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1

Thioimidate esters (i.e., compounds having the thioimidate group, HN=CH-S-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only, bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

2

Chalcogen bonded directly to the carbon of the thioimidate group (e.g., HN=C(OH)-S-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only)

3

Oxygen attached directly to the nitrogen of the thioimidate group by nonionic bonding (i.e., HO-N=CH-S-, wherein substitution may be hydrogen only)

4

Nitrogen bonded directly to the carbon of the thioimidate group (i.e., pseudothioureas, HN=C(HNH)-S-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only)

5

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the thioimidate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

6

Imidate esters (i.e., compounds having the imidate group, HN=CH-O-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only, bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

7

Oxygen attached directly to the nitrogen of the imidate group by nonionic bonding (i.e., HO-N=CH-O-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only)

8

Nitrogen bonded directly to the carbon of the imidate group (i.e., pseudoureas, HN=C(HNH)-O-, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only)

9

Carbon bonded directly to the nitrogen of the imidate group (e.g., N cyanoimidates, etc.)

10

Thiocyanate esters (i.e., compounds having the thiocyano group, -SCN, bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

11

Plural thiocyano groups attached to each other indirectly by nonionic bonding

12

Thiocyano and the carbonyl carbon of a -COO- group are attached to the same carbon or to a chain consisting of carbons, which chain may include ring members (e.g., terpene thiocyanoacyl compounds, etc.)

13

Thiocyano bonded directly to a benzene ring

14

Nitrogen or carbonyl attached indirectly to the thiocyano group by acyclic nonionic bonding

15

Sulfur or halogen attached indirectly to the thiocyano group by acyclic nonionic bonding

16

Oxygen attached indirectly to the thiocyano group by acyclic nonionic bonding

17

Isothiocyanate esters (i.e., compounds containing the isothiocyanate group, -N=C=S, bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

18

Processes for forming the isothiocyanate group

19

Thiocyano, isocyanate, or isocyanide dihalide group containing compound utilized (i.e., -SCN, -N=C=O, or -N=CXX containing compound utilized wherein X is halogen)

20

Sulfate esters ( i.e., compounds having the sulfate group, -O-S(=O)(=O)O-, bonded directly to at least one carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

21

With preservative or stabilizer

22

Phosphorus attached directly or indirectly to the sulfate group by nonionic bonding

23

Chalcogen bonded directly to the sulfate group

24

Plural sulfate groups attached indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

25

Nitrogen attached indirectly to a sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

26

Additional chalcogen attached indirectly to a sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

27

Quaternary nitrogen containing

28

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, attached indirectly to the quaternary nitrogen

29

Nitrogen attached indirectly to the sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

30

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, bonded directly to the nitrogen

31

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

32

The chalcogen, X, is part of a -C(=X)- group

33

The chalcogen is bonded directly to a ring

34

Plural chalcogens attached indirectly to the sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

35

Halogen attached indirectly to the sulfate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

36

Acyclic carbon chain containing carbon to carbon unsaturation attached directly to the sulfate group by nonionic bonding

37

Benzene ring attached directly or indirectly to the sulfate group by nonionic bonding

38

Plural alkyl groups, or hydrogen and an alkyl group, bonded directly to the sulfate group, wherein the hydrogen may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal (e.g., ethyl hydrogen sulfate, methyl ammonium sulfate, diethyl sulfate, etc.)

39

Processes

40

Heavy metal containing material utilized (e.g., as catalyst, promoter, etc.)

41

Reactant contains alcoholic -OH group (wherein H of -OH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

42

Reactant contains acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond

43

Purification or recovery

44

Sulfonate esters (i.e., compounds having the sulfonate group, -O-S(=O)(=O) , wherein the single bonded oxygen is bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

45

Phosphorus attached directly or indirectly to the sulfonate group by nonionic bonding

46

Plural sulfonate groups attached indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

47

Nitrogen attached directly or indirectly to a sulfonate group by nonionic bonding

48

Nitrogen attached directly or indirectly to the sulfonate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

49

The nitrogen is bonded directly to -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen

50

Additional nitrogen attached directly or indirectly to the -C(=X)- group by acyclic nonionic bonding

51

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the sulfonate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

52

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

53

Halogen attached directly or indirectly to the sulfonate group by acyclic nonionic bonding

54

Plural halogens attached indirectly to the sulfonate group by acyclic bonding

55

Acyclic carbon chain containing carbon to carbon unsaturation attached directly to the sulfonate group by nonionic bonding

56

Benzene ring bonded directly to the sulfonate group

57

Alicyclic ring attached directly or indirectly to the sulfonate group by nonionic bonding

58

Additional benzene ring containing

59

Sulfite esters (i.e., compounds having the sulfite group, -O-S(=O)O-, bonded directly to at least one carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

60

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the sulfite group by acyclic nonionic bonding

61

Sulfinate esters (i.e., compounds having the sulfinate group, -O-S(=O)-, wherein the single bonded oxygen is bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

62

Sulfenate esters (i.e., compounds having the sulfenate group, -S-O-, wherein the oxygen is bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

70

Phosphorus esters (i.e., compounds having the phosphorus ester group, wherein trivalent or pentavalent phosphorus and carbon are bonded directly to the same divalent chalcogen, and wherein the carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

71

With preservative or stabilizer

72

Boron containing

73

The phosphorus is in a ring

74

Ring phosphorus is shared by two rings

75

Phosphorus and nitrogen in the same ring

76

Additional phosphorus containing ring

77

Phosphorus, and two chalcogens bonded directly thereto, in the same ring (e.g., cyclic phosphonates, etc.)

78

Acyclic divalent chalcogen single bonded directly to the ring phosphorus (e.g., cyclic phosphites, etc.)

79

And divalent chalogen double bonded directly to the ring phosphorus (e.g., cyclic phosphates, etc.)

80

And nitrogen in the ring

81

And chalcogen or carbon in the ring

82

And carbon and chalcogen in the ring

83

Plural chalcogens in the ring

84

The ring phosphorus is attached directly to halogen or an acyclic nitrogen by nonionic bonding

85

Acyclic divalent chalcogen single bonded directly to the ring phosphorus (e.g., cyclic phosphites, etc.)

86

And divalent chalcogen double bonded directly to the ring phosphorus (e.g., cyclic phosphates, etc.)

87

Processes

88

Isomerization

89

Forming the phosphorus ester group

90

Reactant having halogen attached directly to phosphorus by nonionic bonding

91

And reactant having chalcogen-containing hetero ring

92

And reactant having alcoholic or phenolic -XH group, wherein X is chalcogen (and wherein H of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

93

And nitrogen bonded directly to the phosphorus in the phosphorus containing reactant

94

Four or five halogens attached directly to the phosphorus in the phosphorus containing reactant by nonionic bonding

95

The phosphorus in the reactant is trivalent

96

Nitrogen containing compound utilized (e.g., pyridine, carbamates, urea, etc., utilized as catalysts, proton acceptors, etc.)

97

Trivalent phosphorus converted into pentavalent phosphorus

98

And carbon bonded directly to the phosphorus in the phosphorus containing reactant (e.g., methyl phosphonodichloride, etc.)

99

And divalent chalcogen single bonded directly to the phosphorus in the phosphorus containing reactant (e.g., diethyl phosphorochloridate, etc.)

100

Nitrogen containing compound utilized (e.g., pyridine, carbamates, urea, etc., utilized as catalysts, proton acceptors, etc.)

101

Nitrogen containing compound utilized (e.g., pyridine, carbamates, urea, etc., utilized as catalysts, proton acceptors, etc.)

102

Metal containing material utilized (e.g., as catalysts, etc.)

103

And reactant having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen

104

Reactant has -XH, wherein X is chalcogen, bonded directly to phosphorus (wherein H of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

105

And reactant having three-membered hetero ring

106

And reactant having halogen bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any element but may be multiple bonded only to carbon

107

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, or cyano attached indirectly to the halogen by acyclic nonionic bonding

108

And -C(=X)- containing reactant, wherein X is chalcogen

109

And unsaturated hydrocarbon reactant (e.g., pinene, allylene, etc.)

110

And reactant having alcoholic or phenolic -XH group, wherein X is chalcogen (and wherein H of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

111

Additional diverse phosphorus containing reactant

112

Reactant consists of phosphorus and sulfur (e.g., phosphorus pentasulfide, etc.)

113

Reactant consists of phosphorus and oxygen (e.g., phosphorus pentoxide, etc.)

114

And reactant having alcoholic or phenolic -XH group, wherein X is chalcogen (and wherein H of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

115

Trivalent phosphorus converted into pentavalent phosphorus

116

Reactant having halogen and -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, bonded directly to the same carbon (e.g., alpha halo carbonyl compounds, etc.)

117

Reactant is a phosphorus ester (e.g., transesterification, etc.)

118

And reactant having alcoholic or phenolic -XH group, wherein X is chalcogen (and wherein X of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

119

The -XH is bonded directly to alkyl

120

The phosphorus ester reactant has hydrogen or metal bonded directly to phosphorus

121

Elemental phosphorus reactant

122

Trivalent phosphorus converted into pentavalent phosphorus

123

Molecular oxygen or elemental sulfur reactant (e.g., air, etc.)

124

Reactant having halogen bonded directly to carbon (e.g., Arbuzov rearrangement, etc.)

125

The reactant contains carbon to carbon unsaturation

126

Reactant having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen

127

Forming a linkage wherein divalent chalcogen is bonded directly to two phosphori (e.g., forming the pyrophosphate linkage, etc.)

128

Reactant having halogen attached directly to phosphorus by nonionic bonding

129

Forming or utilizing an -O-O- or -S-S- group

130

Forming P-X-C(=X)- group, wherein the X's may be the same or different chalcogens and the phosphorus may be trivalent or pentavalent

131

Converting a phosphorus ester group to a P-XH group, wherein H of -XH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium or by a Group IA or IIA light metal, and wherein X is chalogen and P may be trivalent or pentavalent

132

Forming phosphorus to chalcogen bond

133

Replacing H of P-XH with substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or with a Group IA or IIA light metal, and wherein X is chalcogen and P is trivalent or pentavalent

134

Substituting carbon for halogen, hydrogen, or metal bonded directly to the phosphorus

135

Aldehyde or ketone reactant

136

Reactant having halogen bonded directly to carbon (e.g., ethyl bromide, benzoyl chloride, etc.)

137

Reactant having acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon unsaturation

138

Forming phosphorus to nitrogen bond

139

Forming a -C(=X)NHH or -N=C=O group, wherein X is chalcogen and substitution may be made for hydrogen only

140

Forming nonionic phosphorus to halogen bond

141

Halogenation of carbon

142

Forming carbon to carbon multiple bond

143

Utilizing oxirane ring containing compound

144

Reactant having halogen or nitrogen attached directly to phosphorus by nonionic bonding

145

Reactant having nitrogen attached indirectly to phosphorus by nonionic bonding

146

Purification or recovery

147

Of compounds having plural phosphori

148

Of compounds having halogen attached directly to phosphorus by nonionic bonding

149

Oxidation employed to purify or recover

150

Metal containing material utilized or separated

151

Oxygen single bonded to oxygen, or sulfur single bonded to sulfur (e.g., peroxy compounds, etc.)

152

Plural phosphori bonded to the same chalcogen (e.g., pyrophosphate esters, etc.)

153

Phosphorus and a -C(=X)- group, wherein X is chalcogen, bonded directly to the same chalcogen

154

Hydrazine, or substituted hydrazine, group attached directly or indirectly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding (i.e., HHN-NH- group, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only)

155

Plural phosphori attached directly or indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

156

Plural phosphorus ester groups

157

Nitrogen bonded directly to phosphorus

158

Nitrogen attached indirectly to phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

159

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, bonded directly to the nitrogen

160

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, attached indirectly to phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

161

Divalent chalcogen double bonded directly to pentavalent phosphorus

162

Plural phosphori attached indirectly to each other by a benzene ring or by a chain which includes a benzene ring

163

Plural phosphori attached indirectly to each other by an acyclic chalcogen containing chain

164

Plural chalcogens in the acyclic chain

165

Divalent chalcogen, bonded directly to two carbons or to carbon and hydrogen, attached indirectly to phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding (wherein the hydrogen may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

166

Nitrogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

167

The nitrogen is part of a cyano or isocyano group

168

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

169

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

170

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group, which group is bonded directly to the nitrogen

171

Nitrogen bonded directly to the phosphorus

172

The -C(=X)- is part of a -C(=X)X- group, wherein the X's may be the same or diverse chalcogens

173

Chalcogen, or additional -C(=X), bonded directly to the nitrogen

174

Two carbons bonded directly to the same chalcogen (e.g., sulfones, carboxylic acid esters, ethers, etc.)

175

Chalcogen bonded directly to the nitrogen by nonionic bonding

176

Containing carbon double bonded to nitrogen

177

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

178

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

179

The -C(=X)- is part of a -C(=X)X- group, wherein the X's are the same or diverse chalcogens

180

Plural -C(=X)X- groups attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

181

The carbon of the -C(=X)X- group is bonded directly to the phosphorus or to nitrogen which is bonded directly to the phosphorus

182

Acyclic carbon chain containing carbon to carbon unsaturation attached directly or indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

183

Plural carbons bonded directly to the same chalcogen which is attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding (e.g., ethers, etc.)

184

The chalcogen is part of a -S(=O)- or a -S(=O)(=O)- group (e.g., sulfones, etc.)

185

Nitrogen bonded directly to the phosphorus

186

Plural ether oxygens or thioether sulfurs attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

187

The chalcogen is bonded directly to a benzene ring and to acyclic carbon

188

Halogen attached directly or indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

189

Carbon bonded directly to the phosphorus

190

Nitrogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

191

Nitrogen or halogen attached directly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

192

Cyano or isocyano attached indirectly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

193

Nitro bonded directly to a benzene ring

194

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

195

Nitrogen or halogen attached directly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

196

The chalcogen is part of a -S(=O)- or a -S(=O)(=O)- group (e.g., sulfoxides, sulfonic acids, etc.)

197

Ether oxygen or thioether sulfur bonded directly to a benzene ring

198

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

199

Nitrogen bonded directly to the phosphorus

200

Benzene ring and the phosphorus bonded directly to the same chalcogen (i.e., the carbon of the phosphorus ester group is part of a benzene ring)

201

Acyclic carbon chain containing carbon to carbon unsaturation attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

202

Halogen attached directly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

203

Halogen attached indirectly to the phosphorus by acyclic nonionic bonding

204

Plural fluorines bonded to an acyclic carbon or to an acyclic carbon chain

205

Carbon to carbon unsaturation containing

206

The unsaturation is in a benzene ring

207

Divalent chalcogen double bonded directly to the phosphorus

208

And three divalent chalcogens single bonded directly to the phosphorus (e.g., trialkyl phosphates, etc.)

209

Alicyclic ring bonded directly to one of the chalcogens

210

Benzene ring bonded directly to one of the chalcogens

211

Benzene ring bonded directly to each of the three chalcogens

212

Three or more halogens bonded directly to the benzene ring

213

Multiple bond between two acyclic carbons

214

And two divalent chalcogens single bonded directly to the phosphorus

215

Benzene ring bonded directly to one of the chalcogens

216

Benzene ring bonded directly to the phosphorus

217

Multiple bond between two acyclic carbons

218

Three divalent chalcogens single bonded directly to trivalent phosphorus (e.g., trialkyl phosphites, etc.)

230

Esters having the thiocarboxylate group, -C(=X)X-, wherein the X's are the same or diverse chalcogens, with at least one X being sulfur, and wherein the single bonded X is bonded directly to an additional carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom, but may be multiple bonded only to carbon

231

Phosphorus attached directly or indirectly to the thiocarboxylate group by nonionic bonding

232

Nitrogen bonded directly to the carbon of the -C(=X)X- group (e.g., thiocarbamates, etc.)

233

Chalcogen, nitrogen, or additional -C(=X)- attached directly to the nitrogen by nonionic bonding (X is chalcogen)

234

The -C(=X)X- is -C(=S)O-

235

The -C(=X)X- is -C(=S)S-

236

Nitrogen or additional chalcogen attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding

237

Plural HHN-C(=S)S- groups, wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only

238

Cyano or -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding

239

Nitrogen or additional chalcogen attached indirectly to the nitrogen by acyclic nonionic bonding

240

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

241

Benzene ring bonded directly to the nitrogen or to the sulfur of a -C(=O)S- group

242

Benzene ring attached indirectly to the nitrogen by nonionic bonding

243

Esters having the -X-C(=X)X- group, wherein the X's are the same or diverse chalcogens and at least one X is sulfur, and wherein one of the single bonded X's is bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom, but may be multiple bonded only to carbon (e.g., thiocarbonates, etc.)

244

Two -C(=X)- groups, wherein the X's are the same or diverse chalcogens, bonded directly to the same chalcogen or to a chain consisting of chalcogens (e.g., xanthic disulfides, etc.)

245

The -X-C(=X)X- is -S-C(=S)O- (e.g., xanthates, etc.)

246

Nitrogen or chalcogen attached indirectly to the -S-C(=S)O- group by acyclic nonionic bonding

247

Alkyl and hydrogen bonded directly to the -S-C(=S)O- group, wherein the hydrogen may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium or by a Group IA or IIA light metal (e.g., sodium ethyl xanthate, etc.)

248

The -X-C(=X)X- is -S-C(=O)O- (e.g., thiolcarbonates, etc.)

249

Halothiocarbonate esters (i.e., compounds wherein halogen is bonded directly to the carbon of the -C(=X)X- group)

250

The -C(=X)X- is -C(=O)S-

251

Plural -C(=O)S- groups containing

252

Chalcogen attached indirectly to the -C(=O)S- group by acyclic nonionic bonding

253

The chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

254

Nitrogen bonded directly to the -C(=X)- group

255

The -C(=X)- group is part of a -COO- group

256

Nitrogen attached indirectly to the -C(=O)S- group by acyclic nonionic bonding

257

Benzene ring attached directly or indirectly to the -C(=0)S- group by nonionic bonding

260

Carbonate esters (i.e, compounds having the -O-C(=O)O- group bonded directly to at least one carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

261

With preservative or stabilizer

262

Nitrogen attached directly to the -O-C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding (e.g., oxime carbonates, urea carbonates, etc.)

263

Oxygen bonded directly to the -O-C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding (e.g., monoperoxycarbonates, etc.)

264

Carbonyl bonded directly to the oxygen (i.e., compounds having the -O-C(=O) O-O-C(=O)- group; e.g., peroxydicarbonates, acyl peroxycarbonates, etc.)

265

Plural -O-C(=O)O- groups attached indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

266

Additional chalcogen attached indirectly to one of the -O-C(=O)O- groups by acyclic nonionic bonding

267

The additional chalcogen, X, is in a -C(=X)- group

268

Benzene ring attached directly or indirectly to one of the -O-C(=O)O- groups by nonionic bonding

269

Nitrogen attached directly or indirectly to the benzene ring by nonionic bonding

270

Benzene ring bonded directly to the -O-C(=O)O- group

271

Additional chalcogen bonded directly to the benzene ring

272

Nitrogen bonded directly to the benzene ring

273

Nitrogen or additional chalcogen attached indirectly to the benzene ring by acyclic nonionic bonding

274

Two benzene rings bonded directly to the -O-C(=O)O- group (i.e., diaryl carbonates)

275

Benzene ring attached indirectly to the -O-C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding

276

Nitrogen or chalcogen attached indirectly to the -O-C(=O)O- group by acyclic nonionic bonding

277

Two identical or diverse alkyl groups bonded directly to the -O-C(=O)O- group (e.g., dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, etc.)

280

Halocarbonate esters (i.e., compounds having the halo-C(=O)O- group bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

281

Plural halo-C(=O)O- groups attached indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

282

Benzene ring attached directly or indirectly to the halo-C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding

283

Halogen attached indirectly to the halo-C(=O)O- group by nonionic bonding

285

Thioborate esters (i.e., compounds having boron and carbon each single bonded to the same divalent sulfur, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

286

Borate esters (i.e., compounds having boron and carbon each single bonded to the same oxygen, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

287

Boron and oxygen in the same ring

288

Carbon in the ring

289

Nitrogen in the ring

290

Plural rings each having boron, carbon and oxygen as ring members

291

Three oxygens attached directly to the same boron by nonionic bonding

292

Plural acyclic borons attached directly or indirectly to each other by nonionic bonding

293

Three oxygens attached directly to the same boron by nonionic bonding

294

Benzene ring attached indirectly to boron by nonionic bonding

295

Nitrogen or chalcogen attached indirectly to boron by acyclic nonionic bonding

296

Trialkyl borates (i.e., compounds having the structure (RO)B(OR)(OR), wherein the R's represent the same or diverse alkyl groups

297

Processes utilizing boric oxide or an inorganic boric acid

298

Carbon bonded directly to the boron

299

Nitrile oxides or nitrile imines (i.e., compounds having cyano bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon, and wherein the nitrogen of the cyano group is bonded directly to oxygen or to nitrogen)

300

Cyano single bonded and nitrogen or phosphorus double bonded to the same carbon atom (e.g., alpha-imino nitriles, etc.)

301

Oxygen bonded directly to the double bonded nitrogen (e.g., alpha-oximino nitriles, etc.)

302

Isonitriles (i.e., compounds having an isonitrile group, usually represented as -N=C, bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

303

Nitriles (i.e., compounds having cyano bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon)

304

With preservative or stabilizer

305

Acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon unsaturation in the preserved or stabilized nitrile

306

Organic compound, which contains nitrogen, utilized as preservative or stabilizer

307

Sulfur or phosphorus containing preservative or stabilizer

308

Processes for forming the cyano group

309

Hetero ring containing reactant

310

Nitrogen, or oxygen, and carbonyl carbon are adjacent ring members of the hetero ring (e.g., lactams, lactones, etc.)

311

Reactant is a carboxylic acid, or an amide, anhydride, ester, halide, or salt thereof

312

Utilizing a formamide, heavy metal salt, aluminum halide, organosilicon compound, organophosphorus compound, or a compound containing nitrogen and sulfur

313

Liquid phase reaction

314

Utilizing nitryl halide, nitrosyl halide, HCH=NO- or HHNO- (wherein substitution may be made for hydrogen only; e.g., oximes, oxime esters, hydroxylamine salts, olefin-nitrosyl chloride adducts, etc.)

315

Reactant is an aldehyde or ketone, or a compound having carbon double bonded to nitrogen (e.g., ammoxidation of acrolein, etc.)

316

Reactant contains -OH bonded directly to acyclic or alicyclic carbon (wherein H of -OH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal)

317

Utilizing a nitrogen oxide or an azide

318

Ammonia utilized

319

And molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen containing gas

320

Acting on a compound containing acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon unsaturation

321

Niobium, tantalum, silver, sulfur, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum containing material utilized

322

Tellurium containing material utilized

323

Molybdenum containing material utilized

324

Bismuth containing material utilized

325

Antimony containing material utilized

326

Uranium or arsenic containing material utilized

327

Acting on a benzene ring-containing compound

328

Alkali metal containing material utilized

329

Product contains cyano bonded directly to a benzene ring

330

Reactant contains acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond

331

Homopolymerization of HCN (e.g., tetramerization of HCN to diaminomaleonitrile)

332

Processes of attaching cyano to carbon by reaction of an inorganic cyanide with an organic compound (e.g., using HCN, cyanogen, metal cyanide, ammonium cyanide, cyanogen chloride, etc.)

333

The organic compound contains a carbon to carbon triple bond (e.g., acrylonitrile from acetylene and HCN, etc.)

334

Liquid phase reaction (e.g., using aqueous CuCl catalyst, etc.)

335

The organic compound contains an acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond

336

Cyanogen or cyanogen halide utilized

337

The organic compound contains halogen bonded directly to carbon

338

Organic material which contains phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony, in addition to nickel, utilized (e.g., zero-valent nickel complexes, etc.)

339

Cobalt, copper, silver, or gold containing material utilized

340

Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum containing material utilized

341

The organic compound contains a carbonyl (e.g., ketene, etc.)

342

Replacing halogen with cyano

343

On benzene ring

344

Organic compound of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth utilized other than as reactant (e.g., utilizing phase transfer agents, etc.)

345

Aldehyde, and carboxylic acid halide or carboxylic acid anhydride, reacted with the inorganic cyanide

346

Aldehyde or ketone, and ammonia or substituted ammonia, reacted with the inorganic cyanide

347

Hetero ring containing compound reacted with the inorganic cyanide (e.g., reaction of epoxy compounds, etc.)

348

Replacing hydrogen with cyano (e.g., malononitrile from acetonitrile, etc.)

349

On benzene ring (e.g., benzonitrile from benzene, etc.)

350

Replacing oxygen or nitrogen, single bonded to carbon, by cyano

351

Attaching cyano to the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone (e.g., cyanohydrin formation, etc.)

352

Carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, or compound containing carbon double bonded to nitrogen reacted with the inorganic cyanide

353

Processes utilizing carbon monoxide as a reactant

354

Racemization, resolution, or inversion of configuration processes for optically active compounds

355

Isomerization processes (e.g., double bond shift, cis-trans isomerism, etc.)

356

Isomerization of reactants containing plural cyano groups

357

Processes of forming carbon to carbon bond between carbons of two organic reactants

358

Reactions utilizing epoxy compounds, or free radical reactions (e.g., utilizing peroxy or azo promotors, etc.)

359

The carbons that form the bond each lose halogen in the process

360

The carbon to carbon bond forms between plural molecules of identical nitrile reactants (e.g., dimerization, etc.)

361

The reactant is an acyclic nitrile containing carbon to carbon unsaturation (e.g., dimerization or oligomerization of acrylonitrile, etc.)

362

Amalgam utilized

363

Organic phosphorus compound utilized

364

Heavy metal or aluminum containing material utilized

365

Formation of a carbocyclic ring

366

Three- or four-membered monocyclic ring formed

367

Cyanoalkylation of an acyclic or alicyclic carbon, which is adjacent to a benzene ring or an atom double or triple bonded to a non-carbon atom, by means of acrylonitrile or hydrocarbyl-substituted acrylonitrile (e.g., cyanoethylation, etc.)

368

The cyanoalkylated carbon is adjacent to a carbonyl carbon

369

Alkylation of an acyclic or alicyclic carbon, which is adjacent to a benzene ring or an atom double or triple bonded to a non-carbon atom, by means of an alkyl halide, alkyl sulfate, substituted alkyl halide or substituted alkyl sulfate

370

Reactant contains two cyano groups bonded directly to the same unsaturated carbon

371

Aldehyde or ketone reactant

372

Formaldehyde reactant

373

Carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone reacts to form a carbon to carbon double bond with carbon of a second reactant

374

The carbon of the second reactant is bonded directly to two atoms which are each double or triple bonded to noncarbon atoms

375

Carbon to carbon double bond is formed between a nitrile reactant having no acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond and a second reactant

376

Hydrogen bonded to a benzene ring is replaced by carbon

377

A nitrile reactant and a second reactant each contain an acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond

378

A nitrile reactant contains no acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon unsaturation

379

Processes of forming an acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon double bond from an existing acyclic or alicyclic carbon to carbon single bond (e.g., by dehydroacylation, etc.)

380

By dehydrohalogenation

381

By dehalogenation, dehydrocyanation, ring cleavage, or depolymerization

382

By dehydration (i.e., removal of water)

383

By dehydrogenation

384

Boron or spiro containing

385

Phosphorus attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

386

Chalcogen, nitrogen, or halogen bonded directly to the phosphorus by nonionic bonding

387

Oxygen single bonded to oxygen, or sulfur single bonded to sulfur (e.g., peroxy compounds, etc.)

388

Benzene ring attached indirectly to the cyano group by acyclic nonionic bonding

389

Non-carbon atom in acyclic chain between the benzene ring and the cyano group

390

Nitrogen in the acyclic chain

391

Carbon, also in the chain, double bonded to the nitrogen

392

Having -C(=X)-, also in the chain, bonded directly to the nitrogen (wherein X is chalcogen)

393

Carbon to carbon unsaturation, chalcogen, or additional nitrogen in the chain

394

The chain nitrogen bonded directly to the benzene ring

395

Cyano or carbonyl bonded directly to an acyclic carbon which is double bonded to another carbon

396

Sulfur in the chain

397

Oxygen double bonded to the sulfur

398

Having -COO- in the chain

399

The carbon of the -COO- group is bonded directly to the benzene ring

400

Cyano or carbonyl bonded directly to an acyclic carbon which is double bonded to another carbon

401

Benzene ring and cyano connected by a chain consisting of two carbons multiple bonded to each other

402

Additional benzene ring bonded directly to the chain

403

Nitrogen, except as nitro or nitroso, bonded directly to the benzene ring

404

Having -C(=X)-, wherein X is chalcogen, attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

405

Two carbons bonded directly to the carbon of the -C(=X)- group (e.g., ketones, etc.)

406

Oxygen bonded directly to carbonyl (e.g., carboxylic acid esters, etc.)

407

Three-membered carbocyclic ring containing

408

Nitrogen, except as nitro or nitroso, attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

409

Plural cyano groups containing

410

Oxygen attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding (e.g., nitro group, etc.)

411

Benzene ring bonded directly to the cyano group

412

Sulfur and hydroxy bonded directly to the same benzene ring, or containing a monocyclic unsaturated alicyclic ring or thiocarbonyl

413

Sulfur, double bonded to oxygen, attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

414

Carbonyl attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

415

Benzene ring bonded directly to the carbonyl

416

Oxygen bonded directly to the carbonyl (e.g., benzoic acid esters, etc.)

417

The carbonyl is bonded directly to two non-carbon atoms, or to a non-carbon atom and an additional carbonyl (e.g., carbamates, oxamides, etc.)

418

Nitrogen, except as nitro or nitroso, attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

419

Plural cyano groups containing

420

Plural benzene rings bonded directly to cyano groups

421

Plural cyano groups bonded directly to a benzene ring, which is further unsubstituted or hydrocarbyl substituted only

422

The nitrogen is attached indirectly to a benzene ring by acyclic nonionic bonding

423

Oxygen attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

424

Two benzene rings bonded directly to the same oxygen, or nitrogen bonded directly to oxygen (e.g., nitro compounds, phenoxyphenyl compounds, etc.)

425

Halogen attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

426

Benzene ring attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding (i.e., alicyclic ring between the benzene ring and the cyano group)

427

Polycyclo ring system having at least three cyclos, at least one of which is a benzene ring

428

Polycyclo alicyclic ring system containing

429

The ring system contains at least three cyclos

430

Six-membered alicyclic ring containing

431

Cyano bonded directly to the ring

432

Five-membered alicyclic ring containing

433

Four-membered alicyclic ring containing

434

Three-membered alicyclic ring containing

435

Acyclic (e.g., purification of saturated nitriles, etc.)

436

Sulfur attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

437

The sulfur is double bonded to oxygen

438

Two carbons bonded directly to the same divalent sulfur

439

Additional cyano group

440

Carbonyl attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding (e.g., aldehydes, ketones, etc.)

441

Oxygen bonded directly to the carbonyl group (e.g., carboxylic acid esters, etc.)

442

Additional carbonyl attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

443

The cyano group is bonded directly to the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon (e.g., alpha cyano acrylates, etc.)

444

The oxygen is between the carbonyl and the cyano group (e.g., cyano is in the alcohol portion of a carboxylic acid ester, etc.)

445

Nitrogen bonded directly to the carbonyl (e.g., ureas, etc.)

446

Nitrogen, double bonded to carbon, attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding (e.g., imines, oximes, etc.)

447

Plural carbons bonded directly to the same oxygen

448

Plurals oxygens bonded directly to the same carbon (e.g., acetals, etc.)

449

Cyano is attached directly or indirectly by nonionic bonding to carbon that is multiple bonded to another carbon

450

Processes for formation of an ether group (e.g., cyanoethylation of alcohols, etc.)

451

Having -OH bonded directly to carbon (wherein H of -OH may be replaced by substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, or by a Group IA or IIA light metal) by dehydroacylation, etc.)

452

Nitrogen attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

453

Plural cyano groups bonded directly to the same carbon (e.g., malononitrile, tetracyanoethylene, etc.)

454

Plural cyano groups bonded directly to the same chain (e.g., adiponitrile, etc.)

455

The chain contains nitrogen (e.g., iminodiacetonitrile, nitrilotriacetonitrile, etc.)

456

Purification or recovery of saturated hydrocarbon dinitriles (e.g., from mixtures with cyanocyclopentanonimine, 2-cyanocyclopenten-1-ylamine, etc.)

457

A carbon in the chain is multiple bonded to carbon (e.g., 1,4 dicyanobutene, etc.)

458

The nitrogen is attached directly to halogen by nonionic bonding, or is part of a nitro, nitroso, nitrate, or N-oxide group

459

Hydrogenation of dinitriles, or displacement of halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy by ammonia or substituted ammonia

460

Halogen attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

461

Plural halogens attached indirectly to the cyano group by nonionic bonding

462

Carbon to carbon unsaturation containing

463

Purification or recovery

464

Utilizing ion exchange resin, or a silicon, aluminum, or heavy metal containing material

465

Of nitriles prepared by hydrocyanation (e.g., by reaction of acetylene with hydrogen cyanide, etc.)

466

Of nitriles prepared by reaction of an organic compound, ammonia, and molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen-containing gas (i.e., of nitriles prepared by ammoxidation)

467

Processes for preparation of saturated nitriles

480

Nitrate esters or chalcogen analogues thereof (i.e., compounds having (X=)N(=X)-X- bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon; the X's may be the same or diverse chalcogens)

481

With preservative or stabilizer

482

Benzene ring containing

483

Additional nitrogen or chalcogen containing

484

Plural (X=)N(=X)-X- groups containing

485

Four or more (X=)N(=X)-X- groups containing

486

Glyceryl trinitrate per se (i.e., trinitroglycerin)

487

Containing nitrogen bonded directly to carbon

488

Nitrite esters or chalcogen analogues thereof (i.e., compounds having (X=)N X- bonded directly to carbon, which carbon may be single bonded to any atom but may be multiple bonded only to carbon; the X's may be the same or diverse chalcogens)

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