*****TBD*****

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein a nanostructure is integrated onto a common substrate with one or more different structures, devices, or systems that, in turn, may or may not constitute or include a nanostructure.

(1) Note. Classification under this subclass sequence is appropriate when dissimilar structures, including at least one nanostructure, are integrated on a common substrate, regardless of whether any one of the dissimilar structures, itself, has uniqueness independent of the integration.

702	.. Having biological material component:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein the dissimilar structures constitute a component that is derived from or relating to a living organism.

703	... Cellular:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter wherein the biological material component is a cell or a subpart of a cell.

704	... Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA or RNA, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter wherein the biological material component is a nucleic acid.

(1) Note. Nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, is any of various acids composed of a sugar or derivative of a sugar, phosphoric acid, and a base.

705	... Protein or peptide:

This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter wherein the biological material component is a protein or a peptide.

(1) Note. Protein is any of numerous naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements.

(2) Note. Peptide is a derivative of two or more amino acids by combination of the amino group of one acid with the carboxyl group of another acid and is usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of proteins.

706	... Carbohydrate:

This subclass is indented under subclass 702. Subject matter wherein the biological material component is a carbohydrate.

(1) Note. Carbohydrate is any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, such as sugars, starches, and celluloses, etc., most of which are formed by green plants.

707	.. Having different types of nanoscale structures or devices on a common substrate:

This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein two or more different kinds of nanosized structures or devices are integrated on the common substrate.

(1) Note. A specific example of the subject matter included in this subclass is substrate supporting one or more semiconductor nanodots and one or more metal nanodots, but would NOT be proper for a substrate supporting only an array of identical nanodots.

708	.. With distinct switching device:

This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter including a separate switching device.

(1) Note. The switching devices may or may not constitute or include nanostructures, e.g., a quantum-dot memory array and peripheral, carbon-nanotube-based circuitry interconnected by a separate array of conventional selected transistors, etc.

709	... Including molecular switching device:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 708. Subject matter wherein the nanosized switching device constitutes a molecular structure that exhibits switching properties or capability, e.g., to shift from one to another state, function, etc.

710	.... Biological switching:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 709. Subject matter wherein the switching device constitutes a molecular structure of a living organism, e.g., a receptor/ligand switching pair, etc.

711	..... Nucleic acid switching:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 710. Subject matter wherein the switching device constitutes molecular structure of a nucleic acid.

712	.. Formed from plural layers of nanosized material (e.g. stacked structures, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein identical or different nanostructures are provided in two or more layers on a common substrate such as plural layers, each containing vertical nanowires (or "nanovias") for interconnecting three or more interconnected layers; or (2) quantum-dot memory device formed on one layer and nanovias formed on one or more other layers.

713	... Including lipid layer:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 712. Subject matter including one or more nanosized layers that are lipids, e.g., a layered microchip with a lipid nanolayer for attaching component(s) thereon, etc.

714	... Containing protein:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 713. Subject matter wherein the lipid layer contain one or more protein molecules, e.g., protein spanning a lipid layer structure, etc.

715	.. On an organic substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein the common substrate consists of a material relating to or containing carbon compounds, i.e. made of organic material.

716	... Biological cell surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 715. Subject matter wherein the organic substrate is the surface of a living cell organism.

717	... Lipid substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 715. Subject matter wherein the organic substrate is a lipid layer, e.g., lipid monolayer or bilayer, etc.

718	... Carbohydrate substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 715. Subject matter wherein the substrate is a carbohydrate layer, e.g., cellulosic paper, etc.

719	... Nucleic acid substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 715. Subject matter wherein the substrate constitutes a nucleic acid, e.g., substrate made of chromosomal network material, etc.

720	.. On an electrically conducting, semi-conducting, or semi-insulating substrate:

This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein the common substrate has an ability to transmit or conduct electrical current; i.e., an electrically conducting, semi-conducting, or semi-insulating substrate.

(1) Note. "Semi-insulating structures" were included in this subsection (as opposed to being included in the insulating substrate subsection) so that distinctions would not have to be drawn between a semiconductor substrate that is doped with shallow impurities, i.e., n- or p-doped, undoped, or doped with deep-level impurities, e.g., Fe or Au, etc.

721	... On a silicon substrate:

This subclass is indented under subclass 720. Subject matter wherein the common substrate is composed of silicon.

(1) Note. This subclass includes Si substrate that may be doped with shallow-level dopants, e.g., p-doped with Al or Ga impurities or n-doped with P or As impurities, etc.; doped with deep-level dopants, e.g., Au or Pt, etc.; or undoped.

722	... On a metal substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 720. Subject matter wherein the common substrate is composed of a metal or metal alloy.

723	.. On an electrically insulating substrate:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 701. Subject matter wherein the common substrate conducts or transmits electrical current.

724	. Devices having flexible or movable element:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the device includes at least one nanosized flexible member, e.g., a cantilever or diaphragm, etc.; or the device includes a first member that moves, slides, or rotates relative to a second member, in which the first member, second member, or means to interconnect the first and second members are composed of a nanosized structure.

725	.. Nanomotor/nanoactuator:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter wherein the nanosized flexible or movable element of a device receives a form of energy to produce motion or to convert a form of energy into mechanical energy.

726	... Using chemical reaction/biological energy (e.g., ATP, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 725. Subject matter wherein the received energy is produced by a chemical reaction or derived from a living organism.

727	.. Formed from biological material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter wherein the nanosized flexible or movable element or structure is composed of or includes a material relating to life or a living organism.

728	... Nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 727. Subject matter wherein the biological material is a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, etc.

(1) Note. Nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, etc., is any of various acids composed of a sugar or derivative of a sugar, phosphoric acid, and a base.

729	... From protein or unit thereof (e.g., enzyme or carboxyl group, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 727. Subject matter wherein the biological material is specifically derived from a protein or a unit thereof.

(1) Note. Protein is any of numerous naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements.

730	... For electrical purposes:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 727. Subject matter wherein the nanosized flexible or movable biological material is specifically employed for electrical or electronic purpose, e.g., used in an electrical device, etc.

731	.. Formed from a single atom, molecule, or cluster:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter wherein the nanosized flexible or movable element or structure constitutes a single atom, molecule, or a group of same elements, e.g., a single atom, molecule, or a group of same elements that is capable of moving around within a hollow cavity of a molecular chamber.

732	.. Nanocantilever:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter including a nanosized structural member with a first end fixed to a support and a second end free to move relative to the support.

733	.. Nanodiaphragm:

This subclass is indented under subclass 724. Subject matter including a nanosized plate, disk, or sheet that bends or vibrates in response to pressure or sound waves.

(1) Note. This subclass does not cover the alternative definition of diaphragm commonly used in the field of optics wherein the term refers to a ring or plate with a hole in the center which is placed on the axis of an optical instrument, such as a camera, and which controls the amount of light entering the instrument.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

781,	for structures including nanosized physical via-holes or pores.

734	. Fullerenes (i.e., graphene-based structures, such as nanohorns, nanococoons, nanoscrolls, etc.) or fullerene-like structures (e.g., WS₂ or MoS₂ chalcogenide nanotubes, planar C₃N₄, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is formed of caged, curved, or planar graphene or wherein the nanostructure is formed or caged, curved or planar graphene, or hexagon ring structure which constitutes either a non-carbon-based composition, e.g., WS₂ or MoS₂, etc., or substantially a non-carbon-based, e.g., planar C₃N₄, etc.

(1) Note. Graphene is the name given to a single layer of (most commonly) carbon atoms densely packed into a hexagon ring structure; it is widely used to describe properties of many materials including graphite, soot, fullerenes having a caged molecular structure, e.g., buckyballs, nanotubes, and nanococoons, etc.; fullerenes having a curved or partially caged molecular structure, e.g., nanohorns and nanoscrolls, etc.; and fullerenes having a planar molecular structure (although planar graphene itself has been historically presumed to be unstable and typically not existing in the free state).

(2) Note. Fullerene, also called buckminsterfullerene or buckyball, is a large molecule comprised specifically or primarily of carbon atoms and having shape of an empty cage, i.e., carbon cage.

(3) Note. This subclass contains fullerene-like structures that are not strictly carbon-based cage structures, whereas subclass 735 and its indents contain carbon-based fullerenes.

(4) Note. A buckyball having a C₆₀–like molecular structure wherein roughly a quarter or a half of the atoms are non-carbon atoms, e.g., C₄₀X₂₀, etc., would be properly classified as a fullerene-like structure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

735,	for carbon buckyball.
742,	for carbon nanotubes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclass 408 for self-sustaining carbon mass, e.g., bulk structure or layer comprising fullerene or fullerene-like structures, etc.

735	.. Carbon buckyball (C₆₀, C₇₀, etc., and derivatives and modifications thereof):

This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the fullerene specifically has a spherical or quasi-spherical carbon-cage molecular structure.

(1) Note. Carbon-based fullerenes having a C₆₀–like molecular structure wherein several non-carbon atoms substituted for several C atoms, e.g., C₅₇X₃, etc., are included in this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

734,	for fullerene or fullerene-like structures.
741,	for carbon cages with compositional substitution.

736	... Having atoms interior to the carbon cage:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 735. Subject matter wherein the buckyball includes additional atoms or molecules, e.g., tri-metallic atom clusters, etc. interior to the carbon-cage structure, e.g., farctate buckyballs, etc.

737	... Having a modified surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 735. Subject matter wherein the surface of the buckyball is functionalized with a dissimilar atom or molecule.

738	.... Modified with biological, organic, or hydrocarbon material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 737. Subject matter wherein the surface of the buckyball is functionalized by a material relating to a living organism, or a carbon-based or a hydrocarbon based material.

739	..... Modified with an enzyme:

This subclass is indented under subclass 738. Subject matter wherein the surface of the buckyball is functionalized by an enzyme.

(1) Note. An enzyme is any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms functioning as chemical catalysts in living organisms.

740	.... Modified with atoms or molecules bonded to the surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 737. Subject matter wherein the surface of the buckyball is modified by bonding or attaching a dissimilar atom or molecule to the surface.

741	.... Modified with dissimilar atom or molecule substituted for carbon atoms of the buckyball (e.g., impurity doping or compositional substitution, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 737. Subject matter wherein at least one of the carbon atom constituting the buckyball carbon cage is replaced by a dissimilar atom or molecule.

742	.. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein the fullerene specifically has a cylindrical or tubular (non-spherical) carbon-cage molecular structure.

743	... Having specified tube end structure (e.g., close-ended shell or open-ended tube, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 742. Subject matter wherein the carbon nanotube end has a particular structure.

744	... Having atoms interior to the carbon cage:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 742. Subject matter wherein the CNT includes an additional atom or molecule interior to the carbon-cage molecular structure, e.g., farctate nanotube, etc.

745	... Having a modified surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 742. Subject matter wherein the surface of the CNT is functionalized with a dissimilar atom or molecule.

746	.... Modified with biological, organic, or hydrocarbon material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the surface of the CNT is functionalized by a material relating to a living organism, or a carbon-based or hydrocarbon-based material.

747	..... Modified with an enzyme:

This subclass is indented under subclass 746. Subject matter wherein the surface of the CNT is functionalized by an enzyme.

(1) Note. An enzyme is any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms functioning as chemical catalysts in living organisms.

748	.... Modified with atoms or molecules bonded to the surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the surface of the CNT is modified by bonding or attaching a dissimilar atom or molecule to the surface.

749	.... Modified with dissimilar atoms or molecules substituted for carbon atoms of the CNT (e.g., impurity doping or compositional substitution, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 745. Subject matter wherein the carbon atom constituting the CNT cage is replaced by a dissimilar atom or molecule.

750	... Single-walled:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 742. Subject matter wherein the CNT possesses only one wrapped layer of graphene.

751	.... With specified chirality and/or electrical conductivity, (e.g., chirality of (5,4), (5,5), (10,5), etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 750. Subject matter wherein the single-walled CNT has a specified chirality or bandgap.

(1) Note. Chirality refers to the particular orientation in which the planar carbon sheet, i.e., graphene, is wrapped upon itself. This subclass groups chirality and electrical conductivity together because each chiral species of CNTs has an associated, inherent energy bandgap; and the CNT may also alter the bandgap while functionalizing.

(2) Note. A bandgap is a function of or related to the CNT s chirality.

752	... Multi-walled:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 742. Subject matter wherein the CNT possesses plural, concentrically wrapped layers of graphene.

753	.. With polymeric or organic binder:

This subclass is indented under subclass 734. Subject matter wherein a polymeric, i.e. formed by polymer, or organic, i.e., containing carbon atom, binder serves as a host matrix or adhesive for attaching, bonding or connecting a fullerene structure to other structures, e.g., to other fullerenes, nanosized structures, supporting substrates, conventional structures, etc.

(1) Note. Polymer is a high-molecular-weight natural or synthetic compound composed of repeated linked units, usually comprised of the same chemical elements.

754	. Dendrimer (i.e., serially branching or "tree-like" structure):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is a polymer having a serially branching structure, i.e., including a branching structure wherein at least one of the branches, in turn, possesses a second branching structure.

(1) Note. The "serially branching structure" requirement of this subclass is included for the purpose of excluding from this subclass structures that only have one or more non-repeating branches, e.g., a straight-chain hydrocarbon molecule with one or more ethyl groups that are respectively attached only to the hydrocarbon chain itself, etc.

(2) Note. Under this subclass, the n^th-order branching structure may be the same as, or different from, the (n^th-x)-order branching structure.

755	. Nanosheet or quantum barrier/well (i.e., layer structure having one dimension or thickness of 100 nm or less):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein only one dimension of the nanostructure is 100 nm or less.

(1) Note. As used herein, "nanosheet," is not only generic to the terms, "quantum well" and "quantum barrier," but also is broader than both of these terms combined. For a layer to be a "nanosheet," it must merely have a physical thickness of 100 nm or less.

(2) Note. This subclass includes nanosheet or quantum barriers/wells that are not otherwise provided for in the U.S. Patent Classification System.

(3) Note. Class 257, subclasses 9-39 generally takes priority for the classification of quantum-well, quantum-barrier and superlattice structures. To reduce duplication, nanostructures that are classifiable under those subclasses are generally excluded from cross-reference classification under subclass 755 unless some other nanosized structure, feature, or characteristic provides an additional basis for cross-reference classification. Subclasses 758-761 of Class 977 are non-exhaustive examples of nanosized structures, features, and characteristics that would warrant cross-reference classification in the Class 977 schedule.

(4) Note. Class 257, subclasses 94-97 generally takes priority for the classification of double-heterojunction (non quantum-well) light emitting diodes (LEDs) wherein the active layer or any other layer has a sub-100 nm thickness. To reduce duplication, such nanosized layers provided within LEDs should be excluded from cross-reference classification under subclass 755 unless some other nanosized structure, feature, or characteristic provides an additional basis for cross-reference classification.

(5) Note. Class 257, subclasses 183-201 generally takes priority for the classification of all semiconductor devices that have nanosized heterostructure layers. To reduce duplication, such nanosized layers should be excluded from cross-reference classification under 977/755 unless some other nanosized structure, feature or characteristic provides an additional basis for cross-reference classification. This general exclusion specifically includes: (1) nanosized lattice-mismatch or buffer layers (Class 257/190); (2) compositionally-graded layers (Class 257/191) unless the structure is a superlattice with a graded effective bandgap such that classification is proper under 977/760; and (3) nanosized layers that are provided in heterojunction field effect transistors (Class 257/192, 257/194).

756	.. Lipid layer:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 755. Subject matter wherein the nanosheet is a nanoscale lipid layer, e.g., lipid monolayer or bilayer, etc.

757	... Layer containing protein:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 756. Subject matter wherein the nanoscale lipid layer contains a protein molecule.

758	.. Mono-atomic layer or delta-doped sheet:

This subclass is indented under subclass 755. Subject matter wherein the nanosheet specifically has a single atomic layer thickness.

(1) Note. Synonyms of "mono-atomic layer" include "monolayer," "ML" and "delta-doped layer/sheet."

(2) Note. One characteristic setting delta-doped sheets apart from other nanosheets is that the impurity concentrations for delta-doped sheets are most typically (but not always) set forth in units of atoms/cm² (squared) instead of a conventional nanosheet layer’s impurity units of atoms/cm³ (cubed).

759	.. Quantum well dimensioned for intersubband transitions (e.g., for use in unipolar light emitters or quantum well infrared photodetectors, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 755. Subject matter wherein the quantum well has dimensions that enable intrasubband transitions between plural discrete energy levels that exist within either the conduction band alone or the valence band alone (as opposed to interband transitions between the conduction and valence bands).

760	.. Superlattice with graded effective bandgap (e.g., "CHIRP-graded" superlattice, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 755. Subject matter wherein a graded effective bandgap is realized by serially altering the dimensions or compositions of quantum wells or barriers within a superlattice.

(1) Note. Such superlattices are commonly referred to as Coherent Hetero-Interfaces for Reflection and Penetration- or CHIRP-graded superlattices.

(2) Note. A superlattice is an active layer thin enough to permit carrier transmission.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

761,	for superlattice with effective bandgap that is greater than the bulk barrier bandgap.

761	.. Superlattice with well or barrier thickness adapted for increasing the reflection, transmission, or filtering of carriers having energies above the bulk-form conduction or valence band energy level of the well or barrier (i.e., well or barrier with n_integerλ_carrier/4 thickness):

This subclass is indented under subclass 755. Subject matter including (1) quarter-wave superlattices that increase the reflection of carriers of at least one energy in the classical continuum (t_barrier,well= n_integerλ_carriers/4); (2) half-wave superlattices that increase the transmission of carriers of at least one energy in the classical continuum (t_barrier,well= n_integerλ_carriers/4= n_integerλ_carriers/2); (3) superlattices including combinations of quarter-wave-thickness and half-wave-thickness regions for filtering carriers of at least one energy in the classical continuum; or (4) superlattices including distinct regions that reflect or transmit carriers of distinct energies for providing a graded effective bandgap that is greater than that of the bulk barrier bandgap.

(1) Note. See the illustration, below, for a graphic example of a quarter-wave-thickness or reflection superlattice wherein the effective conduction-band barrier height is increased above the bulk barrier height by an energy δE, thereby reflecting electrons having energies less than that depicted by the dashed line.

Image 1 for class 977 subclass 761

(2) Note. It should be emphasized that the quarter-wavelength thicknesses of the wells or barriers are set according to the wavelength of carriers (i.e., electrons or holes) incident upon the reflection superlattice NOT the wavelength of any photons/light waves that might be absorbed by, or emitted from, the superlattice or by/from any surrounding areas.

762	. Nanowire or quantum wire (axially elongated structure having two dimensions of 100 nm or less):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure has two physical dimensions that are of 100 nm or less.

(1) Note. The term, "quantum wire" refers to an elongated structure having a carrier affinity that is larger than that of the material or vacuum that surrounds it, and having a diameter small enough (typically on the order of 20 nm or less) to support discrete or quantized allowed energy levels.

(2) Note. As used herein, the term "nanowire," is broader than "quantum wire" because a "nanowire" must merely have a physical diameter that is 100 nm or less. Thus, "nanowire" also reads on various, additional sub-100 nm wires, such as: (1) relatively large electron affinity wires supporting/having overlapping or non-quantized energy levels; or (2) any other sub-100 nm-thick wire irrespective of its carrier affinity relative to its surroundings.

(3) Note. Common synonyms for nanowire or quantum wire include quantum or nanowhiskers, quantum, or nanolines; quantum or nanorods, one-dimensional wires/lines/rods; and one-dimensional wires/lines/rods.

763	.. Formed along or from crystallographic ter races or ridges:

This subclass is indented under subclass 762. Subject matter wherein a nanowire is formed along, atop, or in between the supporting surface of crystallographic terraces or ridges, or wherein these crystallographic terraces or ridges, themselves, form the nanowire.

(1) Note. Crystallographic terraces or ridges are atomic-scale, periodic protrusions that may extend in either a straight or meandering direction along the surface of certain crystalline planes, e.g., along the (5 5 12) plane, etc.

764	.. With specified packing density:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 762. Subject matter wherein either a wire array or a surrounding host matrix structure has a specified pitch, i.e. packing density.

765	.. With specified cross-sectional profile (e.g., belt-shaped, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 762. Subject matter wherein the wire has a specified cross-sectional profile, e.g., circular, rectangular or belt-shaped, hexagonal, etc.

766	.. Bent wire (i.e., having nonlinear longitudinal axis):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 762. Subject matter wherein the nanowire has a non-linear or non-straight longitudinal axis.

767	... Mesh structure:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 766. Subject matter wherein a plurality of nanowires are interweaved or interlaced.

768	... Helical wire:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 766. Subject matter wherein the longitudinal axis of the nanowire curves is in a spiral configuration.

769	.... Formed with nucleic acid:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 768. Subject matter wherein the nanowire is constituted of a nucleic acid.

770	.... Formed with polyamide polymers:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 768. Subject matter wherein the nanowire is constituted of a polymer having repeated amide groups (i.e., CONH₂groups).

771	... Nanoring:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 766. Subject matter wherein the longitudinal axis of the nanowire curves in a planar, open-ended, or close-ended circular configuration.

772	.... Formed from circular biomolecule (e.g., DNA, heme, chelator, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 771. Subject matter wherein the nanoring is formed via circular structure biomolecules such as DNA plasmids or vectors, heme-type molecules, or coordination complex molecular structures.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

536,	Organic Compounds, subclass 23.1 for general biotechnology plasmids or vectors.

773	. Nanoparticle (structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein all three of the nanostructure’s physical dimensions are of 100 nm or less.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

774,	for quantum dots.

774	.. Exhibiting three-dimensional carrier confinement (e.g., quantum dots, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 773. Subject matter wherein the nanoparticle has a carrier affinity that is larger than that of the material or vacuum that surrounds it.

(1) Note. The term "quantum dot" refers to a substantially ball-shaped, cube-shaped, or cluster-shaped structure having a carrier affinity that is larger than that of the material or vacuum that surrounds it, and having a width/diameter small enough (typically on the order of 20 nm or less) to support discrete or quantized allowed energy levels.

(2) Note. As used herein, the term "nanodot," is broader than "quantum dot" because a "nanodot" must merely have a physical diameter that is 100 nm or less. Thus, "nanodot" also reads on various, additional sub-100 nm structures, such as: (1) clusters of atoms which have a relatively large electron affinity but which support non-quantized or overlapping energy levels; or (2) any other sub-100 nm-diameter structure irrespective of its carrier affinity relative to its surroundings.

(3) Note. This subclass is intended to include (1) true "quantum dots" (wherein the energy levels are quantized) and also (2) other dot structures that possess relatively large carrier affinities or that are used for their (semi/)conducting or electronic characteristics, even though the energy levels supported by the dots overlap or are not quantized.

(4) Note. While this schedule distinguishes nanoparticles from quantum dots for classification purposes, many references use these terms interchangeably. Common synonyms for quantum dots include: nanodots, quantum or nanoparticles, quantum or nanoclusters, quantum or nanopowders, artificial atoms, zero-dimensional dots, and 0-D dots.

775	.. Nanosized powder or flake (e.g., nanosized catalyst, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 773. Subject matter wherein the nanoparticle is composed of a nanosized powder or flake, especially stand-alone powders or flakes that are not further disposed, suspended, or dissolved within a host/barrier/matrix composition, compound, or solution.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

75,	Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, appropriate subclasses for subject matter based on metal powder composition.
501,	Compositions: Ceramic, appropriate subclasses for subject matter based on metal powder composition.

776	... Ceramic powder or flake:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 775. Subject matter wherein the nanosized powder or flake is composed of a specified ceramic.

777	... Metallic powder or flake:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 775. Subject matter wherein the nanosized powder or flake is specifically composed of a specified metallic composition or alloy.

778	. Within specified host or matrix material (e.g., nanocomposite films, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter directed towards a specified host/barrier/matrix composition, compound, or solution in which at least one nanosized structure, e.g., fullerene, nanowire, etc., is formed, disposed, suspended, or dissolved.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 323 through -331for layer containing structurally defined particles and subclasses 411.1-704 for non-structural laminates.

779	.. Possessing nanosized particles, powders, flakes, or clusters other than simple atomic impurity doping:

This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition, compound or solution possesses a nanostructure of specified composition wherein all three dimensions are of 100 nm or less.

(1) Note. Simple atomic, impurity doping is excluded from coverage because this would read on virtually every solid-state semiconductor device, as they are all doped with shallow-level impurities (i.e., n-doped or p-doped) and/or deep-level impurities.

780	.. Possessing fully enclosed nanosized voids or physical holes:

This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition, compound or solution contains a fullyenclosed nanosized physical hole, void or bubble of gas or vacuum.

(1) Note. "Physical hole" as used in this subclass is distinguished from the meaning of "hole" as commonly employed in semiconductor physics to mean the absence of an electron.

781	.. Possessing nanosized surface openings that extend partially into or completely through the host material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition or compound has a surface that contains downward-extending, nanosized physical concavity, depression, recess, groove, via-hole, or pore that is not fully enclosed.

782	.. Possessing nanosized physical convexity, ridge, or protrusion extending upward from the host’s surface:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition or compound contains a nanosized physical, convexity, ridge protrusion, or bump extending upward from surface.

783	.. Organic host/matrix (e.g., lipid, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the nanosized structure is a host/barrier/matrix composition, e.g., a lipid layer, etc., or a compound or solution related to or derived from an organic source, such as a living organism, which contains within the host or layer other components which may or may not be nanomaterials, e.g., proteins present in a lipid bilayer, etc.

784	.. Electrically conducting, semi-conducting, or semi-insulating host material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition, compound, or solution has the ability to transmit or conduct electrical current; i.e., electrically conducting, semi-conducting, or semi-insulating.

785	.. Electrically insulating host material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/barrier/matrix composition, compound or solution is unable to transmit or conduct electrical current; i.e., electrically insulating.

786	.. Fluidic host/matrix containing nanomaterials:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 778. Subject matter wherein the host/matrix constitutes a substance that can flow, i.e., fluidic substance such as liquid or gas, in which nanostructures are present, e.g., nanoparticles in an aqueous solution, etc.

787	... Viscous fluid host/matrix containing nanomaterials:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 786. Subject matter wherein the fluidic substance wherein nanostructures are present has a relatively high resistance to flow.

788	. Of specified organic or carbon-based composition:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein either (1) a nanostructure itself is composed of an organic carbon-based material/composition, or (2) a substrate or host structure is composed of an organic carbon-based material and is specifically adapted for bonding with, supporting or containing a nanostructure.

(1) Note. This subclass and its indents are intended to broadly cover organic or carbon-based chemical structures, materials or compositions that constitute, include, or are specifically attached to nanosized structures.

(2) Note. This subclass and its indents exclude inorganic carbon based structures, compositions or materials, such as carbon-based fullerenes and C_xSi_yGe_zcompounds.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

734,	for fullerenes.
814,	for inorganic C_xSi_yGe_zcompounds.

789	.. In array format:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 788. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon based nanostructures are orderly arranged in some type of pattern.

790	... With heterogeneous nanostructures:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 789. Subject matter wherein the array consists of dissimilar organic carbon-based nanostructures, e.g., biological entity particles like proteins, etc.

791	.... Molecular array:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 790. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based nanostructures have different molecular structures.

792	..... Nucleic acid array (e.g., human genome array, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 791. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based nanostructures are dissimilar nucleic acids.

793	..... Protein array:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 791. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based nanostructures are dissimilar proteins.

794	.... Chemical library array:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 790. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based nanostructures are different in chemical properties, generally not biological in nature.

795	.. Composed of biological material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 788. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based material or composition is relating to or derived from a living organism.

796	... For electrical or electronic purpose:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 795. Subject matter wherein the biological material or composition possesses a specified electrical property or is used within an electronic device or for an electro-biological application.

797	.. Lipid particle:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 788. Subject matter wherein the organic carbon-based nanostructures is a lipid particle type material, e.g., vesicle or spherical lipid structure, etc.

798	... Having internalized material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 797. Subject matter wherein the lipid particle contains another material inside its structure or boundary, e.g., spherical container, etc.

799	.... Containing biological material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 798. Subject matter wherein the material that is internalized in the lipid particle is derived from or relating to a living organism.

800	..... Nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 799. Subject matter wherein the biological material internalized in the lipid particle is a nucleic acid.

	This subclass is indented under subclass 799. Subject matter wherein the biological material internalized in the lipid particle is a medicine, i.e., a chemical substance utilized in biological disease or condition treatment.

802	.. Virus-based particle:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 788. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure composition is made up virus or viral particle.

803	... Containing biological material in its interior:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter wherein a material that is internalized within a virus interior space is derived from or relating to a living organism.

804	.... Containing nucleic acid:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 803. Subject matter wherein the biological material is a nucleic acid.

805	.... Containing drug:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 803. Subject matter wherein the biological material is a medicine, i.e., a chemical substance utilized in biological disease or condition treatment.

806	... With exterior chemical attachment:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 802. Subject matter wherein the virus based particle is externally modified with a chemical attachment, e.g., display phage modification, etc.

807	.... Exterior attachment for detection:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 806. Subject matter wherein the exterior chemical attachment is adapted for a tracking purpose, e.g., used for recognizing the virus-based particle, etc.

808	.... Exterior attachment for targeting (e.g., drug targeting, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 806. Subject matter wherein the exterior chemical attachment is adapted for directing the virus based particle to a target site, e.g., chemical delivery to a specific site for therapeutic purposes, etc.

809	.. Organic film on silicon:

This subclass is indented under subclass 788. Subject matter wherein the organic material or composition is specifically formed on a doped or undoped silicon layer/substrate, either directly or indirectly by means of an intermediate/buffer layer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock materials or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclass 446 and subclass 451 for laminates comprising a layer of silicon and a layer of silicon next to addition polymers.

810	. Of specified metal or metal alloy composition:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is constituted of or surrounded by a material that is a metal or a metal alloy.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

420,	Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses for alloy compositions.
428,	Stock Materials or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 544 through -687for structures of all metal or with adjacent metals.

811	. Of specified metal oxide composition (e.g., conducting or semiconducting compositions such as ITO, ZnOx, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is composed of, includes, or is surrounded by a material that is specifically composed of a metal oxide.

812	.. Perovskites and superconducting composition (e.g., Ba_xSr_xTiO₃, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 811. Subject matter wherein the metal oxide is specifically composed of a perovskite or superconductor material.

813	. Of specified inorganic semiconductor composition (e.g., periodic table group IV-VI compositions, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein at least one nanostructure is composed of, includes, or is surrounded by a material that is specifically composed of an inorganic semiconductor material, regardless of whether this material is degeneratively doped, moderately doped, lightly doped or undoped.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Materials or Miscellaneous Articles, particularly subclasses 688 through 703for non-structural laminates of inorganic materials and subclass 620 for all metal composites where one of the layers is a semiconductor layer.

814	.. Group IV based elements and compounds (e.g., C_xSi_yGe_zporous silicone, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 813. Subject matter wherein the inorganic semiconductor material is specifically a group IV element or alloy.

(1) Note. Examples include C_xSi_yGe_z, wherein 0 < x, y, z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

815	.. Group III-V based compounds (e.g., Al_aGa_bIn_cN_xP_yAs_zetc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 813. Subject matter wherein semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of a periodic table Group III-V semiconductor compound or alloy.

816	... III-N based compounds (e.g., Al_xGa_yIn_zN, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of a nitride-based semiconductor compound or alloy.

(1) Note. Examples include Al_xGa_yIn_zN, wherein 0 < x, y, z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

817	.... High-indium-content InGaN pooling or clusters:

This subclass is indented under subclass 816. Subject matter wherein the InGaN-based semiconductor material has an In concentration that is sufficiently high, e.g., In concentration approximately on the order of In₁Ga₉N to In₄Ga₆N, or higher, etc., so as to produce an In pooling or clustering effect, i.e., wherein the layer separates into clusters or regions of relatively high In concentration (quantum or potential wells) and surrounding regions of relatively low In concentration (quantum or potential barriers).

818	... III-P based compounds (e.g., Al_xGa_yIn_zP, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of a phosphide-based semiconductor compound or alloy.

(1) Note. Examples include Al_xGa_yIn_zP, wherein 0 < x, y, z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

819	... III-As based compounds (e.g., Al_xGa_yIn_zAs, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of an arsenide-based semiconductor compound or alloy.

(1) Note. Examples include Al_xGa_yIn_zAs, wherein 0 < x , y , z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

820	... III-Sb based compounds (e.g., Al_xGa_yIn_zSb, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of an antimonide-based semiconductor compound or alloy.

(1) Note. Examples include Al_xGa_yIn_zSb, wherein 0 < x, y, z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

821	... Mixed group V compounds (e.g., III-N_xP_y, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V semiconductor-based material is specifically composed of plural group V elements, irrespective whether the compound includes one or plural group III elements.

(1) Note. Examples include Al_aGa_bIn_cN_xP_yAs_z, wherein 0 < a, b, c < 1, a + b + c = 1; and 0 < x, y, z < 1 and x + y + z = 1.

822	... Boron-containing compounds:

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V compound semiconductor material specifically includes boron (B) as a compositional (/non-dopant) element.

(1) Note. Examples include alloys of B(Al)(Ga)N (or B_aAl_bGa_cN, wherein 0 < a < 1; 0 < b, c < 1; and a + b + c = 1).

(2) Note. Specifically excluded from this subclass are semiconductor elements or compounds that have such a small amount of boron that the boron present merely constitutes an impurity, e.g., on the order of 1e20 atoms/cm³ or less, etc., in a non-carbon composition, e.g., boron-doped SiGe, etc.

823	... Tl-containing or Bi-containing compounds:

This subclass is indented under subclass 815. Subject matter wherein group III-V compound semiconductor material specifically includes thallium (Tl) and/or bismuth (Bi) as compositional (/non-dopant) element(s).

(1) Note. Specifically excluded from this subclass are semiconductor elements or compounds that have such a small amount of thallium or bismuth that the atoms of these elements present merely constitute impurities, e.g., on the order of 1e20 atoms/cm³ or less, etc., in a non-bismuth, non-thallium composition, e.g., thallium doped or bismuth-doped SiGe, etc.

824	.. Group II-VI nonoxide compounds (e.g., Cd_x Mn_y Te, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 813. Subject matter wherein the compound semiconductor is specifically composed of group II-VI elements other than oxide-based II-VI compounds.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

811,	for oxide-based compounds or metal oxide nanomaterial, e.g., ITO, ZnOx, etc.
812,	for Perovskites and superconducting materials, e.g., Ba_xSr_xTiO₃ etc.

825	.. Heterojunction formed between semiconductor materials that differ in that they belong to different periodic table groups (e.g., Ge (Group IV) - GaAs (Group III-V) or InP (group III-V) - CdTe (Group II-VI), etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 813. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure includes at least one heterojunction composed of two adjacent semiconductor layers that belong to different periodic table-group families.

826	.. Nonstoichiometric semiconductor compounds (e.g., III_xV_y; x does not equal y, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 813. Subject matter wherein the compound semiconductor has a substantially non-stoichiometric composition: i.e., wherein the composition’s net charge is NOT substantially equal to 0.

(1) Note. Examples include III_xV_y or II_xVI_y; x does not equal y.

(2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are substantially stoichiometric compound semiconductors that are merely p-doped or n-doped.

827	. Formed from hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor compositions:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanosized structure or device is composed of, or includes, a first structure, region or portion that is composed of an organic material/composition (whether biological or not), and a second structure, region or portion that is composed of, or includes, an inorganic semiconductor material/composition.

(1) Note. The subclass is intended to generally cover all organic materials/compositions that are interconnected to, or functionally associated with, inorganic semiconductors regardless of whether the organic material/composition, itself, also possesses semiconducting properties.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

734,	for fullerene and fullerene-like structures.
738,	for buckyball nanostructure having a surface functionalized with an organic material.
746,	for carbon nanotube structure having a surface functionalized with an organic material.
753,	for carbon fullerenes having a polymeric or organic binder.
827,	for hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor structures in the event that the inorganic material/composition is specifically a fullerene or fullerene-like structure.

828	.. Biological composition interconnected with inorganic material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 827. Subject matter wherein the organic material/composition portion is specifically a biological material/composition.

829	.. Organic or biological core coated with inorganic shell:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 827. Subject matter wherein the organic material/composition forms a central core or nucleus that is substantially or entirely surrounded by, or coated with an inorganic material.

830	.. Inorganic core or cluster coated with organic or biological shell:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 827. Subject matter wherein the inorganic material forms a central core or nucleus that is substantially or entirely surrounded by, or coated with a shell of organic or biological material.

831	. Of specified ceramic or electrically insulating compositions:

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is composed of a ceramic or other insulating materials/compounds, (e.g., a ceramic nanopowder composed of a specified material, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

428,	Stock Materials or Miscellaneous Articles, particularly subclasses 689 through 703for Non-structural laminates of inorganic metal compound containing layer, e.g. ceramics, etc.

832	. Having specified property (e.g., lattice-constant, thermal expansion coefficient, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 700. Subject matter wherein the material constituting the nanostructure or nanodevice possesses a specified physical property.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

776,	for ceramic, e.g., electrically insulating, etc., nanosized powder or flake.
777,	for metallic, e.g., electrically conducting, etc., nanosized powder or flake.
796,	for organic, biological or polymeric carbon-based composition with electrical property or for electronic purposes.
810,	for metal, e.g., electrically conducting, etc., nanomaterial.
811,	for metal oxide, e.g., electrically conducting or semiconducting, etc., nanomaterial.
813,	for inorganic semiconducting nanomaterial.
827,	for hybrid organic/inorganic semiconducting nanomaterial.
831,	for electrically insulating nanomaterial.
784,	for electrically conducting, semi-conducting or semi-insulating host material in which nanosized material is disposed.
785,	for electrically insulating host material in which nanosized material is disposed.

833	.. Thermal property of nanomaterial (e.g., thermally conducting/insulating or exhibiting Peltier or Seebeck effect, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 832. Subject matter wherein the specified physical property of the material is relating to or caused by heat.

834	.. Optical properties of nanomaterial (e.g., specified transparency, opacity, or index of refraction, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 832. Subject matter wherein the specified physical property of the material is an optical property, e.g., refractive, reflective, etc.

835	.. Chemical or nuclear reactivity/stability of composition or compound forming nanomaterial:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 832. Subject matter wherein the specified physical property of the material is relating to its chemical or nuclear reactivity or stability.

836	... Having biological reactive capability:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 835. Subject matter wherein the physical property is characterized by its function of reacting with a living organism, e.g., reacts with a particular biological target, such as a cancer cell, etc.

837	.. Piezoelectric property of nanomaterial:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 832. Subject matter wherein the specified physical property of the material is its capability of generating electrical signal subjected to a mechanical tress or capability of generating a mechanical stress subjected to an applied voltage, i.e. piezoelectric property.

838	.. Magnetic property of nanomaterial:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 832. Subject matter wherein the specified physical property of the material is an electromagnetic property.

839	MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS, E.G., COMPUTER SOFTWARE, ETC., SPECIFICALLY ADAPTED FOR MODELING CONFIGURATIONS OR PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter directed to the theoretical modeling of a nanostructure’s configuration or associated physical properties, as opposed to physical structures, themselves.

(1) Note: Tools, aids and means specifically designed or intended for carrying out, or assisting in, the modeling of nanostructures are also included in this subclass.

840	MANUFACTURE, TREATMENT, OR DETECTION OF NANOSTRUCTURE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter directed to a process or an apparatus for making a nanostructure, altering a nanostructure, or determining a characteristic of a nanostructure.

(1) Note. The apparatus performing the manufacture, treatment, or detection of the nanostructure is not limited to the nanoscale and may include structure of macroscopic dimensions such as in a scanning probe.

(2) Note. The detection of 840 is distinct from the detection under 953 in that the focus of 840 is on nanostructures as the object of detection whereas the focus of 953 is on nanostructures as the objects doing the detecting.

841	. Environmental containment or disposal of nanostructure material:

Subject matter under 840 for the confinement of nanostructure material so as to minimize dispersal into the environment, or for the removal of nanostructure material from the environment.

(1) Note. The disposal may be, for example, the conversion of the nanostructure by chemical or physical means to a less harmful form, which may be safely disposed of in an ordinary municipal landfill.

(2) Note. This subclass does not include nanofiltration processes for removing bacteria from air/etc

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

588,	Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, appropriate subclasses for processes for the destruction or containment of hazardous materials.

842	. For carbon nanotubes or fullerenes:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is a fullerene or a carbon nanotube.

843	.. Gas phase catalytic growth (i.e., chemical vapor deposition):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the fullerene or nanotube structure is grown by a process that involves the contact of a carbon-containing gas and a catalyst material under heated conditions.

844	.. Growth by vaporization or dissociation of carbon source using a high-energy heat source (e.g., electric arc, laser, plasma, e-beam, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the fullerene or nanotube structure is grown by a process that involves using a high-energy heat source to vaporize a carbon target or dissociate a carbon source into its elemental components, whereby the nanostructure is produced under the high-energy conditions, with or without the aid of a catalyst.

845	.. Purification or separation of fullerenes or nanotubes:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus is adapted to extract the fullerene or nanotube from the material that accompanies the growth process (e.g. residual catalyst, amorphous carbon, graphite) or to sort or divide the fullerene or nanotube based upon their physical or chemical properties (e.g. separation by size, chirality, etc.).

846	.. Internal modifications (e.g., filling, endohedral modifications, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus is adapted to treat the region inside the carbon cage of the fullerene or nanotube.

(1) Note. This includes the processes or apparatuses that treat the opening or closing of the nanotube.

847	.. Surface modifications (e.g., functionalization, coating, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus is adapted to treat the surface of the carbon cage of the fullerene or nanotube or the surface of the nanostructure itself.

848	.. Tube end modifications (e.g., capping, joining, splicing, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 842. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus is adapted to treat the nanotube that affects the end of the tube or the tube cap.

849	. With scanning probe:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including a device having at least a tip of nanometer sized dimensions capable of performing manufacture, treatment, or detection in the nanometer range, e.g., scanning tunneling microscope (STM), atomic force microscope (AFM), magnetic force microscope (MFM), and near-field optical scanning probe etc.

850	.. Scanning probe control process:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 849. Subject matter including a control method of using a scanning probe in manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructures.

851	... Particular movement or positioning of scanning tip:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 850. Subject matter including specified details of the movement or positioning of the scanning probe tip relative to the object being detected or processed (e.g. tapping mode, non-contact, positioning feedback control, etc.).

852	.. For detection of specific nanostructure sample or nanostructure– related property:

This subclass is indented under subclass 849. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is used to detect a particular sample or to measure a particular nanoscale property of the sample, e.g., shape resistivity, charge density, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, subclasses 649 , 774, 324-862.325 and 866.5 for structure of sensors.
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 227.11 , 309-311, and 341.2 for probe types used in solid or liquid sample detection.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 72.5 , 149, 437, 445, 446, 690, 696, 715, 724, and 754.01-755.11 for probe types used in detection processes of electrical properties of a sample.
338,	Electrical Resistors, subclasses 28 and 229 for resistor probes.

853	... Biological sample:

This subclass is indented under subclass 852. Subject matter wherein the sample is biological in nature.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 4 through 40.52and 287.1-288.7 for detection of biological samples.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclasses 28 , 37, and 63 for detection of biological samples.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 19 through 21for methods and apparatus utilizing a data processing system in a measurement system directed to an environment of life or chemical compound or process in a living system.

854	... Semiconductor sample:

This subclass is indented under subclass 852. Subject matter wherein the sample is a semiconductor material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

438,	Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, subclasses 14 through 18for semiconductor measuring and testing.

855	.. For manufacture of nanostructure:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 849. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe tip is used in a manufacturing process of nanostructure.

856	... Including etching/cutting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 855. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe tip is used for removing material from a substrate, forming grooves or indents in a substrate, or cutting a nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

216,	Etching a Substrate: Processes, subclasses 12 through 19,39-40, 57-58, 72-81, and 96-100 for different types of substrate etching.

857	... Including coating:

This subclass is indented under subclass 855. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe tip is used for depositing material on a substrate (such as in dip pen nanolithography).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

427,	Coating Processes, subclasses 457- through 601for coating processes involving direct application of electrical or magnetic, waves, or particulate energy.

858	... Including positioning/mounting nanostructure:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 855. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe tip is used for positioning or mounting nanostructure on a substrate.

859	... Including substrate treatment:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 855. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe tip is used to form or modify nanostructure on a substrate by modify the characteristic of the substrate, e.g., scanning probe tip is used to modify a chemical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, or other property of the substrate, etc.

860	.. Scanning probe structure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 849. Subject matter including structural details of the scanning probe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 21 through -63for scanning probe characteristics and their manufacture.

861	... Scanning tunneling probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon a quantum tunneling effect in which the probability of electron transmission between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected is related to a gap between the tip and the object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 26 through -29for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) or apparatus therefor.

862	... Near-field probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the tip is formed with an integral waveguide wherein the diameter of the waveguide is smaller than the wavelength of the wave propagated in the waveguide.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 30 through -32for Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM ) or apparatus therefor.

863	... Atomic force probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon interaction forces between atoms such as Van der Waals forces between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected.

(1) Note. Van der Waals force (aka London or dispersion force) is an induced dipole -induced dipole interaction that depends on the polarization ability of the interacting molecules and is inversely proportional to the sixth power of separation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 33 through -42for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) or apparatus therefor.

864	... Electrostatic force probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon electrostatic forces between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected.

(1) Note. Electrostatic force generally results from static charges within one material reacting with an electric field generated by another material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 452 through 457and 709 for electrostatic force measurements.

865	... Magnetic force probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon magnetic forces between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected.

(1) Note. Magnetic force generally results from currents, or moving charges, within one material reacting with an external magnetic field generated by another material such as iron or nickel based materials that have intrinsic magnetic properties.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 200 through 263for magnetic measurements.
850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 46 through 49for Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) or apparatus therefor.

866	... Scanning capacitance probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon a capacitive effect between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected.

(1) Note. The capacitive effect is a change in capacitance which occurs when the distance between the tip, acting as a first electrode of a capacitor, and the object, acting as a second electrode of a capacitor, changes as the tip is scanned relative to the object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for capacitive measurements.
850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 44 through -45for Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) or apparatus therefor.

867	... Scanning thermal probe:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is constructed to operate based upon a thermal effect between the tip and an object being manufactured, treated, or detected.

(1) Note. The thermal effect may be a heating of the object by the tip or a temperature detection of the object by the tip or a combination of both heating and temperature detection between the tip and object as the tip is scanned relative to the object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 35 and 164 for thermal sensors including probe.
850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclass 50 for Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) or apparatus therefor.

868	... With optical means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including optical means to facilitate the operation of the scanning probe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 451 for spectroscopy, and subclass 501 for an interferometer device usable with an atomic force microscope.
359,	Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 362 through 435for optical elements used in detecting devices.
850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclass 9 for optical means used in conjunction with scanning probe microscope.

869	.... Optical microscope:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 868. Subject matter wherein the scanning probe is combined with an optical microscope that examines a sample being manufactured, detected, or treated by the scanning probe tip.

870	.... Optical lever arm for reflecting light:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 868. Subject matter wherein the optical means is used to reflect light from a holder of the scanning probe tip.

871	... With environmental regulation means:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including means to adjust temperature, pressure, humidity, or other environmental factors of the scanning probe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 1 through 4for scanning or positioning arrangements.

872	... Positioner:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including details of a mechanism such as a piezoelectric, electrostatic, magnetic, or other type of actuator that adjusts the position of the tip relative to the nanostructure being manufactured, detected, or treated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

310,	Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, appropriate subclasses for positioning mechanisms, and subclasses 311 –371 for piezoelectric elements.

873	... Tip holder:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including a projecting member such as a cantilever that maintains the tip of the probe.

874	... Probe tip array:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including a plurality of scanning probe tips.

875	... With tip detail:

This subclass is indented under subclass 860. Subject matter including structural characteristics of the tip of the scanning probe, i.e. material, shape, surface treatment, or chemical functionalizing of the tip.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

850,	Scanning-Probe Techniques or Apparatus; Applications of Scanning-Probe Techniques, e.g., Scanning-Probe Microscopy [SPM], subclasses 52 through 61for probe characteristics and their manufacture.

876	.... Nanotube tip:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 875. Subject matter wherein the tip includes a nanotube.

877	.... Chemically functionalized:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 875. Subject matter wherein the tip is chemically modified to react with a certain type of nanostructure.

878	.... Shape/taper:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 875. Subject matter wherein the physical form of the tip or the degree of slope or angle of the tip is specified.

879	.... Material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 875. Subject matter wherein the material forming the tip is specified.

880	. With arrangement, process, or apparatus for testing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including process or apparatus for detecting or testing a nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

852,	for detection of specific sample using scanning probe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, for a method and/or apparatus for testing.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for a method and/or apparatus for electrical testing.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for optical measuring and testing.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses for a method and/or apparatus for molecular biological and/or microbiological testing.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for a method and/or apparatus for chemical and immunological testing.

881	.. Microscopy or spectroscopy (e.g., SEM, TEM, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 880. Subject matter wherein a microscopy instrument such as an electron microscope or a spectroscopic device is used to measure or test the nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, subclass 311 for electron microscopes.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 300 for a spectroscope.
359,	Optical: Systems and Elements, subclass 368 for a microscope.

882	. Assembling of separate components (e.g., by attaching, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including process or apparatus for bringing together distinct parts to make a desired nanostructure.

883	.. Fluidic self-assembly (FSA):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 882. Subject matter wherein a gas or liquid, i.e., a fluid, carrying a plurality of nanostructures is flowed over a substrate in a manner that causes the nanostructures to be simultaneously deposited into selected locations on the substrate s surface.

884	.. Assembled via biorecognition entity:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 882. Subject matter wherein molecular biology identification entity i.e., biorecognition entity, is utilized for attaching separate components together, e.g., protein/ligand binding pair, the electrodeposition of the biorecognition nanomodules in self-assembling, etc.

885	... Via nucleic acid hybridization:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 884. Subject matter wherein the biorecognition utilizes nucleic acid hybridization, e.g., nucleic acid polymer hybridization to its complementary polymeric strand forming double-stranded nucleic acid structure, etc.

886	... Via protein recognition:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 884. Subject matter wherein biorecognition utilizes protein substrate or binding site recognition for attaching separate components, e.g., protein receptor/ligand binding or protein/enzyme substrate binding recognition, etc.

887	. Nanoimprint lithography (i.e., nanostamp):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter wherein manufacturing of the nanostructure includes a mold or stamp used to transfer pattern of nanometer dimensions onto a substrate.

888	. Shaping or removal of materials (e.g., etching, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including process or apparatus for forming a nanostructure by removing material from the nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 192.32 for a process of sputter etching.
216,	Etching A Substrate: Processes particularly, subclass 63 for a process of gas phase etching of a substrate involving the application of energy to the gaseous etchant or to the substrate being etched.

889	.. By laser ablation:

This subclass is indented under subclass 888. Subject matter wherein the material removing is done by focusing coherent electromagnetic radiation, i.e., laser, onto the surface of the nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

219,	Electric Heating, subclasses 121.67 through 121.69for the shaping of an article by removing a portion by electrical or wave energy, e.g., laser ablation wherein no chemical etchant is employed, etc.

890	. Deposition of materials (e.g., coating, CVD, or ALD, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including process or apparatus for layering or coating to form a nanostructure.

(1) Note. The deposition could be performed by chemical vapor deposition, i.e., CVD, or atomic layer deposition, i.e., ALD.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

118,	Coating Apparatus, subclasses 620 through 643for coating apparatus with means to apply electrical or magnetic wave or particulate energy.
427,	Coating Processes, subclasses 457 through 601for coating processes with direct application of electrical or magnetic wave or particulate energy.

891	.. Vapor phase deposition:

This subclass is indented under subclass 890. Subject matter wherein the coating material is in a gaseous state.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

118,	Coating Apparatus, subclasses 715 through 733for vapor phase coating apparatus.
427,	Coating Processes, subclasses 248.1 through 255.7for vapor phase coating processes.

892	.. Liquid phase deposition:

This subclass is indented under subclass 890. Subject matter wherein the coating material is in a liquid state.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

118,	Coating Apparatus, subclasses 29 , 73, 400, and 429 for liquid phase coating apparatus.
427,	Coating Processes, subclasses 475 , 483, and 581 for liquid phase coating processes.

893	.. Deposition in pores (molding) with subsequent removal of mold:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 890. Subject matter wherein pores are deposited with nanomaterial that is subsequently freed via removal of the surrounding molding material, e.g., molding in the nanosized pores of a membrane which may be dissolved, etc.

894	. Having step or means utilizing biological growth:

This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus uses a living organism growth process or growth behavior to manufacture, treat, or detect a nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 243 , 325, 440, and 283.1 for method or apparatus of propagating a microorganism.

895	. Having step or means utilizing chemical property:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus uses chemical factors of an element or compound, e.g., chemical reactions, etc. to manufacture, treat, or detect a nanostructure.

896	.. Chemical synthesis (e.g., chemical bonding or breaking, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 895. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus uses chemical synthesis to manufacture a nanostructure.

(1) Note. The chemical synthesis is a process of uniting chemical elements or simpler compounds, or by the degrading a compound, i.e., process typically occurs by bonding chemicals or by breaking up chemical compounds, combination reaction process, or process of creating a chemical compound involving plural chemical reactions.

897	... Polymerization:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 896. Subject matter wherein a nanostructure is formed via a chemical process that links two or more monomers together to form a polymer.

898	... Enzymatic:

This subclass is indented under subclass 896. Subject matter wherein the chemical synthesis utilizes proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as catalysts in chemical reactions to manufacture nanostructure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 183 through 234for an enzyme, per se.

899	... Electrolytic:

This subclass is indented under subclass 896. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus involves electrolysis of a chemical element to manufacture a nanostructure.

(1) Note. Electrolysis is a process including conduction of an electric current between two or more electrodes through a substance (an electrolyte) and resulting in a chemical change, e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclasses 80 , 334, 640, and 687 for electrolytic process or composition.

900	. Having step or means utilizing mechanical or thermal property (e.g., pressure, heat, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter including process or apparatus that uses solely mechanical means, e.g., pressing or grinding, etc., or thermal means, e.g., heating or curing, etc., to manufacture a nanostructure.

901	. Having step or means utilizing electromagnetic property (e.g., optical, x-ray, electron beam, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 840. Subject matter wherein the process or apparatus uses electromagnetic irradiation to manufacture a nanostructure.

(1) Note. The electromagnetic irradiation may be of the visible light range (i.e., optical) or may be in the form of x-rays or electron beams.

902	SPECIFIED USE OF NANOSTRUCTURE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a nanostructure is a component of a device or system or is used as part of a process with a particular function or purpose.

(1) Note. This subclass covers combination claims which includes a nanostructure as part of a subcombination wherein subclass this does not exit covers only the particular details of the nanostructure subcombination.

(2) Note. This subclass covers process of use claims that include nanostructures provided to accomplish a specified functional requirement.

903	. For conversion, containment, or destruction of hazardous material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure material aids in chemically altering, confining or degrading a substance that would be harmful to living organisms or habitats.

904	. For medical, immunological, body treatment, or diagnosis:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used in a process or apparatus for medical evaluation or treatment of a condition of a living body or for prevention of a disease.

905	.. Specially adapted for travel through blood circulatory system:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the use comprises a process or device for moving through the network for supplying blood in a body.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 9.3-9.37 for in vivo diagnosis or in vivo testing.
435,	Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses for cell culture, general molecular biology, etc.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclass 66 for blood testing.
514,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for gene therapy, protein therapy, etc.

906	.. Drug delivery:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is adapted for delivery of a therapeutic compound or composition to living organs, tissues, or cells.

907	... Liposome:

This subclass is indented under subclass 906. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure used for delivery of the therapeutic agent includes a liposome.

(1) Note. Liposomes are particles, the shells of which include a lipid bilayer.

908	.. Mechanical repair performed/surgical:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for in vivo or in vitro repair of cells or tissue, e.g., in surgery, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

128,	Surgery, appropriate subclasses for a surgical process.
600,	Surgery, appropriate subclasses for a surgical process.

909	... Obstruction removal:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 908. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for removing obstruction, e.g., removal of plaque, etc.

910	... Strengthening cell or tissue:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 908. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for reinforcing the cells or tissue.

911	... Cancer cell destruction:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 908. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for killing/eliminating cancer cells or tissue.

912	... Cancer cell repair:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 908. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for converting cancerous cells or tissue into normal cells or tissue.

913	... Stem cell therapy implantation:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 908. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for transplanting stem cells for treating a disease.

914	.. Protein engineering:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is adapted for use in the synthesis of polypeptides.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

530,	Chemistry, Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof, particularly subclasses 333 through 342for synthesis of polypeptides.

915	.. Therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter comprising a chemical compound constructed to treat an affliction or a disease of a body.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a therapeutic composition, per se.
435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses for plasmids, vectors, and cells comprising a vector.
514,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclasses for a therapeutic composition, per se.

916	... Gene therapy:

This subclass is indented under subclass 915. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is utilized for the insertion, deletion, addition, or substitution of a nucleotide or nucleotides in an already existing DNA sequence, e.g., gene, plasmid, cosmid, a viral or phage DNA, etc., wherein the DNA sequence is then used for treating a disease.

(1) Note. Examples of processes intended for this subclass include administering nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) into animals by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, oral, or any other route.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

906,	for nanostructure used for delivering a modified gene into living organs, tissue, or cells.

917	... Vaccine:

This subclass is indented under subclass 915. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is part of an adjuvant adapted for producing an immunological response and vaccination against a disease or infection.

(1) Note. The nanostructure may increase the immunological response of a nucleic acid or protein delivered.

918	.. Immunological:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein a substance comprising a nanostructure is used to prevent a disease in a body.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 130.1 through 177.1for an immunoglobulin, antiserum, or antibody treating composition.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for immunological analysis and testing.

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used in a process or device for treating teeth.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

433,	Dentistry, appropriate subclasses for a process and device for treating human teeth.

920	.. Detection of biochemical:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for the detection of a biological chemical.

921	... Of toxic chemical:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 920. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for the detection of a toxic chemical or molecule.

922	... Of explosive material:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 920. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for the detection of an explosive material.

923	.. Cell culture:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is adapted for providing a support surface for growing cells in culture.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

435,	Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses 395 through 403for solid supports and methods of culturing cells on solid supports.

924	.. Using nanostructure as support of DNA analysis:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is adapted for providing a support surface in DNA analysis, e.g., DNA sequencing, etc.

925	.. Bioelectrical:

This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostrusture is used in an electrical process or device for treating a living organism.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

607,	Surgery: Light, Thermal, and Electrical Application, appropriate subclasses for a process of bioelectrically treating a human body.

926	.. Topical chemical (e.g., cosmetic or sunscreen, etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for exterior surface of the body.

927	.. Diagnostic contrast agent:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein a nanostructure is used in a diagnosis process or to enhance image differences between body tissues in the diagnosis process.

928	... X-ray agent:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 927. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used as a contrast agent in the x-ray process.

929	... Ultrasound contrast agent:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 927. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used as a contrast agent in an ultrasound process.

930	... MRI contrast agent:

This subclass is indented under subclass 927. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used as a contrast agent in an MRI process.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

424,	Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclass 9.3 for chemical compound or compositions used as contrast agents in magnetic imaging devices.
600,	Surgery, subclass 407 for nuclear, electromagnetic, or ultrasonic diagnostic devices using diagnostic contrast agents.

931	.. Medical device coating:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used to layer a medical implement.

932	. For electronic or optoelectronic` application:

This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein a nanostructure is used in an electronic or optoelectronic device or process.

(1) Note. This subclass and those indented below are primarily intended for electronic or optoelectronic devices and applications employing fullerenes, i.e., buckyballs, nanotubes; quantum confinement structures, i.e., quantum dots, quantum wires; molecular, or atomic structures as significant components of the electronic or optoelectronic devices.

(2) Note. Solid-state semiconductor based circuits or circuit components, e.g., MOSFETS, etc., which recite dimensions of nanometer scale is insufficient for placement herein.

933	.. Spintronics or quantum computing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the device or process uses electron-spin or nuclear-spin properties to perform functions or to process information.

(1) Note. The term "spintronics" is also referred to as spin electronics, magnetoelectronics, or quantum computing.

(2) Note. There are of two stable spins (up and down). Electron spin causes magnetism on the atomic level.

934	... Giant magnetoresistance (GMR):

This subclass is indented under subclass 933. Subject matter wherein the spintronic device exhibits or produces a large change in electrical resistance upon application of an external magnetic field (i.e., GMR) effect.

(1) Note. "Giant" refers to the very large electrical signal of a GMR device.

(2) Note. GMR devices are widely used to sense magnetic field, as read-head sensors in hard disk drives, and magnetic random access memory.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for measuring magnetic property.
360,	Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 313 through 327.33for magnetoresistance heads.

935	... Spin dependent tunnel (SDT) junction (e.g., tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR), etc.):

	This subclass is indented under subclass 933. Subject matter wherein the spintronic device exhibits or produces a large change in resistance through a normally insulating layer, depending on the predominant electron spin in a free layer.

936	.. In a transistor or 3-terminal device:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used in a semiconductor device having three electrodes or terminals.

937	... Single electron transistor:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 936. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used in a three terminal switching device that can transfer electrons individually.

938	... Field Effect transistors (FETs) with nanowire- or nanotube-channel region:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 936. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure such as a nanowire or a nanotube is used in the conductive path, i.e. channel region, between the drain and the source terminals of the transistor.

939	.. Electron emitter (e.g., Spindt emitter tip coated with nanoparticles, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used to produce cathode components in field emission devices such as electron discharge tubes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

313,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses for electron generators.

940	.. In a logic circuit:

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used in an electronic circuit that performs combinational or sequential digital logic functions.

(1) Note. Included herein are circuits having nanostructures that used for Boolean operations to form counters, shift registers, or other devices used in digital computation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

326,	Electronic Digital Logic Circuitry, subclasses 37 through 50for combinational or sequential logic.

941	... Including DNA logic element:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 940. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure in the logic circuit is a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA molecule, etc.

942	... Including Protein logic element:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 940. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure in the logic circuit is a protein.

943	.. Information storage or retrieval using nanostructure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for storing or retrieving information.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

360,	Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 313 and 328 for magnetostrictive head.
365,	Static Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 129 through 150for information storage or retrieval devices including particular elements for writing and reading of static information, subclass 151 for information storage on the molecular or atomic level.
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 271.1 through 291.1for storage medium structure.

944	... Biochemical memory:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 943. Subject matter wherein the information storage or retrieval is a biochemical molecule.

945	.... Protein memory:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 944. Subject matter wherein the information storage or retrieval is a protein.

946	.... Nucleic acid memory:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 944. Subject matter wherein the information storage or retrieval is a nucleic acid.

947	... With scanning probe instrument:

Subject matter under 943 wherein a nanosized tip is used to perform the information storage or retrieval, e.g. nanosized tip is used to read or write information data, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

849	through 879, for scanning probes used in the manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructures.

948	.. Energy storage/generating using nanostructure (e.g., fuel cell, battery, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure facilitates the storage or generation of energy such as in a capacitor or battery fuel cell.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

60,	Power Plants, appropriate subclasses for energy conversion to produce power.
136,	Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, subclasses 200 through 242for thermoelectric batteries, and 243- 265 for photoelectric batteries.
429,	Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process, for electrochemical batteries, particularly subclasses 400 through 535for fuel cells.

949	.. Radiation emitter using nanostructure:

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used to convert electric energy into emitting radiant energy.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus for generating radiant energy.

950	... Electromagnetic energy:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 949. Subject matter wherein the radiant energy is electromagnetic energy, i.e., radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray.

This subclass is indented under subclass 950. Subject matter wherein the electromagnetic energy is a coherent, directional beam of light generated by stimulating electronic, ionic, or molecular transitions to lower energy levels.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

372,	Coherent Light Generators, subclasses 1 through 3,5-8, and 38.1-38.09 for laser generators.

This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used to convert electric signal into images in visual form such as a cathode ray tube, LCD, or LED display.

(1) Note. This subclass includes nanostructure and refers to more than simply the molecules found in the cell structure of liquid crystals.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

345,	Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 10 through 111for displays.
349,	Liquid Crystal Cells, Elements and System, subclasses 1 through 18for particular liquid crystal system.

953	.. Detector using nanostructure:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 932. Subject matter wherein the device includes a nanostructure to convert a form of a measurement into an electrical signal.

954	... Of radiant energy:

This subclass is indented under subclass 953. Subject matter wherein the measurement is of radiation, e.g., electromagnetic waves, electrons, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 251 , 253-266, and 306-311 for method or apparatus for detecting radiant energy.

955	... Of thermal property:

This subclass is indented under subclass 953. Subject matter wherein the measurement is thermal in nature, e.g., heat, temperature, cooling rate, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus for detecting thermal properties.

956	... Of mechanical property:

This subclass is indented under subclass 953. Subject matter wherein the measurement is mechanical in nature, i.e., strain, stress, pressure, flow rate, size.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus for detecting mechanical properties.

957	... Of chemical property or presence:

This subclass is indented under subclass 953. Subject matter wherein the measurement is chemical in nature (i.e., pH, electrochemical, DNA sequencing, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus for detecting chemical properties.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 19 through 21for methods and apparatus utilizing a data processing system in a measurement system directed to an environment of life or chemical compound or process in a living system.

958	.... Of biomolecule property:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 957. Subject matter wherein the measured property is relating to a living organism.

959	..... Of disease state:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 958. Subject matter wherein the measured property is a form of a disease.

960	... Of magnetic property:

	This subclass is indented under subclass 953. Subject matter wherein the measurement is magnetic in nature, e.g., magnetic field strength, magnetic hysteresis, magnetoresistance, etc.

961	. For textile or fabric treatment:

This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the nanostructure is used for altering a condition of a fabric.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8,	Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, appropriate subclasses for chemical treatment of a textile.
26,	Textiles: Cloth Finishing, appropriate subclasses for finishing of a textile.
442,	Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.), appropriate subclasses for a textile or fabric, per se.

962	. For carrying or transporting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the nanotructure is used for moving or conveying an article.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

187,	Elevator, Industrial Lift Truck, or Stationary Lift For Vehicle, appropriate subclasses for an apparatus for vertically moving an article.
198,	Conveyors: Power-Driven, appropriate subclasses for powered conveyors.
224,	Package and Article Carriers, appropriate subclasses for an apparatus for carrying an article.
414,	Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses for an apparatus or method of handling an article.