subsequently isomerized.
Subclass:
738
With specified isomerizate purification or separation
procedure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the effluent from the isomerization reaction is
treated, usually by a series of steps, to improve its quality
or purity in some way.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "recovery", or "separating" step
is not sufficient to warrant placement of a patent herein.
(2) Note. The procedure may involve a chemical reaction but
does not result in the net synthesis of a desired,
recoverable hydrocarbon or other product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
331 for a process wherein isomerization is followed by
alkylation or alkyl transfer to produce a branched-chain
paraffin product.
705 for a process which includes the removal of a catalyst
component, e.g., aluminum halide, etc., from sludge.
Subclass:
739
Using aluminosilicate catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst consists of or includes an
aluminosilicate, such as a zeolite or molecular sieve.
(1) Note. The aluminosilicate may be a naturally occurring
or synthetic composition, which may be modified in some way
to remove or to add a constituent, for example, by ion
exchange or by impregnation techniques.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
666 for reactions in which aluminosilicate is utilized to
effect a double-bond shift in a hydrocarbon.
750 for an isomerization process using another metal oxide
catalyst.
Subclass:
740
Using B- or P-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst includes boron or phosphorus in free or
combined form.
Subclass:
741
Using Al halide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
employing a catalyst which comprises an aluminum halide,
alone or including additional agents or materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
705 and 707, for certain specialized procedures for treating
the catalyst, which often is an aluminum halide catalyst, in
an isomerization or alkylation procedure.
Subclass:
742
With additional metal halide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter
wherein the reaction mass includes two different halides of
aluminum or the halide of a metal other than aluminum, e.g.,
antimony chloride, besides the aluminum halide.
Subclass:
743
With S-containing or free or organic halogen agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter
wherein the reaction mass includes elemental halogen or
sulfur, a sulfur compound or an organic halogen compound.
(1) Note. An aluminum halide-hydrocarbon complex is not
considered an organic halogen compound for this subclass.
Subclass:
744
With metal oxide or elemental carbon, e.g., supported, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter
wherein a metal oxide or elemental carbon is included in the
reaction mass, usually to support the aluminum halide.
(1) Note. A material described merely as an "inert
refractory material" is assumed to be a metal oxide.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
739 for an isomerization process in which a crystalline
aluminosilicate is employed.
742 if an additional metal halide is used with aluminum
halide on a metal oxide or elemental carbon support.
Subclass:
745
With added organic agent or in complex with organic
material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter
wherein the reaction mass contains (a) a complex of aluminum
halide with an organic compound, e.g., sludge, red oil, etc.,
(b) an organic material other than the reactants,
deliberately added to the reaction mass, or (c) a hydrocarbon
material other than the reactants is recycled to the reaction
mass to form a definite proportion of the reaction mass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
901 954, for collections of patents concerned with
mass-action phenomena.
Subclass:
746
With inorganic material other than halogen-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 741. Subject matter
wherein an inorganic additive or agent which does not contain
halogen is included along with the aluminum halide catalyst.
Subclass:
747
Using halogen-containing catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst utilized in the isomerization includes
halogen in its composition.
Subclass:
748
With alumina:
This subclass is indented under subclass 747. Subject matter
wherein aluminum oxide is included in the reaction mass.
(1) Note. The catalyst of the instant subclass is not
recognized as an aluminum halide and the reaction is not
carried out in the presence of any aluminum halide or any
modified catalyst resulting from an aluminum halide.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
741 for an isomerization process containing aluminum halide
in the reaction step.
Subclass:
749
F:
This subclass is indented under subclass 748. Subject matter
wherein fluorine or a fluorine compound is included in the
reaction mass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
744 for an isomerization process using a catalyst containing
both aluminum halide and a fluorine-containing alumina or a
fluoride compound on an alumina-containing support.
Subclass:
750
Using metal oxide or hydroxide catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter
wherein the catalyst comprises a metal oxide or metal
hydroxide, either alone or on a refractory inorganic support,
such as silica, etc.
Subclass:
751
Including free metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 750. Subject matter
wherein a metal in the elemental state is included along with
a metal oxide or metal hydroxide in the catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
671 for skeletal isomerization of an olefin using a metal
catalyst.
Subclass:
752
By C content reduction, e.g., hydrocracking, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter
wherein the saturated hydrocarbon is produced from a
feedstock having a greater number of carbon atoms than the
product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
708 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon moiety removed from
one molecule is added to another molecule.
733 for a process in which removing a foreign atom may
result in a paraffin product having fewer carbon atoms.
734 for a process wherein a hydrocarbon moiety removed from
one carbon of a molecule is joined to a different carbon of
the same molecule.
Subclass:
800
PURIFICATION, SEPARATION, OR RECOVERY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes in which a mixture of a hydrocarbon compound with
another substance is treated to recover that same compound in
a more usable condition, that is, a purer or less undesirable
condition, by a treatment which comprises separating the
hydrocarbon from the other substance or making the other
substance less obnoxious.
(1) Note. The other substance may be other hydrocarbons of
this class (585) whether desired or not, nonhydrocarbon
materials, or hydrocarbon materials classified elsewhere, the
recovery of which is not desired.
(2) Note. To be classified in these subclasses (800+) the
recovered hydrocarbon must enter the process and leave the
process as the same compound, even though it may be converted
to an intermediate and reverted to the original compound
during the course of the process.
(3) Note. In general, the subject matter provided for
herein includes chemical, physical and chemical, and physical
processes directed to the purification or separation of those
hydrocarbon compounds covered by the definition of this
class, unless such treatment is provided for elsewhere as
pointed out in the notes below.
(4) Note. See the Class Definition, Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Class, "Lines between Subclasses 800+
and Other Areas for a discussion of the hierarchical
relationship among (1) this subclass and its indents and (2)
other areas.
Subclass:
801
By conversion of solid to gas, e.g., sublimation, etc., or by
melting or squeezing out liquid from solid natural source:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
wherein hydrocarbon contained in a solid material (including
a fluent solid) is converted to a gas without existing in the
liquid state for any significant amount of time, or wherein
the hydrocarbon is recovered as a liquid by application of
heat or pressure to a solid source of the hydrocarbon found
in nature, e.g., recovery of turpentine from wood, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, for a process
wherein a hydrocarbon material is removed from a solid source
as a gas and subsequently condensed, some of the original
material being converted to char.
Subclass:
802
By plural serial diverse separations:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
wherein a feedstock containing the hydrocarbon material is
subjected to a series of separation procedures which differ
from each other in their mechanism, usually to separate the
starting mixture into more than two components, to nullify
the effect of more than one component, to free the
recoverable material from a byproduct of the separation
process, etc.
(1) Note. A mere nominal "separating", "settling", or
"filtering" step following the addition of a material to the
hydrocarbon mixture is not sufficient for classification
herein.
(2) Note. A mere reversal of the procedure employed in a
first step, e.g., desorption after sorption, removal of a
solvent from the extract phase, etc., is not considered to be
a plural diverse separation procedure even when the reversal
is practiced fractionally. See subclasses 825, 835, and 839
below.
(3) Note. Addition of a material to the feed, e.g., a
complexing agent, solvent, etc., to facilitate subsequent
crystal formation by chilling, is not sufficient for
classification herein. See subclass 816 below.
(4) Note. Diversity exists when the separation mechanisms
are provided for in different classes of the Patent and
Trademark Office classification, including some different
main line subclassifications in Classes 95, Gas Separation:
Processes; 62, Refrigeration; 210, Liquid Purification or
Separation or in different "one indent" subclasses subsumed
by subclass 800.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, for a distillation
process preceded by a chemical reaction which facilitates the
distillation or followed by a diverse separation procedure
which does not involve a chemical reaction.
Subclass:
803
To recover alicyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter
wherein a recovered material is an alicyclic hydrocarbon,
e.g., a terpene, carotene, etc.
Subclass:
804
To recover aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter
in which an aromatic hydrocarbon is purified or separated out
from a mixture.
Subclass:
805
Xylene or ethylbenzene:
This subclass is indented under subclass 804. Subject matter
wherein the hydrocarbon is one or more xylene isomer(s).
Subclass:
806
Having unsaturated or one-C side-chain:
This subclass is indented under subclass 804. Subject matter
wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon has a methyl or an
unsaturated side-chain, e.g., styrene, etc.
Subclass:
807
Including steps of distillation and agent addition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 804. Subject matter
in which the plural separations include distillation and the
addition of an extraneous agent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, for a process
which includes distillation and previous addition of an agent
which causes or assists in a chemical reaction designed to
make the distillation effective or more effective, or a
process which includes distillation and a subsequent
"physical" separatory step, e.g., solvent extraction.
Subclass:
808
Agent contains N, carbonyl, or dihydroxy moiety:
This subclass is indented under subclass 807. Subject matter
in which the agent added in a purification step contains
nitrogen or the keto -C--C moiety or the aldehyde -C=O moiety
or has two hydroxyl groups.
Subclass:
809
To Recover Unsaturate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter
wherein an unsaturated hydrocarbon, e.g., an olefin, an
alkyene, etc., is purified or separated out from a mixture.
Subclass:
810
Diolefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 809. Subject matter
wherein a recovered product has two double bonds.
Subclass:
811
Including treatment with S-containing agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 809. Subject matter
wherein one of the steps of the process includes treatment of
a material with an agent which contains sulfur in free or
combined form.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
856 for hydrocarbon purification treatments in general which
involve use of a sulfur containing agent.
Subclass:
812
By cooling of liquid to obtain solid, e.g., crystallization,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
wherein the purification, separation, or recovery process
includes lowering the temperature of a liquid mixture,
containing a hydrocarbon to be recovered, to cause one or
more components of the mixture to solidify.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for a
process of separating liquids from solids or slurries which
may result in the formation or recovery of a crystal-line
substance.
62, Refrigeration, 532 for a crystallization process
accomplished by chilling which is claimed as being applicable
to more than only hydrocarbon separation or purification.
117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for
growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of
materials, including inorganic or organic. See the Class 117
definition for guidance in placement of single-crystal
related art.
159, Concentrating Evaporators, for a process which may
include formation of crystals from a liquid suspension or
solution by removal of a solvent liquid.
Subclass:
813
Using specified holding time or specified cooling rate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter
wherein an amount of cooling is claimed as taking place
during a claimed period of time or the amount of time during
which the mixture or a component thereof is held at a certain
temperature or within a certain temperature range is
claimed.
(1) Note. The cooling rate may be specified as a constant
such as 105/ hr or by a time dependent formula.
Subclass:
814
With treatment of mother liquor after crystal separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter
wherein solids are removed from a remaining liquid and the
liquid is given a further treatment, usually to remove
further components from the liquid by another
crystallization.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
479 for synthesis of aromatic compounds by isomerization
following by a plurality of separation steps, one of which is
crystallization.
802 for a hydrocarbon separation process which includes
crystallization and a diverse separation procedure, e.g., a
subsequent distillation.
Subclass:
815
With dissolving or plural serial crystallizations:
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter
wherein the starting mixture or a solid produced in the
process is dissolved in a liquid or in which a component of a
liquid mixture is chilled to form a solid, the solid is
liquefied and the resulting liquid is again chilled to form a
solid component.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
814 for a process in which the second crystallization is
applied to the mother liquor obtained from the first
crystallization.
Subclass:
816
With addition of extraneous material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 812. Subject matter
in which a material from an outside source is added to the
hydrocarbon to be recovered to perfect the solidification
procedure, e.g., by washing the resulting solids, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
802 for a process where crystallization and agent addition
are performed serially upon a starting mixture, the agent
being added for a purpose other than perfection of the
crystallization procedure.
815 for a process where the added material is a solvent.
Subclass:
817
Before crystal formation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 816. Subject matter
in which the material is added before the chilling step is
completed.
(1) Note. The added material often is one which forms a
complex with a component of the mixture.
Subclass:
818
By membrane, selective septum, or coalescer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
wherein a liquid hydrocarbon is recovered from a liquid
mixture containing the hydrocarbon by the use of a solid
apparatus member having one of the following features: (a) is
a thin member which permits the passage of molecules or ions
having a certain size or shape while excluding molecules or
ions having a larger size or bulkier shape; (b) is a porous
member which because of its composition permits the passage
of a certain type of molecule, e.g., a polar molecule, while
preventing the passage of molecules of incompatible type, or
(c) is a member which because of its composition causes
finely divided liquid material dispersed in another liquid to
form larger drops.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
718 for an alkylation synthesis process which is followed by
coalescing a component, usually water, contained in the
effluent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 43 for processes of gas
separation by selective diffusion of gases through a
substantially solid barrier.
127, Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates, subclass 54 for a
dialyzing process peculiar to treatment of sugar solutions.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 513 for
electrophoretic or electro-osmotic separation or purification
of a hydrocarbon oil and subclasses 559+ for electrical
separation or purification, in general, of a liquid
hydrocarbon.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 634 for
dialysis processes; and subclass 702 for coalescing
processes.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in
the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Subclass:
819
Aromatic permeate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 818. Subject matter
wherein an aromatic component of the hydrocarbon mixture
passes through the membrane or septum.
Subclass:
820
By contact with solid sorbent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
wherein a solid mass is used to retain on its surface or
inside its pores a constituent of a mixture from which
hydrocarbon is to be recovered.
(1) Note. "Solid sorbent" includes but is not limited to
diatomaceous earth, kieselguhr, perlite, activated carbon,
asbestos, colloidal clays, molecular sieves, silica gel,
ion-exchange zeolites, and resins, etc.
(2) Note. Sorption processes depend for their effectiveness
upon the shape or chemical composition of the molecules
retained by the solid sorbent. They thus are distinguishable
from filtration processes which depend upon a mechanical
entrapment of solid particles because of their relatively
large size compared to the interstices or spaces between
individual elements of a filter. In the case of a filter
mechanical brushing, wiping, shaking, etc., will remove the
retained particles. Sorption processes which depend for
their effectiveness upon molecular shape generally employ a
"molecular sieve" which usually is a natural or synthetic
metal aluminum silicate or similar material whose atoms are
arranged in a crystal lattice in such a way that there are a
large number of small pores interconnected by smaller
openings or pores of precisely uniform size. The most common
molecular sieves are zeolites, a class or natural or
manufactured hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium
or calcium or both, of the type Na[subscrpt]2[end
subscrpt]O.A1[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]O[subscrpt]3[end
subscrpt].nSiO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt].xH[subscrpt]2[end
subscrpt]O. They will accept and retain molecules that are
small and/or slender enough to pass through the pores, thus
separating them from a mixture with larger or bulkier
molecules.
Other sorption processes separate a constituent from a fluid
mixture containing such constituents in a "quasi-chemical"
manner. The action in most instances is that of selective
retention, e.g., the sorbent interacts with and thereby
retains only the part of the fluid mixture for which it has
the greatest affinity. The retained portion cannot be
removed by mechanical action but generally requires heating
or use of a stripping or desorbing fluid.
(3) Note. Ion exchange is a chemical metathesis process in
which ions are chemically transferred from a usually liquid
material to a usually solid separatory substance or exchanger
which has a chemical structure of loosely bound ions. The
exchanger substance can usually be regenerated by passing
another material through it to elute the exchanged ions and
replace them with the original kind of loosely bound ions.
When a patent calls a process involving an ion exchanger
"sorption", the process is placed in these subclasses (820+),
but when the true mechanism of the separatory procedure
appears to be ion exchange, it is cross-referenced to
subclasses 833+ below.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 90 for processes of gas
separation using solid sorbents.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 41 for
separatory distillation process including the step of passing
the distillate material through a solid sorbent.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclass 310 for
mineral oil fractionation processes which include
adsorption.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, 656 and 660 for
liquid purification by ion exchange or sorption, wherein the
process is directed to the purification of water or a number
of compounds, one of which is water, or if the claims are
broad, as to the liquid purified. Where claims or disclosure
specific to hydrocarbon purification indicates classification
in this class, subclasses (820+) and that patent contains
claims to the separation of any other liquid or fluid
mixture, the patent is cross-referenced to Class 210.
Subclass:
821
With measuring, sensing, testing, or recycle of sorbate to
same sorption zone:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
wherein a positive step of measuring, sensing, or testing a
component or parameter of the feedstock, product or sorption
zone is recited or in which material sorbed in the process
and later desorbed from the sorbent is recycled to the
sorption zone, generally to act as a reflux.
Subclass:
822
Plural serial sorptions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
in which an effluent from a sorption step or zone is passed
through another sorption zone.
(1) Note. The effluent may comprise the unsorbed portion of
the feed (the raffinate) or the sorbed and desorbed portion
of the feed (the extract or sorbate).
(2) Note. A process wherein a "guard bed" of sorbent is
employed along with a main sorbent zone is classified
herein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
802 for a process wherein sorption is preceded or followed
by a diverse separation procedure.
Subclass:
823
Sorbate is nonhydrocarbon or chemically undetermined
component, e.g., "color-former", etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
wherein the constituent removed from the mixture contains an
element other than carbon and hydrogen or is elemental carbon
or in which the disclosure fails to indicate exactly what
elements go to make up the removed constituent.
(1) Note. Where the removed constituent is indicated as
being a hydrocarbon, the patent is not classified here,
although when such constituent is described as a sensible
material (e.g., colored or having an odor) or a precursor of
such a material, the patent may be cross-referenced here
(subclasses 823+).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
which are not applies to the living body which function by
chemical combination with the odor-causing organism or by
desensitizing the olfactory mechanism.
Subclass:
824
O-containing sorbate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 823. Subject matter
wherein the removed constituent contains oxygen e.g., water,
etc.
Subclass:
825
With fractional or linear desorption, e.g., chromatography,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
in which a desorption step removes only part of the sorbate
from the sorbent or in which during at least the desorption
step the sorbent material is held in a relatively fixed
arrangement and the desorption creates a more or less
distinct boundary or "front" between that part of the sorbent
mass which still contains sorbate and that part of the
sorbent mass from which sorbate has been wholly or partially
removed.
(1) Note. The process may be one in which a plurality of
different materials are adsorbed and the desorption serves to
remove only one or a selected group of the materials or
serves to remove different materials at different times,
usually due to a change in desorption conditions, e.g., the
desorbing agent employed, etc.
(2) Note. A purge of unsorbed material from the interstices
between sorbent particles is not considered to be
desorption.
(3) Note. A chromatos:graphic process, wherein a solution
of the hydrocarbon which is to be separated or purified is
allowed to flow slowly through a mass of adsorbent and
different substances in the feed solution pass with different
rates through the mass and separate into zones, is not
included in this subclass unless the desorption is such as to
permit separate recovery of the different substances.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 23.35 for gas analysis
by chromatography; and subclass 863 for gas samplers.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 656 for
chromatos:graphic separation processes of general utility or
directed to water purification.
Subclass:
826
With specified sorbent rehabilitation procedure or agent,
e.g., desorbent, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
in which a procedure for rehabilitation of the sorbent is
described as more than mere "desorption", "recovery of sorbed
material", or "purging", etc., or in which an agent for
removing desorbed material is described in more specific
terms than merely a "desorbent", etc.
Subclass:
827
Cyclic sorbate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 826. Subject matter
in which an aromatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon is a material
retained by the sorbent during the sorption cycle.
Subclass:
828
Aromatic separated from other aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 827. Subject matter
in which a material retained by the sorbent in the sorption
cycle is an aromatic compound and in which a material not
retained by the sorbent in this cycle is also an aromatic
compound.
Subclass:
829
Unsaturated sorbate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 826. Subject matter
in which an acyclic hydrocarbon having olefinic or acetylenic
unsaturation is the material retained by the sorbent during
the sorption cycle.
Subclass:
830
Sorbent is or contains organic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
in which the sorbent is an organic solid or contains an
organic material, e.g., an inorganic sorbent coated with an
organic material, etc., which is not part of the recoverable
product of the process.
Subclass:
831
Cyclic sorbate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 820. Subject matter
in which an aromatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon is a material
retained by the sorbent.
Subclass:
832
Polymerization and depolymerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
which includes a step of chemically condensing olefinic
molecules in the hydrocarbon mixture followed, usually after
filtration or gravitational separation, by depolymerization
of the condensed material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 30 for a
separation process which includes polymerization of an
unsaturated component followed by distillation.
Subclass:
833
By addition of extraneous agent, e.g., solvent, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 800. Subject matter
in which a material which does not form part of the desired
product is added to the mixture to be purified or separated
as an aid to such purification or separation.
(1) Note. The mechanism by which the material aids the
process may be any mechanism not provided for above, e.g.,
the material may be a catalyst, solvent, a complexing agent,
etc.
(2) Note. This subclass (833) provides for a process
wherein an acid such as HC1 is added for purification
purposes; however, when the claims require an aqueous
solution of such acid to be added, classification is proper
in subclass 868.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
816 for a separation process which involves agent addition
and chilling to solidify a complex formed by the agent and a
component of the feed mixture.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclass 438, 439, and
646 for extracts which have been specifically prepared or
treated to fit them for use as organic coloring material.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 149 for processes of gas
separation using liquid contacting.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, 50 for an
extractive distillation process, per se, that is, a
distillation process carried out in the presence of a solvent
for one or more components of the distilland.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclass 31 and
33+ for processes wherein waxes are dissolved form mineral
oil containing subclasses; subclass 45 for the solvent
extraction of asphalts, tars, pitches, or resins from mineral
oils; subclasses 311+, 390, and 400 for processes wherein
mineral oils are dissolved from mineral oil containing
substances; and subclass 298 for processes of refining
mineral oils by treating with liquid treating agents
(washing, etc.).
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, 634 for a process of
liquid-liquid extraction wherein one of the compounds
purified is water or if the claims are broad as to the liquid
being purified.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, particular subclass
658.5 and subclasses noted thereunder for a process of
leaching, extracting, or dissolving when a process for
purifying an inorganic or nonmetallic compound provided for
in Class 423 is claimed, or when the claims are not limited
and disclosure of purification of a compound for Class 423
and a compound or composition for that class is present, or a
coclaimed extraction process produces products provided for
in each of a plurality of other classes.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
appropriate subclasses for an extract of undetermined
constitution even though from a single source, which has a
utility provided for in that class; and see especially 520
for an animal extract; and subclasses 195.1+ for a plant
extract.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Composition, and
Products, particularly subclass 425 and the noted subclasses
thereunder for processes of making an extract having a Class
426 utility and not provided for elsewhere even though a
hydrocarbon is mixed with other substances to form a product
with Class 426 utility. See the Class 426 class definition,
section II B (1) for an elaboration of the line between this
class and Class 426.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in
the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
Subclass:
834
With contact procedure involving particular apparatus or more
than two moving streams:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein contact of the feedstock with the agent is specified
as taking place in an apparatus of defined structure or
involves specified movement of three or more streams of
material.
(1) Note. Generally more than mere nominal "counter-current
contact" is required for placement in this subclass.
(2) Note. The streams generally are liquid and will involve
more than merely feed, solvent, extract and raffinate
streams, for example, a reflux and/or wash stream will
generally need to be flowing simultaneously to make up the
three or more discrete moving streams.
Subclass:
835
With fractional disengagement from agent by use of other
agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein a hydrocarbon-containing feedstock or a portion
thereof, engaged with an extraneous agent, e.g., dissolved in
a solvent, complexed with a complexing agent, etc., is
treated with a second agent to remove a part only of the
engaged nonagent material.
(1) Note. The partial disengagement may be followed by
treatment for disengagement of more of the same or different
nonagent material by the same or different second agent.
(2) Note. The partial disengagement may be for the removal
of undesirably engaged material, e.g., washing out of
recoverable material which adheres to the complex, etc.
Subclass:
836
Different, sequentially used agents:
This subclass is indented under subclass 933. Subject matter
wherein a plurality of different agents are added one after
the other to all or part of the feedstock.
(1) Note. "Different" is intended to mean chemically
different materials and not a single material in different
stages of contamination or dilution with hydrocarbon as would
be formed during concurrent extraction.
Subclass:
837
One agent is a diluent, i.e., nonselective solvent or heat
exchange material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter
in which one of the agents serves to heat or cool a material
involved in the process or in which the agent dissolves an
entire hydrocarbon feedstream.
Subclass:
838
Resolution of feed into more than two different components:
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter
wherein three or more different materials, contained in the
feedstock to the process, are separated from each other.
(1) Note. Each of the three components may be hydrocarbon,
as in the separation of an aromatic, an olefin, and a
paraffin contained in the feed, or one or more may be a
nonhydrocarbon, such as in removing sulfur-containing and
color-forming impurities, separately, from a paraffin, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
802 for a process wherein a feedstock is separated and one
of the components is removed by a phenomenon other than
addition of an extraneous agent.
Subclass:
839
Later agent disengages earlier, e.g., decomplexing agent,
etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 836. Subject matter
in which a later agent is contacted with the product of
contacting an earlier agent with the feedstock or feedstock
component, e.g., a complex, an extract phase, etc., to
reverse the original interaction and release hydrocarbon and
the earlier agent.
(1) Note. Where merely the subcombination step or steps of
disengagement of a hydrocarbon from a compound or complex is
claimed, e.g., decomplexing a Werner complex, the process is
considered to be a synthesis processs not a purification
process for subclasses 800+.
Subclass:
840
Later agent is hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 839. Subject matter
in which a later agent which disengages an earlier agent is a
hydrocarbon.
(1) Note. Patents appearing in this subclass are not
cross-referenced to subclass 867.
Subclass:
841
Hi:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein the added agent is hydrogen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
250 for processes of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated bond,
especially subclasses 258+ for hydrogenation of an
unsaturated bond of a contaminant.
(1) Note. "Hydrodesulfurization" processes are proper for
placement in this subclass.
Subclass:
842
HF and another fluoride:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
in which the agent contains hydrogen fluoride and another
compound containing fluorine.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
702 for a process of paraffin synthesis in which an HF
catalyst is used also as a purifying or separating agent.
Subclass:
843
Ag:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent contains silver or a compound
thereof.
Subclass:
844
By interaction with monoolefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 843. Subject matter
wherein the process involves silver or a silver compound
interengaging a monoolefin from the feed, e.g., by dissolving
monoolefin, forming a complex with monoolefin, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
820 for a separation process wherein silver or a silver
compound in solid form, e.g., firmly held on a support, etc.,
is described as adsorbing or absorbing an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
845
Cu:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent contains copper or a compound
thereof.
Subclass:
846
Ammoniacal, e.g., Cu ammonium acetate (CAA), etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter
wherein ammonia is present in the agent with copper, for
example, in the form of a copper and ammonium salt, an
organic amine mixed with a copper compound, etc.
Subclass:
847
Triple-bond compound separated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 846. Subject matter
wherein the agent, e.g., CAA, etc., is added for separation
or purification of acetylene or a substituted acetylene.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
830 for a separation process in which copper ammonium
acetate in solid form, e.g., firmly held on a support, etc.,
is described as absorbing or adsorbing an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, for the preparation of an
acetylene-containing mixture from carbides by decomposition
with water.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, subclass 238 for processes
of gas separation in which an alkyne (e.g., acetylene, etc.)
is sorbed in a liquid.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, particularly 245.1
for a process wherein an initially gaseous or vaporous
mixture is treated to remove or change one of the components
by a chemical reaction.
Subclass:
848
Plural metal or nonhalide Cu compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter
wherein the extraneous material is a compound containing
copper and another metal or is a copper compound containing
no halogen.
Subclass:
849
Cu halide with added material other than water:
This subclass is indented under subclass 845. Subject matter
in which the extraneous agent contains copper halide and
another material, the material being other than merely
water.
Subclass:
850
Group VII or VIII transition metal-containing e.g., werner
complex formulation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent contains manganese, iron, cobalt,
nickel, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium,
osmium, iridium, or platinum, or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
817 for a process wherein Werner complex-forming material in
liquid state is added to a liquid mixture to be separated and
the mixture is cooled to form a separatable solid.
820 830 especially, for a process wherein a mixture is
separated by use of a solid Werner complex material which
sorbs a component of the mixture and is regenerable by
desorption.
Subclass:
851
Group III nontransition element-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent contains boron, aluminum,
gallium, indium, or thallium or a compound thereof.
Subclass:
852
Al:
This subclass is indented under subclass 851. Subject matter
in which the agent contains aluminum in free or combined
form.
(1) Note. Often the agent is a catalyst containing alumina
or aluminum halide.
Subclass:
853
Alkaline metal-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an extraneous agent contains lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, or barium or a compound thereof.
Subclass:
854
Elemental metal, oxide, or hydroxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 853. Subject matter
in which the agent is in the form of free or uncombined
metal, an oxide, or a hydroxide of the metal.
Subclass:
855
Metal-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains metal in free or combined form.
(1) Note. Metals appropriate for placing patents in this
subclass include transition metals of periodic table groups
IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, and VIB, germanium, gold, tin, lead,
arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.
Subclass:
856
S-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains sulfur in free or combined form.
Subclass:
857
S dioxide, sulfolane, or sulfolene:
This subclass is indented under subclass 856. Subject matter
wherein an agent is one of the sulfur-oxygen compounds,
sulfur dioxide (SO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]), sulfolane
(tetrahydrothiophene-1, 1-dioxide (Fig 1) or sulfolene
(dihydrothiophene-1, 1-dioxide (Fig. 2) [figure]
[caption]FIGURE 1 [figure] [caption]FIGURE 2
Subclass:
858
Sulfuric acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 856. Subject matter
wherein an agent is H[subscrpt]2[end
subscrpt]SO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt].
Subclass:
859
Interaction with tertiary olefin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 858. Subject matter
wherein the purification or separation is accomplished by
interengagement of the sulfuric side with an olefin which has
a double bond attached to a tertiary carbon atom, that is, a
carbon atom which bears no hydrogen, the interengagement
being a reaction between the two materials, a dissolving of
one in the other, etc.
Subclass:
860
N-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains nitrogen.
Subclass:
861
Ammonia:
This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter
wherein an agent is NH[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] or
NH[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt]OH.
Subclass:
862
Carbonyl moiety-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains the =C=O functional grouping, e.g.,
and acid, an aldehyde, a ketone, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 96.5 for the
formation of a urea adduct, even when the formation of such
adduct is merely for the purpose of purifying a hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
863
Interaction with aromatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 960. Subject matter
wherein the purification or separation is accomplished by
interengagement of an agent with an aromatic compound, e.g.,
by reaching therewith dissolving it, etc.
Subclass:
864
Organic agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
wherein the agent is a carbon compound characterized by the
presence in a molecule thereof of two carbon atoms bonded
together or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of
hydrogen or halogen or one atom of nitrogen by a single or
double bond.
(1) Note. An organic compound under this definition is as
defined in the class definition of Class 260, Chemistry of
Carbon Compounds, as qualified by (34) Note therein.
(2) Note. The organic part may be present as the organic
radical part of a compound or as the organic portion of a
mixture of organic and inorganic materials.
Subclass:
865
Heterocyclic or polymeric:
This subclass is indented under subclass 864. Subject matter
wherein the agent has a molecular structure which includes a
ring or cyclic configuration, which ring contains other than
carbon atoms, or wherein the agent is of indefinite molecular
weight, greater than 150, and made by reating with each other
smaller molecules having definite identities.
(1) Note. The anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid often is a
heterocyclic compound, e.g., maleic anhydride, o-phthalic
anhydride, etc.
Subclass:
866
Acid, anhydride, ester or ether:
This subclass is indented under subclass 864. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains the grouping -C--C- or -C-O-.
Subclass:
867
Hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 864. Subject matter
wherein an agent contains only carbon and hydrogen in its
molecule.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
840 for a purification or separation process wherein a
hydrocarbon is used to disengage a previously added agent
from a hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
868
Inorganic O-containing agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 833. Subject matter
in which an extraneous agent added to purify, separate, or
recover the hydrocarbon is inorganic and contains oxygen,
e.g., water, phosphoric acid, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
15 for a hydrocarbon separation process involving the
formation of a hydrocarbon hydrate.
Subclass:
899
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESS, E.G., INDETERMINATE MODIFICATION OF A
PROPERTY, STORAGE, TRANSPORTAION, ETC.:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter not otherwise provided for.
(1) Note. A hydrocarbon synthesis or purification process
is placed in this subclass (899) only when the type of
hydrocarbon synthesized or the purification mechanism
employed cannot be determined from the claims, specification,
or state of the art.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for a "preserving" or "storing" process which involves no
more than merely blending a preservative with a hydrocarbon.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, 600 for manufacture of a solidified or
liquefied gas product from a gas; subclasses 45.1+ for
handling of such product; and subclasses 56+ for a cooling
process, e.g., quenching, per se.
137, Fluid Handling, subclass 13 for a process in which the
flow of a fluid is affected by the addition of material or
energy.
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, subclass 46 and 197 for a
process of transporting a fluid.
CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS
Subclass:
900
Rehabilitation of H acceptor:
Collection of patents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST AND
RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) concerned with dehydrogenation to
produce a hydrocarbon compound, in which a hydrogen acceptor
compound is employed and is rehabilitated for reuse in the
process, the rehabilitation usually comprising oxidation of
the reduced acceptor compound.
Subclass:
901
With recycle, rehabilitation, or preservation of solvent,
diluent, or mass-action agent:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) (a) to prevent loss of, (b) to
restore effectiveness, or (c) to return to a stage of a
process, either directly to indirectly, from which it has
been withdrawn from use in that stage, a material which is a
solvent or diluent or an agent, usually a normally undesired
by-product of the process, which regulates the equilibrium of
the process to favor production of desired product.
(1) Note. Recycled effluent from a process which is added
to a feedstock in an amount designed to control reaction time
is considered to be a solvent or diluent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
702 for a saturated compound synthesis process in which a
material used as a solvent in one stage of a process is used
as a catalyst in another part of the process before return to
the original stage.
954 for other processes which exploit mass-action
phenomena.
Subclass:
902
Recycle of solvent and catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 901. Collection of
documents which disclose recycle of both a solvent and a
catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
706 for a saturated compound synthesis process wherein a
reactor effluent component is added to a catalyst as an agent
for rehabilitation or recycle.
Subclass:
903
With hydrocarbon recycle to control synthesis reaction, e.g.,
by cooling, quenching, etc.:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose control of a
synthesis reaction by recycle of a hydrocarbon effluent of
the reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, 56 for a quenching process, per se.
Subclass:
904
Catalyst rehabilitation by reversion from different
compound:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose rehabilitation of
a catalyst, including synthesis of or decomposition of a
nonhydrocarbon compound containing an essential component of
the catalyst.
(1) Note. The catalyst may be returned to reaction in a
different form from that originally employed in the reaction,
e.g., as an alkyl chloride rather than the HCI originally
used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
311 for plural serial diverse syntheses in which one
synthesis rehabilitates the catalyst which catalyzes the
other synthesis.
710 for a similar process which relates only to an
alkylation reaction which synthesizes saturated compounds.
Subclass:
905
By-product conversion to feed:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the conversion of
a synthesis effluent component which is undesired in the
product to a material similar to a component of the original
feedstock.
Subclass:
906
Catalyst preservation or manufacture (e.g., activation, etc.)
before use:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass CATALYST
AND RECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose an optimum method
of preparing a catalyst for use in a particular reaction or a
method of preventing catalyst loss in a process.
Subclass:
910
Exploiting or conserving heat of quenching, reaction, or
regeneration:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass HEAT
CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the return of heat generated
by a reaction or by catalyst regeneration or absorbed by the
quenching of reactants to the process, e.g., to warm
feedstock, to provide energy for subsequent distillation,
etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 503, 535, 602, and 634, for aromatic synthesis, olefin
addition, alkyne synthesis, diolefin synthesis, and
unsaturated compound synthesis, respectively, using similar
techniques.
Subclass:
911
Introducing, maintaining, or removing heat by atypical
procedure:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass HEAT
CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the heating of a material, the
cooling of a material, or the prevention of either, using a
fuel, refrigerant, heat-exchange material, procedural step,
etc., which is not standard industrial practice.
(1) Note. The following is a summary of Patent and
Trademark Office classes concerned with changing temperature
or preventing temperature change.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration.
110, Furnaces
122, Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers.
126, Stoves and Furnaces.
165, Heat Exchange.
219, Electric Heating.
236, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation.
237, Heating Systems.
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces.
431, Combustion.
432, Heating.
Subclass:
912
Molten material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter
which discloses the use of a normally solid material which
has been liquefied by heat.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
634 for use of a molten heat carrier in the synthesis of a
monoolefin.
Subclass:
913
Electric:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter
which discloses the use of electricity for heating or
cooling.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
methods and devices which convert heat directly to
electricity thereby creating a cooling effect.
Subclass:
914
Phase change, e.g., evaporation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter
which discloses temperature regulation due to the heat
released or consumed by change of a material from the
gaseous, liquid, or solid state to another of these states.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
715 for autorefrigeration in an alkylation process to
produce a saturated compound.
Subclass:
920
Using apparatus of recited composition:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass APPARATUS
CONSIDERATIONS) wherein a process recites the composition of
apparatus employed in the process, e.g., a stainless steel
reactor wall, a refractory ceramic baffle, etc.
(1) Note. Materials which move through or are readily
removable from the apparatus, e.g., catalyst beds, are not
considered part of the apparatus for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
403 503, 537, and 636, for processes for synthesizing
aromatics, olefin polymers, acetylenes, and monoolefins,
respectively, wherein the composition of the apparatus used
is specified.
921 for a collection of patents in which the effectiveness
of a process depends upon the use of apparatus having a
defined structure configuration, independent of the
composition of the structure.
Subclass:
921
Using recited apparatus structure:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass APPARATUS
CONSIDERATIONS) which discloses the effectiveness of a
process as being dependent upon the use of a particular
configuration of apparatus.
(1) Note. The following expressions generally are not
considered sufficient to warrant placement of a document in
this or indented subclasses unless a dimension is recited--
annular zone; acetylene converter; converter; elongated;
multistage reactor; pyrolysis reactor; reactor regenerative
furnace; vessel; zone
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus employed in synthesis processes of
this class.
Subclass:
922
Reactor fluid manipulating device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 921. Subject matter
wherein the apparatus is a device, part of a synthesis
reactor, which serves to change the condition of a fluid in
an active way, such as an impeller, or in a passive way, such
as a perforated plate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
720 for this subject matter used in connection with
alkylation to synthesize a saturated compound.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses for methods and
apparatus in general for mixing and other manipulation of
fluids.
Subclass:
923
At reactor inlet:
This subclass is indented under subclass 922. Subject matter
wherein the device is at that point where feed or an
extraneous agent enters a reactor.
Subclass:
924
Reactor shape or disposition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 921. Subject matter
wherein the configuration is that of the reactor or the
relationship of the reactor to its surroundings, e.g., other
elements of apparatus, the earth, etc.
Subclass:
925
Dimension or proportion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 924. Subject matter
wherein a numerical dimension or the relationship between two
dimensions of the reactor is disclosed as contributing to the
effectiveness of the process.
Subclass:
926
Plurality or verticality:
This subclass is indented under subclass 924. Subject matter
wherein the effectiveness of the process is disclosed as
depending upon having a vertical reactor or having more than
one reactor.
(1) Note. Where the reactor is described as having a
plurality of vertically spaced components, e.g., catalyst
beds, the verticality of the reactor is assumed.
Subclass:
930
Process including synthesis of nonhydrocarbon intermediate:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATION) disclosing plural-step processes for
the synthesis of a hydrocarbon in which a step synthesizes a
compound containing more than carbon and hydrogen atoms from
which the hydrocarbon product is synthesized.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses
for the synthesis of nonhydrocarbon organic compounds, per
se.
Subclass:
931
Metal-, Si-, B-, or P-containing, e.g., grignard, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter
wherein the intermediate contains a metal, silicon, boron, or
phosphorus.
Subclass:
932
Carboxyl-containing, e.g., acid, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter
wherein the intermediate contain the group -C--.
Subclass:
933
N-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter
wherein the intermediate contains nitrogen.
Subclass:
934
Chalcogen-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter
wherein the intermediate contains oxygen, sulfur, selenium,
or tellurium.
Subclass:
935
Halogen-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter
wherein the intermediate contains chlorine, bromine,
fluorind, or iodine.
Subclass:
940
Opening of hydrocarbon ring:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose a hydrocarbon
synthesis in which a hydrocarbon moiety is converted from a
cyclic moiety to an acyclic moiety.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
353 601 and 671, for manufacture of alicyclic, diolefin and
monoolefin compounds, respectively, by opening a hydrocarbon
ring.
Subclass:
941
Isotope exchange process:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the replacement of a
carbon atom or a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon compound by a
specified or unusual isotope of carbon or hydrogen, e.g.,
carbon-14, deuterium, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
23, Chemistry: Physical Processes, subclass 230.6 for test
methods involving isotope exchange.
Subclass:
942
Production of carbonium ion or hydrocarbon free radical:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose the inducement of a
transitory, highly reactive high-energy state in a
hydrocarbon, in which state the hydrocarbon has at least one
unpaired electron or has a net electric charge.
Subclass:
943
Synthesis from methane or inorganic carbon source, e.g.,
coal, etc.:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) which disclose synthesis of
hydrocarbons from CH[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt], elemental
carbon, or an inorganic carbon compound.
(1) Note. Inorganic compounds are those which do not fall
under the definition of carbon compounds given in the class
definition of Class 260 and also the following compounds
which are considered inorganic: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen,
isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic
acid, fulminic acid, and metal carbides.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
538 for acetylene manufacture from methane.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Products and Processes, subclass 400 for
a process in which coal or other solid mineral material is
converted to a liquid mixture of materials similar to
petroleum or a petroleum fraction.
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for the manufacture of
hydrocarbons from hydrogen and carbon oxides.
Subclass:
944
Radiation-resistant composition:
Collection of documents (under unnumberes subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing hydrocarbon compounds or
mixtures of such compounds which are susceptible to fewer
changes in physical or chemical properties under the
influence of radiant energy, whether visible or invisible,
including that radiant energy produced by atomic
disintegration, fission, or fusion.
Subclass:
945
Product is drying oil:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a hydrocarbon product
which upon aging in a particular environment, e.g., air,
etc., becomes a solid material of indefinite molecular
weight.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
507 for a process of making a polyunsaturated olefin
hydrocarbon by polymerization. The products of such
processes frequently are disclosed as having utility as a
drying oil. Patents classified in subclass 507 are not
cross-referenced here.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, subclass 1 for a
synthetic drying oil derived from a mineral oil.
Subclass:
946
Product is waxy polymer:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a hydrocarbon product
polymer which is described as "waxy", this term apparently
meaning a solid material without the tensile properties
usually associated with a synthetic resin.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 and 502+, for processes which yield waxy products.
Subclass:
947
Terpene manufacture or recovery:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass SPECIAL
CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the synthesis or
purification of terpentine or other terpene materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
355 for terpene synthesis by isomerization and the
defintions and notes thereto for a listing of various
C[subscrpt]10[end subscrpt] terpenes.
Subclass:
950
Prevention or removal of corrosion or solid deposits:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing procedures for
preventing the deterioration of apparatus contacted by a
hydrocarbon or an agent used in hydrocarbon processing or for
preventing solid products from forming or accumulating on
such apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
208, Mineral Oils: Process and Products, subclass 47 and
48+ for similar procedures used in chemical conversion of
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
951
Reaction start-up procedure:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing preparations for
getting a synthesis reaction on-stream or the preliminary
steps used before a reaction becomes continuous.
Subclass:
952
Reaction stopping or retarding:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing procedures for
preventing or discontinuing an unwanted reaction in
hydrocarbon processing.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for a reaction stopping or retarding procedure which
comprises no more than blending a stabilizer or preservative
with the hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
953
Pulsed, sonic, or plasma process:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing the application to
material of a regular rhythmic vibration, a sudden burst of
motive energy, or containment or transportation of material
by use of a high energy field.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
539 and 540, for an acetylene synthesis process which
involves containment of reactant within a high energy gaseous
envelope.
Subclass:
954
Exploiting mass-action phenomenon:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing a modification of a
reaction system including the addition to or removal from a
reaction zone of a material other than a catalyst or solvent
to shift the equilibrium state of the reaction in a desired
direction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
901 for a collection of documents disclosing the recycle of
a mass-action agent.
Subclass:
955
Specified mixing procedure:
Collection of documents (under unnumbered subclass
MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS) disclosing procedures for
achieving desired contact among fluent materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
720 for a saturated compound alkylation synthesis procedure
involving specified fluid flow.
922 for a reactor fluid manipulating device.
Subclass:
956
Condition-responsive control and related procedures in
alicyclic synthesis and purification:
Cross-reference collection of purification and alicyclic
synthesis processes (under unnumbered subclass MISCELLANEOUS
CONSIDERATIONS) involving a step of taking a measurement,
sensing a condition, or making a test, or controlling an
operating condition of the process in response to a condition
different from that controlled, e.g., flow rate of feed in
response to temperature of effluent, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
263 401, 501, and 701, for similar procedures employed in
hydrogenation and the synthesis of aromatic, unsaturated, and
saturated hydrocarbon compounds, respectively.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, for processes and apparatus for
making a measurement or test of any kind not claimed in
combination with synthesis of an organic compound and not
elsewhere classifiable, and the class definition thereof for
the identification of other classes concerned with testing.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
a test or measurement associated with a chemical reaction not
elsewhere classifiable, or analysis by chemical methods of
organic material or the combination of measuring and testing
with methods of regulating a reaction.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000