Class   375	PULSE OR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
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130

SPREAD SPECTRUM

131

. (1 indent ) Hybrid form

132

. (1 indent ) Frequency hopping

133

.. (2 indent ) End-to-end transmission system

134

... (3 indent ) Having specific code acquisition or tracking

135

.. (2 indent ) Transmitter

136

.. (2 indent ) Receiver

137

... (3 indent ) Having specific code acquisition or tracking

138

. (1 indent ) Time hopping

139

. (1 indent ) Chirp

140

. (1 indent ) Direct sequence

141

.. (2 indent ) End-to-end transmission system

142

... (3 indent ) Having correlation-type receiver

143

... (3 indent ) Having matched-filter-type receiver

144

... (3 indent ) Having multi-receiver or interference cancellation

145

... (3 indent ) Having specific signaling for code synchronization

146

.. (2 indent ) Transmitter

147

.. (2 indent ) Receiver

148

... (3 indent ) Multi-receiver or interference cancellation

149

... (3 indent ) Having specific code synchronization

150

... (3 indent ) Correlation-type receiver

151

.... (4 indent ) Having SAW or charge-transfer device

152

... (3 indent ) Matched-filter-type receiver

153

.... (4 indent ) Having SAW or charge-transfer device

211

REPEATERS

212

. (1 indent ) Ring or star configuration

213

. (1 indent ) Testing

214

. (1 indent ) Including pulse regeneration or conversion

215

.. (2 indent ) Phase locked loop

216

APPARATUS CONVERTIBLE TO ANALOG

217

. (1 indent ) Muting circuit and squelch

218

EARTH OR WATER MEDIUM

219

TRANSCEIVERS

220

. (1 indent ) Transmission interface between two stations or terminals

221

. (1 indent ) Loopback mode

222

. (1 indent ) Modems (data sets)

223

.. (2 indent ) Angle modulation

224

TESTING

225

. (1 indent ) Data rate

226

. (1 indent ) Phase error or phase jitter

227

. (1 indent ) Signal noise

228

. (1 indent ) With indicator

229

EQUALIZERS

230

. (1 indent ) Automatic

231

.. (2 indent ) Training period or initial set up

232

.. (2 indent ) Adaptive

233

... (3 indent ) Decision feedback equalizer

234

... (3 indent ) Fractionally spaced equalizer

235

... (3 indent ) Quadrature channels

236

... (3 indent ) Accumulator or up/down counter

237

PULSE NUMBER MODULATION

238

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

239

PULSE POSITION, FREQUENCY, OR SPACING MODULATION

240

BANDWIDTH REDUCTION OR EXPANSION

240.01

. (1 indent ) Television or motion video signal

240.02

.. (2 indent ) Adaptive

240.03

... (3 indent ) Quantization

240.04

.... (4 indent ) Feed forward

240.05

.... (4 indent ) Feed back

240.06

... (3 indent ) Feed forward

240.07

... (3 indent ) Feed back

240.08

.. (2 indent ) Feature based

240.09

... (3 indent ) Polygonal approximation

240.1

... (3 indent ) Separate coders

240.11

.... (4 indent ) Subband coding

240.12

.. (2 indent ) Predictive

240.13

... (3 indent ) Intra/inter selection

240.14

... (3 indent ) Plural

240.15

... (3 indent ) Bidirectional

240.16

... (3 indent ) Motion vector

240.17

.... (4 indent ) Half-pixel refinement

240.18

.. (2 indent ) Transform

240.19

... (3 indent ) Wavelet

240.2

... (3 indent ) Discrete cosine

240.21

.. (2 indent ) Subsampling

240.22

.. (2 indent ) Vector quantization

240.23

.. (2 indent ) Variable length coding

240.24

.. (2 indent ) Block coding

240.25

.. (2 indent ) Specific decompression process

240.26

.. (2 indent ) Associated signal processing

240.27

... (3 indent ) Error detection or correction

240.28

... (3 indent ) Synchronization

240.29

... (3 indent ) Pre/post filtering

241

. (1 indent ) Pulse code modulation

242

PULSE CODE MODULATION

243

. (1 indent ) Correcting or reducing quantizing errors

244

. (1 indent ) Differential

245

.. (2 indent ) Quantizer or inverse quantizer

246

.. (2 indent ) Length coding

247

.. (2 indent ) Single bit (delta)

248

... (3 indent ) Nonamplitude delta (area, etc.)

249

... (3 indent ) Compand (overload prevention)

250

.... (4 indent ) Redundancy removal

251

.... (4 indent ) Syllabic

252

... (3 indent ) Plural feedback loops

253

. (1 indent ) Length coding

254

. (1 indent ) Noise or distortion reduction

256

PULSE TRANSMISSION VIA RADIATED BASEBAND

257

CABLE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

258

. (1 indent ) Transformer coupling

259

SYSTEMS USING ALTERNATING OR PULSATING CURRENT

260

. (1 indent ) Plural channels for transmission of a single pulse train

261

.. (2 indent ) Quadrature amplitude modulation

262

... (3 indent ) Maximum likelihood decoder or viterbi decoder

263

... (3 indent ) Partial response

264

... (3 indent ) Multilevel

265

... (3 indent ) Trellis encoder or Trellis decoder

267

.. (2 indent ) Diversity

268

. (1 indent ) Amplitude modulation

269

.. (2 indent ) With phase or frequency shift keying

270

.. (2 indent ) Vestigial or single sideband or suppressed carrier

271

. (1 indent ) Angle modulation

272

.. (2 indent ) Frequency shift keying

273

... (3 indent ) Combined with phase shift keying

274

... (3 indent ) Minimum shift keying

275

... (3 indent ) More than two frequencies

276

... (3 indent ) One cycle or less per bit

277

... (3 indent ) Vestigial or single sideband, or suppressed carrier

278

... (3 indent ) Antinoise or distortion

279

.. (2 indent ) Phase shift keying

280

... (3 indent ) More than two phases

281

.... (4 indent ) Quaternary

282

... (3 indent ) Biphase (manchester codes)

283

... (3 indent ) Differential phase shift keying (diphase)

284

... (3 indent ) Antinoise or distortion

285

. (1 indent ) Antinoise or distortion

286

MULTILEVEL

287

. (1 indent ) With threshold level

288

. (1 indent ) Transmission line

289

. (1 indent ) Bipolar signal

290

. (1 indent ) Partial response

291

.. (2 indent ) Duobinary

292

. (1 indent ) Disparity reduction

293

. (1 indent ) Synchronized

294

.. (2 indent ) Phase locked loop

295

TRANSMITTERS

296

. (1 indent ) Antinoise or distortion (includes predistortion)

297

.. (2 indent ) Power amplifier

298

. (1 indent ) Quadrature amplitude modulation

299

. (1 indent ) Plural diversity

300

. (1 indent ) Amplitude modulation

301

.. (2 indent ) Single or vestigial sideband or suppressed carrier

302

. (1 indent ) Angle modulation

303

.. (2 indent ) Frequency shift keying

304

... (3 indent ) Antenna tuning with frequency shift

305

... (3 indent ) Minimum shift keying

306

... (3 indent ) One oscillator

307

... (3 indent ) Two or more oscillators

308

.. (2 indent ) Phase shift keying

309

. (1 indent ) Keying circuits

310

.. (2 indent ) Remote controlled

311

.. (2 indent ) Automatic

312

.. (2 indent ) Power or bias voltage supply keying

313

.. (2 indent ) Key shock or click prevention

314

.. (2 indent ) Including auxiliary control tube

315

.. (2 indent ) Modulation by absorption of signal, changing antenna dimension or changing antenna impedance

316

RECEIVERS

317

. (1 indent ) Automatic baseline or threshold adjustment

318

.. (2 indent ) Differential amplifier

319

.. (2 indent ) Automatic bias circuit for DC restoration

320

. (1 indent ) Amplitude modulation

321

.. (2 indent ) Single or vestigial sideband or suppressed carrier

322

. (1 indent ) Angle modulation

323

.. (2 indent ) Combined phase shift keyed and frequency shift keyed

324

.. (2 indent ) Particular demodulator

325

... (3 indent ) Including coherent detector

326

... (3 indent ) Carrier recovery circuit or carrier tracking

327

... (3 indent ) Phase locked loop

328

... (3 indent ) Including switching or gating (digital circuits)

329

.. (2 indent ) Phase shift keying

330

... (3 indent ) Differential (diphase)

331

.... (4 indent ) More than two phases

332

... (3 indent ) Plural phase (>2)

333

... (3 indent ) Biphase (manchester code)

334

.. (2 indent ) Frequency shift keying

335

... (3 indent ) More than two frequencies

336

... (3 indent ) Minimum shift keying

337

... (3 indent ) Separate mark and space channels

338

. (1 indent ) Interrupted carrier wave

339

.. (2 indent ) Carrier controlling local generator

340

. (1 indent ) Particular pulse demodulator or detector

341

.. (2 indent ) Maximum likelihood decoder or viterbi decoder

342

.. (2 indent ) Locating predetermined portion of pulse

343

.. (2 indent ) Correlative or matched filter

344

. (1 indent ) Automatic frequency control

345

. (1 indent ) Automatic gain control

346

. (1 indent ) Interference or noise reduction

347

.. (2 indent ) Diversity (frequency or time)

348

.. (2 indent ) Intersymbol interference

349

.. (2 indent ) Plural signal paths in receiver

350

.. (2 indent ) By filtering (e.g., digital)

351

.. (2 indent ) Gating, blanking, etc.

352

. (1 indent ) With electromagnetic relay or solenoid

353

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

354

SYNCHRONIZERS

355

. (1 indent ) Synchronizing the sampling time of digital data

356

. (1 indent ) Network synchronizing more than two stations

357

. (1 indent ) Synchronization failure prevention

358

. (1 indent ) Feedback, receiver to transmitter

359

. (1 indent ) Self-synchronizing signal (self-clocking codes, etc.)

360

.. (2 indent ) With transition detector

361

.. (2 indent ) Manchester code or biphase code

362

. (1 indent ) Frequency or phase control using synchronizing signal

363

.. (2 indent ) Synchronization bit insertion into artificially created gaps

364

.. (2 indent ) Synchronization signals with unique amplitude, polarity, length, or frequency

365

.. (2 indent ) Synchronization word

366

... (3 indent ) Plurality of synchronization words

367

... (3 indent ) Pseudo noise

368

... (3 indent ) Synchronizer pattern recognizers

369

.. (2 indent ) Start - stop

370

... (3 indent ) With asynchronous data

371

. (1 indent ) Phase displacement, slip or jitter correction

372

.. (2 indent ) Elastic buffer

373

.. (2 indent ) Phase locking

374

... (3 indent ) With charge pump or up and down counters

375

... (3 indent ) With frequency detector and phase detector

376

... (3 indent ) Phase locked loop

377

MISCELLANEOUS

	E-SUBCLASSES

The following subclasses beginning with the letter E are E-subclasses. Each E-subclass corresponds in scope to a classification in a foreign classification system, for example, the European Classification system (ECLA). The foreign classification equivalent to an E-subclass is identified in the subclass definition. In addition to US documents classified in E-subclasses by US examiners, documents are regularly classified in E-subclasses according to the classification practices of any foreign Offices identified in parentheses at the end of the title. For example, "(EPO)" at the end of a title indicates both European and US patent documents, as classified by the EPO, are regularly added to the subclass. E-subclasses may contain subject matter outside the scope of this class.Consult their definitions, or the documents themselves to clarify or interpret titles.

E1.001

SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES IN GENERAL (EPO)

E1.002

. (1 indent ) Using direct sequence modulation (EPO)

E1.003

.. (2 indent ) With code acquisition (EPO)

E1.004

... (3 indent ) Setting of lock conditions, e.g., threshold (EPO)

E1.005

... (3 indent ) Code identification (EPO)

E1.006

... (3 indent ) Multimode search, i.e., using multiple search strategies (EPO)

E1.007

... (3 indent ) Using partial detection (EPO)

E1.008

.... (4 indent ) Partial correlation (EPO)

E1.009

.... (4 indent ) Partial phase search (EPO)

E1.01

... (3 indent ) Multistage acquisition (EPO)

E1.011

.... (4 indent ) Multidwell schemes, i.e., multiple accumulation times (EPO)

E1.012

.... (4 indent ) Parallel schemes (EPO)

E1.013

... (3 indent ) Setting of search window, i.e., range of code offsets to be searched (EPO)

E1.014

... (3 indent ) Masking/slewing, i.e., jumping within the code (EPO)

E1.015

... (3 indent ) With increased resolution, i.e., higher than half a chip (EPO)

E1.016

.. (2 indent ) Using a code tracking loop, e.g., a delay locked loop (EPO)

E1.017

.. (2 indent ) With demodulation by means of convolvers, e.g., of the SAW type (EPO)

E1.018

.. (2 indent ) With demodulation by means of matched filters (EPO)

E1.019

.. (2 indent ) With asynchronous demodulation, i.e., not requiring code synchronisation (EPO)

E1.02

.. (2 indent ) Interference-related aspects (EPO)

E1.021

... (3 indent ) The interference being narrowband (EPO)

E1.022

.... (4 indent ) With estimation filters (EPO)

E1.023

.... (4 indent ) With transform to frequency domain (EPO)

E1.024

... (3 indent ) The interference being multiple access interference (EPO)

E1.025

.... (4 indent ) Using joint detection techniques, e.g., linear detectors (EPO)

E1.026

....• (5 indent ) Using decorrelation matrix (EPO)

E1.027

....• (5 indent ) Using minimum mean squared error (MMSE) detector (EPO)

E1.028

....• (5 indent ) Using maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) (EPO)

E1.029

.... (4 indent ) Using subtractive interference cancellation (EPO)

E1.03

....• (5 indent ) Successive interference cancellation (EPO)

E1.031

....• (5 indent ) Parallel interference cancellation (EPO)

E1.032

... (3 indent ) The interference being multi path interference, e.g., RAKE receivers (EPO)

E1.033

. (1 indent ) Using frequency hopping (EPO)

E1.034

.. (2 indent ) Arrangements for generation of hop frequencies (EPO)

E1.035

.. (2 indent ) Arrangements for generation of hop sequences (EPO)

E1.036

.. (2 indent ) Interference related aspects (EPO)

E1.037

.. (2 indent ) Arrangements for sequence synchronization (EPO)

E7.001

SYSTEMS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS USING PULSE CODE MODULATION (EPO)

E7.002

. (1 indent ) Arrangements for interfacing to the transmission channel or to the communication network (EPO)

E7.003

. (1 indent ) Bitstream control arrangements (EPO)

E7.004

.. (2 indent ) Involving pointers to the video stream (EPO)

E7.005

.. (2 indent ) Involving the control of media objects (EPO)

E7.006

... (3 indent ) Presentation therefor, e.g., on the basis of a scene description (EPO)

E7.007

... (3 indent ) User interaction therefor (EPO)

E7.008

.... (4 indent ) With hot-spots (EPO)

E7.009

... (3 indent ) Intellectual Property Rights management and protection therefor (EPO)

E7.01

... (3 indent ) Synchronization therefor, e.g., synchronization of elementary stream objects at the sync layer with time stamps (EPO)

E7.011

.. (2 indent ) Involving control of the complexity properties of the video bitstream, e.g., spatial or temporal resolution, SNR, bit rate, region of interest selection (EPO)

E7.012

... (3 indent ) Where the control is performed by the receiver of the video, e.g., active selection by the receiver from a scalable bitstream or selective multicast subscription (EPO)

E7.013

... (3 indent ) Where the control is performed by the transmitter of the video, e.g., active selection by the transmitter of parts of scalable bitstream to be sent (EPO)

E7.014

.. (2 indent ) Involving buffer level management (EPO)

E7.015

.. (2 indent ) Involving a control signal to the decoder, e.g., from the medium specific interface unit, or from the network (EPO)

E7.016

.. (2 indent ) Involving a control signal to the encoder, e.g., from the medium specific interface unit, or from the network (EPO)

E7.017

.. (2 indent ) Involving an exchange of control commands (EPO)

E7.018

. (1 indent ) Bitstream embedding arrangements, e.g. arrangements for blending, replacing, hiding, compositing or associating at bitstream level (EPO)

E7.019

. (1 indent ) Bitstream network arrangements (EPO)

E7.02

. (1 indent ) Bitstream transport arrangements (EPO)

E7.021

.. (2 indent ) Bitstream processing (EPO)

E7.022

... (3 indent ) Involving modification of bitstream parameters, e.g., restamping of time stamps, remapping of identifiers transmultiplexing (EPO)

E7.023

... (3 indent ) Involving switching between bitstreams (EPO)

E7.024

.. (2 indent ) Involving transporting of additional information over the bitstream (EPO)

E7.025

.. (2 indent ) Involving transporting of the bitstream over a delivery medium (EPO)

E7.026

. (1 indent ) Using bandwidth reduction ; source coding or decoding of digital video signal, e.g., digital video signal compression; Pre- or postprocessing therefor (EPO)

E7.027

.. (2 indent ) Decoder-specific arrangements (EPO)

E7.028

... (3 indent ) For compensating inverse transform mismatch, e.g., IDCT mismatch (EPO)

E7.029

.. (2 indent ) Involving sub-band coding (EPO)

E7.03

... (3 indent ) In combination with temporal predictive coding, e.g., in 'inter' mode (EPO)

E7.031

.... (4 indent ) With motion compensated temporal filtering (EPO)

E7.032

.... (4 indent ) With at least one adaptive element (EPO)

E7.033

....• (5 indent ) Involving variable length or entropy coding, e.g., Huffmann or arithmetic coding (EPO)

E7.034

....• (5 indent ) Involving normalization or quantizing (EPO)

E7.035

....• (5 indent ) Involving a bit-rate or bit-amount target (EPO)

E7.036

....•. (6 indent ) With adaptive target allocation among the components (EPO)

E7.037

.... (4 indent ) With interframe prediction not only of coefficient values (EPO)

E7.038

.... (4 indent ) Suited to an interframe bitstream syntax (EPO)

E7.039

.... (4 indent ) Using sub-band domain temporal integration (EPO)

E7.04

... (3 indent ) Of a single image (EPO)

E7.041

.... (4 indent ) In more than two frequency dimensions (EPO)

E7.042

.... (4 indent ) Of arbitrarily shaped image segments (EPO)

E7.043

.... (4 indent ) With details relating to the sub-band filter (EPO)

E7.044

....• (5 indent ) Concerning filter definition (EPO)

E7.045

....• (5 indent ) Concerning filter implementation (EPO)

E7.046

.... (4 indent ) With at least one adaptive element (EPO)

E7.047

....• (5 indent ) Involving variable length or entropy coding, e.g., Huffmann or arithmetic coding (EPO)

E7.048

....• (5 indent ) Involving normalization or quantizing (EPO)

E7.049

....• (5 indent ) Involving a bit-rate or bit-amount target (EPO)

E7.05

....•. (6 indent ) With adaptive target allocation among the components (EPO)

E7.051

.... (4 indent ) Control aspects therefor (EPO)

E7.052

....• (5 indent ) Controlled element (EPO)

E7.053

....•. (6 indent ) Subband structure, e.g., number of subbands (EPO)

E7.054

....•. (6 indent ) Filter type or filtering coefficients (EPO)

E7.055

....•. (6 indent ) Error protection, detection or correction (EPO)

E7.056

....•. (6 indent ) Scan or transmission order of coefficients or bitplanes (EPO)

E7.057

....•.. (7 indent ) Switching of direction, e.g., horizontal, diagonal, vertical (EPO)

E7.058

....• (5 indent ) Unit of control (EPO)

E7.059

....•. (6 indent ) Relating to sub-band structure (EPO)

E7.06

....•.. (7 indent ) Hierarchical level (EPO)

E7.061

....•.. (7 indent ) Directional tree, e.g., low-high (LH), high-low (HL), high-high (HH) (EPO)

E7.062

....•. (6 indent ) Object or region (EPO)

E7.063

....• (5 indent ) Element used for control (EPO)

E7.064

....•. (6 indent ) Position or location within image, e.g., center or periphery of picture (EPO)

E7.065

....•. (6 indent ) Involving user interaction or information input by receiving side (EPO)

E7.066

.... (4 indent ) With prediction other than mere runlength (EPO)

E7.067

....• (5 indent ) Intraband (EPO)

E7.068

....• (5 indent ) Interband (EPO)

E7.069

.... (4 indent ) Involving the arranging of coefficients or bits, e.g., for scalability or progressive transmission (EPO)

E7.07

....• (5 indent ) Involving scan according to levels, e.g., breath-first (EPO)

E7.071

....• (5 indent ) Involving scan according to trees, e.g., depth-first (EPO)

E7.072

....• (5 indent ) Coding of bitplanes or significance, e.g., zero tree (EPO)

E7.073

.... (4 indent ) Involving error protection, detection or correction (EPO)

E7.074

.... (4 indent ) Suited to a bitstream syntax (EPO)

E7.075

.... (4 indent ) With grouping into blocks (EPO)

E7.076

.. (2 indent ) Involving video objects (EPO)

E7.077

... (3 indent ) Involving both synthetic and natural picture components, e.g., synthetic natural hybrid coding (SNHC) (EPO)

E7.078

... (3 indent ) Scalability, e.g., involving base and at least one enhancement video object layers (VOL) (EPO)

E7.079

.... (4 indent ) Spatial scalability (EPO)

E7.08

.... (4 indent ) Temporal scalability, e.g., layered VOP frame rate (EPO)

E7.081

... (3 indent ) Shape coding therefor (EPO)

E7.082

.... (4 indent ) Using binary alpha-plane coding, e.g., Context based Arithmetic Encoding (CAE) (EPO)

E7.083

... (3 indent ) Model based coding therefor (EPO)

E7.084

.... (4 indent ) Using a three-dimensional model (EPO)

E7.085

... (3 indent ) Coding of regions that are present throughout a whole video segment, e.g., sprites (EPO)

E7.086

.... (4 indent ) Of static sprites, e.g., background, mosaic (EPO)

E7.087

... (3 indent ) Scene description coding, e.g., binary format for scenes (BIFS) compression (EPO)

E7.088

.. (2 indent ) Involving coding of different picture or data components (EPO)

E7.089

... (3 indent ) Involving the insertion of extra data, e.g., in the video data, in the coding parameters or by modification of said video data or parameters (EPO)

E7.09

... (3 indent ) Involving separate coding of the error signal, i.e., the difference between the original picture and the locally reconstructed one (EPO)

E7.091

... (3 indent ) Involving arrangements for adaptive allocation of coded information to different channels (EPO)

E7.092

... (3 indent ) Involving multi-layer decomposition; subsequent reconstruction (EPO)

E7.093

.. (2 indent ) Implementation arrangements, e.g., implementation by hardware of software (EPO)

E7.094

... (3 indent ) Memory arrangements (EPO)

E7.095

.... (4 indent ) Memory downsizing methods (EPO)

E7.096

....• (5 indent ) Display on the fly, e.g., simultaneous writing to and reading from decoder memory (EPO)

E7.097

....•. (6 indent ) With 3:2 pulldown (EPO)

E7.098

....• (5 indent ) Recompression (EPO)

E7.099

....•. (6 indent ) Decimation (EPO)

E7.1

... (3 indent ) Motion estimation and/or compensation hardware (EPO)

E7.101

.... (4 indent ) Data flow inside motion estimator (EPO)

E7.102

.... (4 indent ) Access to external memory (EPO)

E7.103

... (3 indent ) Parallel arrangements (EPO)

E7.104

.. (2 indent ) Motion estimation therefor; processing of motion vectors for bandwidth reduction purposes (EPO)

E7.105

... (3 indent ) Methods (EPO)

E7.106

.... (4 indent ) Global motion vector estimation (EPO)

E7.107

.... (4 indent ) Multiresolution or hierarchical method (EPO)

E7.108

.... (4 indent ) Multistep search method, e.g., 3-step, 2D-log, One-at-a-Time Search (OTS) (EPO)

E7.109

.... (4 indent ) Nonblock-based processing (EPO)

E7.11

....• (5 indent ) Using feature points or meshes (EPO)

E7.111

....• (5 indent ) Using regions (EPO)

E7.112

....•. (6 indent ) Contour motion estimation (EPO)

E7.113

.... (4 indent ) Sub-pixel accuracy (EPO)

E7.114

.... (4 indent ) Transform domain motion estimation (EPO)

E7.115

... (3 indent ) Details (EPO)

E7.116

.... (4 indent ) Spatially constrained motion estimation, e.g., at image or region borders (EPO)

E7.117

.... (4 indent ) Dealing with occlusions (EPO)

E7.118

.... (4 indent ) Early exit, i.e., stopping a systematic computation based on a certain criteria, e.g., error magnitude is too large (EPO)

E7.119

.... (4 indent ) Search initialization, i.e., estimating a good candidate to initiate a search (EPO)

E7.12

.... (4 indent ) Padding, i.e., filling nonobject values in an arbitrary shaped block for motion estimation purposes (EPO)

E7.121

.... (4 indent ) Rate-distortion criteria (EPO)

E7.122

.... (4 indent ) Variable search window size or shape (EPO)

E7.123

... (3 indent ) Processing of motion vectors (EPO)

E7.124

.... (4 indent ) Encoding (EPO)

E7.125

....• (5 indent ) Predictive encoding (EPO)

E7.126

.. (2 indent ) Adaptive or control aspects therefor (EPO)

E7.127

... (3 indent ) Methods, elements or tools for adaptive control (EPO)

E7.128

.... (4 indent ) LaGrangian method (EPO)

E7.129

.... (4 indent ) Side information (EPO)

E7.13

.... (4 indent ) Iterative methods (EPO)

E7.131

....• (5 indent ) Two pass methods (EPO)

E7.132

... (3 indent ) Controlled element or parameter (EPO)

E7.133

.... (4 indent ) Predictor (EPO)

E7.134

.... (4 indent ) Target code amount (EPO)

E7.135

.... (4 indent ) Filtering, e.g., for pre- or post-processing (EPO)

E7.136

.... (4 indent ) Grid, i.e., regular pattern of elementary coding units in a picture, e.g., block grid (EPO)

E7.137

.... (4 indent ) Encoder, i.e., selection among a plurality of heterogeneous encoders (EPO)

E7.138

.... (4 indent ) Encoding parameters processing, e.g., initialization, alteration, compression (EPO)

E7.139

.... (4 indent ) Quantizer (EPO)

E7.14

....• (5 indent ) Details of quantization, normalization or weighting functions, e.g., normalization parameters or matrices, variable uniform quantizes, weighting matrices (EPO)

E7.141

.... (4 indent ) Resource allocation (EPO)

E7.142

.... (4 indent ) Transform coefficients scan, e.g., zig-zag scan (EPO)

E7.143

.... (4 indent ) Transformer, e.g., 8x8 or 2x4x8 DCT, selection among a plurality of different transform operations (EPO)

E7.144

.... (4 indent ) Variable length coding (VLC) or entropy coding, e.g., Huffmann or arithmetic coding (EPO)

E7.145

.... (4 indent ) Skipping or zeroing of coding units, e.g., adaptive decimation, frame skipping, transform coefficient masking (EPO)

E7.146

.... (4 indent ) Coding or prediction mode selection (EPO)

E7.147

....• (5 indent ) Intra coding, e.g., selection among a plurality of spatially predictive coding modes (EPO)

E7.148

....• (5 indent ) Refresh, i.e., intra-coding mode decision, e.g., at macroblock or picture level (EPO)

E7.149

....• (5 indent ) Inter coding, i.e., selection among a plurality of temporally predictive coding modes (EPO)

E7.15

....• (5 indent ) Picture structure, e.g., interlaced/progressive (EPO)

E7.151

....• (5 indent ) Group-of-pictures (GOP) structure (EPO)

E7.152

... (3 indent ) Controlling element, parameter or criteria (EPO)

E7.153

.... (4 indent ) Rate distortion criteria (EPO)

E7.154

.... (4 indent ) Data rate or code amount (EPO)

E7.155

....• (5 indent ) Using a combination of feedforward and feedback control (EPO)

E7.156

....• (5 indent ) Using feedforward control (EPO)

E7.157

....•. (6 indent ) Based on model-estimated code amount (EPO)

E7.158

....•. (6 indent ) Based on off-line generated code amount (EPO)

E7.159

....• (5 indent ) Feedback control, i.e., control using output code amount, e.g., buffer fullness (EPO)

E7.16

....•. (6 indent ) Single-pass constant bit rate (CBR) encoding (EPO)

E7.161

.... (4 indent ) Input video signal characteristics (EPO)

E7.162

....• (5 indent ) Complexity, e.g., activity, edges (EPO)

E7.163

....• (5 indent ) Motion, e.g., field or frame difference (EPO)

E7.164

....•. (6 indent ) Using motion vectors (EPO)

E7.165

....• (5 indent ) Scene cut (EPO)

E7.166

....• (5 indent ) Chrominance (EPO)

E7.167

.... (4 indent ) Visual quality (EPO)

E7.168

.... (4 indent ) Resource availability (EPO)

E7.169

.... (4 indent ) Coding mode (EPO)

E7.17

....• (5 indent ) Picture or macroblock type, e.g., I,P,B (EPO)

E7.171

....• (5 indent ) Picture structure, e.g., interlaced/progressive (EPO)

E7.172

.... (4 indent ) User input (EPO)

E7.173

.... (4 indent ) Receiver or channel (EPO)

E7.174

....• (5 indent ) Transmission errors (EPO)

E7.175

... (3 indent ) Unit of control, i.e., structural or semantic portion of the video signal being the object of the control (EPO)

E7.176

.... (4 indent ) Block or macroblock (EPO)

E7.177

.... (4 indent ) Transform coefficient (EPO)

E7.178

.... (4 indent ) Pixel (EPO)

E7.179

.... (4 indent ) Group-of-pictures (GOP) (EPO)

E7.18

.... (4 indent ) Slice, e.g., line of blocks, group of blocks (EPO)

E7.181

.... (4 indent ) Picture (EPO)

E7.182

.... (4 indent ) Image region, e.g., region of interest (ROI), object (EPO)

E7.183

.... (4 indent ) Scene or shot (EPO)

E7.184

.... (4 indent ) Bit (EPO)

E7.185

.... (4 indent ) Chrominance (EPO)

E7.186

.... (4 indent ) Layer (EPO)

E7.187

.. (2 indent ) Compressed domain processing (EPO)

E7.188

.. (2 indent ) Involving subsampling at the transmitter and restitution of the omitted samples by interpolation (EPO)

E7.189

.. (2 indent ) Involving preprocessing or postprocessing therefor (EPO)

E7.19

... (3 indent ) Involving reduction of coding artifacts, e.g., of blockiness (EPO)

E7.191

... (3 indent ) Involving cinematographic video sequences, e.g., sequences originated from film and converted to video through 3:2 pulldown (EPO)

E7.192

... (3 indent ) Involving scene cut detection in conjunction with bandwidth reduction (EPO)

E7.193

.. (2 indent ) Filtering (EPO)

E7.194

... (3 indent ) In a prediction loop (EPO)

E7.195

.. (2 indent ) Standard related document (EPO)

E7.196

... (3 indent ) Normative references, e.g., working documents of standardization bodies like ISO/IEC, ITU-T, SMPTE in the domain of digital image and video coding (EPO)

E7.197

... (3 indent ) Illustrative references, e.g., overviews, reviews (EPO)

E7.198

.. (2 indent ) Transcoding therefor, i.e., conversion of video data, coding parameters, syntax or the like in order to realize interoperability between different video coding standards (EPO)

E7.199

.. (2 indent ) Syntax aspects, e.g., source coding bistream syntax (EPO)

E7.209

.. (2 indent ) Using vector coding (EPO)

E7.21

.. (2 indent ) Involving pulse code modulation and predictive coding (EPO)

E7.211

.. (2 indent ) Involving transform and predictive coding , e.g., hybrid coding, Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) coding (EPO)

E7.212

... (3 indent ) Involving the use of at least one adaptive element (EPO)

E7.213

.... (4 indent ) Involving variable length or entropy coding, e.g., Huffmann or arithmetic coding (EPO)

E7.214

.... (4 indent ) Quantization, normalization or weighting techniques therefor, e.g., normalization parameters or matrices, variable uniform quantizers, weighting matrices (EPO)

E7.215

.... (4 indent ) The output data rate being minimized down to or below the channel capacity (EPO)

E7.216

....• (5 indent ) With feedback control only of the data rate, e.g., buffer fullness being used (EPO)

E7.217

....• (5 indent ) With feedforward control only of the data rate, e.g., formation amount estimator or sorter being used (EPO)

E7.218

....• (5 indent ) With feedforward and feedback control of the data rate (EPO)

E7.219

....• (5 indent ) With iterative control of the data rate, e.g., multipass (EPO)

E7.22

.... (4 indent ) Involving adaptive allocation of the frame type, e.g., adaptive group-of-pictures (GOP) structure (EPO)

E7.221

.... (4 indent ) Motion adaptive (EPO)

E7.222

... (3 indent ) Multiplexing arrangements therefor, e.g., suited to a video bitstream syntax (EPO)

E7.223

... (3 indent ) Using nontransform coding for certain blocks (EPO)

E7.224

... (3 indent ) Forced updating therefor, e.g., refresh techniques, intra/inter-coding mode selection at macroblock or picture level (EPO)

E7.225

... (3 indent ) Using transform domain integration, i.e., the transform being operated outside the prediction loop (EPO)

E7.226

.. (2 indent ) Involving transform coding, e.g., using discrete cosine transform (DCT) (EPO)

E7.227

... (3 indent ) Transforming in more than two dimensions (EPO)

E7.228

... (3 indent ) Of arbitrarily shaped image segments (EPO)

E7.229

... (3 indent ) Involving the use of at least one adaptive element, e.g., Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) coding (EPO)

E7.23

.... (4 indent ) Adaptive scanning order of DCT coefficients, e.g., alternate scanning (EPO)

E7.231

.... (4 indent ) Involving variable length or entropy coding, e.g., Huffmann or arithmetic coding (EPO)

E7.232

.... (4 indent ) Quantization, normalization or weighting techniques therefor, e.g., normalization parameters or matrices, variable uniform quantizes, weighting matrices (EPO)

E7.233

.... (4 indent ) The output data rate being minimized down to or below the channel capacity (EPO)

E7.234

....• (5 indent ) With feedback control only of the data rate, e.g., buffer fullness being used (EPO)

E7.235

....• (5 indent ) With feedforward control only of the data rate, e.g., information amount estimator or sorter being used (EPO)

E7.236

....• (5 indent ) With feedforward and feedback control of the data rate (EPO)

E7.237

....• (5 indent ) With iterative control of the data rate (EPO)

E7.238

.... (4 indent ) The output quality being above a minimum (EPO)

E7.239

... (3 indent ) Involving hierarchical transmission of the transform coefficients, e.g., progressive JPEG (EPO)

E7.24

... (3 indent ) Involving error detection or error correction (EPO)

E7.241

... (3 indent ) Involving pre-processing of the picture element samples before transform coding or post-processing of the same after transform decoding (EPO)

E7.242

... (3 indent ) Involving zonal sampling (EPO)

E7.243

.. (2 indent ) Involving predictive coding (EPO)

E7.244

... (3 indent ) At least one coding element being controlled by the buffer fullness (EPO)

E7.245

... (3 indent ) With an adaptive quantizer characteristic, e.g., controlled by forward or backward adaptation (EPO)

E7.246

... (3 indent ) With error correction (EPO)

E7.247

... (3 indent ) Involving delta modulation (EPO)

E7.248

... (3 indent ) Using subsampling at the coder or sample restitution by interpolation at the coder or decoder (EPO)

E7.249

.... (4 indent ) With adaptive prediction (EPO)

E7.25

.... (4 indent ) With motion compensated interpolation, e.g., involving bidirectional frame interpolation, i.e., use of B-pictures (EPO)

E7.251

....• (5 indent ) Involving a generalized motion field, e.g., nonblock-based processing (EPO)

E7.252

.... (4 indent ) Involving spatial subsampling or upsampling; Alteration of picture size or resolution (EPO)

E7.253

.... (4 indent ) Involving temporal subsampling, e.g., frame decimation (EPO)

E7.254

....• (5 indent ) With control of frame rate, skipping or repetition at encoding or decoding side (EPO)

E7.255

... (3 indent ) Using temporal prediction (EPO)

E7.256

.... (4 indent ) Using motion compensation, e.g., by means of motion vectors (EPO)

E7.257

....• (5 indent ) Long-term prediction (EPO)

E7.258

....• (5 indent ) Block-based (EPO)

E7.259

....•. (6 indent ) Using overlapping blocks (EPO)

E7.26

....• (5 indent ) With sub-pixel accuracy (EPO)

E7.261

....• (5 indent ) Nonblock-based (EPO)

E7.262

....• (5 indent ) Multiple frame prediction (EPO)

E7.263

.... (4 indent ) Using motion detection, e.g., with detection of moving zones (EPO)

E7.264

....• (5 indent ) Involving conditional replenishment (EPO)

E7.265

... (3 indent ) Using spatial prediction (EPO)

E7.266

.... (4 indent ) By separate coding of pixel blocks (EPO)

E7.2

.. (2 indent ) Specific techniques not provided for in other subgroups of E7.026 (EPO)

E7.201

... (3 indent ) Involving N-Tree coding, e.g., quadtree, octree (EPO)

E7.202

... (3 indent ) Involving run length coding (EPO)

E7.203

... (3 indent ) Involving matching pursuit (EPO)

E7.204

... (3 indent ) Involving fractal coding (EPO)

E7.205

... (3 indent ) Adaptive dynamic range coding (ADRC) (EPO)

E7.206

... (3 indent ) Involving both PCM encoding and DPCM encoding (EPO)

E7.207

... (3 indent ) Using a dither signal (EPO)

E7.208

... (3 indent ) Using noise or error feedback, e.g., quantization noise feedback (EPO)

E7.267

. (1 indent ) Systems for transmission of a pulse code modulated video signal with one or more other pulse code modulated signals, e.g., an audio signal, a synchronizing signal (EPO)

E7.268

.. (2 indent ) Involving more than one video signal (EPO)

E7.269

... (3 indent ) The signals being asynchronous (EPO)

E7.27

... (3 indent ) The signals being synchronous (EPO)

E7.271

.. (2 indent ) Said other signal being a related audio signal (EPO)

E7.272

.. (2 indent ) Said other signal being a private data stream, e.g., teletext, graphics (EPO)

E7.273

.. (2 indent ) According to geometrical constraints of the communication medium, e.g., data formatting for subsequent transmission to a digital storage medium (EPO)

E7.274

.. (2 indent ) Isochronously with the horizontal video sync, e.g., according to bit-parallel or bit-serial interface formats, as SMPTE 259M (EPO)

E7.275

.. (2 indent ) The signals being synchronous (EPO)

E7.276

... (3 indent ) Synchronizing systems therefor (EPO)

E7.277

.. (2 indent ) The signals being asynchronous (EPO)

E7.278

... (3 indent ) Synchronizing systems therefor (EPO)

E7.279

. (1 indent ) Systems for detection or correction of transmission errors (EPO)

E7.28

.. (2 indent ) Using redundant codes (EPO)

E7.281

.. (2 indent ) Using error concealment (EPO)

	FOREIGN ART COLLECTIONS

FOR000

CLASS-RELATED FOREIGN DOCUMENTS

Any foreign patents or non-patent literature from subclasses that have been reclassified have been transferred directly to FOR Collections listed below. These Collections contain ONLY foreign patents or non-patent literature. The parenthetical references in the Collection titles refer to the abolished subclasses from which these Collections were derived.

FOR100

SPREAD SPECTRUM (375/200)

FOR101

. (1 indent ) Hybrid forms (375/201)

FOR102

. (1 indent ) Frequency hopping (375/202)

FOR103

. (1 indent ) Time hopping (375/203)

FOR104

. (1 indent ) Pulsed FM or chirp (375/204)

FOR105

. (1 indent ) Direct sequence (375/206)

FOR106

. (1 indent ) Matched filter (375/207)

FOR107

. (1 indent ) Pseudo-noise correlation (375/208)

FOR108

.. (2 indent ) Auto-correlation (375/209)

FOR109

.. (2 indent ) Cross-correlation (375/210)

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