Class   382	IMAGE ANALYSIS
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APPLICATIONS

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. (1 indent ) Mail processing

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.. (2 indent ) ZIP code

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. (1 indent ) Target tracking or detecting

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. (1 indent ) Vehicle or traffic control (e.g., auto, bus, or train)

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.. (2 indent ) License plate

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. (1 indent ) Range or distance measuring

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. (1 indent ) Motion or velocity measuring

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. (1 indent ) Surface texture or roughness measuring

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. (1 indent ) Seismic or geological sample measuring

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. (1 indent ) Animal, plant, or food inspection

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. (1 indent ) Textiles or clothing

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. (1 indent ) Document or print quality inspection (e.g., newspaper, photographs, etc.)

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. (1 indent ) Reading maps, graphs, drawings, or schematics

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. (1 indent ) Reading aids for the visually impaired

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. (1 indent ) Personnel identification (e.g., biometrics)

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.. (2 indent ) Using a combination of features (e.g., signature and fingerprint)

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.. (2 indent ) Using a characteristic of the eye

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.. (2 indent ) Using a facial characteristic

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.. (2 indent ) Using a signature

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... (3 indent ) Sensing pressure together with speed or acceleration

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... (3 indent ) Sensing pressure only

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... (3 indent ) Sensing speed or acceleration only

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... (3 indent ) Sensing geometrical properties

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.. (2 indent ) Using a fingerprint

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... (3 indent ) Extracting minutia such as ridge endings and bifurcations

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... (3 indent ) With a guiding mechanism for positioning finger

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... (3 indent ) With a prism

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. (1 indent ) Biomedical applications

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.. (2 indent ) DNA or RNA pattern reading

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.. (2 indent ) Producing difference image (e.g., angiography)

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.. (2 indent ) Tomography (e.g., CAT scanner)

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.. (2 indent ) X-ray film analysis (e.g., radiography)

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.. (2 indent ) Cell analysis, classification, or counting

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... (3 indent ) Blood cells

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. (1 indent ) Reading paper currency

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. (1 indent ) Reading coins

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. (1 indent ) Reading bank checks (e.g., documents bearing E-13B type characters)

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.. (2 indent ) Reading monetary amount

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.. (2 indent ) Reading MICR data

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... (3 indent ) Including an optical imager or reader

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. (1 indent ) Manufacturing or product inspection

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.. (2 indent ) Bottle inspection

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.. (2 indent ) Inspection of packaged consumer goods

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.. (2 indent ) Mask inspection (e.g., semiconductor photomask)

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.. (2 indent ) Inspection of semiconductor device or printed circuit board

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... (3 indent ) Measuring external leads

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... (3 indent ) Inspecting printed circuit boards

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... (3 indent ) At plural magnifications or resolutions

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... (3 indent ) Fault or defect detection

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.... (4 indent ) Faulty soldering

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... (3 indent ) Alignment, registration, or position determination

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.. (2 indent ) Tool, workpiece, or mechanical component inspection

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. (1 indent ) Robotics

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. (1 indent ) 3-D or stereo imaging analysis

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LEARNING SYSTEMS

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. (1 indent ) Neural networks

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.. (2 indent ) Network learning techniques (e.g., back propagation)

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.. (2 indent ) Network structures

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. (1 indent ) Trainable classifiers or pattern recognizers (e.g., adaline, perceptron)

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.. (2 indent ) Generating a standard by statistical analysis

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.. (2 indent ) Alphanumerics

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COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING

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. (1 indent ) Drop-out color in image (i.e., color to be removed)

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. (1 indent ) Image segmentation using color

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. (1 indent ) Pattern recognition or classification using color

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. (1 indent ) Compression of color images

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. (1 indent ) Color correction

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HISTOGRAM PROCESSING

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. (1 indent ) With a gray-level transformation (e.g., uniform density transformation)

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. (1 indent ) With pattern recognition or classification

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. (1 indent ) For segmenting an image

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. (1 indent ) For setting a threshold

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IMAGE SEGMENTATION

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. (1 indent ) Using projections (i.e., shadow or profile of characters)

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. (1 indent ) Separating document regions using preprinted guides or markings

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. (1 indent ) Distinguishing text from other regions

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. (1 indent ) Segmenting individual characters or words

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.. (2 indent ) Separating touching or overlapping characters

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.. (2 indent ) Segmenting hand-printed characters

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. (1 indent ) Region labeling (e.g., page description language)

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PATTERN RECOGNITION

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. (1 indent ) Limited to specially coded, human-readable characters

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.. (2 indent ) Characters formed entirely of parallel bars (e.g., CMC-7)

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.. (2 indent ) With separate timing or alignment marks

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. (1 indent ) Ideographic characters (e.g., Japanese or Chinese)

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. (1 indent ) Unconstrained handwriting (e.g., cursive)

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. (1 indent ) On-line recognition of handwritten characters

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.. (2 indent ) Writing on ordinary surface (i.e., electronics are in pen)

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.. (2 indent ) With a display

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. (1 indent ) Feature extraction

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.. (2 indent ) Multispectral features (e.g., frequency, phase)

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.. (2 indent ) Feature counting

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... (3 indent ) Counting intersections of scanning lines with pattern

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... (3 indent ) Counting individual pixels or pixel patterns

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.. (2 indent ) Local or regional features

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... (3 indent ) Slice codes

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... (3 indent ) Directional codes and vectors (e.g., Freeman chains, compasslike codes)

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.... (4 indent ) Extracted from alphanumeric characters

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... (3 indent ) Pattern boundary and edge measurements

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.... (4 indent ) Measurements made on alphanumeric characters

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... (3 indent ) Point features (e.g., spatial coordinate descriptors)

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... (3 indent ) Linear stroke analysis (e.g., limited to straight lines)

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... (3 indent ) Shape and form analysis

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.... (4 indent ) Topological properties (e.g., number of holes in a pattern, connectivity, etc.)

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... (3 indent ) Local neighborhood operations (e.g., 3x3 kernel, window, or matrix operator)

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.. (2 indent ) Global features (e.g., measurements on image as a whole, such as area, projections, etc.)

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.. (2 indent ) Waveform analysis

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... (3 indent ) With a tapped delay line

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. (1 indent ) Template matching (e.g., specific devices that determine the best match)

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.. (2 indent ) Spatial filtering (e.g., holography)

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... (3 indent ) With electrically controlled light modulator or filter

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.. (2 indent ) Nonholographic optical mask or transparency

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... (3 indent ) Using both positive and negative masks or transparencies

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... (3 indent ) With a display

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.. (2 indent ) Using dynamic programming or elastic templates (e.g., warping)

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.. (2 indent ) At multiple image orientations or positions

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.. (2 indent ) Electronic template

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... (3 indent ) Comparator

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.... (4 indent ) Determining both similarities and differences

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.... (4 indent ) Calculating weighted similarity or difference (e.g., don`t-care areas)

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.... (4 indent ) Counting difference pixels

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....• (5 indent ) Using an Exclusive-OR gate

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... (3 indent ) Resistor matrix

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. (1 indent ) Classification

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.. (2 indent ) Cluster analysis

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.. (2 indent ) Sequential decision process (e.g., decision tree structure)

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... (3 indent ) With a multilevel classifier

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.. (2 indent ) Statistical decision process

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. (1 indent ) Context analysis or word recognition (e.g., character string)

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.. (2 indent ) Trigrams or digrams

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.. (2 indent ) Checking spelling for recognition

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IMAGE COMPRESSION OR CODING

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. (1 indent ) Including details of decompression

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. (1 indent ) Parallel coding architecture

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. (1 indent ) Substantial processing of image in compressed form

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. (1 indent ) Interframe coding (e.g., difference or motion detection)

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. (1 indent ) Gray level to binary coding

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. (1 indent ) Predictive coding

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. (1 indent ) Adaptive coding (i.e., changes based upon history, activity, busyness, etc.)

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. (1 indent ) Pyramid, hierarchy, or tree structure

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. (1 indent ) Polygonal approximation

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. (1 indent ) Contour or chain coding (e.g., Bezier)

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. (1 indent ) Shape, icon, or feature-based compression

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. (1 indent ) Lossless compression

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.. (2 indent ) Run-length coding

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.. (2 indent ) Huffman or variable-length coding

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.. (2 indent ) Arithmetic coding

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. (1 indent ) Transform coding

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.. (2 indent ) Fractal

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.. (2 indent ) Discrete cosine or sine transform

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. (1 indent ) Quantization

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.. (2 indent ) Error diffusion or dispersion

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.. (2 indent ) Vector quantization

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IMAGE ENHANCEMENT OR RESTORATION

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. (1 indent ) Focus measuring or adjusting (e.g., deblurring)

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. (1 indent ) Object boundary expansion or contraction

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.. (2 indent ) Dilation or erosion (e.g., opening or closing)

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.. (2 indent ) Line thinning or thickening

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... (3 indent ) Skeletonizing

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. (1 indent ) Image filter

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.. (2 indent ) Adaptive filter

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.. (2 indent ) Median filter

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.. (2 indent ) Highpass filter (i.e., for sharpening or enhancing details)

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.. (2 indent ) Lowpass filter (i.e., for blurring or smoothing)

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.. (2 indent ) Recursive filter

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. (1 indent ) Edge or contour enhancement

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.. (2 indent ) Minimize discontinuities in dot-matrix image data (i.e., connecting or merging the dots)

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.. (2 indent ) Minimize discontinuities at boundaries of image blocks (i.e., reducing blocking effects or effects of wrap-around)

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.. (2 indent ) Minimize jaggedness in edges (e.g., anti-aliasing)

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. (1 indent ) Variable threshold, gain, or slice level

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.. (2 indent ) Based on the results of a count

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.. (2 indent ) Based on a local average, mean, or median

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.. (2 indent ) Based on peak levels

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. (1 indent ) Intensity, brightness, contrast, or shading correction

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. (1 indent ) Artifact removal or suppression (e.g., distortion correction)

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IMAGE TRANSFORMATION OR PREPROCESSING

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. (1 indent ) Transforming each dimension separately

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. (1 indent ) Correlation

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. (1 indent ) Convolution

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. (1 indent ) Fourier transform

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. (1 indent ) Walsh, Hough, or Hadamard transform

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. (1 indent ) Selecting a portion of an image

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.. (2 indent ) Using a mask

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. (1 indent ) Combining image portions (e.g., portions of oversized documents)

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. (1 indent ) Mapping 2-D image onto a 3-D surface

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. (1 indent ) Measuring image properties (e.g., length, width, or area)

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.. (2 indent ) Detecting alignment marks

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.. (2 indent ) Determining center of gravity or moment

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.. (2 indent ) Determining amount an image is rotated or skewed

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... (3 indent ) Where the image is a character, word, or text

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.. (2 indent ) Determining the position of an object

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... (3 indent ) Where the object is a character, word, or text

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. (1 indent ) Changing the image coordinates

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.. (2 indent ) Registering or aligning multiple images to one another

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.. (2 indent ) To position or translate an image

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.. (2 indent ) To rotate an image

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... (3 indent ) Rotation of image is limited to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees

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.. (2 indent ) To change the scale or size of an image

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... (3 indent ) Raising or lowering the image resolution (e.g., subpixel accuracy)

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.... (4 indent ) Interpolation

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... (3 indent ) Where the image is an alphanumeric character

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. (1 indent ) Multilayered image transformations

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.. (2 indent ) Pipeline processing

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.. (2 indent ) Parallel processing

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. (1 indent ) Image storage or retrieval

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.. (2 indent ) Using identification indicia on document

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. (1 indent ) General purpose image processor

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.. (2 indent ) Morphological operations (i.e., local neighborhood operations)

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EDITING, ERROR CHECKING, OR CORRECTION (E.G., POSTRECOGNITION PROCESSING)

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. (1 indent ) Correcting alphanumeric recognition errors

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. (1 indent ) Including operator interaction

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IMAGE SENSING

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. (1 indent ) Hand-held

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.. (2 indent ) Sensing mechanism in stylus

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.. (2 indent ) Sensing mechanism in platen

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. (1 indent ) Curve tracer

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. (1 indent ) Sensor control (e.g., OCR sheet controls copier or fax)

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. (1 indent ) Multiple scanning

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.. (2 indent ) Prescanning

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. (1 indent ) Magnetic

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. (1 indent ) Optical (e.g., OCR)

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.. (2 indent ) Single spot

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.. (2 indent ) Single line

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.. (2 indent ) Full retina

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