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 Class   704DATA PROCESSING: SPEECH SIGNAL PROCESSING, LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGE TRANSLATION, AND AUDIO COMPRESSION/DECOMPRESSION
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  1           LINGUISTICS
  2           . (1 indent ) Translation machine
  3           .. (2 indent ) Having particular Input/Output device
  4           .. (2 indent ) Based on phrase, clause, or idiom
  5           .. (2 indent ) For partial translation
  6           .. (2 indent ) Punctuation
  7           .. (2 indent ) Storage or retrieval of data
  8           . (1 indent ) Multilingual or national language support
  9           . (1 indent ) Natural language
  10           . (1 indent ) Dictionary building, modification, or prioritization
  200           SPEECH SIGNAL PROCESSING
  200.1           . (1 indent ) Psychoacoustic
  201           . (1 indent ) For storage or transmission
  202           .. (2 indent ) Neural network
  203           .. (2 indent ) Transformation
  204           ... (3 indent ) Orthogonal functions
  205           .. (2 indent ) Frequency
  206           ... (3 indent ) Specialized information
  207           .... (4 indent ) Pitch
  208           .... (5 indent ) Voiced or unvoiced
  209           .... (4 indent ) Formant
  210           .... (4 indent ) Silence decision
  211           .. (2 indent ) Time
  212           ... (3 indent ) Pulse code modulation (PCM)
  213           ... (3 indent ) Zero crossing
  214           ... (3 indent ) Voiced or unvoiced
  215           ... (3 indent ) Silence decision
  216           ... (3 indent ) Correlation function
  217           .... (4 indent ) Autocorrelation
  218           .... (4 indent ) Cross-correlation
  219           .. (2 indent ) Linear prediction
  220           .. (2 indent ) Analysis by synthesis
  221           .. (2 indent ) Pattern matching vocoders
  222           ... (3 indent ) Vector quantization
  223           ... (3 indent ) Excitation patterns
  224           .. (2 indent ) Normalizing
  225           .. (2 indent ) Gain control
  226           .. (2 indent ) Noise
  227           ... (3 indent ) Pretransmission
  228           ... (3 indent ) Post-transmission
  229           .. (2 indent ) Adaptive bit allocation
  230           .. (2 indent ) Quantization
  231           . (1 indent ) Recognition
  232           .. (2 indent ) Neural network
  233           .. (2 indent ) Detect speech in noise
  234           .. (2 indent ) Normalizing
  235           .. (2 indent ) Speech to image
  236           .. (2 indent ) Specialized equations or comparisons
  237           ... (3 indent ) Correlation
  238           ... (3 indent ) Distance
  239           ... (3 indent ) Similarity
  240           ... (3 indent ) Probability
  241           ... (3 indent ) Dynamic time warping
  242           ... (3 indent ) Viterbi trellis
  243           .. (2 indent ) Creating patterns for matching
  244           ... (3 indent ) Update patterns
  245           ... (3 indent ) Clustering
  246           .. (2 indent ) Voice recognition
  247           ... (3 indent ) Preliminary matching
  248           ... (3 indent ) Endpoint detection
  249           ... (3 indent ) Subportions
  250           ... (3 indent ) Specialized models
  251           .. (2 indent ) Word recognition
  252           ... (3 indent ) Preliminary matching
  253           ... (3 indent ) Endpoint detection
  254           ... (3 indent ) Subportions
  255           ... (3 indent ) Specialized models
  256           .... (4 indent ) Markov
  256.1           .... (5 indent ) Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (EPO)
  256.2           ..... (6 indent ) Training of HMM (EPO)
  256.3           ...... (7 indent ) With insufficient amount of training data, e.g., state sharing, tying, deleted interpolation (EPO)
  256.4           ..... (6 indent ) Duration modeling in HMM, e.g., semi HMM, segmental models, transition probabilities (EPO)
  256.5           ..... (6 indent ) Hidden Markov (HM) network (EPO)
  256.6           ..... (6 indent ) State emission probability (EPO)
  256.7           ...... (7 indent ) Continuous density, e.g, Gaussian distribution, Lapalce (EPO)
  256.8           ...... (7 indent ) Discrete density, e.g., Vector Quantization preprocessor, look up tables (EPO)
  257           .... (4 indent ) Natural language
  258           . (1 indent ) Synthesis
  259           .. (2 indent ) Neural network
  260           .. (2 indent ) Image to speech
  261           .. (2 indent ) Vocal tract model
  262           .. (2 indent ) Linear prediction
  263           .. (2 indent ) Correlation
  264           .. (2 indent ) Excitation
  265           .. (2 indent ) Interpolation
  266           .. (2 indent ) Specialized model
  267           .. (2 indent ) Time element
  268           .. (2 indent ) Frequency element
  269           .. (2 indent ) Transformation
  270           . (1 indent ) Application
  270.1           .. (2 indent ) Speech assisted network
  271           .. (2 indent ) Handicap aid
  272           .. (2 indent ) Novelty item
  273           .. (2 indent ) Security system
  274           .. (2 indent ) Warning/alarm system
  275           .. (2 indent ) Speech controlled system
  276           .. (2 indent ) Pattern display
  277           .. (2 indent ) Translation
  278           .. (2 indent ) Sound editing
  500           AUDIO SIGNAL BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION OR EXPANSION
  501           . (1 indent ) With content reduction encoding
  502           . (1 indent ) Delay line
  503           AUDIO SIGNAL TIME COMPRESSION OR EXPANSION (E.G., RUN LENGTH CODING)
  504           . (1 indent ) With content reduction encoding
 
 E-SUBCLASSES
 
 The following subclasses beginning with the letter E are E-subclasses. Each E-subclass corresponds in scope to a classification in a foreign classification system, for example, the European Classification system (ECLA). The foreign classification equivalent to an E-subclass is identified in the subclass definition. In addition to US documents classified in E-subclasses by US examiners, documents are regularly classified in E-subclasses according to the classification practices of any foreign Offices identified in parentheses at the end of the title. For example, "(EPO)" at the end of a title indicates both European and US patent documents, as classified by the EPO, are regularly added to the subclass. E-subclasses may contain subject matter outside the scope of this class.Consult their definitions, or the documents themselves to clarify or interpret titles.
  E17.001           SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION OR VERIFICATION (EPO)
  E17.002           . (1 indent ) Recognition of special voice characteristics, e.g., for use in a lie detector; recognition of animal voices, etc. (EPO)
  E17.003           . (1 indent ) Systems using speaker recognizers (EPO)
  E17.004           . (1 indent ) Details (EPO)
  E17.005           .. (2 indent ) Preprocessing operations, e.g., segment selection, etc., pattern representation or modeling, e.g., based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA), principal components, etc.; feature selection or extraction (EPO)
  E17.006           .. (2 indent ) Training, model building, enrollment (EPO)
  E17.007           .. (2 indent ) Decision making techniques, pattern matching strategies (EPO)
  E17.008           ... (3 indent ) Use of particular distance or distortion metric between probe pattern and reference templates (EPO)
  E17.009           ... (3 indent ) Multimodal systems, i.e., based on the integration of multiple recognition engines or experts fusion (EPO)
  E17.01           ... (3 indent ) Score normalization (EPO)
  E17.011           ... (3 indent ) Use of phonemic categorization or speech recognition prior to speaker recognition or verification (EPO)
  E17.012           .. (2 indent ) Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) (EPO)
  E17.013           .. (2 indent ) Artificial neural networks, connectionist approaches (EPO)
  E17.014           .. (2 indent ) Pattern transformations and operations aimed at increasing system robustness, e.g., against channel noise, different working conditions, etc. (EPO)
  E17.015           .. (2 indent ) Interactive procedures, man-machine interface (EPO)
  E17.016           ... (3 indent ) User prompted to utter a password or predefined text (EPO)
  E15.001           SPEECH RECOGNITION (EPO)
  E15.002           . (1 indent ) Assessment or evaluation of speech recognition systems (EPO)
  E15.003           . (1 indent ) Language recognition (EPO)
  E15.004           . (1 indent ) Feature extraction for speech recognition; selection of recognition unit (EPO)
  E15.005           . (1 indent ) Segmentation or word limit detection (EPO)
  E15.006           .. (2 indent ) Word boundary detection (EPO)
  E15.007           . (1 indent ) Creation of reference templates; training of speech recognition systems, e.g., adaption to the characteristics of the speaker's voice, etc. (EPO)
  E15.008           .. (2 indent ) Training (EPO)
  E15.009           .. (2 indent ) Adaptation (EPO)
  E15.01           ... (3 indent ) In the frequency domain (EPO)
  E15.011           ... (3 indent ) To speaker (EPO)
  E15.012           .... (4 indent ) Supervised, i.e., under machine guidance (EPO)
  E15.013           .... (4 indent ) Unsupervised (EPO)
  E15.014           . (1 indent ) Speech classification or search (EPO)
  E15.015           .. (2 indent ) Using distance or distortion measures between unknown speech and reference templates (EPO)
  E15.016           .. (2 indent ) Using dynamic programming techniques, e.g., Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), etc. (EPO)
  E15.017           .. (2 indent ) Using artificial neural networks (EPO)
  E15.018           .. (2 indent ) Using natural language modeling (EPO)
  E15.019           ... (3 indent ) Using context dependencies, e.g., language models, etc. (EPO)
  E15.02           .... (4 indent ) Phonemic context, e.g., pronunciation rules, phonotactical constraints, phoneme n-grams, etc. (EPO)
  E15.021           .... (4 indent ) Grammatical context, e.g., disambiguation of the recognition hypotheses based on word sequence rules, etc. (EPO)
  E15.022           .... (5 indent ) Formal grammars, e.g., finite state automata, context free grammars, word networks, etc. (EPO)
  E15.023           .... (5 indent ) Probabilistic grammars, e.g., word n-grams, etc. (EPO)
  E15.024           .... (4 indent ) Semantic context, e.g., disambiguation of the recognition hypotheses based on word meaning, etc. (EPO)
  E15.025           ... (3 indent ) Using prosody or stress (EPO)
  E15.026           ... (3 indent ) Parsing for meaning understanding (EPO)
  E15.027           .. (2 indent ) Using statistical models, e.g., Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), etc. (EPO)
  E15.028           ... (3 indent ) Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) (EPO)
  E15.029           .... (4 indent ) Training of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) (EPO)
  E15.03           .... (5 indent ) With insufficient amount of training data, e.g., state sharing, tying, deleted interpolation, etc. (EPO)
  E15.031           .... (4 indent ) Duration modeling in Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), e.g., semi-HMM, segmental models, transition probabilities, etc. (EPO)
  E15.032           .... (4 indent ) Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) network (EPO)
  E15.033           .... (4 indent ) State emission probabilities (EPO)
  E15.034           .... (5 indent ) Continuous densities, e.g., Gaussian distribution, Laplace, etc. (EPO)
  E15.035           .... (5 indent ) Discrete densities, e.g., Vector Quantization preprocessor, look-up tables, etc. (EPO)
  E15.036           .... (5 indent ) Neural Network (NN) as output probability estimator, e.g., hybrid HMM/NN, etc. (EPO)
  E15.037           ... (3 indent ) Non-hidden Markov Model (EPO)
  E15.038           .. (2 indent ) Recognition networks (EPO)
  E15.039           . (1 indent ) Speech recognition techniques for robustness in adverse environments, e.g., in noise, of stress induced speech, etc. (EPO)
  E15.04           . (1 indent ) Procedures used during a speech recognition process, e.g., man-machine dialogue, etc. (EPO)
  E15.041           . (1 indent ) Speech recognition using nonacoustical features, e.g., position of the lips, etc. (EPO)
  E15.042           .. (2 indent ) Using position of the lips, movement of the lips, or face analysis (EPO)
  E15.043           . (1 indent ) Speech to text systems (EPO)
  E15.044           .. (2 indent ) Speech recognition depending on application context, e.g., in a computer, etc. (EPO)
  E15.045           .. (2 indent ) Systems using speech recognizers (EPO)
  E15.046           . (1 indent ) Constructional details of speech recognition systems (EPO)
  E15.047           .. (2 indent ) Distributed recognition, e.g., in client-server systems for mobile phones or network applications, etc. (EPO)
  E15.048           .. (2 indent ) Memory allocation or algorithm optimization to reduce hardware requirements (EPO)
  E15.049           .. (2 indent ) Multiple recognizers used in sequence or in parallel; corresponding voting or score combination systems (EPO)
  E15.05           .. (2 indent ) Recognizers for parallel processing (EPO)
  E19.001           SPEECH OR AUDIO SIGNAL ANALYSIS-SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES FOR REDUNDANCY REDUCTION, E.G., IN VOCODERS, ETC.; CODING OR DECODING OF SPEECH OR AUDIO SIGNALS; COMPRESSION OR EXPANSION OF SPEECH OR AUDIO SIGNALS, E.G., SOURCE-FILTER MODELS, PSYCHOACOUSTIC ANALYSIS, ETC. (EPO)
  E19.002           . (1 indent ) Perceptual measures for quality assessment (EPO)
  E19.003           . (1 indent ) Correction of errors induced by the transmission channel, if related to the coding (EPO)
  E19.004           . (1 indent ) Lossless audio signal coding; perfect reconstruction of coded audio signal by transmission of coding error (EPO)
  E19.005           . (1 indent ) Multichannel audio signal coding and decoding, i.e., using interchannel correlation to reduce redundancies, e.g., joint-stereo, intensity-coding, matrixing, etc. (EPO)
  E19.006           . (1 indent ) Comfort noise, silence coding (EPO)
  E19.007           . (1 indent ) Speech coding using phonetic or linguistical decoding of the source; reconstruction using text-to-speech synthesis (EPO)
  E19.008           . (1 indent ) Systems using vocoders (EPO)
  E19.009           . (1 indent ) Audio watermarking, i.e., embedding inaudible data in the audio signal (EPO)
  E19.01           . (1 indent ) Using spectral analysis, e.g., transform vocoders, subband vocoders, perceptual audio coders, psychoacoustically based lossy encoding, etc., e.g., MPEG audio, Dolby AC-3, etc. (EPO)
  E19.011           .. (2 indent ) Blocking, i.e., grouping of samples in time, choice of analysis window, overlap factor (EPO)
  E19.012           ... (3 indent ) Detection of transients and attacks for time/frequency resolution switching (EPO)
  E19.013           .. (2 indent ) Noise substitution, i.e., substituting nontonal spectral components by noisy source (EPO)
  E19.014           .. (2 indent ) Spectral prediction for pre-echo prevention; temporal noise shaping (TNS), e.g., in MPEG2 or MPEG4, etc. (EPO)
  E19.015           .. (2 indent ) Quantization or dequantization of spectral components (EPO)
  E19.016           ... (3 indent ) Scalar quantization (EPO)
  E19.017           ... (3 indent ) Vector quantization, e.g., Twin-VQ audio, etc. (EPO)
  E19.018           .. (2 indent ) Using subband decomposition (EPO)
  E19.019           ... (3 indent ) Subband vocoders (EPO)
  E19.02           .. (2 indent ) Using orthogonal transformation (EPO)
  E19.021           ... (3 indent ) Using wavelet decomposition (EPO)
  E19.022           . (1 indent ) Dynamic bit allocation (EPO)
  E19.023           . (1 indent ) Using predictive techniques; codecs based on source-filter modelization (EPO)
  E19.024           .. (2 indent ) Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g., of the short-term prediction coefficients, etc. (EPO)
  E19.025           ... (3 indent ) Line spectrum pair (LSP) vocoders (EPO)
  E19.026           .. (2 indent ) Determination or coding of the excitation function; determination or coding of the long-term prediction characteristics (EPO)
  E19.027           ... (3 indent ) Determination or coding of an excitation gain (EPO)
  E19.028           ... (3 indent ) Using mixed excitation model, e.g., MELP, MBE, Split band LPC, HVXC, etc. (EPO)
  E19.029           ... (3 indent ) Long-term prediction, i.e., removing periodical redundancies, e.g., adaptive codebook, pitch predictor, etc. (EPO)
  E19.03           ... (3 indent ) Using sinusoidal excitation model (EPO)
  E19.031           ... (3 indent ) Using prototype waveform decomposition or waveform interpolative coders (PWI) (EPO)
  E19.032           ... (3 indent ) Determination or coding of a multipulse excitation (EPO)
  E19.033           .... (4 indent ) Algebraic codebook; sparse pulse excitation (EPO)
  E19.034           .... (4 indent ) Regular pulse excitation (EPO)
  E19.035           ... (3 indent ) Determination or coding of a code excitation; code excited linear prediction (CELP) vocoders (EPO)
  E19.036           .... (4 indent ) Pitch excitation, e.g., PSI-CELP (pitch synchronous innovation CELP), etc. (EPO)
  E19.037           .... (4 indent ) Residual excited linear prediction (RELP) (EPO)
  E19.038           .... (4 indent ) Vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) (EPO)
  E19.039           .. (2 indent ) Details of speech and audio coders (EPO)
  E19.04           ... (3 indent ) Vocoder architecture (EPO)
  E19.041           .... (4 indent ) Vocoders using multiple modes (EPO)
  E19.042           .... (5 indent ) Using sound class specific coding, hybrid encoders, object-based coding (EPO)
  E19.043           .... (5 indent ) Mode decision, i.e., based on audio signal content versus external parameter (EPO)
  E19.044           .... (5 indent ) Variable rate or variable quality codecs, e.g., scalable representation encoding, etc. (EPO)
  E19.045           ... (3 indent ) Pre- or post-filtering (EPO)
  E19.046           .... (4 indent ) Pre-filtering, e.g., high frequency emphasis prior to encoding, etc. (EPO)
  E19.047           .... (4 indent ) Post-filtering, e.g., pitch enhancement, formant emphasis for decoder, etc. (EPO)
  E19.048           ... (3 indent ) Audio streaming, i.e., formatting and decoding of an encoded audio signal (EPO)
  E19.049           ... (3 indent ) Transcoding, i.e., converting between two coded representations avoiding cascaded coding-decoding (EPO)
  E21.001           MODIFICATION OF AT LEAST ONE CHARACTERISTIC OF SPEECH WAVES (EPO)
  E21.002           . (1 indent ) Speech enhancement, e.g., noise reduction, echo cancellation, etc. (EPO)
  E21.003           .. (2 indent ) Applications (EPO)
  E21.004           ... (3 indent ) Speech corrupted by noise (EPO)
  E21.005           .... (4 indent ) Periodic noise (EPO)
  E21.006           .... (4 indent ) The noise being separate speech (EPO)
  E21.007           ... (3 indent ) Speech corrupted by echo-reverberation (EPO)
  E21.008           ... (3 indent ) Speech corrupted by stress-Lombard effect (EPO)
  E21.009           ... (3 indent ) Enhancement of intelligibility of clean or coded speech (EPO)
  E21.01           .... (4 indent ) Enhancement of diverse speech (EPO)
  E21.011           .... (4 indent ) Bandwidth extension taking place at the receiving side, e.g., generation of low- or high-frequency components, regeneration of spectral holes, etc. (EPO)
  E21.012           ... (3 indent ) Separate reconstruction of interference and of speech signal (EPO)
  E21.013           .... (4 indent ) The interference being a separate speaker (EPO)
  E21.014           ... (3 indent ) Active noise canceling (EPO)
  E21.015           ... (3 indent ) Public address system (EPO)
  E21.016           .. (2 indent ) Suppression or repetition of time signal segments (EPO)
  E21.017           . (1 indent ) Time compression or expansion (EPO)
  E21.018           .. (2 indent ) Suppression or repetition of time signal segments (EPO)
  E21.019           . (1 indent ) Transformation of speech into a nonaudible representation, e.g., speech visualization, speech processing for tactile aids, etc. (EPO)
  E21.02           .. (2 indent ) Synchronization of speech with image or synthesis of the lips movement from speech, e.g., for "talking heads," etc.(EPO)
  E11.001           MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS OR DETECTION OF SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS (EPO)
  E11.002           . (1 indent ) General speech analysis without concrete application (EPO)
  E11.003           . (1 indent ) Detection of presence or absence of speech signals (EPO)
  E11.004           .. (2 indent ) Voice/data decision (EPO)
  E11.005           .. (2 indent ) End point detection (EPO)
  E11.006           . (1 indent ) Pitch determination of speech signals (EPO)
  E11.007           . (1 indent ) Voiced-unvoiced decision (EPO)
  E13.001           SPEECH SYNTHESIS; TEXT TO SPEECH SYSTEMS (EPO)
  E13.002           . (1 indent ) Methods for producing synthetic speech; speech synthesizers (EPO)
  E13.003           .. (2 indent ) Concept-to-speech synthesizers; generation of natural phrases not from text but from machine-based concepts (EPO)
  E13.004           .. (2 indent ) Sound editing, manipulating voice of the synthesizer (EPO)
  E13.005           . (1 indent ) Details of speech synthesis systems, e.g., synthesizer architecture, memory management, etc. (EPO)
  E13.006           .. (2 indent ) Architecture of speech synthesizers (EPO)
  E13.007           .. (2 indent ) Excitation (EPO)
  E13.008           .. (2 indent ) Systems using speech synthesizers (EPO)
  E13.009           . (1 indent ) Elementary speech units used in speech synthesizers; concatenation rules (EPO)
  E13.01           .. (2 indent ) Concatenation (EPO)
  E13.011           . (1 indent ) Text analysis, generation of parameters for speech synthesis out of text, e.g., grapheme to phoneme translation, prosody generation, stress, or intonation determination, etc. (EPO)
  E13.012           .. (2 indent ) Grapheme to phoneme, detection of language (EPO)
  E13.013           .. (2 indent ) Prosody rules derived from text (EPO)
  E13.014           .. (2 indent ) Stress or intonation (EPO)
 
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