STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This is the generic class for alloys containing metal or metallic compositions which contain a continuous phase of metal and methods of making same not provided elsewhere. This class will also take "elemental" metal, per se.
RULES OF PATENT PLACEMENT
Patents have been placed in this class employing the so called "genus-species" rule. Following this rule as between a generic subclass and its indents a species unprovided for
in any indented subclass is specifically classified in the generic subclass. Thus a patent containing claims to both a provided for and an unprovided for species is placed as an original in the generic subclass as the first appearing subclass and cross-referenced to the indented subclass forthe provided for species.
The primary basis of classification in this class is the elemental composition of the alloy, or metallic composition without regard to the method of incorporation, or the state of the element in the product. As to impurities, a substance which is recited as optionally present as an impurity, e.g., "up to a certain percent", or "not over a certain percent" has been disregarded for purposes of classification. Thus, when searching for an alloy, or metallic composition containing a very small quantity of an ingredient consideration should be given to the possibility that the ingredient might have been disclosed as being an impurity and classified as if it were not present. If, however, an element is claimed as an impurity but is recited as being positively present in at least some minimum amountthis element is considered to be a positive constituent of the product and classified accordingly. In subclasses 8+ hereunder some subclasses contain limitations as to the percentages of an element present. When an alloy falls exactly on the recited percentage whether or not the alloy is included depends on the wording of the subclass limitation. If the subclass recites "X percent or more" than exactly X percent is included, if the subclass recited "more than "X percent" then exactly X percent is excluded. As examples compare subclass 34, "9 percent or more chromium containing" with subclass 94 "over 10 percent nickel containing". An alloy containing exactly 9 percent chromium is included under subclass 34 whereas an alloy containing exactly 10 percent nickel is excluded form subclass 94.

LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
CHEMICAL COMPOUND AND COMPOSITION CLASSES (NONMETALLURGICAL).
In general, a composition called an alloy and containing metal is prima facie proper for this class (420) unless other disclosure positively reveals it to be properly classified elsewhere. A disclosure that nonmetallic particles are bonded by metal will be taken to denote a continuous phase of metal proper for Class 420 absent specific disclosure to the contrary. Cases of doubt as to whether a continuous phase of metal exists will be resolved in favor of placement in Class 420. A so called alloy which contains no metal is excluded from Class 420 and classified as a composition based upon its use or function. See References to Other Classes, below for classes speficially related to Nonmetallurgical Chemical Compound and Composition Classes.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set
forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
METALLURGICAL AND METALLIC STOCK CLASSES
Class 420 provides for alloys, or metallic compositions which are intended to be of generally uniform character thought. While perfect uniformity is very difficult to achieve, this class (420) will take products which are not completely uniform where the intent is to produce a practically uniform product and any nonuniformity is accidental, or incidental and is not desired, or intended to give the product advantageous properties. Where a nonuniform product is desired, or intended, e.g., differing composition, or properties in different portions, etc., the product is considered to be stock and classified as appropriate in Classes 148, or 428 as discussed below.
This order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them is as follows.
1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.
2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions for treatment of solid metal.
3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+, gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal or charges, and subclass 302, welding rod defined by composition.
4. Class 75, subclasses 228+, consolidated metal powder compositions and subclasses 255+, loose metal particulate mixtures.
5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, claimed as products.
6. Class 148, subclasses 95-122, 194-287, and 500-714, in the schedule order, providing for certain processes of treating solid or semi-solid metal by modifying or maintaining the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal, processes of reactive coating of metal or processes of chemical-heat removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However, if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved, there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described in the Class 148 definition.
7. Class 148, subclasses 33+ barrier layer stock material and subclasses 400+, stock.
8. Class 75, subclasses 331+, processes of making solid partiuclate alloys directly from liquid metal and subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys in powder form.
9. Class 75, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67, processes of making alloys by electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes.
10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of manufacture.
11. Class 75, subclasses 330+, processes of making metal and processes of treating liquid metals and liquid alloys and consolidating metalliferous material.
12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.
13. Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.
14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes of operating metallurgical apparatus.
This list is not complete and may be added to as the proper relationship of other areas is determined.
See References to Other Classes, below for classes speficially related to Metallurgical And Metallic Stock Classes.
ARTICLE CLASSES.
The former rule known as the alloy "rule" has been abolished. Patents claiming an article by name only without any positive structural limitation and reciting the alloy, or metallic composition of which the article is made are properly classifiable in this class (420). This is true whether, or not the alloy, or metallic composition is claimed, per se, or whether it has specific properties making it particularly suitable for such article. There are, however, some article areas which have not yet as of 1981 been brought into conformance with this line. For these exceptions note is made to the list in the class definition of Class 106, Composition: Coating or Plastic, under (1) Note, section (b).
See References to Other Classes, below for classes speficially related to Article Classes.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 303+ for solid
treating compositions for liquid metal or a charge for producing metal or treating liquid metal. The compositions in subclasses 303+ do not encompass alloys or metallic compositions, per se, even if used as treating agents. Another ingredient utilized in producing or refining or metal must by present with the alloy or metallic composition to be acceptable to these composition subclasses. An alloy or metallic composition made by consolidating base metal particles or a mixture or metal and nonmetal particles is proper for Class 75, subclasses 303+ or subclasses 228+ unless (a) all the components are melted or dissolved or (b) a part of the components are melted and the mass is treated as a fluent liquid (e.g., stirring, pouring, etc.) in which instances the product is proper for Class 420. Cases of doubt will be resolved in favor of placement in Class 75, subclasses 303+ or subclasses 228+. Class 75, subclasses 303+ or subclasses 255+ provide for compositions containing loose metal particles not elsewhere provide for. Class 420 provides for a free metal or a single ally or metallic composition in particulate form. However, a blend of free metal particles or alloy or metallic composition particles with other particles whether another free metal, another alloy or metallic composition, or a nonmetal is proper for Class 75, subclasses 303+ or subclasses 255+. Class 420 also provides for patents claiming an article by name only without any positive structural limitation and reciting the metal or alloy metallic composition of which the article is made. Processes of making solid particulate alloys or metallic compositions directly from liquid metal will be found in Class 75, subclasses 331+ and processes of producing alloys or metallic composition in powder form will be found in Class 75, subclasses 343+. In the instances in which the above mentioned processes are claimed and a process of making an alloy is claimed in generalized terms the patent will go as an original to Class 75 and a cross reference will be placed in Class 420. Processes of making an alloy by electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic steps will be found in Class 75, subclasses 10.1+ or subclass 10.67. In the instances in which the electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic steps are claimed and a process of making an alloy is claimed in generalized terms the patent will go as an original to Class 75 and a cross reference will be placed in Class 420. In the instances in which the electrothermic, electromagnetic or electrostatic steps are claimed and an alloy or metallic composition is claimed as a product the patent will go as an original to Class 420 and a cross reference will be placed in Class 75. The line between Class 75 and Class 420 is necessarily a difficult one since the metals produced by the processes of Class 75 are often impure and the Class 420 alloys are sometimes made from ores. Therefor, the following lines will be observed. A process of making an alloy of desired compositions for an end use will be classified in Class 420 even if made by reducing compounds or ore. A method of reduction or smelting to yield metal without intent to obtain a particular alloy or metallic composition will be classified in Class 75, even if it is recognized that the product is impure. Furthermore, methods
of melting, refining, or purifying an existing alloy will be placed in Class 75. (Metallurgical and Metallic Stock Classes.)
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for plastic compositions containing metal, or alloy fillers, or pigments and subclass 290 for pigment compositions containing metal alloy powders. This class (420) however, provides for an alloy, or metallic composition, per se, in powdered form even though claimed as a pigment. wder compositions containing a free metal. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
148, Metal Treatment, appropriate subclasses for processes of treating solid or semi-solid metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal. If metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved, there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as defined in the Class 148 definition. Note that Class 420 is superior and thus when both Class 420 claims to an alloy, or metallic composition, per se, and Class 148 process claims are present in the same patent, the original is placed in Class 420 with cross-reference in Class 148. Class 148, subclass 24, is the location for a mixture of a powdered alloy or metallic composition with particles of a flux. Class 148, subclasses 400+, is the location for elemental metal, alloy or metallic compositions which (a) are the product of a process of Class 148, e.g., significantly heat treated, age hardened, etc., (b) are claimed in terms of specific magnetic properties, (c) are amorphous, (d) possess the property of shape memory, (e) are the product of a significant Class 164, Metal Founding step, e.g., chill cast, directionally solidified, etc., or (f) are the product of the dispersion of particulate matter in molten metal, which, particulate mater retains its identity in the final product, e.g., dispersion strengthened, etc. Class 420 provides for an alloy or metallic composition in which the claims include a recitation of physical, or chemical properties such as noncorrosiveness, hardness, of ductility which are inherent properties of the composition. Since Class 420 is superior, a patent containing both types of alloy or metallic composition claims is classified originally in Class 420 and cross-referenced to Class 148, subclasses 400+. Please note, in general no cross-references based on disclosures have been made from Class 148, subclasses 400+, stock, to Class 420 except from Class 148, subclasses 402, 403, and 404. Thus, for a complete search of possible unclaimed disclosure of alloys by composition, consideration should be given to expanding the search to the appropriate areas of Class 148, subclasses 300+ for magnetic stock material which is claimed as resulting from a Class 148 treatment or for stock material claimed in terms of a specified magnetic property, (e.g., coercive force, etc.). Class 420, however, provides for alloys or metallic compositions defined only as "magnetic", "magnetized", or "permanent magnet" material even though disclosed as resulting from a Class 148 treatment as well as alloys, or
magnetic compositions claimed, per se, which are inherently magnetic. (Metallurgical and Metallic Stock Classes.)
164, Metal Founding, for a method of casting molten metal including the step of alloying while teaming (pouring), or in the mold. Otherwise a combined method of preparing an alloy followed by casting thereof is proper for Class 420. (Metallurgical and Metallic Stock Classes.)
204, Chemistry: Electrical Wave Energy, subclass 293 for electrodes for electrolytic devices claimed by name only and defined by the alloy, or metallic compositions of which they are made. (Article Class)
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, especially subclasses 334+ for electrolytic synthesis of an alloy or metallic composition. If, however, the alloy or metallic composition is also claimed as such, the patent is placed originally in Class 420 and cross-referenced to Class 205. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
252, Compositions, subclass 1 for miscellaneous compositions not having a utility provided for elsewhere in the composition classification; subclass 62.3 for barrier layer device compositions. This class (420) however, provides for an alloy, or metallic composition, per se, which is a barrier layer composition; subclasses 62.51+ for magnetic compositions. This class (420), however, provides for an alloy, or metallic composition, per se, which is inherently magnetic, or is defined in terms of its magnetic properties. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
266, Metallurgical Apparatus, for apparatus useful in preparing a Class 420 alloy. For related apparatus classified elsewhere see the search notes to Class 266. (Metallurgical and Metallic Stock Classes.)
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for methods of storage of hydrogen by combination with an alloy no matter by what mechanical, whether chemical reaction, or sorbtion, and whether or not a stiochrometric compound is formed. This class (420) provides for an alloy, or metallic composition, per se, disclosed, or claimed as useful for binding hydrogen for purposes of storage no matter whether by chemical reaction, or sorbtion. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for structurally defined stock material or blanks made wholely, or partially of metal. Consult the Class 428 definition for a detailed description of the structure proper for that class. Particularly pertinent subclasses are: subclasses 544+, for stock which is all metal, or contains adjacent metals. Subclass 545 for metallic stock which contains a continuous phase of metal interengaged with a continuous phase of nonmetal. Subclass 615 for composite metal stock
having plural, adjacent spatially distinct metal components e.g., layers, welded joint, etc. For this and indented subclasses there must be a sharp gradation between the plural components. Where there is a gradual gradation of properties, e.g., differentially heat treated etc., see Class 148, subclasses 400+. (Metallurgical and Metallic Stock Classes.)
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, for an alloy, or metallic composition claimed, or solely disclosed as useful in a method of that class (430), particularly subclasses 85+ for alloys useful for use as photoconductors in electric photography, e.g., xerography, etc. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
501, Compositions: Ceramic, for so called alloys which contain no metal and which have the properties, e.g., hard refractory, etc., associated with ceramic compositions. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)
523, and 524 Synthetic Resin or Natural Rubbers, for compositions containing a metal, alloy, or metallic composition as a pigment, or filler in a synthetic resin matrix, or continuous phase. (Chemical Compound And Composition Classes-Nonmetallurgical)

GLOSSARY:
Asterisked * terms are employed in section C, Chemistry and Metallurgy of the International Patent Classification (IPC) and have the same meaning herein.
The following is a list of synonyms of names of metals used in this class (mostly obsolete). They are followed in parenthesese by the metal names used in this class.
Synonym Name used herein
Aldebaranium (Ytterbium)
Austrium (Gallium (ipure))
Cassiopeium (Lutecium)
Celtium (Lutecium)
Demonium (Dyprosium)
Didymium (Mixture of neodymum and paraseodymum)
Dwi-manganese (Rhenium)
Eka-aluminum (Gallium)
Eka-boron (Scandium)
Eka-cesium (Virginum)
Eka-Iodine (Astatine)
Eka-manganese (Technetium)
Eka-silicon (Germanium)
Eka-tantalum (Protoactinum)
Erythronium (Vanadium)
Florentium (Promethium)
Glucinum (Beryllium)
Illinium (Promethium)
Masurium (Technetium)
Neoytterbium (Ytterbium)
Niobium (Columbian (Note: while niobium is the internationally standard name among chemists, columbium is still widely used among metallurgists in the USA)).
Tungsten (Wolfram (Note: while wolfram is the internationally standard name among chemists, tungsten is still preferred among metallurgists in the USA)).
ALKALI METAL*
A metal of the groups Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium.
ALKALINE EARTH METAL*
A metal of the group Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium.
ALLOY
A union, possessing metallic properties of two or more metallic elements, or of nonmetallic element(s) and metallic element(s) which are not pure compounds and which are miscible with each other, at least to a certain extent when molten, to form a more, or less homogeneous liquid having a metallic matrix and which do not separate into distinct layers when solid. Such combinations when solidified from a melt may consist of mechanical mixtures, entectics, entectoids, solid solutions, or in part of chemical compounds one, or more of which may exist at the same time. Intermetallic compounds are considered alloys for purposes of classification.
BASE
A metal which is present in an amount of over 50 percent by
weight in an alloy, or metallic composition.
LANTHANIDE*
An element of atomic number 57 to 71 inclusive.
METAL*
Element other than nonmetal (q.v.)
METALLIC COMPOSITION
A composition which contains a continuous phase of metal and no continuous phase of nonmetal.
NOBLE METAL*
A metal of the group Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium, Platinum, Gold and Silver.
NONMETAL*
An element of the group, Hydrogen, Boron, Carbon, Silicon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.
PRECIOUS METAL
Synonym for Noble Metal*
RARE EARTH*
An element of the group Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanides*.
REFRACTORY METAL*
A metal of the group Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum, Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten.
TRANSITION METAL*
An element of atomic number 21-30, 39-48 or 57-80.

Radioactive:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloys or metallic composition which is claimed as being radioactive, containing an isotope of an element of which is radioactive or containing an element of which all known
isotopes are radioactive.
(1) Note. The elements of which all known isotopes are radioactive are technetium, promethium and all elements of atomic number 84 and higher.

Actinide base singly or in combination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Alloy or metallic composition in which contains over 50 percent of a single metal of atomic number 89 to 103 inclusive, or wherein the total of all these metals taken together is over 50 percent of weight of the total alloy or metallic composition.

Uranium base:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Alloy or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent uranium.

Iron base:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Alloy or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent iron.

Magnesium base:
Alloy or metallic composition under subclass I which contains over 50 percent magnesium.

Nickel or cobalt base:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Alloy or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent nickel or over 50 percent cobalt.

Aluminum base:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Alloy or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent aluminum.

Ferrous (i.e., iron base):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of iron.
(1) Note. This and indented subclasses will take so called ferralloys e.g., ferrosilicon, etc., where the percentage of iron is not specified. Where there are indented subclasses hereunder which provide for different percentages of alloying ingredient e.g., chromium, the patent is classified in the subclass providing for the largest percentage of alloying ingredient in the absence of recitations that a smaller percentage is present.

1.7 percent or more carbon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 1.7 percent or more carbon.
(1) Note. This and indented subclasses contain patents drawn to graphitic steel.

Six percent or more total group IV, V, or VII transition metals containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Alloys or metallic composition which additionally contains 6 percent or more total content of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten, singly or in combination.
(1) Note. Many patents in this and indented subclasses are so called "hard facing" alloys, which contain a high concentration of hard carbide precipitates.

Eight percent or more chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 8 percent or more of chromium.

Molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium.

2.7 percent or more carbon equivalent containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Alloy or metallic composition in which the total of the carbon content plus one third the silicon content plus one sixth the phosphorus content is 2.7 percent or more, i.e., cast iron.
(1) Note. The recitation "cast iron" shall be taken a indicating a carbon equivalent of 2.7 percent or more in the absence of a specific disclosure to the contrary.

Boron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains boron.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Alloy or metallic composition ... which additionally contains chromium.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Molybdenum:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Alloy or metallic composition additionally contains molybdeum.

Process of adding magnesium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Processes of preparing an alloy or metallic composition wherein magnesium is added to the alloy or metallic composition.
(1) Note. The magnesium is usually added to cause carbon in the molten alloy to precipitate in spherical form, thus increasing the strength and ductility of the solid alloy, i.e., production of so called "nodular iron" or "spherulitic cast iron" etc.

Adding magnesium as a liquid, vapor or as a solid agent entrained by a gas (e.g., fluidized):
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Process of adding magnesium to an alloy or metallic composition where the magnesium is added in molten form as a liquid, is vaporized and added to the alloy metallic composition in the gaseous state or wherein a solid agent containing magnesium is entrained in a gas and added to the alloy or metallic composition while so entrained.
(1) Note. The recitation that a solid magnesium additive is added in a "fluidized" state renders a patent appropriate for this subclass.

Flowing molten iron alloy onto solid magnesium containing agent, or adding solid magnesium containing agent to molten stream of iron alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Process wherein
a molten stream of iron alloy is poured onto a solid magnesium containing agent, e.g., in the bottom of a vessel, or wherein a solid magnesium containing agent is added to a molten stream of iron alloy, e.g., by continuously adding particles of agent to the molten stream.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
164, Metal Founding, appropriate subclasses for similar processes wherein the solid magnesium containing agent is placed in a mold, followed by pouring molten iron, or wherein the molten iron is recited as being treated by a solid magnesium containing agent while being poured into a mold.

Mechanically plunging magnesium containing agent below surface of iron alloy melt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Processes wherein the magnesium containing agent is mechanically forced below the surface of the iron alloy melt, e.g., by employing a plunging bell.

Separate addition of plural agents, at least one containing magnesium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Process wherein plural agents of different compositions are separately added to an alloy or metallic compositions under subclass 13, at least one of the agents containing magnesium.
(1) Note. The additions of plural agents may be separated by physical location or separated by time.

Magnesium containing agent is coated, impregnated or compacted (e.g., briquetted, coated particles):
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Processes wherein the magnesium is contained in an agent which is coated, impregnated or compacted e.g., briquettes.

Magnesium present in agent only as a compound with a
nonmetal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Process wherein the magnesium is added to the iron alloy only as a compound with a nonmetal and the additive contains no metallic magnesium or alloy thereof.
(1) Note. To be classified in this subclass, there must be a positive disclosure that the magnesium compound decomposes or reacts to yield metallic magnesium in the iron alloy. In the absence of such disclosure a patent is classified elsewhere under subclasses 13+ as appropriate.

In agent also containing silicon, rare earth or alkaline earth metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Processes wherein magnesium in the iron alloy in an agent which additionally contain at least one of silicon, scandium, yttrium, a lanthanide metal, calcium, strontium or barium.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Nickel or molybdenum:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of nickel or molybdenum.

Over .1 percent aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 0.1 percent of aluminum.

Processes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Processes of manufacturing an alloy or metallic composition.

Adding rare earth or alkaline earth metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Process which includes a step of adding one or more of scandium, yttrium, a lantanide metal, calcium, strontium or barium to the alloy or metallic composition.

Adding sulfur, selenium or tellurium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Process which includes a step of adding one or more of sulfur, selenium or tellurium to the alloy or metallic composition.

Adding vanadium, titanium, niobium or zirconium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Process which includes a step of adding one or more of vanadium, titanium, niobium or zirconium to the alloy or metallic composition.

Adding silicon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Process which includes a step of adding silicon to the alloy or metallic composition.

Nine percent or more chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 9 percent or more of chromium.
(1) Note. Many of the alloys classified in this and indented subclasses are called "stainless steel" because the presence of 9 percent or more chromium makes an iron base alloy relatively resistant to corrosion. The recitation that a ferrous alloy is a "stainless steel" will prima facie be taken is meaning that the alloy is properly classified in this or indented subclass in absence of a specific indication that the alloy does not contain 9 percent or more chromium.

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of molybdenum or tungsten.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Rare earth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of scandium, yttrium or a lanthanide metal.

Lead, bismuth, antimony, calcium, selenium or tellurium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of lead, bismuth, antimony, calcium or tellurium.
(1) Note. These materials are commonly added in small amounts to improve the machinability of the alloy.

Over 0.05 percent sulfur, over 0.04 percent phosphorus or sulfur or phosphorus added in any amount to promote machinability:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloys or metallic composition which contains one or more of more than 0.05 percent sulfur or more than 0.04 percent phosphorus or which contain any amount of sulfur or phosphorus which is positively stated to be present to promote machinability of this alloy or metallic composition.

Eight percent or more nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 8 percent or more of nickel.
(1) Note. This amount of nickel usually renders the alloy austenitic.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for austenitic stainless steel which contains less than 8 percent nickel but which contains manganese instead to bring the total of the two elements to over 8 percent.

Over 2 percent manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 2 percent of manganese.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 44. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 44. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of molybdenum or tungsten.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum.

Group IV or v transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 44. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Over 1.5 percent silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 1.5 percent silicon.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains molybdenum.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantaium.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum.

Over 0.1 percent carbon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 0.1 percent of carbon.

Eight percent or more total nickel plus manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains a total quantity of nickel plus manganese of 8 percent or more.
(1) Note. When the alloy contains 8 percent or more manganese, nickel may be completely absent.
(2) Note. This amount of nickel plus manganese usually renders the alloy austentic.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for authentic stainless steel which contains 8 percent or more nickel.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of molybdenum or tungsten.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Over 0.20 percent nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than
0.20 percent nitrogen.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy on metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of molybdenum or tungsten.

Over 0.1 percent aluminium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 0.1 percent aluminum.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Alloy or metallic compositions which additionally contains more of molybdenum or tungsten.

Boron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains boron.

0.25 percent or more nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or
metallic composition which additionally contains 0.25 percent or more nitrogen.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantaium.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of molybdenum or tungsten.

Titanium, zirconium, or hafnium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium or hafnium..

Vanadium, niobium or tantalum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of vanadium, niobium and tantalum.

Group IV or V transition metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum.

Processes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Processes of producing alloys or metallic composition.
(1) Note. While this subclass provides for processes of producing alloys under subclass 34 not specifically provided in the indents above, e.g., ferrochrome, it is also employed as a collecting point for cross-references to processes of general utility in preparing a wide range of alloys classified in different subclasses under subclass 34.

Eight percent or more manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 8 percent or more of manganese.
(1) Note. The alloys classified in this and indented subclass are often referred to as "authenitic manganese steel" or "Hadfield steel". These recitations shall be considered prima facie sufficient for classification hereunder in the absence of an indication that the alloy does not contain 8 percent or more manganese.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Four percent or more aluminium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 4 percent or more aluminium.

Over 2 percent silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more than 2 percent silicon.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Nickel or cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of nickel or cobalt.

Zirconium, vanadium or titanium containing alloy or metallic composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Alloy or
metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of zirconium, vanadium or titanium.

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum.

Rare earth metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of scandium, yttrium or a lanthanide metal.

Lead, bismuth, selenium, tellurium or calcium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of lead, bismuth, selenium, tellurium or calcium.
(1) Note. These elements are usually added to ferrous alloys in small amounts to improve the machinability of the alloy.

Processes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Processes of incorporating one or more additional element under subclass 84 into a ferrous alloy.

Adding lead:
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes wherein the added elements under subclass 84 includes lead.

Over 0.05 percent sulfur, over 0.04 percent phosphorus, or sulfur or phosphorus added in any amount to promote machinability:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which contains one or more of more than 0.05 percent sulfur or more than 0.04 percent phosphorus or which contain any amount of sulfur or phosphorus which is positively stated to be present to promote machinability of this alloy or metallic composition.

Processes of making or treating alloy containing over 0.04 percent phosphorus:
This subclass is indented under subclass 87. Processes wherein an alloy containing over 0.04 Percent phosphorus is made or treated.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 90. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Vanadium, zirconium, titanium or molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more vanadium, zirconium, titanium or molybdenum.

Over 10 percent nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more that 10 percent nickel.
(1) Note. Many of the alloys in this and indented subclasses are called "maraging" steels, which can be age hardened to very high levels of strength.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains molybdenum.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Alloy or metallic composition which additional contains chromium.

Over 1 percent silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more that 1 percent.

One percent or more carbon containing, but less than 1.7 percent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition containing 1 percent or more carbon.
(1) Note. Due to schedule superiority, alloys containing 1.7 percent or more carbon are classified above in subclasses 9+. Patents classified in subclasses 9+ above are not cross-referenced to this or indented subclasses unless there is a positive disclosure of an alloy containing less that 1.7 percent carbon.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.
(1) Note. Many patents in this and indented subclasses are drawn to alloys which are sufficiently heat resistant to be used to cut metal at relatively high speed, i.e., "high speed" steel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 104+ for so called "high speed" steel alloys containing less that 1 percent carbon.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains molybdenum.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Over 0.1 percent aluminum containing, but less than 4 percent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains more that 0.1 percent aluminum.
(1) Note. Due to schedule superiority, alloys containing 4 percent or more aluminum are classified above in subclasses 77+. Patents classified in subclasses 77+ above are not cross referenced to this subclass unless there is a positive disclosure of an alloy containing less that 4 percent aluminum.

Chromium containing, but less than 9 percent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.
(1) Note. Due to schedule superiority, alloys containing 9 percent or more chromium are classified above in subclasses 34+. Patents classified in subclasses 34+ above are not cross-referenced to this or indented subclasses unless there is a positive disclosure of an alloy containing less than 9 percent chromium.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally containing molybdenum.

Boron or beryllium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of boron or beryllium.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Vanadium, titanium or zirconium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains or or more of vanadium, titanium or zirconium.

Titanium, zirconium or niobium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, zirconium or niobium.

Vanadium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains tungsten.

Tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains tungsten.

Processes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Processes of preparing an alloy or metallic composition.
(1) Note. While this subclass provides for processes of producing alloys under subclass 104 not specifically provided for in the indents above it is also employed as a collecting point for cross-references to processes of general utility in preparing a wide range of alloys classified in different subclasses under subclass 104.

Including reducing a chromium compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Process wherein metallic chromium is introduced into the product by reducing a chromium compound.

Two percent or more silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 2 percent or more silicon.

Titanium, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 117. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium.

Nickel containing, but 10 percent or less:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally containing nickel.
(1) Note. Due to schedule superiority, alloys containing more that 10 percent nickel are classified above in subclasses 94+. Patents classified in subclasses 94+ above are not cross-referenced to this subclass unless there is a positive disclosure of any alloy containing 10 percent or less nickel.

1.5 percent or more manganese containing, but less than 8 percent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains 1.5 percent or more manganese.
(1) Note. Due to schedule superiority, alloys containing 8 percent or more manganese are classified above in subclasses 72+. Patents classified in subclasses 72+ above are not cross- referenced to this subclass unless there is a positive disclosure of an alloy containing less than 8 percent manganese.

Boron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains boron.

Tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains boron.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains molybdenum.

Vanadium tantalum or titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of vanadium, tantalum, or titanium.

Zirconium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains zirconium.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains titanium.

Vanadium, tantanium or niobium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains one or more of vanadium, tantalum or niobium.

Nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Alloy or metallic composition which additionally contains nitrogen.

Processes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Processes of preparing an alloy or metallic composition.
(1) Note. While this subclass provides for processes of producing alloys under subclass 8 not specifically provided for in the indents above it is also employed as a collecting point for cross-references to processes of general utility in preparing a wide range of alloys classified in different subclasses under subclass 8.

ALKALI METAL BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition s which contains over 50 percent of weight of a single metal selected from Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, or Cesium.

Beryllium base:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition s containing over 50 percent of beryllium by weight.

Magnesium base:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent magnesium by weight.

Silver containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silver.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 403. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Lanthanide containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals lanthanum through lutetium, i.e., atomic numbers 57 through 71.

Zirconium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 405. Alloy, or metallic composition additionally containing zirconium.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 411. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Zirconium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zirconium.

Alkaline earth metal base:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of calcium, over 50 percent of strontium, or over 50 percent of
barium.

Rare earth metal base singly or in combination:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent by weight of a single metal selected from scandium, yttrium, or lanthanum, through lutetium (i.e., atomic numbers 57 through 71), or wherein the total of all these metals taken together is over 50 percent by weight of the total alloy, or metallic composition.
(1) Note. Because the rare earths often occur together naturally and are not easily separated, they are often used as crude, or partially purified mixtures which have their own names e.g., misch metal, didymium, etc.

Titanium base:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of titanium by weight.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Vanadium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains vanadium.

Chromium or molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals chromium, or molybdenum.

ZIRCONIUM OR HAFNIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of zirconium or over 50 percent of hafnium.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

VANADIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of vanadium.

NIOBIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of niobium.

Titanium, zirconium or hafnium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Alloy, or
metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, zirconium, or hafnium.

TANTALUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of tantalum.

CHROMIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of chromium.

MOLYBDENUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of molybdenum.

TUNGSTEN BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of tungsten.

Carbon, boron or nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the elements, carbon, boron, or nitrogen.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 230+ and 244 for particulate metal carbide (236+) boride, or nitrite (244) bonded with a metal (commonly cobalt), e.g., the so called "sintered carbides", etc. See the class definition of this class for the distinction between the alloys and metallic compositions of this class and the consolidated metal powder composition for Class 75.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 409, for a pure, stoichiometric tungsten nitride, subclass 440, for a pure, stoichiometric tungsten carbide, subclass 297, for a pure, stoichiometric tungsten boride.

Rhenium or noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, silver, or gold.

RHENIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of rhenium.

MANGANESE BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of manganese.

COBALT BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of cobalt.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 437. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains titanium.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains titanium.

Iron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains iron.

NICKEL BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of nickel.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.
(1) Note. This and indented subclasses contain many patents to so called "superalloys" which retain considerable strength at high temperatures and which are therefor particularly useful as components in gas turbine engines.

Rare earth, magnesium or alkaline earth metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 442. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one metal selected from scandium yttrium, lanthanium through lutetium (i.e., atomic numbers 57-71), magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium.

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 442. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, or silver.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 442. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains titanium.

Tantalum, niobium, vanadium or hafnium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Alloy which
additionally contains at least one, or the metals tantalum, niobium, vanadium, or hafnium.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 447. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals molybdenum, or tungsten.

Zirconium or boron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the elements zirconium, or boron.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Alloy, or metallic composition additionally containing at least one of the metals molybdenum, or tungsten.

Titanium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 442. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains titanium.

Iron or manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 442. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, or manganese.

Molybdenum or tungsten containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 452. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals molybdenum, or tungsten.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 453. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Rare earth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals scandium, yttrium, or lanthanium through lutetum (i.e., atomic numbers 57 through 71).

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, silver, or gold.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Iron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 457. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains iron.

Iron or manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, or manganese.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

OSMIUM OR IRIDIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of osmium, or over 50 percent iridium by weight.

RUTHENIUM OR RHODIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of ruthenium or over 50 percent of rhodium by weight.

PALLADIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of palladium by weight.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 463. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Platinum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 463. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains platinum.

PLATINUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of platinum by weight.

Rhodium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains rhodium.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

COPPER BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of copper by weight.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Phosphorus containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains phosphorus.

Iron, manganese or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, manganese, or nickel.

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains lead.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 474. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 470. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one
of the metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, silver, or gold.

Refractory metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, vanadium, rhromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenium, hafnium, tantalum, or tungsten.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Iron or manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, or manganese.

Refractory metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, or tungsten.

Aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals aluminum, gallium, indium, or thallium.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains lead.

Titanium, zirconium or hafnium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloys, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, zirconium, or hafnium.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Beryllium, magnesium or alkaline earth metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium.

Other refractory metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals vanadium, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, or tungsten.

Iron or cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, or cobalt.

Noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition additionally containing at least one of the metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, silver, or gold.

Cadmium or mercury containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals cadmium, or mercury.

Phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the elements phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth.

Sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one
of the elements sulfur, selenium, or tellurium.

SILVER BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of silver by weight.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 501. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Other noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, or gold.

Zinc or cadmium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals zinc, or cadmium.

Other noble metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 501. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, or gold.

Zinc or cadmium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 501. Alloy which additionally contains at least one of the metals zinc, or cadmium.

GOLD BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of gold by weight.

Palladium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains palladium.

Platinum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains platinum.

Platinum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains platinum.

Silver containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silver.

Iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, cobalt, or nickel.

ZINC BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of zinc.

Aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains aluminum.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 514. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 514. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 514. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Cadmium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains cadmium.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

CADMIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of cadmium by weight.

MERCURY BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of mercury by weight.

Silver containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silver.

ALUMINUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of aluminum by weight.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 531. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 533. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalium.

Cadmium, lead or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 534. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals cadmium, lead, or bismuth.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Silver containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silver.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or
metallic composition which additionally contains magnesium.

Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 543. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 543. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains at least one of the metals iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloys, or metallic composition which additionally contains silicon.

Alkali or alkaline earth metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 548. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains at least one of the metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubium, cesium, calcium, barium, or strontium.

Iron, cobalt or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobim, or tantalum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 550. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum.

Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 552. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains manganese.

Cadmium, lead or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 528. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals cadmium, lead, or bismuth.

GALLIUM, INDIUM OR THALLIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains either over 50 percent of gallium, over 50 percent of indium, or over 50 percent of thallium by weight.

GERMANIUM BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of germanium by weight.

TIN BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of tin by weight.

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 557. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains lead.

Antimony or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 558. Alloy, or
metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals antimony, or bismuth.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 557. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Antimony or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals antimony or bismuth.

Antimony or bismuth containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 557. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains at least one of the metals antimony, or bismuth.

LEAD BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent of lead by weight.

Alkali, alkaline earth metal or magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 564. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Silver containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains silver.

Arsenic containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains arsenic.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 567. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Antimony containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 568. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains antimony.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains tin.

Antimony containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 570. Alloy, or
metallic composition which additionally contains antimony.

Antimony containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains antimony.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloys, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Zinc containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains zinc.

Cadmium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains cadmium.

ANTIMONY BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of antimony by weight.

BISMUTH BASE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of bismuth by weight.

SILICON BASE ALLOY CONTAINING METAL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy which is so named in the patent which contains over 50 percent of silicon by weight and which further contains at least one element which is a metal under the definition of this class.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, e.g., ferrosilicon containing over 50 percent silicon by weight, etc.

ARSENIC BASE OR SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM BASE ALLOY CONTAINING METAL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition containing over 50 percent arsenic by weight, or an alloy under the class definition which is so named in the patent, which contains over 50 percent selenium, or 50 percent tellurium by weight and which further contains at least one element which is a metal under the definition of this class.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereoft, subclasses 85+ for a selenium base alloy claimed, or solely disclosed as having utility as an image forming medium in electrical photography, e.g., xerography.

CONTAINING OVER 50 PERCENT METAL BUT NO BASE METAL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains over 50 percent of total metal by weight but wherein each individual metal is present in an amount of not over 50 percent by weight.

Iron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains iron in an amount which
does not exceed 50 percent by weight.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 581. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains copper.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 581. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains chromium.

Nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 583. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains nickel.

Cobalt containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains cobalt.

Titanium or zirconium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 585. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains at least one of the metals titanium, or zirconium.

Molybdenum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584.1. Alloy, or metallic composition which additionally contains molybdenum.

Copper containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Alloy, or metallic composition containing copper in an amount which does not exceed 50 percent by weight.

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains chromium in an amount which does not exceed 50 percent by weight.

Tin containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Alloy, or metallic composition which contains tin in an amount which does not exceed 50 percent by weight.

PROCESS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of preparing alloys, or metallic compositions which are not claimed with sufficient particularity to be placed in any subclass above, e.g., no base metal is recited either individually, or as a particular group, e.g., refractory metals, etc.
(1) Note. This subclass is the collecting point for processes which are of general utility in preparing a wide variety of alloys. Processes which prepare a specific alloy are placed therewith and are cross referenced here only if disclosed as having general utility.

Miscellaneous:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Alloys or metallic composition not provided for in any subclass
above.
(1) Note. Specific subject matter found in this subclass includes e.g., alloys based on boron containing metal and alloys containing less than 50 percent of total metals, but at least some metal.

HYDROGEN STORAGE:
Cross-reference art collection of alloys, or metallic compositions which are capable of taking up and releasing hydrogen for purposes of storage of hydrogen.
(1) Note. This class takes alloys, metallic compositions which take up hydrogen for storage no matter what the mechanism. Often the patent states that metal hydride is formed, but this is not always clear. This class thus takes hydrogen storage alloys in preference to Class 252, subclass 184 and Class 502, subclasses 400+ whether, or not the storage is stated to be by chemical reaction, or sorbtion.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 644+ for metal hydrides, or hydrided alloys whether stoichiometric or not, or for methods of hydrogen storage and release by chemical reaction, or sorbtion.

SUPERCONDUCTIVE:
Cross-reference art collection of alloys, or metallic compositions which exhibit the property of practically no resistance to the flow of electric current.
(1) Note. At this time (1981) this property has only been observed at very low temperatures of about 22 deg. K, or below.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 599 for a method of making an electrical device which includes a superconductor.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 126.1 for electrical conductor structure which includes a superconductor.
252, Compositions, subclass 500 for electrically conductive compositions which may be superconductors.
335, Electricity: Magnetically Operated Switches Magnets, and Electromagnets, subclass 216 for magnets or electromagnets of the superconductive type.
427, Coating Processes, subclasses 62+ for processes of producing a superconductive electrical product by coating.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 930 for metallic stock material which is superconductive.

SUPERPLASTIC:
Cross-reference art collection of alloys, or metallic compositions which exhibit property of being capable of great deformations of over 100 percent without "necking down", or rupturing.
(1) Note. In some cases the alloy must be heated to exhibit this property.
(2) Note. In most cases superplastic alloys are described as such in the patents found herein.

SEMICONDUCTIVE:
Cross-reference art collection alloys, or metallic composition whose resistivity at room temperature is in the range of 10[supscrpt]-2[end supscrpt] to 10[supscrpt]-9[end supscrpt] ohm-cm (which is between the range of metallic conductors and insulators).
(1) Note. These compositions are usually employed in barrier layer devices, e.g., transistors, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 62.3 for barrier layer device compositions which are not merely alloys, or metallic compositions.