U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Information Products Division |
U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
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(definitions have been obtained from the
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Electronic Products Branch)
Class 382
IMAGE ANALYSIS
Class Definition:
GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This is the generic class for apparatus and corresponding
methods for the automated analysis of an image or recognition
of a pattern*. Included herein are systems that transform an
image for the purpose of (a) enhancing its visual quality
prior to recognition, (b) locating and registering the image
relative to a sensor or stored prototype, or reducing the
amount of image data by discarding irrelevant data, and (c)
measuring significant characteristics of the image.
(1) Note. Automated document pattern* analysis or
verification, which includes detection of alphanumerics, is
classified in this class.
(2) Note. To be classified herein, no actual recognition or
identification need be performed. It is sufficient that
substantial digital image processing, such as a coding,
enhancement, or transformation process, be performed on the
image data for classification herein.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Pattern* analysis or verification limited to the intrinsic
properties of a document is classified elsewhere. Documents
that are analyzed or verified by information content, such as
pattern*s or alphanumeric characters, are classified in this
class (382). Document verification limited to a photocell
system is classified elsewhere. See References to Other
Classes, below.
Alphanumeric characters and other pattern*s are to be
distinguished from coded indicia. Coded indicia are designed
specifically to facilitate reading by machine and are not
intended to be read by humans (e.g., the Universal Product
Code on grocery items). Reading or sensing of coded indicia
which does not include the recognition of any alphanumeric
character or pattern* is classified elsewhere.. However,
reading or sensing of pattern*s or alphanumeric characters in
combination with coded indicia is classified in this class
(382). Example: Reading a credit card that contains a
printed name plus a magnetic code is classified in Class 235
if only the magnetic code is read. Otherwise, if both the
printed name and the magnetic code are read, classification
is herein.
The images analyzed and processed herein are images that are
representative of a "real" scene (such as images obtained by
a camera, scanner, or image detector), including obtained
images of people, places, and things, wherein the image
represents the actual scene. The presentation or generation
of images that are (a) computer generated or otherwise
artificial, or (b) a combination of computer-generated images
and real images is properly classified elsewhere, including
for computer s:graphics and control of data presentation with
creation or manipulation of s:graphic objects or text
performed by a computer or processor, and operator
interfaces. See References to Other Classes, below.
The specific processing of television pictures and signals,
where a television system is an integral part of the system,
is properly classified elsewhere. See References to Other
Classes, below. When images generated by a television camera
are processed, and the television system is not an integral
part of the overall system, and the system is either
disclosed or claimed in an environment with substantial
digital image processing or in a pattern* recognition*
environment, proper classification is herein.
For systems directed to the processing of a displayed image,
where the processing is directed to the altering of the
display image or of the display system itself, proper
classification is elsewhere. See References to Other
Classes, below.
The testing or measuring of distances, areas, volumes,
thicknesses, or defects in objects is excluded from this
class. However, where the measurements of these parameters
are either disclosed or claimed in an environment with
substantial digital image processing or in a pattern*
recognition* environment, classification is in this class.
Image analysis* having specific and significantly claimed
utility in art environments external to this class is
classified in the appropriate external classes unless it is
specifically excluded therefrom. For example: radar,
facsimile, color facsimile, coded record sensor; and purely
optical systems for image processing are all excluded from
this class. See references to Other Classes, below.
Subcombinations specific to image analysis* or pattern*
recognition are classified herein.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 488 for mechanically determining
speed and acceleration; subclass 865.4 for mechanical
signature verification instruments.
178, Telegraphy, 18.01 for writing elements and detectors.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 509 for
sorting paper money, mail pieces, bottles, and other
objects.
235, Registers, 435 for coded record sensors; subclasses
487+ for coded records.
250, Radiant Energy, 201.2 for autofocus control of
photocell circuits; subclass 223 for optical inspection of
bottles using radiant energy; subclass 271 for subject matter
that includes infrared of ultraviolet light for pattern
analysis or verification; subclasses 455+ for tomography;
subclasses 548, 559+, and 571+ for web and sheet inspection
using a photocell system; and subclass 556 for document
verification that is limited to a photocell system.
340, Communications: Electrical, 825.3 for intelligence
comparison and authorization or identification of personnel
using communications system; subclasses 907+ and 933+ for
specific vehicle detection and traffic control.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices
(e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), 104, 115+, or 147+, for
radar.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 112 for
visual display of images; subclass 126 for rotation of a
displayed image; subclasses 127+ for control of the size of a
displayed image; subclasses 419+ for three-dimensional
presentation; 430 for determining and using texture in
computer s:graphics and display; and 433+ for transformation
of computer-generated images.
348, Television, for specific processing of television
pictures and signals, where a television system is an
integral part of the system, subclass 62 and 63 for aids for
the blind; subclasses 86-95 for manufacturing where a
television system is an integral part of the system;
subclasses 125-134 for flaw detection where a television
system is an integral part of the system; subclasses 135-142
for object and scene measurements where a television system
is an integral part of the system; subclass 161 for object
comparison where a television system is an integral part of
the system; subclasses 384.1-440.1 for bandwidth compression
of analog television signals where a television system is an
integral part of the system; subclasses 571-721 for image
processing specific to television where a television system
is an integral part of the system.
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
200 for optical measurements of the eye.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3 for range finding and
stereoscopic optical measuring; subclasses 27+ for optically
determining velocity; subclass 71 for document pattern*
analysis or verification if visible light is used (otherwise,
classification is elsewhere); subclasses 372+ for optical
measuring of the physical properties of an object; subclasses
388+ for optical configuration comparison; subclasses 429+
for inspection of webs and threads; subclasses 237.1+ for
optical inspection for flaws and imperfections; subclasses
39+ for visible-light blood analyzing instruments.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 500 for
natural color facsimile; and subclasses 400+ for facsimile
systems.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communications) and
Elements, 1 for holos:graphic systems; and subclasses 559+
for optical Fourier transforms, convolution, and
correlation.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, appropriate subclasses for extraction and processing
of seismic samples and borehole samples.
369, Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclass 103
for storage of holos:graphic images.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, 10 for blood cell
counters.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 21 for
tomography; subclass 37 for mammography; and subclasses 62+
for imaging.
380, Cryptography, 9 for encryption of data, including
character data.
396, Photography, 89 for automatic focus control or
rangefinding in a camera environment.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 224 for the
processing of textiles.
434, Education and Demonstration, 112 for reading aids for
the handicapped.
600, Surgery, 300 for various diagnostic devices.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 2-7 for the use of plural
processors in a computer generic control system; and
subclasses 95-212 for use of computers in manufacturing;
particularly subclasses 130-144 for computer controlled
manufacturing of textiles, and subclasses 245-264 for data
processing of robot control systems.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclass 37 for flow or defect detection by video imaging,
subclasses 66+ for electrical waveform analysis, and subclass
192 for noise removal or suppression in a measured video or
image signal.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics,
Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression,
200 for artificial intelligence systems that process speech
signals.
705, Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice,
Management, or Cost/price Determination, 401 for a postage
meter.
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and
Methods, 15 for artificial intelligence applications of
neural networks.
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data
Structures, or Document Processing, subclasses 500-542 for
document processing performed by a computer for
presentation.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 200 for computer implemented conversion of
data; subclasses 300+ and 819 for computer-implemented
filters; subclasses 400+, 813+, and 820+ for transforms
(Fourier, correlation, convolution) implemented by computer.
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery,
appropriate subclasses for digital data error in general.
901, Robots, appropriate subclasses for the details of a
robot.
902, Electronic Funds Transfer, subclasses 3-7 and 25+ for
identification of individuals, such as with biometrics and
bank cards, in a funds transfer system.
GLOSSARY:
IMAGE ANALYSIS*
For the purpose of this class, image analysis* is defined as
a systematic operation or series of operations performed on
data representative of an observed image with the aim of
measuring a characteristic of the image, detecting variations
and structure in the image, or transforming the image in a
way that facilitates its interpretation.
IMAGING SYSTEM*
For the purpose of this class, an imaging system is any means
which acquires an image. For example, it includes video
cameras, CCD arrays, scanners, etc.
PATTERN*
For the purpose of this class, a pattern* is any form in an
image having discernable characteristics that provide a
distinctive identity when contrasted with other forms. For
example, the character "A" has a distinctive identity when
contrasted with all other letters of the alphabet.
PATTERN* RECOGNITION*
For the purpose of this class, pattern* recognition* is
defined as any procedure for ascertaining differences, as
well as similarities, between pattern*s under observation and
partitioning the pattern*s into appropriate categories based
on these perceived differences and similarities; or any
procedure for correctly identifying a discrete pattern*, such
as an alphanumeric character, as a member of a predefined
pattern* category.
PIXEL*
The smallest distinguishable and resolvable area in an
image.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
100
APPLICATIONS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the image analysis* is disclosed as
being designed for or utilized in a diverse art device,
system, process, or environment.
(1) Note. For classification herein, there must be
significant claim recitation of an image analyzing system.
Where the claims recite significant structure of the external
art environment, classification is in the appropriate
external art class.
(2) Note. In view of the subject matter included herein,
the classification schedule for the diverse art or
environment should be considered for proper search.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
128, Surgery, subclass 922 for image analysis.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
appropriate subclasses for sorters operating on various items
such as mail, paper currency, and bank checks.
235, Registers, 375 for systems controlled by a coded
record, and subclasses 435+ for coded record sensors.
246, Railway Switches and Signals, appropriate subclasses for
systems which identify trains or indicate their positions.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and
Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate
subclasses for object detection and positioning using radar.
348, Television, 61 for specific uses of television in image
analysis*, where a television system is an integral part of
the system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 426 for
image analysis* applied to the problem of data compression in
facsimile systems; and subclasses 500+ for data processing
and compression in color facsimile systems.
380, Cryptography, 9 for encryption of data, including
character data.
Subclass:
101
Mail processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the image is sensed from materials, such as letters
and packages, handled in a postal system.
(1) Note. Included are locating of stamps and address
blocks on a mail piece as well as codes on a mail piece that
are outside of the address block and the reading thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
584 and 900 for sorting of mail.
705, Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice,
Management, or Cost/price Determination, 401 for postage
meters.
Subclass:
102
ZIP code:
This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Subject matter
wherein the image sensing is limited specifically to finding
and reading a series of numbers that indicate the general
location where the mail piece is to be sent (e.g., a ZIP code
or postal code).
Subclass:
103
Target tracking or detecting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein an object is located, recognized, or followed
(tracked) by an imaging system*.
(1) Note. The object may be either stationary or moving
with respect to the imaging system*. The types of objects
include, but are not limited to, planes, military vehicles,
stars, and similar pattern*s.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and
Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate
subclasses for object detection and positioning using radar.
348, Television, 169 for object tracking using television,
where a television system is an integral part of the system.
Subclass:
104
Vehicle or traffic control (e.g., auto, bus, or train):
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein a conveyance that is, or can be, manned is located,
identified, or controlled by image analyzing techniques.
(1) Note. Included are: reading of tire pattern*s and
codes; control of the vehicle by movements of the operator
being detected by the imaging system*; and identification or
recognition of the vehicle by an imaging system*. The types
of vehicles include automobiles, buses, and trains or rail
cars.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 907 and 933+ for specific
vehicle detection and traffic control.
348, Television, subclass 113 for navigation control of
conveyance using a television camera, where a television
system is an integral part of the system.
Subclass:
105
License plate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including image sensing for specifically finding and reading
a series of alphanumerics from a plate on, or affixed to, a
conveyance such as an automobile.
Subclass:
106
Range or distance measuring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the length or magnitude of a path from a sensor or
imaging system* to an object is determined.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3 for optical measuring
of distances and ranges.
Subclass:
107
Motion or velocity measuring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the amount of change in position or movement of an
imaged object is determined.
(1) Note. Included is determination of the speed or
acceleration, or change in speed or acceleration, or change
of the position of the imaged object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 488 for mechanically determining
speed and acceleration.
348, Television, subclass 154 and 155 for motion detection
using a television camera, where a television system is an
integral part of the system.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 27 for optically
determining velocity.
Subclass:
108
Surface texture or roughness measuring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the examined characteristics of an imaged object
include distribution of color and intensity on a surface to
give an appearance of texture, such as smooth, rough, shiny,
or dull.
(1) Note. Included is determining a representation of the
physical structure of the surface.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
430 for determining and using texture in computer s:graphics
and display.
Subclass:
109
Seismic or geological sample measuring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the analyzed image is a sample of earth or rock.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are core samples and
samples from boreholes, as well as other geological samples.
Features extracted from the sample include those that define
the form, structure, color, and mineralogical composition of
the sample.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 152.01 for boreholes, and
subclass 784 for measuring earth stresses.
348, Television, subclass 85 for use of television systems
in borehole inspection.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 241.1 for borescopes
and bore inspection.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, appropriate subclasses for extraction and processing
of seismic samples and borehole samples.
Subclass:
110
Animal, plant, or food inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the examined or analyzed image is an animal, plant,
or foodstuff.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are livestock, birds,
fish, grain, fruit, nuts, plants, roots, and vegetables.
Subclass:
111
Textiles or clothing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the image analysis* is designed for, or used in, the
inspection or production of textiles or apparel.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass is the inspection or
examination of leather, fabric, yarn, and various other types
of cloth. Included also is analysis of pattern*s for cutting
the textile material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 238.1 and 429+ for
optical inspection of cloth and similar material.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 130-144 for computer-controlled
manufacturing of textiles.
Subclass:
112
Document or print quality inspection (e.g., newspaper,
photographs, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the accuracy or correctness of printed pattern*s on
an object under inspection is determined or the inspection of
the accuracy of reproduced pattern*s is determined.
(1) Note. Included herein are imaging system*s that inspect
webs, such as newspaper, etc., for proper registration of the
print thereon. Also included herein is inspection of the
condition of a document for soiling, staining, and similar
damage to the document.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559 and 571+ for optical inspection of
webs.
Subclass:
113
Reading maps, graphs, drawings or schematics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the imaging system* is specifically designed for
reading or processing documents having s:graphical notations
or illustrations.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that extract data
from these documents and identify features therein. Also
included herein are systems that read the chemical notations
that represent chemical structures.
(2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are systems that read
only texts.
Subclass:
114
Reading aids for the visually impaired:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein a particular representation of an image is generated
that can be interpreted by a sense other than sight.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that recognize
letters, words, or documents and provide an output that does
not rely primarily on sight for sensing, including audio or
tactile reproduction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communication: Electrical, subclass 825.19 for
communication or control for the handicapped.
348, Television, 62 for use of a television camera in
systems for aids for the visually impaired, where a
television system is an integral part of the system.
434, Education and Demonstration, 112 for reading aids for
the handicapped.
Subclass:
115
Personnel identification (e.g., biometrics):
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein an image or an image pattern* is analyzed for the
purpose of recognizing an individual or verifying a person's
identity.
(1) Note. Included herein are measurements of a finger,
hand, or foot, as well as keystroke dynamics and ID cards.
(2) Note. It is not necessary that the pattern* selected
for analysis be a physical characteristic of the person to be
identified. Any pattern*, such that its connection to a given
individual permits confident identification of the
individual, is sufficient.
(3) Note. Included are both identification of a person
(i.e., comparing the input feature to a plurality of stored
features to identify the person) and verification of the
identity of a person (i.e., comparing the input feature to a
specific feature, such as an ID card, to verify the person's
identity).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 380 for an identification card system
wherein a code rather than a pattern* is identified; see also
Class 382, II B (2) Note.
340, Communications: Electrical, 825.3 for intelligence
comparison.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics,
Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression,
246 for voice recognition and subclass 273 for security
systems including speech signal processing.
902, Electronic Funds Transfer, subclass 3 for biometrics,
and subclasses 4+ and 25+ for use of bank cards and similar
devices to identify individuals in an electronics funds
transfer system.
Subclass:
116
Using a combination of features (e.g., signature and
fingerprint):
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Subject matter
wherein more than one type of distinct identification process
is used to recognize or verify a person's identity.
(1) Note. Included are any combination of identification or
recognition processes or systems specified elsewhere in this
class, or specifically classified elsewhere, where the
emphasis is on the use of a plurality of different
recognition processes and not to the particulars of any
individual process in the identification of a person.
Subclass:
117
Using a characteristic of the eye:
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Subject matter
wherein a person is identified by analyzing the person's eye
or characteristics of the eye, including retinal pattern*s
and iris pattern*s.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
200 for optical measurements of the eye.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
appropriate subclasses for viewing the eye using optical
elements.
Subclass:
118
Using a facial characteristic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Subject matter
wherein a person is identified by analyzing the person's face
or characteristics thereof, including distinct features of
the face like eyes, nose, mouth, etc. and spacing of the
features, as well as the face as a whole, including facial
curves and thermal energy pattern*s of the face.
(1) Note. The actual examination of the eye itself for
personnel recognition is classified in this class, subclass
117.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
subclass 204 for optical measurements of distances between
pupils.
Subclass:
119
Using a signature:
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Subject matter
wherein a person is identified by analyzing the pattern* of a
signed name.
(1) Note. For classification in this subclass, the focal
point of the analysis must be the writer rather than the
written message; that is, an attempt must be made to identify
the writer rather than the mere alpha content of the
signature.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 865.4 for mechanical
signature verification instruments.
178, Telegraphy, 18.01 for writing instruments and sensor
tablets.
348, Television, subclass 161 for the remote verification of
signatures using television and having an operator making a
decision as to the authenticity of the signature, where a
television system is an integral part of the system.
Subclass:
120
Sensing pressure together with speed or acceleration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Subject matter
wherein the pressure characteristics of the writing sample
are used in combination with either speed (velocity, that is,
the first derivative of the values of the pen movement) or
acceleration (change in velocity, that is, the second
derivative of the values of the pen movement) characteristic
to identify the person doing the writing.
Subclass:
121
Sensing pressure only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Subject matter
wherein the characteristic of the writing sample used is only
pressure or force exerted by the writer with a writing
instrument during the writing of the sample.
Subclass:
122
Sensing speed or acceleration only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Subject matter
wherein the characteristic of the writing sample used is only
speed (velocity, that is, the first derivative of the values
of the pen movement) or acceleration (change in velocity,
that is, the second derivative of the values of the pen
movement) exerted by the writer with a writing instrument
during the writing of the sample.
Subclass:
123
Sensing geometrical properties:
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Subject matter
wherein the characteristics of the writing sample used are
static parameters of the writing.
(1) Note. The static parameters include shapes, dimensions,
and key points of the sample. Also included are detecting and
using selected points of the sample with respect to a
reference, such as a grid on which the sample is written.
Subclass:
124
Using a fingerprint:
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Subject matter
wherein a person is identified by analyzing the person's
fingerprint.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
283, Printed Matter, 68 for fingerprint identifying.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 71 for
visually comparing a fingerprint on a document with a
standard fingerprint.
Subclass:
125
Extracting minutia such as ridge endings and bifurcations:
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
in which the finest details of a fingerprint are measured so
as to identify a person.
(1) Note. These details are commonly called "minutiae" and
consist of features such as ridge endings, bifurcations,
tri-radii, and cores.
Subclass:
126
With a guiding mechanism for positioning finger:
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
wherein the system includes specific apparatus to place the
finger to be inspected at a specific location with respect to
an imaging system*.
Subclass:
127
With a prism:
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
wherein a prism is used as part of an imaging system* so as
to acquire an image of the fingerprint for identification.
(1) Note. Included are systems where the fingerprint is
directly applied to the prism for pickup by the imaging
system*.
Subclass:
128
Biomedical applications:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the image analyzing system is designed specifically
for or utilized in the areas of radiation imaging or
microscopic cell analysis for the detection or diagnosis of
disease, or any other image analyzing application
substantially related to medicine, health, or other life
sciences not provided for elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
128, Surgery, subclass 922 for image analysis.
250, Radiant Energy, 455 for tomography.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 39 for visible-light
blood analyzing instruments.
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing, 413.13 for
computer applications in medical imaging. See subclasses
413.07+ for computer applications in blood analysis.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, 10 for blood cell
counters.
Subclass:
129
DNA or RNA pattern* reading:
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein cells or cell objects are analyzed for specific
parameters related to DNA, RNA, or chromosome pattern*s.
Subclass:
130
Producing difference image (e.g., angiography):
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein related images are processed (e.g., by subtraction)
to produce difference images indicative of dissimilarities.
Subclass:
131
Tomography (e.g., CAT scanner):
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein a means or process is provided for generating or
processing digitized images of one or more slices of a
nominally solid object, generated by computer tomography
(i.e., CT), magnetic resonance (i.e., MR) or ultrasonically.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 455 for tomography.
Subclass:
132
X-ray film analysis (e.g., radiography):
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
related to processing standard film or digitized X-ray images
(e.g., bone fractures or mammography) such as for
enhancement, segmentation, tone generation.
Subclass:
133
Cell analysis, classification, or counting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
related to optically viewing or digitally storing cell images
for evaluating characteristics of cell images by chromaticity
of features and feature counting.
(1) Note. Included herein is counting the number of a
particular type of cell.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, 10 for blood cell
counters.
Subclass:
134
Blood cells:
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Subject matter
wherein the cell analysis, classification, or counting is
directed to red, white, or other types of blood cells.
Subclass:
135
Reading paper currency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
including means or process that can sense images of paper
money to verify authenticity, discriminate denominations,
sense condition, or count documents, based on optical or
magnetic scanning.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
194, Check-Controlled Apparatus, subclass 4 for verifying
the authenticity of money.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
534 for sorting paper money.
235, Registers, subclass 379 for banking systems controlled
by a coded record.
250, Radiant Energy, 200 for sensing using photocells.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 71 for
visually comparing currency with a standard.
902, Electronic Funds Transfer, subclass 7 for the
identification of counterfeit money in a funds transfer
system.
Subclass:
136
Reading coins:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein a means or process is provided for inspecting a coin
so as to identify the coin or determine its numismatic
condition or irregularities.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
902, Electronic Funds Transfer, subclass 7 for
identification of counterfeit money in a funds transfer
system.
Subclass:
137
Reading bank checks (e.g., documents bearing E-13B type
characters):
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
including apparatus that can sense images of a bank check and
extract measurements to verify authenticity or classify the
sensed bank based on optical scanning.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that read E-13B type
characters from bank checks.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
705, Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice,
Management, or Cost/price Determination, subclass 45 for a
financial transaction data processing system having paper
bank check handling.
Subclass:
138
Reading monetary amount:
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter
wherein user-entered data corresponding to the cash value of
the bank check are recognized.
Subclass:
139
Reading MICR data:
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter
related to reading preprinted magnetic ink character or
symbol data from the bank check.
(1) Note. Included herein is reading feature information
(e.g., stroke length or thickness) which is scanned to
generate a data signal.
Subclass:
140
Including an optical imager or reader:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter
wherein the bank check is also optically scanned for viewing
or storage or for obtaining optical as well as magnetic
characteristics useful in character recognition.
Subclass:
141
Manufacturing or product inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the image analysis* system has been designed for use
in product manufacturing (e.g., integrated circuits or metal
parts), including as part of automated inspection systems for
recognizing defects or irregularities or as part of the
system to control the manufacturing by image analysis*.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 86 and 125+ for manufacturing and flaw
detection using a television camera, where a television
system is an integral part of the system.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 95-212 for use of computers in
manufacturing.
Subclass:
142
Bottle inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Subject matter
wherein a rigid or semirigid container typically of glass or
plastic having a comparatively narrow neck or mouth is
inspected to determine the dimensions or a condition of the
container.
(1) Note. This subclass also may include means or process
for reading symbol data from a vessel or a label on a
vessel.
(2) Note. In this subclass inspection of can goods are
excluded from this subclass. Can goods are appropriately
classified in this class, subclass 44.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 223 for optical inspection of
bottles using radiant energy.
348, Television, subclass 127 for bottle inspection using a
television camera, where a television system is an integral
part of the system.
Subclass:
143
Inspection of packaged consumer goods:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Subject matter
wherein packaged products (e.g., cigarettes) or labels on the
goods are inspected for irregularities in appearance or other
defects.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 509 for
sorting various consumer goods like cigarettes.
Subclass:
144
Mask inspection (e.g., semiconductor photomask):
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Subject matter
wherein photomasks for semiconductor or printed circuit board
fabrication are scanned for defects, holes, etc.
Subclass:
145
Inspection of semiconductor device or printed circuit board:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Subject matter
wherein semiconductor wafers, chips, or similar materials or
an insulating board on which circuit has been printed are
inspected for defect detection, dimension checking, mark
reading, or other conditions.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 833 for assembling an electrical
component to an insulating base utilizing an optical sighting
means.
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,
particularly subclass 16 for methods of treating
electronically functioning semiconductor substrates including
a step of measuring an optical characteristic of the process
or of the electronic device.
Subclass:
146
Measuring external leads:
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Subject matter
wherein external leads of a component are inspected, such as
for coplanarity, shape, or alignment prior to insertion into
a printed circuit board or the like.
Subclass:
147
Inspecting printed circuit boards:
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Subject matter
wherein a printed circuit or printed wiring board is
inspected to locate defects in conductors, holes, the
presence or absence of components, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 126 for circuit board inspection
using a television camera, where a television system is an
integral part of the system.
Subclass:
148
At plural magnifications or resolution:
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Subject matter
wherein inspection is performed at more than one image
magnification or resolution.
Subclass:
149
Fault or defect detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Subject matter
wherein a device is inspected for defects relating to
dimensional tolerances, surface irregularities, etc.
Subclass:
150
Faulty soldering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
wherein means or process is provided for inspecting printed
circuit board packages containing IC or other devices to
identify defective or missing soldering or bonding points.
Subclass:
151
Alignment, registration, or position determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Subject matter
wherein semiconductor or other electrical component devices
are inspected to determine position or alignment with respect
to a process mask or during installation.
Subclass:
152
Tool, workpiece, or mechanical component inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141. Subject matter
related to inspection for defects in manufactured objects
including raw sheet metal, punched, stamped, or engraved
machine parts or fasteners, or welding seams; also for
inspection of wear of tool working surfaces (e.g., drilling
or cutting tools).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclass 34 for a mechanical measurement system for wear or
deterioration evaluation, and subclass 35 for a mechanical
measurement system for flow or defect detection.
Subclass:
153
Robotics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
related to autonomous vehicle navigation via scene analysis
(i.e., object recognition and avoidance) or reference to
known markings (e.g., guide lines on a warehouse floor) or to
positioning articles by automated manufacturing systems using
image analysis*.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 113 for navigation, where a television
system is an integral part of the system.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 245-264 for robot control.
901, Robotics, appropriate subclasses for robotics navigation
or operation.
Subclass:
154
3-D or stereo imaging analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein a three-dimensional scene is imaged using at least
two cameras or camera locations for the generation of XYZ
coordinate data of any object within the scene.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 418 and
139 for three-dimensional or perspective data processing for
display presentation.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 12 for stereoscopic
imaging.
Subclass:
155
LEARNING SYSTEMS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter where the image analysis* system is not
rigidly structured but is adaptive and capable of changing
during a test or training period and/or according to
experience gained.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, 148.02
for trainable control systems.
Subclass:
156
Neural networks:
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Subject matter
in which the learning system comprises multiple layers of
interconnected neurons.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
128, Surgery, subclass 925 for neural network.
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and
Methods, 15 for intelligence applications of neural
networks.
Subclass:
157
Network learning techniques (e.g., back propagation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter
which includes details of how connections to individual
neurons are weighted.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that perform back
propagation, Kohonen feature maps, adaptive resonance theory,
and learning vector quantization 2(LVQ2).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and
Methods, 15 for neural network.
Subclass:
158
Network structures:
This subclass is indented under subclass 156. Subject matter
which includes structural features of the network such as
number of layers, number of neurons per layer, long and short
term weights, and neuron construction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and
Methods, 26 for neural network structures.
Subclass:
159
Trainable classifiers or pattern* recognizers (e.g., adaline,
perceptron):
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Subject matter
wherein the learning system compares unknown input pattern*s
to reference pattern*s, the reference pattern*s being
generated through a series of training steps.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, 148.02
for trainable control systems.
Subclass:
160
Generating a standard by statistical analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter
wherein means or process is provided for creating the
reference pattern*s based on probability or frequency of
occurrence of data within the training pattern*s.
Subclass:
161
Alphanumerics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter
wherein the input pattern*s classified or recognized are
alphanumeric symbols.
Subclass:
162
COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the image analysis* is specifically
adapted for color images represented in various color
spaces.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 150 for
color format for display systems.
348, Television, 453 for chrominance processing of an
image.
Subclass:
163
Drop-out color in image (i.e., color to be removed):
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter
wherein an object to be imaged includes colors which are
either (a) detected and removed from the image of the object
or (b) ignored or not detected by the imaging system*.
(1) Note. Included herein are documents with specific
preprinted colors thereon.
Subclass:
164
Image segmentation using color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter
wherein regions of the image are discriminated and separated
based on color features, including locating areas on an
original document that are encircled by a color marker.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
538 for selecting image portions in color facsimile.
Subclass:
165
Pattern* recognition* or classification using color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter
which includes selecting and measuring color features to be
used in recognizing a pattern*, structure, or object.
Subclass:
166
Compression of color images:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter
wherein the quantity of data used to represent a color image
is reduced without loss of essential information.
(1) Note. Included herein are techniques such as encoding
each color plane separately or converting from one color
system to another in order to facilitate compression.
Subclass:
167
Color correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter
wherein signals representative of the colors in the image are
modified to achieve improvements such as gamma correction,
gradation correction, color balancing, contrast enhancement,
and noise reduction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
518-523 for color correction in facsimile environment.
Subclass:
168
HISTOGRAM PROCESSING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a representation of the frequency of
occurrence of image intensity or image features is used to
derive properties of the image, to locate pattern*s within
the image, or to otherwise process the image.
Subclass:
169
With a gray level transformation (e.g., uniform density
transformation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Subject matter
wherein the histogram is manipulated to achieve gray level
transformations including histogram equalization, histogram
normalization, contrast enhancement, and tone scale
transformations.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
167 for color correction of an image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 147 for
gray level transformation for a displayed image.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
455-461 for gray level processing in facsimile
environment.
Subclass:
170
With pattern* recognition* or classification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Subject matter
wherein the histograms of unknown input pattern*s are
compared to histograms of known pattern*s in order to
determine the identity of the unknown pattern*.
Subclass:
171
For segmenting an image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Subject matter
where the histogram is processed in order to separate
distinct regions in an image including distinguishing text
and s:graphics areas and isolating lines and characters.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
164 for image segmentation based on color features.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
453 for image portion selection in facsimile environment.
Subclass:
172
For setting a threshold:
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Subject matter
where the histogram is analyzed in order to set one or
multiple thresholds including methods based on locating
histogram peaks and valleys.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
466 for variable thresholding techniques.
Subclass:
173
IMAGE SEGMENTATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein operations are carried out on an image
so that certain meaningful regions of pattern*s of interest,
as defined by an observer, are distinguishable from other
regions or pattern*s.
(1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are segmenting
operations performed on a single character for the purpose of
decomposing the character into simpler features. This sort of
character decomposition is classifiable herein below in the
appropriate subclass indented under "Feature Extraction" or
"Image Transformation".
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
164 for segmentation based on color.
171 for segmentation based on histogram.
Subclass:
174
Using projections (i.e., shadow or profile of characters):
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
wherein a profile, indicating a sum or count of image
elements along one dimension of the image, or a shadow,
indicating the existence of an image element along one
direction, is used to isolate identifiable regions.
Subclass:
175
Separating document regions using preprinted guides or
markings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
wherein machine-printed marks (such as control marks,
rectangular frames, boundary lines, or identification codes)
or hand-printed marks on an original document are used to
identify distinguishable regions of interest.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
453 for image portion selection in the facsimile
environment.
Subclass:
176
Distinguishing text from other regions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
including means or process for identifying regions of text
from other regions on a document.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems performing
dilation/erosion or measuring gradients, variance, texture,
and run-lengths.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
462 for text and image detection in the facsimile
environment.
Subclass:
177
Segmenting individual characters or words:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
wherein individual characters and words are isolated by
determining the position of the characters or words, often
including determining the coordinates of a bounding box
circumscribing the character or word.
Subclass:
178
Separating touching or overlapping characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Subject matter
wherein separating characters that are run together includes
processes such as dekerning, predicting separation lines, and
comparing possible segmented objects to library objects.
Subclass:
179
Segmenting hand-printed characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Subject matter
wherein the characters to be isolated are handwritten.
Subclass:
180
Region labelling (e.g., page description language):
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
which includes assigning new or merging existing object
labels to derive a set of connected components in the image
or establishing relationships between regions on a page and
storing the relationship.
Subclass:
181
PATTERN* RECOGNITION*:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the image analyzing system possesses a
further capability of identifying discrete pattern*s (such as
alphanumeric characters) viewed within a scene or image; or
of assigning pattern*s to appropriate categories as
determined by resident categorization rules.
Subclass:
182
Limited to specially coded, human-readable characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
wherein the pattern* recognition* unit is designed
specifically to read a special alphabet of highly stylized
letters or numbers that have incorporated into their form a
machine-readable code.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include recognition of
coded pattern*s such as the Universal Product Code (UPC),
which is designed to be machine-readable only and which bears
no resemblance to any human-readable alphabet.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
137 for the E-13B font of machine- and human-readable
characters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 435 for the reading of a code which is not
an alphanumeric.
Subclass:
183
Characters formed entirely of parallel bars (e.g., CMC-7):
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter
wherein the machine-readable, human language symbols are
constructed entirely of spaced-apart, substantially parallel
bars, lines, or strokes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 462.01 for bar code readers which do not
include reading an alphanumeric.
Subclass:
184
With separate timing or alignment marks:
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter
further requiring that machine-readable indicia are used for
alignment or timing purposes during scanning.
Subclass:
185
Ideos:graphic characters (e.g., Japanese or Chinese):
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
wherein the pattern*s to be recognized comprise ideos:graphic
or pictos:graphic symbols such as, for example, kanji
(Chinese characters), kana (Japanese phonetic alphabets), or
hangul (Korean characters).
Subclass:
186
Unconstrained handwriting (e.g., cursive):
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
wherein the pattern*s to be recognized comprise handwritten
characters which do not conform to a particular form or
style, such as continuous cursive script.
Subclass:
187
On-line recognition of handwritten characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
further requiring that: (a) a signal be produced as a
character or symbol is being formed by hand, (b) the signal
be suitable for processing by a pattern* recognition* device,
and (c) the pattern* recognition* device receives the signal
as the character or symbol is being formed.
Subclass:
188
Writing on ordinary surface (i.e., electronics are in pen):
This subclass is indented under subclass 187. Subject matter
wherein the recognition system utilizes a pen which includes
means to output a signal indicative of the motion, direction
of travel, pressure, speed, or acceleration, for example, of
the pen.
Subclass:
189
With a display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 187. Subject matter
wherein the recognition unit includes a means for displaying
inputted characters, results of recognition, or information
relevant to processing.
Subclass:
190
Feature extraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
which includes the process of selecting and measuring pieces
of information, such as size, shape, texture, or position, to
be used in recognizing a pattern*, structure, or object.
(1) Note. For the purpose of this subclass, "feature" is a
synonym for characteristic measurement, component,
descriptor, attribute, pattern* primitive, and any other term
of art referring to the information derived from a pattern*
and utilized in pattern* recognition*.
(2) Note. The aim of feature extraction is to reduce the
amount of raw pattern* data while finding a set of attributes
for which the different classes of pattern*s separate.
Subclass:
191
Multispectral features (e.g., frequency, phase):
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Subject matter
wherein the frequency or phase of an electromagnetic spectrum
of the pattern* is used to recognize the pattern*.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 454 for optical coded card readers.
Subclass:
192
Feature counting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Subject matter
in which characteristics are extracted from a pattern* by any
of the following methods: (a) Counting lines or points of
intersection between the pattern* and either a generally
two-dimensional raster or any array of scanning elements to
derive count values that may be used either alone or in
combination with other feature data to identify the pattern*;
(b) computing, from a digital image of the pattern*, the
relative frequency of occurrence of specific pattern*s in the
image; or (c) counting any other property of the pattern*s
to be recognized in order to facilitate recognition.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
168 for determining and using a histogram to process or
recognize a pattern* or image.
Subclass:
193
Counting intersections of scanning lines with pattern*:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter
wherein the distinguishing features counted are the points or
locations at which scanning lines intersect portions of a
pattern*.
Subclass:
194
Counting individual pixel*s or pixel* pattern*s:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter
wherein the distinguishing features counted are pixel*s; for
example, the total number of pixel*s, the number of pixel*s
in an area or window, pattern*s of pixel*, etc.
Subclass:
195
Local or regional features:
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Subject matter
which includes analyzing the content of partial areas and
elementary regions of a pattern* to produce what are, in
essence, simpler subpattern*s or component parts of the
original pattern*.
Subclass:
196
Slice codes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
wherein the pattern* to be recognized is intersected by one
or more scan lines, and each scan line is individually
encoded according to the particular configuration of pattern*
and background elements sampled along the line.
(1) Note. The scan lines may be uniform, as in a television
raster, or they may be distributed over the pattern*. The
scan lines may be straight or curved.
Subclass:
197
Directional codes and vectors (e.g., Freeman chains,
compasslike codes):
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
wherein the outline of a pattern* is encoded as a connected
sequence or chain of feature signals representing headings or
points of the compass.
Subclass:
198
Extracted from alphanumeric characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 197. Subject matter
wherein the directional features or vectors are extracted
from letters, numerals, or other human language symbols.
Subclass:
199
Pattern* boundary and edge measurements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
wherein local features are extracted specifically in areas of
transition between the pattern* and the background, thereby
producing so-called transition, edge, or boundary signals.
(1) Note. To be classified herein, the measurements of
boundaries and edges should be for the purpose of recognition
of the pattern*.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
143 for data compression using boundaries and edges.
166 for the enhancement of boundaries and edges.
Subclass:
200
Measurements made on alphanumeric characters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Subject matter
wherein the boundary or edge measurements are made on
letters, numerals, or other human language symbols.
Subclass:
201
Point features (e.g., spatial coordinate descriptors):
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
including any of the following: an image is sampled at only
a few key locations to determine whether essential points in
a pattern* are present at those locations; every measurement
on the image results in a set of values representing spatial
coordinates only; or each of the features sought within a
pattern* can be defined by a specific point.
(1) Note. Examples of such features are scan intercepts,
line endings, and the intersection of lines.
Subclass:
202
Linear stroke analysis (e.g., limited to straight lines):
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
wherein the only local features ever measured for recognition
purposes are the straight-line strokes in a pattern*.
(1) Note. Horizontal, vertical, and oblique lines are some
examples of straight-line strokes used in forming certain
alphanumeric characters.
Subclass:
203
Shape and form analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
wherein the local features extracted for recognition
processing include empirically derived character components
(i.e., curves, bays, loops, convex arcs, etc.), geometrical
configurations (i.e., rectangles, circles, triangles,
parabolas, etc.), or fundamental space measurements (i.e.,
distance, area, circumference, ratio of perimeter to area,
etc.).
Subclass:
204
Topological properties (e.g., number of holes in a pattern*,
connectivity, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Subject matter
in which the features do not depend on measurements of
dimensions or areas but are concerned instead with numbers or
relationships of the different geometrical units (vertices,
edges, faces, holes) involved.
Subclass:
205
Local neighborhood operations (e.g., 3x3 kernel, window, or
matrix operator):
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
in which the image under analysis, together with any pattern*
therein, is divided into a plurality of generally
two-dimensional neighborhoods (also known as windows,
sections, or regions), and a computation is executed on each
neighborhood based on a local computational algorithm or on a
set of mapping operators which transform various qualitative
geometric properties of the image into quantitative values.
(1) Note. To be classified herein, the neighborhood
operation is for use in the recognition of a pattern*. If a
neighborhood operation is used for the transformation of an
image or to perform a morphological operation, proper
classification is in this class, subclass 209.
Subclass:
206
Global features (e.g., measurements on image as a whole, such
as area, projections, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Subject matter
wherein the features extracted for recognition purposes are
not the component parts of what is essentially a more complex
pattern*, but rather are measurements characterizing the
entire pattern* as a single entity.
Subclass:
207
Waveform analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Subject matter
wherein the pattern* to be recognized is first converted into
an equivalent electrical analog signal, and this signal is
then analyzed according to waveform analysis techniques in
order to obtain useful measurements for recognition
processing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
134 for display of waveform images.
Subclass:
208
With a tapped delay line:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter
wherein the waveform analyzing system utilizes a delay line
with tapped outputs for detecting the value of a waveform at
various points along the waveform, thereby allowing sampling
of the waveform at time-spaced intervals.
Subclass:
209
Template matching (e.g., specific devices that determine the
best match):
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
wherein a pattern* is detected directly by looking for a
match between the input image and a representation of the
pattern*, traditionally a two-dimensional template or mask.
Subclass:
210
Spatial filtering (e.g., holography):
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter
in which an optical image of each pattern* to be recognized
is transformed into a light amplitude distribution that is
proportional to the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the
pattern* image, and a spatial filter located in the transform
plane modifies selected Fourier components of the resulting
Fourier spectrum.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
280 for nonholos:graphic Fourier transformations.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 457 for holos:graphic encoded
records.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 550 for interference pattern*
analysis limited to prephotocell systems.
Subclass:
211
With electrically controlled light modulator or filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter
wherein the spatial filtering unit comprises an electrically,
or electronically controllable light modulator to impart an
amplitude or phase modulation onto light passing through or
reflected by the modulator.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
237 for optical modulators.
Subclass:
212
Nonholos:graphic optical mask or transparency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter
wherein the optically formed image of each pattern* to be
identified is compared to a set of optically stored
prototypes, holograms not included.
Subclass:
213
Using both positive and negative masks or transparencies:
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Subject matter
wherein pattern* matching is performed using optically stored
prototypes which represent both positive and negative
versions of the pattern*s to be recognized.
Subclass:
214
With a display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Subject matter
wherein the recognition system includes means for displaying
inputted pattern*s or for displaying the results of the
matching.
Subclass:
215
Using dynamic programming or elastic templates (e.g.,
warping):
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter
wherein an image signal is deformed to optimally match
another image signal for comparison in time or space, such as
a template being geometrically distorted to achieve geometric
conformity with another template.
Subclass:
216
At multiple image orientations or positions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter
wherein the matching of pattern*s is performed as the
pattern*s are translated or rotated with respect to each
other.
(1) Note. Also included herein is a plurality of stored
templates which are positioned or oriented with respect to
one another and compared to the input to determine the
correct match.
Subclass:
217
Electronic template:
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter
wherein the recognition system, having converted an input
pattern* into corresponding electrical signals, looks for a
match between those signals and any one of a set of pattern*
standards that are implemented electronically.
Subclass:
218
Comparator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. Subject matter
wherein standards, held in a storage unit of the pattern*
recognition* system and representing known pattern*s, are
compared to an as-yet-unrecognized input pattern* in a manner
such that a signal is developed reflecting the similarity
between the standards as stored and the input pattern*.
(1) Note. Details of a specific comparison device must be
claimed for original classification herein.
Subclass:
219
Determining both similarities and differences:
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein both the matched and mismatched portions of pattern*s
during a comparison, are utilized for recognition.
Subclass:
220
Calculating weighted similarity or difference (e.g.,
don't-care areas):
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein certain areas or features that are more important
than others are assigned a greater weight or value so that
their correspondence with an input pattern* yields a larger
output match value; this subclass l so includes using
reference pattern*s that have areas that can be of any value
and still produce a match, such as don't-care areas.
Subclass:
221
Counting difference pixel*s:
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein pixel*s of a pattern* which do not match another
pattern* are used to determine the degree of correspondence
between the pattern*s.
Subclass:
222
Using an Exclusive-OR gate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 221. Subject matter
wherein means are included for performing an Exclusive OR
function, to indicate similarities or differences between
pattern*s.
Subclass:
223
Resistor matrix:
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. Subject matter
wherein various configurations of resistors form electronic
masks representing pattern* standards or criteria, and the
resistors combine elements or groups of elements of the
pattern* to be identified and develop a match voltage or
current signal.
Subclass:
224
Classification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
including a specific mechanism for assigning the pattern* to
one of several possible pattern* classes (categories) based
on measurements of intraclass similarity or interclass
differences.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data
Structures, or Document Processing, 1 for a file indexing or
retrieval system.
Subclass:
225
Cluster analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Subject matter
wherein pattern*s are classified according to clusters or
groups of points or vectors indicative of features in a
multidimensional feature space.
(1) Note. While "feature extraction" is a process of
mapping image points into vectors in a multidimensional
feature space, the process of detecting clusters of vectors
in that space and separating the clusters is a task of
"classification".
Subclass:
226
Sequential decision process (e.g., decision tree structure):
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Subject matter
wherein the classification of a pattern* proceeds
sequentially through logical stages, each successive stage
reducing typically the number of likely choices of pattern*
classes, culminating finally in either a definite class
assignment for the pattern* or a reject signal.
Subclass:
227
With a multilevel classifier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Subject matter
wherein a different classification principle is utilized at
each stage or level.
(1) Note. For example, given a two-level classifier, the
first level might employ a dictionary look-up method, and if
no decision is reached at the first level (i.e., no match),
the second level is then activated employing a nearest
neighborhood method.
Subclass:
228
Statistical decision process:
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Subject matter
in which statistics or the laws of probability play a
significant role in determining the proper classification of
a pattern*.
Subclass:
229
Context analysis or word recognition (e.g., character
string):
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter
wherein the recognition system examines the environment of a
pattern* for clues as to the pattern*'s identity.
(1) Note. For example, when the pattern* is an alphanumeric
character, advantage is taken of the fact that a character is
normally embedded in a word, and the word in a message.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data
Structures, or Document Processing, subclass 500 and 530+
for text searching.
Subclass:
230
Trigrams or digrams:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter
wherein the recognition system utilizes the characteristics
of strings of two or three characters.
Subclass:
231
Checking spelling for recognition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter
wherein recognition is verified based on whether a recognized
character string is a valid character combination (i.e., it
is a known or acceptable word).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data
Structures, or Document Processing, subclass 533 for
checking the spelling of a text.
Subclass:
232
IMAGE COMPRESSION OR CODING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which the quantity of data used to
represent an image is reduced to minimize storage or
transmission requirements.
(1) Note. In subclasses 133 through 154, the employed
systems conventionally include both compression and
decompression means or processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
202 for image data compression in display device.
348, Television, subclasses 384.1-440.1 for bandwidth
compression systems for analog television, where the
television is an integral part of the system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
426-433 for time or band width compression in facsimile.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, subclass 122 for
bandwidth reduction or expansion in communications systems,
particularly subclasses 240.01-240.29 for digital
television.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, subclass 203 for compression/decompression in
digital computers.
Subclass:
233
Including details of decompression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
which further includes apparatus, elements or operations for
decompressing or decoding the compressed coded image data so
as to restore the original image.
(1) Note. The restored image may include minor differences
or noise due to compression losses, but should be
substantially similar to the original image prior to
compression.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, subclass 203 for decompression in digital
computers.
Subclass:
234
Parallel coding architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
which includes two or more processing paths in parallel so as
to compress or code a plurality of pixel*s or pixel* groups
at substantially the same time.
Subclass:
235
Substantial processing of image in compressed form:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which compressed image data is operated upon or
manipulated without being expanded or decompressed.
(1) Note. Processing can include modifications to the
appearance of the image in decompressed form or the
determination of decompressed image characteristics, without
actually decompressing the image.
Subclass:
236
Interframe coding (e.g., difference or motion detection):
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
including means or processes for encoding a plurality of
image frames based on at least one relationship between the
data of two or more of the image frames.
(1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are sequences of
images in which each frame is coded separately, which are
classified according to the type of coding performed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclasses 400-421 for interframe coding
of television signals, where the television is an integral
part of the system.
Subclass:
237
Gray level to binary coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which multi-bit pixel* values representing a plurality of
image intensity values are compressed or coded into single
bit pixel* values representing one of two image intensities.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 56 for
multilevel to binary coding in digital converters.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
147 for generation of grey scale of an image.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
429 and 455 through 460 for gray level to binary coding in
facsimile.
Subclass:
238
Predictive coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
wherein the value or characteristic of at least one future
pixel* is predicted based upon the value or characteristic of
at least one earlier or neighboring pixel* and the image data
is coded using or based upon the prediction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 394 and 409 through 419 for
predictive encoding of television signals, where the
television is an integral part of the system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
261.2 and 430 for predictive coding in facsimile.
Subclass:
239
Adaptive coding (i.e., changes based upon history, activity,
busyness, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
including a means or process for selecting one of a plurality
of coding routines, or modifying a single coding routine
based upon the characteristics of either the original image
or a coded image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 51 for
adaptive coding in digital converters.
348, Television, subclasses 404-407 and 419 for adaptive
coding in television, where the television is an integral
part of the system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
261.2 and 430 for adaptive coding in facsimile.
Subclass:
240
Pyramid, hierarchy or tree structure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
wherein the compression of the image data proceeds
sequentially through logical stages, each successive stage
reducing the amount of data required to represent the image.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
226 for sequential decision process in a tree structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 79 for
tree structures in digital converters.
Subclass:
241
Polygonal approximation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which objects in an image are coded by approximating the
shape of each object using polygons.
(1) Note. Generation of shapes based on a polygon
description for presentation is classified in Class 395,
Information Processing System Organization, subclass 141.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
441 for generation of shapes based on a polygon
description.
Subclass:
242
Contour or chain coding (e.g., Bezier):
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which lines or edges in an image are approximated using
curves, line segments or using mathematical approximations.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
17, 23 through 26, 441, and 467+ for computer generation or
presentation of shapes or character fonts for display using
similar approximations.
Subclass:
243
Shape, icon or feature-based compression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
including means or processes for assigning codes to shapes,
symbols and other features detected in the image.
Subclass:
244
Lossless compression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which no image data is lost during compression and
decompression.
(1) Note. The decompressed image is identical to the
original image prior to compression.
Subclass:
245
Run length coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter
in which the length of each run in the image (i.e., the
number of adjacent pixel*s in a row having the same value) is
used to encode the image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 59 for
run length coding in digital converters.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
261.1 for run length coding in facsimile.
Subclass:
246
Huffman or variable length coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter
in which image data are encoded using a variable length code,
such that the most common image data have the shortest
codes.
(1) Note. This coding requires a statistical analysis of
the frequency of occurrence for different image data. This
analysis can be part of the compression routine, or can be
predetermined based upon the type of data likely to be
compressed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 65 and
67 for Huffman coding and variable length coding,
respectively, in digital converters.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
427 for Huffman coding in facsimile.
Subclass:
247
Arithmetic coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter
in which the image data, consisting of a sequence of source
symbols, is assigned a single arithmetic code word that
defines an interval of real numbers between 0 and 1.
Subclass:
248
Transform coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which the image data undergoes a mathematical
transformation such as a Fourier or Laplace transform, and
the transform coefficients are used to encode the image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 395 and 403 through 408 for
transform coding of television signals, where the television
is an integral part of the system.
Subclass:
249
Fractal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter
in which the transform coding of an image is achieved by
translating the image into fractal equations, a fractal being
a complex pattern* that recurs at various sizes in the
image.
(1) Note. For example, the image may be decomposed into
overlapping blocks and, by use of a fractal formula, the
shape, size and color of each block is transformed until it
matches another block. The compressed image file will then
contain just the numbers needed to specify the mathematical
relations between the blocks.
Subclass:
250
Discrete cosine or sine transform:
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter
in which image data is partitioned into blocks and
transformed using the discrete cosine or the discrete sine
transform.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 395 and 403 through 408 for
transform coding of television signals, where the television
is an integral part of the system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
432-433 for discrete cosine transform of images in a
facsimile environment.
Subclass:
251
Quantization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Subject matter
in which a broad range of input image values are mapped to a
limited number of output image values.
(1) Note. The quantization of an image possesses two
components: space and amplitude. Spatial quantization, or
sampling, divides the original image into grid cells (pels or
pixel*s). Amplitude or gray-level quantization then assigns
to each grid cell an integer value corresponding to the
brightness level within the cell.
(2) Note. This subclass does not include amplitude or
gray-level quantization in which a variable threshold, gain
or slice level allows the quantization to adapt to varying
input image values.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
270 through 273, for adaptive quantization based on a
variable threshold, gain or slice level.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 405 for adaptive quantization of
television signals, where the television is an integral part
of the system.
Subclass:
252
Error diffusion or dispersion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter
in which any error in a given output image value that results
from quantization is distributed among surrounding values so
as to reduce the losses that accumulated errors would have on
the output image as a whole.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
465 and 466 for error diffusion in facsimile.
Subclass:
253
Vector quantization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter
in which a limited number of image values are stored in a
codebook or dictionary and only those image values are
outputted that are closest to the input image values.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 414, 417, 418, and 422 for vector
quantization as applied to television signals.
Subclass:
254
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT OR RESTORATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter directed to the improvement of pictorial or
image information so that the result is more suitable than
the original information for human or machine
interpretation.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclasses 606-624 for the reduction of
noise or undesired signals in television.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
447, 454, 461, and 463 for various signal enhancing and noise
reduction techniques used in facsimile systems.
Subclass:
255
Focus measuring or adjustment (e.g., deblurring):
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
wherein the focal length between an image sensor and an
object being sensed is either measured or adjusted in order
to correct distortions such as blurring.
(1) Note. The measurement or adjustment may be done
physically through the optical system or it may be done
electronically through a series of image processing
operations performed on the signals from the image sensor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclasses 201.2-201.8 for automatic
focus control of photocell circuits and apparatus.
348, Television, subclasses 345-357 for focus control in
television.
355, Photocopying, subclasses 55-63 for focus control in
photocopiers.
396, Photography, 89 for automatic camera focusing in
photography.
Subclass:
256
Object boundary expansion or contraction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
in which pixel*s are added or deleted from the boundaries of
objects in an image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
144 and 470 for generation of an outline or an edge of a
character for display presentation.
Subclass:
257
Dilation or erosion (e.g., opening or closing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter
in which pixel*s are added or deleted by a specific
morphological operation that passes a structuring element
over the entire image.
(1) Note. The structuring element may be implemented by a
simple logic circuit such as an AND gate for erosion, which
contracts the objects in an image, and an OR gate for
dilation, which expands the objects. The morphological
operation known as "opening", which consists simply of an
erosion followed by a dilation, generally smooths the
contours of the objects, breaks narrow isthmuses, and
eliminates thin protrusions. The morphological operation
known as "closing", which consists of a dilation followed by
an erosion, tends to smooth sections of contours but, as
opposed to opening, it generally fuses narrow breaks and long
thin gulfs, eliminates small holes, and fills gaps in the
contours.
Subclass:
258
Line thinning or thickening:
This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter
in which the thickness of any object in the image is either
reduced or broadened to some uniform standard.
(1) Note. Thinning algorithms that iteratively delete edge
points of a region are generally subject to the constraints
that deletion of these points (a) does not remove end points,
(b) does not break connectedness, and (c) does not cause
excessive erosion of the region.
Subclass:
259
Skeletonizing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter
wherein the objects which, for example, may be the strokes or
lines forming an alpha-numeric character, are reduced to a
one pixel* width while their connectedness is maintained.
Subclass:
260
Image filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
directed to any electrical apparatus or image processing
operations that enhance images by suppressing or minimizing
certain spatial frequencies.
(1) Note. Optical filters are not included in this
subclass. For such excluded subject matter see class 359,
Optics: Systems and Elements, subclasses 885 through 892.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
210 for holos:graphic spatial filters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 165-212
for time or frequency domain filters.
359, Optics: Systems and Elements, subclasses 885-892 for
optical filters. (see (1) Note, above).
455, Telecommunications, subclass 213, 286, 307, and 339 for
various electrical filters used in telecommunications.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 300 for digital filters.
Subclass:
261
Adaptive filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter
wherein parameters of the filter change in accordance with
the input image data.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 610 for adaptive noise filters
used in television.
Subclass:
262
Median filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter
wherein a gray level of each pixel* in an image is replaced
by the median of the gray levels in a neighborhood of that
pixel*.
(1) Note. The median filter is often used as an alternative
to neighborhood averaging filters which tend to blur the
image while smoothing it. The median filter, on the other
hand, preserves edge sharpness during smoothing.
Subclass:
263
Highpass filter (i.e., for sharpening or enhancing details):
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter
wherein low-frequency components of the image are attenuated
or eliminated.
(1) Note. Generally, highpass filtering reduces overall
contrast and average intensity as it sharpens edges and other
sharp details.
(2) Note. Examples of highpass filters are the Laplacian,
Sobel, Roberts and Prewitt operators.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 606 and 625 through 631 for edge
sharpening in television.
Subclass:
264
Lowpass filter (i.e., for blurring or smoothing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter
wherein high-frequency components of the image are attenuated
or eliminated.
(1) Note. Generally, lowpass filtering blurs edges as it
removes small details from the image, reduces noise and
bridges small gaps in lines or curves.
(2) Note. An example of a lowpass filter is the Gaussian
filter.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 597 for the generation of soft
edges in television signals.
Subclass:
265
Recursive filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter
in which the filter is repeatedly applied to the image until
a specified condition is met.
Subclass:
266
Edge or contour enhancement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
wherein processing is done to visually enhance the outlines
of individual characters or objects of interest in the image
by emphasizing high frequency, transitional image data while
deemphasizing or removing low-frequency, homogeneous
background image data.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
199 through 200, for edge or contour enhancement designed to
facilitate the recognition of pattern*s.
263 for edge or contour enhancing filters.
Subclass:
267
Minimize discontinuities in dot-matrix image data (i.e.,
connecting or merging the dots):
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
including specific processing to reduce gaps or breaks in the
borders of image objects such as by "filling-in" pixel*s
which are closer than a predetermined distance to the edge of
the object.
(1) Note. A specific application of this procedure is the
merging or blending of the dots in dot-matrix lettering in
order to create solid black lettering.
Subclass:
268
Minimize discontinuities at boundaries of image blocks (i.e.,
reducing blocking effects or effects of wrap-around):
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
including means or processes to smooth undesirable
transitions at the boundaries separating discrete pixel*
blocks after the blocks have undergone processing such as
compression or decompression, or to process pixel*s at the
edges of an image when the process requires neighboring or
context pixel*s.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
433 for reduction of blocking effects in facsimile.
Subclass:
269
Minimize jaggedness in edges (e.g., anti-aliasing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter
which includes processing to reduce the "stair-step" effect
at curved edges of characters or other objects to accurately
represent the high frequency detail of the original image.
(1) Note. Anti-aliasing at time of image generation in
computer s:graphics system is classified in Class 395,
Information Processing System Organization, subclasses 141+.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
136 and 137 for anti-aliasing techniques in display
systems.
Subclass:
270
Variable threshold, gain or slice level:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
wherein quantization of an input analog or gray scale image
to produce an output gray scale image or bit map utilizes a
threshold, gain or slice level which self-adjusts according
to characteristics such as the contrast or brightness of the
image or portion of the image being processed.
(1) Note. For the purpose of this subclass, "quantization"
refers strictly to amplitude quantization or digitization
(i.e. assigning to each pixel* an integer value corresponding
to a brightness level).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
251 through 253, for spatial quantization or sampling.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, 350
for solid-state circuits or systems that employ variable
thresholds.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
466 for variable thresholding in facsimile systems.
Subclass:
271
Based on the results of a count:
This subclass is indented under subclass 270. Subject matter
wherein the threshold or quantization value derived for a
particular element in the image depends upon the relative
frequency of occurrence of each brightness level in a region
around the image element or the number of "black" image
elements at a particular location over a number of images of
the same object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
172 for setting a threshold using a histogram.
Subclass:
272
Based on a local average, mean or median:
This subclass is indented under subclass 270. Subject matter
wherein the threshold or quantization value of a particular
image element depends on an average, mean or median
measurement of neighboring elements, with a similar average,
mean or median operation being applied to each element of the
whole image.
Subclass:
273
Based on peak levels:
This subclass is indented under subclass 270. Subject matter
wherein the threshold or quantization value of a particular
image element is set according to the highest and/or lowest
amplitude of some measured signal, such as the grey levels of
neighboring image elements or a white or black signal
produced by scanning a reference plate prior to scanning the
image.
Subclass:
274
Intensity, brightness, contrast or shading correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
which involves correcting pixel* values for variations in
ambient lighting or the optimum brightness, intensity or
contrast range of an image to enhance desired image
features.
(1) Note. Systems which use feedback from image processing
in order to control the intensity of an illumination source
are included herein.
(2) Note. Adjusting intensity or color according to light
sources, surface characteristics and object orientation in a
computer s:graphics/data presentation system is classified in
class 395, subclass 126.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 205 for intensity control of
light sources.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
20, 63, 77, 147+, and 429+ for correcting, adjusting, or
controlling the intensity, brightness, or contrast for
shading of an image for display presentation.
348, Television, subclass 251 and 254 for shading and
grey-level correction of television signals.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
461 for shading correction in facsimile systems.
Subclass:
275
Artifact removal or suppression (e.g., distortion
correction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter
directed to correcting undesirable image characteristics such
as spatial distortion (i.e. subtracting difference data
between frames to correct for blurring due to motion), sensor
or optical system induced artifacts (i.e. geometric
aberrations), process induced artifacts (i.e. "worm"
artifacts caused by error diffusion) or physical
deterioration of a scanned object itself (i.e. dirt or dust
on photos:graphic negatives).
Subclass:
276
IMAGE TRANSFORMATION OR PRE-PROCESSING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter directed either to transformation of a given
representation of an image into another representation by
some mathematically-derived transform or process; or to
operations performed on an image representation, prior to any
attempt at recognition, for the specific purpose of
facilitating acquisition or subsequent recognition of imagery
pattern*s.
(1) Note. Image sensors per se are excluded from this
subclass.
Subclass:
277
Transforming each dimension separately:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a multidimensional transformation or process (such as
a two-dimensional FFT) is performed using separate
one-dimensional transforms or processes. In other words, the
rows of an image array are transformed separately from the
columns, the horizontal components are transformed separately
from the vertical components, or each axis is transformed
separately from the other axes.
Subclass:
278
Correlation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a correlation operation is performed on image data.
(1) Note. For correlation specifically used for pattern*
recognition*, subclasses 110+ take precedence.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 422 for specific digital correlation hardware.
Subclass:
279
Convolution:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a convolution operation is performed on image data.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
137 for performing a convolution operation on an image
data.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 420 for specific digital convolution hardware.
Subclass:
280
Fourier transform:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a Fourier transform is performed on image data.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
210 for systems that obtain a Fourier transform of an image
optically.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 403 for specific Fourier transform hardware.
Subclass:
281
Walsh, Hough or Hadamard transform:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a Walsh, Hough, or Hadamard transform is performed on
image data.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 403 for specific Fourier transform hardware.
Subclass:
282
Selecting a portion of an image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein transformation or pre-processing operations are
performed on a limited subset of the total image data which
has been designated using a scanning window or preliminary
step which identifies specific regions of the image (i.e.,
only text portions).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
173 for actually segmenting the image into regions.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
118 and 434 for clipping an image to a designated region for
display presentation.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
453 for image portion selection in a facsimile system.
Subclass:
283
Using a mask:
This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Subject matter
wherein input image data is compared with a standard, such as
coordinate data stored in a memory, so that certain image
data may be removed or masked, allowing only the data in a
desired area to be extracted for further processing.
Subclass:
284
Combining image portions (e.g., portions of oversized
documents):
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a final image is created by selectively combining,
merging, or superimposing regions from multiple images (e.g.
pasting a first image portion into a base image), or regions
from the same image which had to be scanned, stored or
processed in pieces.
(1) Note. Systems and methods for merging/overlapping
s:graphic objects including systems which display a computer
generated change of appearance (e.g., selection of hairstyles
or clothing is overlaid with a video image or a model) are
classified in Class 395, Information Processing System
Organization, subclass 135.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 115 and
435 for merging or overlapping diverse images or s:graphic
objects for display presentation.
348, Television, subclasses 584-601 for combining video
images from plural sources.
Subclass:
285
Mapping 2D image onto a 3D surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein a two-dimensional image is projected onto a
three-dimensional surface so as to give the illusion that the
image has a third dimension.
(1) Note. Systems and methods wherein images are mapped
from two dimensions onto a three-dimensional surface and
there is also more than nominal computer s:graphics
processing of the transformed image data, appropriate
classification is in Class 395, Information Processing System
Organization, subclass 125.
(2) Note. In order to be classified in this subclass the
conversion of two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional
surface should include substantial image analysis*.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 578 and 580 for three-dimensional
special effects in video images, where the television is an
integral part of the system.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
425 for mapping an image onto the surface of a
three-dimensional object in a computer s:graphics
environment.
Subclass:
286
Measuring image properties (e.g., length, width, or area):
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
encompassing the extraction of physical properties exhibited
by imaged objects such as length, width, thickness, size,
area, shape, and boundary points to aid in later processing.
(1) Note. For those features that are extracted from an
image specifically for the purpose of recognizing pattern*s,
subclasses 91+ take precedence.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 372-387 for
the optical measurement of various properties of objects.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
449 for the detection of document size in a facsimile
system.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclass 303 for a dimensional responsive
control system.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, 155
for dimensional determination by data processing.
Subclass:
287
Detecting alignment marks:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter
wherein the properties extracted from an image relate to
reference marks, sometimes called fiducials, which are used
to measure the image position or orientation and aid in image
alignment.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 557 and 561 for the detection
of the position of a coded record, web, strand, strip or
sheet.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
488 for the detection of the document position in a
facsimile system.
Subclass:
288
Determining center of gravity or moment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter
wherein the properties extracted from an image relate to its
center point or its various moments, such as the moment of
inertia, center of gravity, center of mass, and so on.
Subclass:
289
Determining amount an image is rotated or skewed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter
wherein the properties extracted from an image relate to its
inclination or skew angle measured with respect to a
reference which may be, for example, a scanning direction or
the physical orientation of a sensor array.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include the measurement of
image orientation based on alignment marks or fiducials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
287 for measurement of image orientation based on alignment
marks or fiducials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 138 for systems that
measure the axial alignment or angle of various objects.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, 150
for orientation or position determination by data
processing.
Subclass:
290
Where the image is a character, word, or text:
This subclass is indented under subclass 289. Subject matter
wherein the measurement is undertaken to determine the amount
of skew or angular orientation of a character, word, or
text.
Subclass:
291
Determining the position of an object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter
wherein the properties extracted from an image result in a
set of values representing spatial coordinates or features,
such as document edges, and the position of an object
relative to a reference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 373-375 for
systems that measure the displacement or position of various
objects.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
488 for the detection of the document position in a
facsimile system.
395, Information Processing System Organization, subclass 105
for determining the position of object data in a computer
s:graphics environment.
Subclass:
292
Where the object is a character, word, or text:
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter
wherein the set of values relates specifically to the
position of a character, word or text.
(1) Note. For example, the values may represent the left,
right, upper and lower extremities of a printed character or
word.
Subclass:
293
Changing the image coordinates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
encompassing image coordinate transformations undertaken to
correct geometric distortions or misregistration between the
image and, for example, an image sensor.
(1) Note. Excluded from this subclass is any system which
requires some special marking, grid, fiducial or coded
indicia to register the image of a document or other object
relative to the image sensor. For such excluded subject
matter see this class, subclass 287.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
287 for detection of alignment marks for aligning the
position or orientation of an image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 433 for
changing image coordinates of computer generated objects in a
computer s:graphics system.
348, Television, subclass 580 for the geometric
transformation of television signals.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, subclass 442 for specific coordinate conversion
hardware.
Subclass:
294
Registering or aligning multiple images to one another:
This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter
encompassing the registration or alignment between two or
more images. The images, for example, may be from consecutive
image frames or fields; or they may be of the same scene
taken at different viewing angles or at different times; or
they may consist of an original image and stored prototypes.
Subclass:
295
To position or translate an image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter
wherein a coordinate transformation is undertaken for the
purpose of shifting the image (or a signal representation
thereof) from one position in space to another position
relative to a coordinate reference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 121 and
436+ for controlling image movement or translating an object
for display presentation.
Subclass:
296
To rotate an image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter
wherein a coordinate transformation is undertaken for the
purpose of turning the image (or a signal representation
thereof) about an axis or center, or adjusting the image's
orientation and skew.
(1) Note. This subclass includes transformations of a kind
that rotate the sampling of an image about an axis while
holding the image itself stationary. As an example, an image
is sampled first along a sequence of vertical columns to
obtain a two-dimensional representation of the image, and
this representation is then sampled along a sequence of
horizontal rows to obtain still another representation of the
image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
126 and 436+ for rotation of an s:graphical image for
display presentation.
348, Television, subclass 583 for the rotation of video
images in a television system.
Subclass:
297
Rotation of image is limited to 90, 180, or 270:
This subclass is indented under subclass 296. Subject matter
wherein the coordinate transformation results in an image
turned 90, 180, or 270 degrees relative to the original
image.
Subclass:
298
To change the scale or size of an image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter
wherein a coordinate transformation is undertaken for the
purpose of either reducing or enlarging the overall size of
an image (or a signal representation thereof).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses
127-131 and 439 for scaling or controlling the size of an
image or object for display presentation.
348, Television, subclass 561, 581, 582 and 704 for the
control of image size or magnification in a television
system.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
451 for the conversion of a document size in a facsimile
system.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, subclass 208 for specific scaling hardware.
Subclass:
299
Raising or lowering the image resolution (e.g., sub pixel*
accuracy):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter
wherein the image scaling is achieved by altering the spatial
resolution or density of dots, pixel*s or image elements used
to represent the image in a quantized form. Such
transformations may be utilized in a multiuse environment to
achieve compatibility between input and output devices.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
132 for defining the resolution of an image to be
displayed.
Subclass:
300
Interpolation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Subject matter
wherein the resolution of an image is increased by the
addition of counterfeit pixel*s (or image elements) whose
values are calculated (i.e., interpolated) based on real
image pixel*s that are in the neighborhood of the counterfeit
pixel*s to be added.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 441 for interpolation techniques used to
convert the format of video signals.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
428 and 525 for interpolation in facsimile systems.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, subclass 290 for specific interpolation
hardware.
Subclass:
301
Where the image is an alphanumeric character:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter
wherein the image whose scale or size is changed is a letter,
number or other language symbol.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass
128 and 467+ for the generation or modification of character
fonts, in a data presentation or computer s:graphics
generation system.
Subclass:
302
Multilayered image transformations:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
in which different portions of an image are transformed
separately or the image as a whole is subjected to a set of
image processing transformations.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 121 and
436+ for transformation of an image or s:graphical object for
generation of computer s:graphic images using plural
processors.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclass 2 for processing different portions
of an image separately by utilizing plural processors.
Subclass:
303
Pipeline processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
wherein several layers of transformations are combined such
that a first layer of transforms are applied to an initial
representation of an image, a second layer of transforms is
applied to the output of the first layer, and so on.
(1) Note. The sequence of transformations may be conducted
either by a serial pipeline of image processing stages or by
a single stage with feedback.
Subclass:
304
Parallel processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
wherein the transformations are applied simultaneously to the
image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 4-5 for parallel processing
architecture in a generic control system.
Subclass:
305
Image storage or retrieval:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
wherein the image inputted to the image analyzing system is
stored in, or retrieved from, a large capacity storage medium
such as an optical disk.
(1) Note. This subclass includes document management and
image filing systems.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
403 and 404 for document memory management and retrieval.
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data
Structures, or Document Processing, 1 for a file indexing or
retrieval system.
Subclass:
306
Using identification indicia on document:
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter
wherein indicia, such as keywords, that appear on a document
are used to file the document or to search the document data
to be retrieved.
Subclass:
307
General purpose image processor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter
directed to an arrangement of processing elements that may be
programmed or reconfigured to perform a variety of image
processing operations.
Subclass:
308
Morphological operations (i.e., local neighborhood
operations):
This subclass is indented under subclass 307. Subject matter
wherein the processing is limited to local neighborhood
operations performed on an image and implemented by
convolving the image with an image of a structuring element,
typically a 3x3 or 5x5 pixel* object, kernel or window.
Subclass:
309
EDITING, ERROR CHECKING OR CORRECTION (e.g., POST-RECOGNITION
PROCESSING):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter directed to any operation for testing the
reliability and performance of an image analyzing system,
uncovering or correcting errors, making editorial changes in
images read by the system, or preparing the output of the
system for further processing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 437 for error checking in coded
record sensors.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
504 and 406 for measuring, testing and calibrating facsimile
systems.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclass 37 for flaw or defect detection in video imaging,
and subclass 192 for noise removal or extraction in
video/image signals.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 530 for performance monitoring and error
checking in computer systems.
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery,
appropriate subclasses for generic error checking systems.
Subclass:
310
Correcting alphanumeric recognition errors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter
directed to correcting textual data such as the letters,
numbers and other characters that make up a text and that
could not be recognized or that were misrecognized by a
character recognition system.
Subclass:
311
Including operator interaction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter
wherein a human operator checks, corrects or edits the image
data usually with the aid of a keyboard and a display.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 156 and
326+ for the use of input devices or operator interfaces for
controlling the display of an image.
Subclass:
312
IMAGE SENSING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein an image sensor is specifically
claimed for converting an image into signals that are readily
usable in image analysis*.
(1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are image sensors
disclosed or claimed specifically in environments other than
image analysis*. For example, search the appropriate
subclasses in Class 358 for facsimile scanners; Class 235 for
coded record sensors; Class 250 for photocell sensors and
sensing arrays; and Class 359 for purely optical scanning
systems and elements.
Subclass:
313
Hand-held:
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein the sensor must be handled by a human operator to
generate the necessary image signals.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
178, Telegraphy, 18.01 for telegraphy systems that sense
writing.
235, Registers, 472.01 for hand-held coded record sensors.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses
163-166 and 179 through 183 for hand-held input devices in
display systems.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclass
473 for hand-held readers in facsimile.
Subclass:
314
Sensing mechanism in stylus:
This subclass is indented under subclass 313. Subject matter
wherein the image sensor, which may be an optical,
electrical, magnetic, or piezoelectric device, is housed
within a pen or stylus held by the human operator.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses
179-183 for the use of a pen or stylus as an input device
in a display environment.
Subclass:
315
Sensing mechanism in platen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 313. Subject matter
wherein the image sensor is mounted within, underneath or
around the surface (often referred to as a platen) on which
the image is formed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
178, Telegraphy, 18.01 for the use of a digitized writing
tablet.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses
173-178 for the use of touch panels in general.
Subclass:
316
Curve tracer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
having means for causing the image sensor to follow the edge,
contour or boundary of an image pattern* (such as an
alphanumeric character) so that measurements may be made that
are useful in analyzing or recognizing the pattern*.
(1) Note. No physical movement of the image sensing device
itself is necessary to follow a pattern* boundary. Light
projected and controlled by an image sensor may do the actual
moving, as in a flying spot scanner.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 202 for photocells that follow
the edge of pattern* image.
Subclass:
317
Sensor control (e.g., OCR sheet controls copier or fax):
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein the image sensor is directed and controlled by
certain special markings or guides on a document or by
specific internal programming so as to skip nonessential
items of information, to skip lines on a document, to control
timing and sampling, to regulate speed, to use the sensor
output for a specific control function.
(1) Note. Included herein are programmable character
recognition systems that read programming instructions from
preprinted, machine-readable documents and forms. Also
included are OCR forms that control the operation of
photocopiers and facsimile machines.
Subclass:
318
Multiple scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein the same image area is scanned more than once.
Subclass:
319
Prescanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 318. Subject matter
in which a preliminary scan of the image area is done for the
purpose of pre-recognition processing (i.e., image alignment,
evaluation of print quality, etc.).
Subclass:
320
Magnetic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein magnetic properties of an image are sensed by
suitable magnetic transducer(s).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclasses 449-450 for magnetic card
readers.
Subclass:
321
Optical (e.g., OCR):
This subclass is indented under subclass 312. Subject matter
wherein the optical properties of an image are sensed by
suitable optical transducer(s).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 454 for optical card readers.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 474 for
optical facsimile scanners.
Subclass:
322
Single spot:
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter
wherein an optical transducer (cooperating with a flying-spot
scanner, for example) senses a property at a single spot in
the image, and that spot is swept progressively over an image
area.
Subclass:
323
Single line:
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter
wherein a plurality of optical transducers sufficient to form
a single line of sensing elements, sense the optical
properties in a corresponding line of the image, and that
line is swept progressively over an image area.
Subclass:
324
Full retina:
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter
wherein a plurality of optical transducers sufficient to form
a two-dimensional array of sensing elements, simultaneously
sense the optical properties in a corresponding
two-dimensional area of the image.
Subclass:
325
MISCELLANEOUS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for analysis of image data and not elsewhere
classified.
(1) Note. Included within this subclass are such items as
integrated circuit layouts and devices for selecting
character fonts.
(2) Note. Image analysis* properly classified above should
not, as a rule, be cross-referenced here.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000