U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Information Products Division |
U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
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(definitions have been obtained from the
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Electronic Products Branch)
Class 356
OPTICS: MEASURING AND TESTING
Class Definition:
A. This class includes methods and apparatus (1) for
analyzing light to measure or test its characteristics, such
as intensity, color and polarization; (2) for determining
the optical or nonoptical properties of materials or articles
by noting, as by inspection, measurement, or test the effect
produced by the materials or articles on light associated
therewith; and (3) for measuring the dimensions of structures
or the spatial relationships such as distances or angle
bearings of spaced points by comparison of the respective
properties (usually direction or spatial position) of the
light from these points or by comparison of the properties of
these lights with some scale or standard. The light analyzing
includes or is for spectroscopy, interference, polarization,
beam direction or pattern, focal position of a light source,
shade or color, and photometers. The material or article
properties determined are or involve crystal or gem
examination, material strain analysis, blood analysis,
optical pyrometers, egg candling, cutting blade sharpness,
oil testing, document verification, flatness, lens or
reflector testing, refraction testing, monitoring moving webs
or fabrics, light transmission or absorption, light
reflection, inspection for flaws or imperfections in
materials, and thread counting.
The dimensioning and spatial relationship determination
includes triangulation by a light beam, contour plotting,
range or height finders, motion stopping, velocity or
velocity/height measuring, sighting where the optical element
or reticle moves with the sighted object, particle size
determination, particle light scattering, electrophoresis,
angle measuring or axial alignment, mensuration or
configuration comparison, alignment in a lateral direction,
and fiducial instruments.
B. Included also are apparatus and methods to facilitate the
viewing of structure as for flaws and imperfections. The
structure is usually optically significant such as
transparent sheets or bottles or semi-transparent cloth; or
the structure is inaccessible as a bore requiring a bore
scope. Included also are methods and structure for preparing
the sample for an optical test, and optical test standards.
C. Included also are apparatus and methods involving a
plurality of measurements or tests each within the scope of
this class; and also included are a measurement or test
within the scope of this class together with a measurement or
test or other art structure provided, per se, elsewhere, but
where no provision for the combination is made elsewhere.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
A. OPTICAL MEASURING OR TESTING CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
Class 33 provides for optical measurements of the light ray
type within the scope of this class. See "Geometrical
Instruments in This Class and in Class 33," section C, below,
for the subject matter placed in Class 33 and Class 356.
Class 73 includes optical measuring and testing within the
scope of its subclasses. See "Measuring and Testing in This
Class and Class 73," section D, below, for the line between
Class 73 and Class 356. Signal and indicating apparatus
which may involve optics are classified elsewhere. See, for
example, temperature, radiant energy, smoke, or gas
indicators. Surgical diagnostic instruments which may involve
optical measuring or testing on or in the body are elsewhere.
Television systems for measuring and testing which may
include optical elements are classified elsewhere.
Photocells and associated circuitry together with optical
structure which may involve measuring or testing are
classified elsewhere. However, this Class 356 includes
optical testing with a photoelectric light detector and
usually claiming either an indicator or structure to support
or contain the specimen or sample under test. Lamp and
discharge device testing is classified elsewhere. Eye
examining and testing instruments which may include optical
measuring or testing are elsewhere. (See Subclass References
to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below,
for subclass references of subject matter above.)
B. TESTING AND MEASURING SUBCOMBINATIONS PROVIDED FOR
ELSEWHERE
Optical elements which may be used in measuring and testing
apparatus are classified elsewhere as are the conventional
optical elements such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors.
Subclasses relating to scale or indicia reading should be
particularly noted. Photocell circuits and apparatus are
elsewhere. Photo-sensitive discharge devices are classified
elsewhere. Mechanical scales and gauges which may be part of
optical measuring systems are elsewhere. Mechanical
indicators which may be part of optical measuring systems
classified elsewhere. Electrical indicating and measuring
devices which may be part of optical measuring systems are
classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes,
below, for class/subclass references to these art areas.)
(1) Note. Telemetric signaling means useful in
transmitting a measured quantity, not limited to any
particular measuring instrument provided for in other
classes, is classified elsewhere, while Class 356 takes such
telemetric signaling means in combination with a particular
measuring means of the type provided for in Class 356. (See
References to Other Classes, below.)
C. GEOMETRICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THIS CLASS AND IN CLASS 33
This Class (356) provides for measuring devices which are
used for determining spatial relationships, and which involve
the establishment of an optical axis between the observer's
station and a remote point and which include significant
optical structure. This includes certain types of
range-finders, angle or azimuth measuring instruments and
velocity measuring devices as qualified below. In this
subject matter the recitation of specific optical details
such as lens, prism, or mirror details is sufficient for
classification in this Class 356. Exceptions which remain in
Class 33 are bomb sights with specific optical line sighting
instruments with a telescope or microscope recited even in
some detail, and as a viewing aid to but not a part of the
sighting instrument. Also where a plurality of optical
functions are recited as, for example, plural reflections of
a line of sight, classification is in this Class 356. Where
optic is only recited broadly as, for example, "an optical
axis", a "telescope", or a "deflection of the line of sight",
the subject matter is generally classified in Class 33, as
opposed to Class 356.
Also included in this Class 356 are instruments for visual
sighting which in addition to having a field of view, perform
an aiming or alignment function or establish a line of sight
by means of an artificial reference and which include
significant optical structure.
The geometrical instruments of this Class 356 usually either
involve the determination of the direction of a point remote
from an observer with respect to some reference direction
where the two directions may be viewed and compared
simultaneously; or the determination of the relative
direction of two points remote from an observer where the two
directions may be viewed and compared simultaneously.
Optical structure is usually provided to facilitate this
simultaneous viewing. The subject matter of Class 33 relates
more to the direction determination by aiming an instrument
on a point and later noting the direction of the aimed
instrument with respect to some reference such as a level,
compass, or other point. A mere single deflection of a line
of sight as by a mirror or lens to facilitate the viewing is
not precluded from Class 33. In the mensuration or figure
comparison, the patents in this Class 356 include structure
to facilitate the viewing (usually simultaneously) of the
specimens, or configurations to be compared with other
specimens or configurations or with scales, masters, or
patterns.
A single sight line optical instrument such as a transit with
structure for indicating the direction is classified in Class
33. However where such an instrument includes a sighting mark
or scale at an optically critical position such as in the
focal plane classification is in Class 356.
Comparison instruments which merge the rays from diverse
directions for common viewing as in a split image range
finder are classified in Class 356. However plural sighting
instruments which merely aim on angularly separated points
(even simultaneously) with mechanical reading of the
directions are classified in Class 33. Space measuring
instruments whose operation is essentially optical such as
optical interferometers are classified in Class 356 as
opposed to Class 33. Reticles and cross hairs generally are
classified in Class 33. However, optical reticles which
reflect or refract light are classified in Class 356.
D. MEASURING AND TESTING IN THIS CLASS AND CLASS 73
This Class (356) provides for optical measuring and testing
as defined above. Class 73 provides for measuring and
testing which may include optical measuring and testing as
defined, combined with some nonoptical limitations beyond the
scope of this Class 356 and specifically provided for in
Class 73. Specific provision exists in Class 73 when the
measurement or test is of the type provided for by the
subclasses of Class 73 definitions. For example, Class 73
provides for gas chromatography involving color determination
of the Class 356 type together with some manipulation of the
gas beyond the scope of Class 356. Again Class 73 provides
for engine testing involving optical tests of the Class 356
type together with some mechanical manipulation of the parts
beyond the scope of Class 356. In general Class 73 provides
for measuring and testing of the type indicated by its
subclass titles and definitions which may include optical
steps together with other mechanical measuring and testing
steps beyond the scope of Class 356. There are some patents
presently in Class 73 which relate to measuring and testing
as there provided, but which claim only optical subject
matter within the scope of Class 356. Combinations of optical
measuring or testing with other structure or methods is
classified in Class 356 if no provision for such combinations
exists elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
An exception to the above involves cutting blade sharpness
testing where Class 356 provides for the optical type with
the remainder in Class 73. Another exception involves stress
analysis where Class 356 provides for the optical type absent
intentional loading of the specimen. The remainder is
classified in Class 73, particularly for optical stress
analysis with intentional loading of the specimen. (See
Subclass References to the Current Class and References to
Other Classes, below.)
E. NONVISIBLE RADIATION
This class is restricted to measuring and testing involving
visible light. However where the measuring or testing
involves infrared or ultraviolet radiation with apparatus
optical in nature and nothing peculiar to such infra red and
ultra violet radiation, classification is in this class. For
example, optical equipment where the radiation was claimed as
ultraviolet or infra red would be classified in this class,
especially methods and apparatus for the inspection of solid
or liquids by charged particles and invisible radiation
responsive electric signalling methods and apparatus. See
also THERMOCOUPLES AND BOLOMETERS, below. (See Subclass
References to the Current Class, below.)
F. FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE TESTING
The examination of fluorescent and phosphorescent material or
organisms to determine their fluorescent or phosphorescent
properties or the examination of invisible energy including
ultraviolet light by subjecting fluorescent or phosphorescent
material to invisible radiation is classified elsewhere even
though the fluorescent or phosphorescent radiation is in the
visible light range and the intensity and the frequency of
the fluorescent or phosphorescent light is examined. Methods
of determining oil presence, contamination or concentration,
methods and apparatus using luminophor test material or a
luminophor detector in combination with an electric
signalling device responsive to the light emitted by the
luminophor, methods and apparatus to irradiate a luminophor
and luminscent devices, per se, are classified elsewhere.
(See References to Other Classes, below.)
Fluorescent or phosphorescent apparatus used as a visible
light standard and claimed as part of a visible light testing
apparatus as of a comparator type and which is basic subject
matter of Class 356 is classified in Class 356. The
examination of the visible light, per se, emitted by
fluorescent or phosphorescent materials would be classified
in Class 356 when the fluorescent or phosphorescent materials
or source producing the visible light is not included in the
claims.
G. LASERS AND RESONANCE RADIATION
The testing with optical apparatus of a laser beam for the
intensity or frequency of the visible light, per se, emitted
by the laser is in Class 356 (see Subclass References to the
Current Class, below). However, lasers and similar devices
when they function as an amplifier of light in the visible
range and laser modulator, per se, are classified elsewhere.
For optical elements which control light intensity or
direction on a molecular level, see classification elsewhere;
for modulation involving polarized light and for light
control by altering an optical medium or surface see
elsewhere. Coherent light generators, per se, are classified
elsewhere.
H. THERMOCOUPLES AND BOLOMETERS
Where the intensity or the frequency of invisible radiation
is determined by means of a thermal detector, classification
is elsewhere. Where the intensity or the frequency of
visible light radiation is determined by means of a thermal
detector, classification is in Class 356. Where the total
energy or power in a beam of radiation is measured by a
thermal detector classification is elsewhere; and where
thermally emitted radiation is measured to determine the
temperature of the emitting source, classification is also
elsewhere, except where the radiation is limited to light,
where the classification is in Class 356. (See Subclass
References to the Current Class and References to Other
Classes, below.)
I. BURNING
Although the burning of a combustible material is a chemical
reaction, the combination of the burning of combustible
material for visible light examination purposes with visible
light analyzing structures of this class is in this Class
356. See References to Other Classes, below for "Combustion"
and for all combustion reactions not provided for elsewhere.
See also Subclass References to the Current Class, below.
(See References to Other Classes, below.)
J. COUNTING
Claims to the counting of discrete particles such as blood
particles, bacteria colonies, or dust particles, one at a
time by numerical counting apparatus which registers the
counts corresponding to the respective particles will be
found elsewhere. However, the visual counting with a scale
or spacer to aid the eye is classified in this Class (356).
Claims to the sizing and counting of particles such as blood
particles, bacteria colonies, or dust particles, one at a
time by numerical counting apparatus will be found elsewhere.
The counting of undulations by means of visible light or
indeterminate length material such as a web of fabric or
threads, per se, for testing the weave of the web for
evenness, or the thread for unevenness, or for flaws, or for
optical properties or physical dimensions where the
measurement is affected only by the variations of the light
caused by the web or thread will be in Class 356 rather than
elsewhere. The counting of particles with visible light by
statistical analysis procedures instead of a one by one
numerical particle count as elsewhere will be in Class 356.
The sizing and counting of particles with visible light by
statistical analysis procedures instead of a one by one
numerical particle count as elsewhere will be in Class 356.
The counting or the sizing and counting of particles with
visible light by statistical methods in Class 356 involves
for example, polarized light, light scattering, color
testing, and reflective diffusion of light. Where a
microscope is utilized to count particles, one by one, such
as blood particles or bacteria colonies, see elsewhere.
Where an optical element such as a lens for magnification is
used in combination with a support for counting bacteria
colonies, or particles such as dust see classification
elsewhere for one by one counting. Where no optical element
is utilized and only a support is used see this Class (356).
Where a microscope having a graticule rather than a cross
hair or a reticle is used to count particles one by one see
this class (356). See this class (356) for supports for
bacteria counters where only a light and a support for the
one by one count is involved. (See Subclass References to
the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.)
K. READING AND RECORDING
The combination of an optical test of this class with a
qualitative or quantitative marker or recorder is in this
class. Class 356 provides for the reading visually of the
information or data cards where not elsewhere provided.
Pattern or character recognition of a document or a record is
classified elsewhere. Where the document analysis or
verification is limited to the intrinsic properties of the
record, classification is in Class 356. Systems controlled
by a record and code record sensors, respectfully, are
classified elsewhere. Apparatus to check hole type cards for
errors in the punching or in the sorting of cards where the
error check equipment is not part of a business machine is
classified elsewhere. (See Subclass References to the
Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.)
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 28, 139.01+, 141.1+, 152.1+, 218, and 442 for optical
testing with a photoelectric light detector and usually
claiming either an indicator or structure to support or
contain the specimen or sample under test.
32 for stress analysis where Class 356 provides for the
optical type absent intentional loading of the specimen.
43 where radiation is limited to light, classification is
here; where thermally emitted radiation is measured to
determine the temperature of the emitting source,
classification is elsewhere.
51 where measuring or testing involves infrared or
ultraviolet radiation with apparatus optical in nature and
nothing peculiar to infra red and ultra violet radiation.
69 for cutting blade sharpness testing where Class 356
provides for the optical type.
71 where document analysis or verification is limited to the
intrinsic properties of the record.
213 and 402+ for testing with optical apparatus of a laser
beam for the intensity or frequency of the visible light, per
se, emitted by the laser.
244 for supports for bacteria counters where only a light
and a support for the one by one count is involved.
306 for methods and apparatus for the inspection of solid or
liquids by charged particles.
315 see Search Class and the notes in reference to a flame
producer whose flame heats or burns a sample to cause the
emission of radiation to be analyzed. (See Lines With Other
Classes, "Burning", above.)
335 for the sizing and counting of particles with visible
light by statistical analysis procedures instead of a one by
one numerical particle count.
336 for invisible radiation responsive electric signalling
methods and apparatus.
438 and 441+ for the counting of particles with visible
light by statistical analysis procedures.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclass 3.1
for machines to clean eggs, or machines to clean and assort
or screen eggs.
26, Textiles: Cloth Finishing, subclass 70 for devices
facilitating the inspection of cloth.
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 1 for planimeter type
calculators such as moment of inertia of areas, subclasses
18.1+, for scribers, subclass 121, for area integrators,
subclass 125, for distance measuring, subclasses 501+, for
gauges of the fixed or adjustable type, and subclass 227, for
means and methods utilizing nonreflected light rays and
direct sighting for determining the characteristics and
mutual relationships of points, lines, angles, etc.
33, Geometrical Instruments, provides for mechanical scales
and gauges which may be part of optical measuring systems.
(See Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring
Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")
33, Geometrical Instruments, provides in subclass 227 for
optical measurements of the light ray type within the scope
of this class. (See Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical
Measuring or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")
40, Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, 446 for changeable
exhibitors, and subclasses 361+ for transparent film
viewers.
53, Package Making, subclass 52 for automatic or triggered
control of a package making machine in response to a test
which may be optical, and subclasses 507+ for visual
inspection means combined with package making machines.
65, Glass Manufacturing, 377 for processes of glass making
with a step of visually, chemically or physically determining
a chemical or physical property, subclass 38 for the process
of forming a lens with a fusion bonding step, and subclass
158 for inspection means which may be optical.
72, Metal Deforming, subclass 37 for metal deforming with
use of optical or transparent (e.g., viewing) means.
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 23.1 for the examination
of the effluent of a mixture of gases which has contacted a
solvent or sorbent which separates the mixture into
fractional components and for gas chromatography involving
color determination of the Class 356 type together with some
manipulation of the gas beyond the scope of Class 356,
subclass 28 for analysis of solid matter in gases, subclass
29 for analysis of moisture content or vapor pressure by
physical means, subclass 30 for density tests by physical
means, subclass 32 for specific gravity or density testing of
liquids or solids, subclass 37 for fluid pressure tests,
subclasses 53.01+ for the testing of liquids or a liquid
suspension of solids including sediment or foreign content,
subclass 73 for determining moisture content or absorption
characteristics of material, subclass 78 for hardness
testing, subclasses 760+ for stress or strain testing of
material generally, particularly subclass 800 for optical
stress analysis with intentional loading of the specimen,
subclass 104 for surface and cutting edge testing generally,
subclass 116 for motor and engine testing including engine
parts, subclass 156 for statistical record verifying,
subclass 157 for record strip sprocket hole testing,
subclasses 861+ for volume or rate of flow meters, subclass
290 for liquid level or depth gauges, subclass 488 for speed
or acceleration testing generally, subclasses 700+ for fluid
pressures gauges, and subclass 421 for samplers and tollers.
(See Lines With Other Classes, sections A and D, above.)
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 156 for apparatus to
check hole type cards for errors in the punching or in the
sorting of cards where the error check equipment is not part
of a business machine. (See Lines With Other Classes, K,
"Reading and Recording.")
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, subclass 20 for mechanical
movement apparatus, subclass 640 for gearing arrangements,
subclass 469 for control lever and linkage systems, and
subclass 567 for machine elements, per se.
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, subclass 1 for
signals, indicators or inspection means including visual
inspection devices whereby the motor operation or the
condition of some part may be ascertained.
92, Expansible Chamber Devices, subclass 5 for signals,
indicators, or inspection means whereby the expansible
chamber operation or the condition of some part of the device
may be ascertained.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 1 for processes of gas
separation with control responsive to sensed condition which
may involve an optical test and subclasses 82+ for processes
of gas separation using chromatography.
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, 101 for chromatography type
apparatus for gas separation, subclass 413 for gas separation
apparatus having sampling means, and subclasses 417+ for gas
separation apparatus having signals, indicators, measuring,
or testing means.
100, Presses, subclass 99 for alarm, signal, indicator, or
test means which may be of an optical character.
101, Printing, subclass 2 for printing devices combined with
sorting devices which may utilize an optical test.
116, Signals and Indicators, for mechanical signals and
indicators, particularly 200 for mechanical indicators which
may be part of optical measuring systems and subclass 137 for
compressional wave generators. (See Lines With Other
Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided
for Elsewhere.")
116, Signals and Indicators, for signal and indicating
apparatus which may involve optics. (See Lines With Other
Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or Testing Classified
Elsewhere.")
118, Coating Apparatus, 663 for automatic control of coating
apparatus which may include an optical test, subclasses 712+
for testing, inspecting or measuring which may involve visual
inspection or an optical test device, and subclasses 712+ for
signals and indicators responsive to a condition.
119, Animal Husbandry, subclass 6.8 for egg candling methods
and apparatus combined with the treating of fertilized eggs,
and subclass 311 for incubators which include candling
operations.
125, Stone Working, subclass 30 for working precious
stones.
131, Tobacco, 280 for cigar and cigarette making machinery
which include light testing devices to control the operation
of the machinery.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, subclass 113
for such apparatus with an alarm, signal, indicating,
inspecting, illuminating, or display means.
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 243 for
photoelectric primary batteries.
137, Fluid Handling, subclass 2 for processes of flow
control by a condition or characteristic of a fluid which may
be of an optical nature, and subclass 93 for
self-proportioning or correlating systems responsive to an
optical property, and subclass 551 for indicators, registers,
recorders, alarms, or inspection means including visual
inspection means.
141, Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver
Coacting Means, subclass 83 for testing or weighing receiver
content, and subclass 94 for signals, indicators, recorders,
inspection means, and exhibitors permitting inspection of the
material handling means.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclass 64 for methods with measuring, testing or
inspecting, subclass 378 for apparatus with testing,
measuring alone or in combination with indicating means
involving the properties, dimensions, or a condition of the
work or apparatus, and subclass 379 for inspecting with or
without illuminating means for observing normally nonvisible
machine or work parts.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, subclass 198 for
processes involving measuring, inspecting alone or in
combination with testing or visual inspection of the product,
and subclass 263 for apparatus to detect some condition of
the machine or the material including inspection of the
material undergoing treatment for some chemical or physical
characteristic.
165, Heat Exchange, 11.1 for exchange apparatus having an
alarm, indicator, signal, register, recorder, test or
inspection means.
166, Wells, 250.01 for processes including indicating,
testing, measuring, locating, or recording a well condition,
and subclass 64 for well apparatus including time, distance,
temperature, or counting apparatus.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 15 for
apparatus including separation by size, subclass 18 for
apparatus for separating buried objects based upon physical
differences, and subclass 20 including visual inspection of
the buried object.
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, subclass 20 for apparatus
including means to indicate or signal a condition including
position or movement of the driving or impacting tool.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 11
for electrical apparatus including a fluid or vacuum with
structure to signal or indicate some condition of the fluid
or vacuum.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclass 40 for
apparatus with signalling, indicating, testing or measuring
including invisible radiation examination in subclass 41 and
visual inspection means in subclass 49.
177, Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for balances,
per se, and automatic weighing devices, particularly subclass
45 for apparatus including alarms or signals in addition to
the weight indicator, and subclass 50 for apparatus for
performing an additional test including size gauging not
provided for elsewhere.
193, Conveyors, Chutes, Skids, Guides, and Ways, appropriate
subclasses for nonpowered type material transporting
apparatus including subclass 2 for chutes and subclass 35
for rollerways.
194, Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms, subclass 207
including apparatus for the testing of paper currency for
genuineness and other anomalous checks in automatic
dispensing machines and including apparatus in subclasses 224
and 304+ for coin in circuit operated switches, subclasses
219+, 230+, and 239+ for coin operated switches, and
subclasses 302+ for fraud preventive devices.
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, subclass 502 for a conveyor
having signalling or indicating means or means for measuring
the conveyed load, subclasses 504+ for a conveyor having load
weighing means, and appropriate subclasses for different
types of conveyors or systems of conveyors having operation
control means using a photo-optics system.
200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclass
61.02 for light actuated switches.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 450 and 600+
for processes and apparatus, respectively, dealing with
electrophoresis and electro-osmosis; subclasses 400+ for
electrolytic analysis and testing apparatus; and subclasses
242+ for electrolytic cells, in general.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
particularly 510 for the combination of a candling operation
with a weighing operation of the sorting type; subclasses
556+ for diverse condition responsive testing means;
subclasses 525 and 586 for light-type gauging apparatus;
subclasses 580+ for apparatus for sorting on the basis of an
optical property of a material including the color and
polarization effects of the material; subclasses 512+, 592+,
and 645 for automatic weighers; and subclasses 702+ and 939
for manual candling and assorting apparatus.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 635 and
656+ for processes involving chromatography, and subclass 85
for apparatus including alarms, indicators, registers,
recorders, signals or inspection means including sight
glasses.
211, Supports: Racks, appropriate subclasses for supports
for plural articles particularly subclass 10 for racks to
facilitate the sorting of articles by hand, and subclass 14
for racks designed to support eggs.
221, Article Dispensing, subclass 2 for apparatus including
recorders, registers, indicators, signals or exhibitors for
noting a condition or position of a dispenser part, and
subclass 155 for apparatus with transparent inspecting or
viewing means.
225, Severing by Tearing or Breaking, subclass 41 for manual
severing devices which have a housing for the work supply
with an inspection window or transparent panel.
226, Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, subclass 100
for apparatus with an alarm, signal, or indicator to sense a
condition in the movement of indefinite length material.
228, Metal Fusion Bonding, subclass 56.5 for apparatus to
note the physical state or location of the work, flux,
filler, or product.
235, Registers, 419 for record controlled electromechanical
calculators, subclass 61 for mechanical digital and analogue
calculators.
235, Registers, 375 and 435+ for systems controlled by a
record and code record sensors, respectfully. (See Lines
With Other Classes, K, "Reading and Recording.")
239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, subclass 71
for apparatus having means to indicate a condition, indicate
the extent of motion or position of a part, or perform a
quantity measurement or an inspection to determine flow
conditions.
242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, subclass 357, 472.9+,
479.9+, 484.8, 484.9, 534+, 563+ for detector or stop for
controlling various winding or unwinding operations, and
subclass 912 for an alarm or indicator.
246, Railway Switches and Signals, subclass 20 for block
signal systems, subclass 111 for grade crossing track
protection, subclass 120 for the detection of defects in the
roadway, subclass 122 for train position indicating
apparatus, subclass 125 for electric automatic highway signal
apparatus, and subclass 169 for train defect indicating
apparatus including infrared hot box detectors.
248, Supports, appropriate subclasses for single article
supports in general.
249, Static Molds, subclass 53 for apparatus including
static gauges, levels, plumbs or scale markings on molding
apparatus.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 200 for photoelectric circuits
to control the illumination falling upon the photocell or to
follow a pattern or to follow a point, and for apparatus,
subclass 206 for photoelectric controlled circuits,
particularly subclass 216 for optical or prephotocell systems
which includes in subclass 221 for system controlled by
articles, persons or animals, in subclass 225 polarizing
optical system, in subclass 226 optical systems including
visible light filters, prisms, and diffraction gratings and
in subclass 229 the control of light by optical shutters and
attenuators, and subclasses 250 to 422 for methods and
apparatus dealing with the production of invisible radiant
energy, its detection or utilization. (See Lines With Other
Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided
for Elsewhere.")
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 200 provides for photocells
and associated circuitry together with optical structure
which may involve measuring or testing. (See Lines With
Other Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or Testing Classified
Elsewhere.")
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 301 for methods of determining
oil presence, contamination or concentration, subclass 361
for methods and apparatus using luminophor test material or a
luminophor detector in combination with an electric
signalling device responsive to the light emitted by the
luminophor, subclasses 458.1+ for methods and apparatus to
irradiate a luminophor and subclasses 453.11+ for luminscent
devices, per se. The examination of fluorescent and
phosphorescent material or organisms to determine their
fluorescent or phosphorescent properties or the examination
of invisible energy including ultraviolet light by subjecting
fluorescent or phosphorescent material to invisible radiation
is in Class 250 even though the fluorescent or phosphorescent
radiation is in the visible light range and the intensity and
the frequency of the fluorescent or phosphorescent light is
examined. (See Lines With Other Classes, F, "Fluorescence
And Phosphorescence Testing.")
250, Radiant Energy, where the intensity or the frequency of
invisible radiation is determined by means of a thermal
detector. (See Lines With Other Clases, H, "Thermocouples
And Bolometers.")
252, Compositions, subclass 62.3 for barrier layer device
compositions, subclass 501.1 for light sensitive emissive or
conductive compositions, subclass 299 for liquid crystal
containing optical filter compositions and subclasses 582+
for other optical filter compositions, and subclasses 301.16
through 301.6 for fluorescent or phosphorescent
compositions.
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes, 1.1 for methods for forming articles producing
optical effects including light polarization, and subclass 40
for methods with measuring, testing, or inspecting some
variable condition in the shaped article, the mold, the
molded material or shaping surface.
269, Work Holders, subclass 8 for magnetic work holders,
subclass 11 for holders provided with illuminating means, and
subclass 19 for holders provided with gage means such as
vertical or horizontal position indicators for the work or
the holder.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 94 for
photo-sensitive discharge devices. (See Lines With Other
Clases, B, "Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided
for Elsewhere.")
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 18 for
follow-up systems of motor control, particularly subclass 28
for self-balancing network controls, subclass 480 for
apparatus which includes the radiant energy control of a
motor, and subclass 490 for motor systems with signals,
meters, recorders and testing devices.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate
subclasses for the measurement or the testing of electric
properties, particularly 300 for measurements or tests
relating to nuclear or electronic induction, subclasses 403+
for the testing of lamps, vacuum tubes, and discharge
devices, subclass 200 for tests which rely on magnetic
phenomenon, subclasses 600+ for the measurement of impedance,
admittance, inductance, resistance, conductance, and
susceptance, subclasses 76.11+ for measuring or testing
electricity, per se, including subclass 96 for tests
utilizing optical principles to determine electrical
quantities, and subclass 121 for cathode-ray type indicators.
(See Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or
Testing Classified Elsewhere.")
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for electrical
indicating and measuring devices which may be part of optical
measuring systems. (See Lines With Other Classes, B,
"Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for
Elsewhere.")
329, Demodulators, appropriate subclasses for a demodulator
of signals of less than infrared frequency which may contain
an optical device (e.g., an optical isolator).
330, Amplifiers, subclass 4.3 for lasers and similar devices
when they function as an amplifier of light in the visible
range and laser modulator, per se. (See Lines With Other
Clases, G, "Lasers snd Resonance Radiation.")
338, Electrical Resistors, subclass 15 for photoconductive
resistors responsive to infrared, ultraviolet or visible
light.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 146.2 for digital
comparator systems, subclasses 825.30+ for intelligence
comparison of information, subclasses 870.01+ for telemetric
signaling means useful in transmitting a measured quantity,
not limited to any particular measuring instrument provided
for in other classes, and also 870.01+ for quantitative
telemetering systems including subclasses 870.28+ whereby the
telemetering is transmitted by means of radiant energy,
subclasses 870.16+ wherein the telemetering system is
responsive to a condition, subclasses 500+ for condition
responsive indicating systems, particularly subclasses 577+
for a flame indicator; subclasses 603+ for a fluent material
indicator; subclass 670 for a velocity indicator; subclass
675 for a web, film, or strip indicator; subclass 678 for a
geometrical gauge indicator, and subclass 265 for geometrical
gage type responsive systems.. (See Lines With Other
Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided
for Elsewhere," (1) Note.)
340, Communications: Electrical, for electrical indicating
and measuring devices which may be part of optical measuring
systems. (See Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing and
Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")
340, Communications: Electrical, for signal and indicating
apparatus which may involve optics. See, for example, 584,
600, 630, and 632, for temperature, radiant energy, smoke, or
gas indicators, respectively. (see Lines With Other Classes,
A, "Optical Measuring or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave, Systems and
(e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1-205 for radar
systems involving electromagnetic radiation in the radio wave
frequency.
346, Recorders, for the generic class of recording the
movements of machines or making a record of any phenomenon,
particularly subclass 33 for recorders combined with
external recorder operating means, subclasses 150.1+ for
electric recording including spark and electrochemical,
subclasses 107.1+ for light or beam recording.
347, Incremental Printing of Symbolic Information, 112 for
electrostatic marking, particularly subclasses 129+ for photo
scanning; subclasses 224+ for light or beam marking processes
or apparatus.
348, Television, 135 for television systems utilized to
effect a measurement and subclasses 180+ for measuring and
testing devices utilized in television systems which may
include optical elements.
348, Television, 135 and 180+ for television systems for
measuring and testing which may include optical elements.
(See Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or
Testing Classified Elsewhere.")
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
subclass 204 for interpupillary distance measuring and lens
positioning examination instruments, and subclasses 239+ for
test charts and targets for the subjective testing of vision
for astigmatism and chromaticity.
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
200 for eye examining and testing instruments which may
include optical measuring or testing. (See Lines With Other
Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or Testing Classified
Elsewhere.")
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, appropriate subclasses for
methods and apparatus dealing with cameras for taking of
pictures and projectors which show the motion pictures,
especially subclass 39 for methods of utilizing motion
pictures for time and motion studies or for other uses other
than the creation of the illusion of motion.
353, Optics: Image Projectors, appropriate subclasses for
projection apparatus which may be used to facilitate optical
measuring and testing.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
1.1-1.18 for data processing for static presentation on
fixed medium (e.g., for printer).
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
350 for optical elements usable in the infrared or
ultraviolet range, subclasses 362+ for combpound lens systmes
including telescopes, microscopes, or periscopes, subclasses
396+ for microscope slides, subclasses 436+ for scale or
indicia reading, subclasses 483+ for polarization type
devices, subclasses 290+ for light control systems which
after an optical medium surface, or interface, subclasses
566+ for diffractions gratings subclasses 557+ for light
interference systems, subclass 615 for light dispersion
systems, subclasses 645+ lenses, particularly subclass 801
for lenses combined with illumination and a viewed object
support, subclasses 227+ for light control systems using an
opaque element or medium movable in or through the light
path, subclasses 831+ for prioms and their mounts, subclasses
838+ for reflectors, and subclasses 885+ for optical filters.
(See Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring
Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for optical elements which may be used in measuring and
testing apparatus. The conventional optical elements such as
lenses, prisms, and mirrors are there. (See Lines With Other
Classes, B, "Testing and Measuring Subcombinations Provided
for Elsewhere.")
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for optical elements which control light intensity or
direction on a molecular level, 246, 281+, and 301+ for
modulation involving polarized light, and subclasses 290+ for
light control by altering an optical medium or surface. (See
Lines With Other Clases, G, "Lasers and Resonance
Radiation.")
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for utilizing a microscope to count particles, one by one,
such as blood particles or bacteria colonies, and for where
an optical element such as a lens for magnification is used
in combination with a support for counting bacteria colonies,
or particles such as dust; see Class 359 for one by one
counting. (See Lines With Other Classes, J, "Counting.")
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 173 and
211 for electric circuits for relays and electromagnets
controlled by a photosensitive device.
362, Illumination, appropriate subclasses for general purpose
lighting devices, particularly 3 for photographic lights,
subclasses 138+ for inspection lamps, and subclass 293 for
signal lanterns.
365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, appropriate
subclass for static information storage and retrieval
systems, per se. Static storage systems which include
testing or measuring are excluded from this class.
372, Coherent Light Generators, for coherent light
generators, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes, G, "Lasers
snd Resonance Radiation.")
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 32 for thermal
measurement of total energy or power radiated from a source;
and subclasses 121+ for emitted radiation, in general.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 32 where the
total energy or power in a beam of radiation is measured by a
thermal detector; and subclasses 121+ where thermally emitted
radiation is measured to determine the temperature of
themitting source, except where the radiation is limited to
light, where the classification is in Class 356. (See Lines
With Other Classes, H., "Thermocouples And Bolometers.")
376, Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and
Elements, 245 for the testing, sensing, measuring,
monitoring or detecting of a reactor condition including
control of the reactor as a result of the testing or
sensing.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 6 for article
counters of the electrical type.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, subclass 10
for counting of discrete particles such as blood particles,
bacteria colonies, or dust particles, one at a time by
numerical counting apparatus which registers the counts
corresponding to the respective particles. (See Lines With
Other Classes, J, "Counting.")
382, Image Analysis, appropriate subclasses for the
application of image analysis or pattern recognition
systems.
382, Image Analysis, for pattern or character recognition of
a document or a record. (See Lines With Other Classes, K,
"Reading and Recording.")
385, Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclasses for fiber
optics, per se.
395, Information Processing System Organization, 1 for
artificial intelligence processing, subclasses 118+ for
computer graphics processing, subclasses 200.01+ for digital
data processing, and subclasses 326+ for a computer operator
interface.
396, Photography, subclass 563 for a sensitometer which may
produce an optical wedge having varying light transmission
characteristics by the controlled exposure of a photographic
medium to light.
399, Electrophotography, 9 for diagnostics of
electrophotographic devices.
414, Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses for
the generic class of article handling, particularly 431 for
engaging an article between its ends for rotation and
advancement, and subclass 433 for article rotators, roller
type.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for analytical
and analytical-control apparatus involving an optical test;
subclass 44 for viable blood-treating apparatus; and subclass
99 for laboratory apparatus. An alternative electronic
search of U.S. patents based upon a modification of the
European Patent Office Classification (ECLA) System for
certain subject matter in this subclass may also be found in
Class 422 Cross-Reference Art Collections 908-948. (There are
no definitions associated with these Cross-Reference Art
Collections. The most available disclosure as to the types of
documents contained herein is given in any notes associated
with the titles.)
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for all combustion
reactions not provided for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other
Classes, I, "Burning.")
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, 9.1
for compositions and methods of diagnosing a body condition
by an in vivo test.
427, Coating Processes, subclass 162 for processes of
coating, per se, wherein the product is an optical element.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate
subclasses, for a stock material product in the form of a
single or plural layer web or sheet which may possess a
critical light transmissive or reflective property; and
especially subclass 426 for nonstructural composite web or
sheet embodying a layer of glass.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, subclass 24 for radiation imagery chemistry
process involving control feature responsive to a test or
measurement.
431, Combustion, subclass 13 for gas burners with signal,
alarm or indicator for controlling the combustion ingredients
or any other function relating to the burning of the gas, and
subclass 355 for laboratory type burners including those used
in sample excitations dealing with spectroscopy and flame
photometers of Class 356.
431, Combustion, subclass 4 for feeding a substance to the
flame additional to the normal fuel and oxidizing material to
act as a protective agent or to give the flame some special
characteristic, subclass 126 for apparatus with ornamental
forms, surface ornamentation or an additive or additive means
producing flame coloration, and subclass 355 for apparatus
comprising a vertical tube of constant cross section with a
fuel gas feed means and an opening for air admission at its
lower end, the fuel being fed upwardly and vertically into
the tube, mixing air, and discharging from the upper end to
burn thereabove. (See Lines With Other Classes, I,
"Burning.")
433, Dentistry, subclass 6 for the visual comparison of
tooth forms with the shape or coloring of a person's face or
teeth.
434, Education, Demonstration, and Cryptography, subclass 298
and 303 for apparatus and processes relating to chemistry
and physics which could include light testing devices,
subclasses 98+ for color comparison charts which are used for
display and instruction purposes, and subclasses 322+ for
examination devices and methods which may include as a part
thereof reflection and transmission tests similar to those
found in Class 356.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 4 for
the quantitative or qualitative testing of fermentation
processes.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
analytical and analytical control methods which could involve
an optical test.
445, Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device
Manufacturing, subclass 4 and 64 for methods and apparatus
for adjusting electrodes by means of optical operations.
451, Abrading, 42 for a lens grinding process which may
include optical tests as part of the grinding process and
subclass 325 for a stationary tool type of lens grinder.
505, Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process, 150 for high temperature (T[subscrpt]c[end
subscrpt] > 30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly
subclasses 160+ for measuring or testing system or device.
600, Surgery, 310 for surgical diagnostic instruments which
may involve optical measuring or testing on or in the body,
including in vivo light examination of a body process,
including metabolism, spirometers, and endoscopes.. (See
Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical Measuring or Testing
Classified Elsewhere.")
604, Surgery, 20 for subject matter relating to
administration or removal of material from the body by means
responsive to optical diagnostic means.
606, Surgery, 2 for subject matter relating to surgical
instruments, or their use, for applying light to the body.
607, Surgery: Light, Thermal, and Electrical Application, 1
for therapeutic instruments which utilize light.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 90-306 for particular application
of data processing systems or calculating computers.
GLOSSARY:
DIFFRACTION
The bending of a light ray in passing the edge formed by
contiguous opaque and transparent edges.
DIFFUSE
Pertaining to the scattering or random deviation of
transmitted or reflected light.
ELECTROPHORESIS
The effect in which charged particles suspended in a liquid
are moved under the influence of an electrostatic field.
FIDUCIAL
A reference direction formed as by a light ray, level,
compass, or scale from which another direction is measured or
compared.
LIGHT, VISIBLE LIGHT
Visible light is radiation, which stimulates the optical
receptors of the eye, and has a wavelength from 3850 to 7600
Angstrom units. The term light in these definitions refers
to radiation in the above mentioned range, and when qualified
by the terms ultraviolet and infrared refers to the
corresponding radiation ranges adjacent the visible range.
MEASURING-TESTING
Measuring usually involves a more precise and quantitative
determination of the characteristic or property in question.
Testing may be a mere indication of the presence or absence
of the characteristic or property, and may involve only a
mere inspection or viewing of the phenomenon or specimen. It
should be recognized that the two terms overlap to some
extent in meaning.
MENSURATION
Measurement of lengths, areas, or volumes.
MONOCHROMATOR
An instrument for producing a narrow band of the spectrum by
dispersing a radiation beam into its components or colors,
and isolating the narrow band desired as by passing the
components or colors through a narrow slit.
OPTICAL ELEMENT
A structure which performs a basic optical function. See
Class 359 for a more specific definition.
OPTICAL SYSTEM
A combination of two or more similar or diverse optical
elements which are optically related, or an optical element
combined with nonoptical structure where the overall function
performed is optical in nature. The optical systems in this
class are for measuring or testing purposes.
OPTICS, OPTICAL
The science of light and vision and the construction of
optical instruments.
REFLECTION
The return of light striking a surface back into the medium
from which it came.
REFRACTION
The deviation of light which results when a ray of light
passes obliquely from a medium of one density to a medium of
another density.
SPECTRUM
The band of colors produced by separating white light into
its component frequencies. The term also denotes radiation
arrayed over a frequency range where the frequency of the
radiation continuously increases or decreases over the
range.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
2
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including structure responsive to two
stereoscopic images as photographed or otherwise viewed at
spaced points over a surface (usually of the earth) and
furnishing a contour plot of the surface based on the
distinctions in these images.
(1) Note. The subject matter of this subclass usually
involves a photodetecting apparatus such as a photocell
system which scans or otherwise responds to the stereoscopic
images or records, together with apparatus to compare the
photocell outputs to operate some form of indicator such as a
recorder. If the indication is by a scriber, classification
is in Class 33; and if the output is an error signal as for
alignment purposes classification is in Class 250, especially
subclass 558.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
138 for general alignment inspection.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 20.1 for sight line controlled
geometrical scribers.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 220 for photocell systems with
plural photocells responsive to plural related images where
the measuring is lacking.
348, Television, subclass 26 for television systems
including means to generate contours based on features in the
scene viewed.
353, Optics: Image Projectors, subclass 5 for projection
involving mapping or aerial photograph rectifying.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 470 for stereoviewers with compensation for camera
positions, as of the plotting or mapping type.
Subclass:
3
RANGE OR REMOTE DISTANCE FINDING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter comprising instruments to measure the distance
between an observer and a remote point or to measure the
distance between two points remote from the observer.
(1) Note. Height is a distance that may be measured.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
496 for interferometric dimensional measurement of small
structure or spaces.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 414 for means to calculate the
range of a target and not employing a particular sighting
means.
348, Television, 135 for television systems utilized to
determine range.
396, Photography, 89 for range finders which operate in
conjunction with camera structure.
Subclass:
3.01
Triangulation ranging to a point with one projected beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
including the following: (a) the distance to any single
remote target point is determined in accordance with the
principles of triangulation; (b) the target may include
several points requiring more than one beamed measurement;
and (c) a light beam or its reflection from the target point
is oriented and projected to form at least one side of a
triangle.
(1) Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the base) and the angles,
which the two other sides form with the base, are
determined.
(2) Note. This subclass does not necessarily require the
use of a photodetector, but requires a projected beam.
(3) Note. This subclass includes, for example, apparatus
that utilizes together a nonfixed axial source and a nonfixed
axial line of sight for the sensing that is not found
elsewhere, but that still requires only a single source for
each point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.09 where scanning is required to achieve angular
measurement to a single point.
3.12 for photodetection remote from at least two source
locations that are transmitting beams to be received by a
photodetector.
9 for triangulation with no projected beam and no
photodetection.
372 for distance measurement to define the dimensions of an
adjacent, as opposed to remote, article that may involve
triangulation to any one point.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 201.6 for triangulation used
to establish distance-related focus of the source onto a
triangulating photodetector.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices
(e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), for the use of similar
circuitry not requiring the same wavelength or radiation
distinctions.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, for the use of similar circuitry not requiring the
same wavelength or radiation distinctions.
396, Photography, 89 where triangulation may be employed in
the focus of a separate photographic camera.
Subclass:
3.02
Using photodetection with a fixed axial line of sight:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject
matter that determines an angle of the triangle with respect
to a known base line by establishing a fixed viewing
direction and field of view for a photodetector to generate
an electrical signal upon the coincidence of the target along
a photodetector's line of sight.
(1) Note. This subclass would include apparatus that
utilizes a moving detector with respect to a fixed optical
viewing axis to determine the direction of light from a
targeted source.
Subclass:
3.03
Using a source beam with a fixed axial direction or plane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject
matter that includes a beam or plane of light from the target
that has a fixed angular orientation with respect to a
baseline to establish an angle of the triangle.
(1) Note. The use of a photodetector is not required for
this subclass, but the use of a vidicon-type detector is
found here.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.05 for a system that includes a moving optical axis in the
receiver optics and a fixed detector.
Subclass:
3.04
With a single staring photodetector having one element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03. Subject
matter wherein a detector produces an electrical signal
related to the angular position of the source based on the
instantaneous output of or differential output across a
single detecting element that is not subdivided for its
operation.
(1) Note. A one-element photodetector may consist of a
lateral effect or photoresistive element.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.03 for vidicon-type detection.
3.06 for use of detectors that define the position of
incidence of received light by the difference in the outputs
of more than two detector elements (e.g., at least three
separate photodetectors).
Subclass:
3.05
Having moving receiver optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.04. Subject
matter wherein an image of the source is moved with respect
to the detector's axial line of sight to achieve an effective
movement of the photodetector's angular field of view across
the source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.02 for systems that may include a moving detector element
with respect to a fixed optical line of sight.
Subclass:
3.06
With a single photodetector having multiple elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03. Subject
matter wherein a detector produces an electrical signal
related to the angular position of the source based on the
output of a particularly positioned one of an array of at
least three subelements in the focused field of view of a
single detector structure.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.03 for vidicon-type detection.
3.07 for CCD-type multi-element detectors that are
electronically scanned.
3.08 for two separated detectors that are paired.
Subclass:
3.07
Having electronic scanning of the photodetector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.06. Subject
matter that includes electronic regular sampling through time
of the elements of the detector array in order to determine
the position or angle associated with a particular element
illuminated by the target.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, CCD-type
detectors.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.03 for vidicon-type detection.
Subclass:
3.08
With at least one paired set of staring photodetectors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03. Subject
matter wherein any two separated detectors produce electrical
signals related to two angular positions detected from the
single source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.06 for a single detector subdivided into at least three
subelements.
Subclass:
3.09
Requiring scanning of a source beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject
matter wherein the source comprises a beam of light that is
moved at some angular rate that can be detected and
associated with any one target's angular position.
(1) Note. The target may be at the source position or
reflected by the source, but scanning is required to generate
the angular information.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.02 for moved but not necessarily spatially scanned sources
that define a target with respect to a fixed axial line of
sight of a photodetector.
Subclass:
3.1
Triangulation ranging to a point with two or more projected
beams:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein a target distance is determined in accordance with
the principles of triangulation, and two light beams,
separated by a known baseline distance, are oriented and
projected to define the other two legs of the triangle.
(1) Note. The two beams may be scanned over angularly
related time across the target or moved at least once to
orient their coincidence on the target.
(2) Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the base) and the angles,
which the two other sides form with the base, are
determined.
(3) Note. This subclass does not necessarily require the
use of a photodetector, but requires projected beams.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.09 where scanning is required to achieve angular
measurement to a single point.
3.12 for photodetection remote from at least two source
locations transmitting beams to be received by a
photodetector.
9 for triangulation with no projected beam and no
photodetection.
372 for distance measurement to define the dimensions of an
adjacent, as opposed to remote, article that may involve
triangulation to any one point.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 201.6 for triangulation used
to establish distance-related focus of the source onto a
triangulating photodetector.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and
Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation) for the use of
similar circuitry not requiring the same wavelength or
radiation distinctions.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, for the use of similar circuitry not requiring the
same wavelength or radiation distinctions.
396, Photography, 89 where triangulation may be employed in
the focus of a separate photographic camera.
Subclass:
3.11
Using photodetection at the source station(s):
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.1. Subject matter
wherein an electrical signal is generated based on the
reflection of the two beams from the target back to the
plane, platform, or station(s) that supports the beams and
the photodetector.
Subclass:
3.12
Using photodetection remote from the source station(s):
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.1. Subject matter
wherein an electrical signal is generated based on the
incidence of the two sources onto a photodetector that is not
located on the same plane, platform, or station(s) as the two
sources.
(1) Note. The detector may be located at the target to
receive direct unreflected directional beams of illumination
from the sources.
Subclass:
3.13
Triangulation ranging with photodetection, but with no
projected beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein the distance to any single remote target point is
determined in accordance with the principles of
triangulation, wherein at least one passive image of a target
point (which may be formed by arbitrary target point
illumination) forms at least one side of a triangle.
(1) Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the base) and the angles,
which the two other sides form with the base, are
determined.
(2) Note. The target point may be an active omnidirectional
beacon source or may be actively illuminated where the active
beam does not form one side of the triangle measured.
(3) Note. Sequential views of a moving target with a known
speed may comprise the target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.12 for photodetection remote from at least two source
locations transmitting directed beams to be received by a
photodetector.
9 for triangulation with no projected beam and no
photodetection.
372 for distance measurement to define the dimensions of an
adjacent, as opposed to remote, article that may involve
triangulation to any one point.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 201.6 for triangulation used
to establish distance-related focus of the source onto a
triangulating photodetector.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and
Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), for the use of
similar circuitry not requiring the same wavelength or
radiation distinctions.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, for the use of similar circuitry not requiring the
same wavelength or radiation distinctions.
396, Photography, 89 where triangulation may be employed in
the focus of a separate photographic camera.
Subclass:
3.14
Using at least a pair of viewing axes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.13. Subject
matter which includes two optical axes relating to the target
directed to at least two photodetectors or detector arrays in
the generation of a pair of electrical signals related to the
triangle that defines the distance to the target.
(1) Note. The detector(s) may be mono- or multi-element,
and further scanned or staring.
(2) Note. This subclass includes passive image correlation
of two images from a single target source in establishing two
angles to the target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.08 for a pair of staring mono- or multi-element detectors
used where a single source maintains a fixed axial
direction.
3.15 for image correlation where a photodetector views
images of a target and where one of the images is established
along a fixed line of sight.
4.04 for split-image separation detection of "focus" quality
where there is no baseline separation between the separate
image viewing axes as here in subclass 3.14.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 139 for triangulation of range
derived from two or more picture images generated and
compared based on their baseline separation.
Subclass:
3.15
With one viewing axis fixed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.14. Subject
matter wherein one optical axis that views the target is
fixed relative to the other one of the pair of viewing axes.
Subclass:
3.16
With moving optical elements in all viewing axes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3.14. Subject
matter that includes movement of each viewing axis in order
to achieve measurement of the target point.
Subclass:
4.01
With photodetection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
that includes the generation of an electrical signal in
response to light associated with the distance being
measured.
(1) Note. This subclass includes first any apparatus or
method that includes a generic capability applicable to any
one of pulse, phase, or frequency ranging systems.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.01 for a system that involves triangulation, even though
that term is not mentioned, but is evidenced by a baseline or
trigonometric technique and contains either photodetection
and/or the use of a projected light beam.
9 for a system that uses neither a pro jected beam nor
photodetection.
372 for distance measurement to define the dimensions of an
adjacent, as opposed to remote, article that may involve
similar ranging techniques to any one point.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices
(e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), for the use of similar
circuitry not requiring the same wavelength or radiation
distinctions.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, for the use of similar circuitry not requiring the
same wavelength or radiation distinctions.
Subclass:
4.02
Of a simulation or test:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes a predefined range path for the light
used to measure range in order to calibrate or test a range
finder.
(1) Note. The simulation in this subclass is not considered
the same as the alternate reference path used in subclasses
5.12 and 5.13 used during the regular operation of those
range finders.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
72 for other optical tests not specifically dedicated to
range or distance finders.
Subclass:
4.03
Of focused image size or dimensions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes a determination of the distance of or to
an observed object by the relative focused size of the object
or dimensional spread of reference points on the focal plane
of the photodetector with respect to a calibrated size and
corresponding distance.
(1) Note. The image size must be derived from a focused
image as opposed to a blur circle size.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.04 for blur circle size or edge detection.
21 for the same, but without photodetection.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 140 where a picture image signal
is analyzed for size.
Subclass:
4.04
Of degree of defocus:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes a determination of the distance of a
remote point or observed object by the degree of image focus
through relative characteristics of in-and-out-of-focus
intensity, blur circle size, lateral split image
displacement, etc., of an image generated at some fixed
location from focusing optics along its optical axis relative
to the same characteristic under a focused condition at the
same location along the optical axis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.14 for split images of a single object directed to two
detectors separated by a baseline, unlike split-image focus
detection here in subclass 4.04 where there is no baseline
separation.
4.03 for a focused image feature measurement(s).
4.05 for mechanically searching for the focal point based on
the same or other characteristics as in subclass 4.04.
22 for split images without photodetection.
Subclass:
4.05
Of focal point search:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes a way to mechanically, or otherwise,
sample the "image" along the optical axis of a fixed focus
lens or scan the focus of a transmitted beam to determine the
point of maximum focus of the image or reflection of the
source which is proportional to the distance to the targeted
remote point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.04 for determining range based on the focus
characteristics of an image at some fixed point from the
focusing lens.
Subclass:
4.06
Of differential amplitude at two source or detector
distances:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes either two sources at different
distances from a target alternately illuminating the target
at the remote point that a fixed detector views or includes
two detectors at different distances receiving focused images
of the target illuminated by a single source from which
distance is determined based on the relative intensities
detected.
Subclass:
4.07
Of intensity proportional to distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes a measure of the relative intensity of
the received focused target image from which distance may be
determined by the fact that intensity varies by the inverse
square of the distance or the like.
Subclass:
4.08
Of height relative to a light plane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that includes some apparatus between two remote points
being measured that defines the height between the ground and
a detector or reflector moved to intersect a light beam or
beam plane that may be scanned or fanned.
(1) Note. The apparatus may define a path for the light
beam to traverse from the mirror intersecting the plane to
the ground.
Subclass:
4.09
Of light interference fringes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter wherein the photodetection is in response to an
interference pattern formed by the interaction of coherent
light waves which relate to range by a fringe pattern or
fringe count.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
5.09 for a system that detects frequency of modulation to
determine range where the beat frequency of a mixed or
compared beam is not directly related to a coherent
interference fringe count.
5.11 for phase change counting between known frequencies of
modulation that are unrelated to coherent carrier mixing in
the production of fringes.
5.15 for a system that demodulates a return beam by coherent
or incoherent mixing in order to shift the return to a
different IF operating frequency unrelated to counting of
fringes.
28.5 for a system where frequency is detected from the
mixing of coherent waves that produce a moving, interference
pattern or just a difference frequency, which is related to
velocity.
Subclass:
4.1
Having different frequency sources:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.09. Subject
matter that includes at least two light beams from the same
or different sources, but which have different frequencies.
Subclass:
5.01
Of pulse transit time:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter including means for measuring the time delay of a
discrete light pulse in its time of flight (transit time)
from an observing station to a remote point and back to the
observing station.
Subclass:
5.02
Having return coincide with swept display or detector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.01. Subject
matter wherein the return pulse's reception time is related
to transit time by reference to where it appears in time on a
calibrated sweep of a display screen, detector, or film which
begins a sweep at the instant of transmission.
Subclass:
5.03
Having one or more return pulse gates or windows:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.01. Subject
matter including means at the receiver for accepting return
signals to be processed if they occur during specified (gate
or window) periods after the transmission of a light pulse.
Subclass:
5.04
Including a displayed image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.03. Subject
matter wherein the return pulse includes image data of a
reflecting object at the remote point and is displayed as at
least a two-dimensional image that does not include
reflection signals outside the gate period.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, subclass 31 for backscatter reduction of an
image that may involve range gating, but does not involve
range indicating.
Subclass:
5.05
Having pulse transmission trigger significance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.01. Subject
matter including details of the manner in which the
transmitted pulse instant is determined for measuring the
transit time of the light pulse.
Subclass:
5.06
Including optical pick-off of transmission start:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.05. Subject
matter wherein the instant of pulse transmission is
determined by optically detecting the transmission pulse in
order to begin measuring the transit time.
Subclass:
5.07
With specific counter type timing of returns:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.06. Subject
matter including an electronic element that counts timing
pulses associated with travel of the optical pulse to and
from the target.
Subclass:
5.08
Including specific counter type timing of returns:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.05. Subject
matter including an electronic element that counts timing
pulses associated with travel of the optical pulse to and
from the target.
(1) Note. This subclass includes electrical initiation of
the counter controlled independently of the optical pulse
itself.
Subclass:
5.09
Of frequency difference:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that either sends a defined frequency beam or
frequency modulates an outgoing pulse or continuous wave
optical beam in order to compare the detected return
frequency to the transmitted frequency for determining range
calibrated frequency differences.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.09 where frequency is detected from the mixing of coherent
waves that produce an interference pattern, which includes
moving or static fringes which are counted.
5.15 where optical demodulation by heterodyning or
homodyning is used to reduce the processed signal frequency.
28.5 where frequency is detected from the mixing of coherent
waves that produce a moving interference pattern or just a
difference frequency, which is related to velocity.
Subclass:
5.1
Of CW phase delay:
This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject
matter that incorporates a continuous wave (CW) of modulated
or unmodulated optical signal that is transmitted to and
reflected from a target, such that the relative phase
position of the returned wave is compared to the phase of the
transmitted wave in order to determine the
distance-proportional transit time to and from the target.
(1) Note. Phase nulling techniques are included in this
subclass.
Subclass:
5.11
Having multiple carrier or modulation frequencies:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter
including more than one frequency of modulation or carrier
frequency for the transmitted optical signal to further
define the distance-proportional phases comparison.
Subclass:
5.12
Including an alternating reference path:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.11. Subject
matter that incorporates a path of known distance through
which the transmitted signal is alternately sent in order to
phase calibrate the receiver circuity for the received
measuring signal from the target.
Subclass:
5.13
Having an alternating reference path:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter
that incorporates a path of known distance through which the
transmitted signal is alternately sent in order to phase
calibrate the receiver circuity for the received measuring
signal from the target.
Subclass:
5.14
Having polarization discrimination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter
that incorporates polarized optical elements in the optical
path.
Subclass:
5.15
Having specific IF mixing of returns:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter
that incorporates demodulation by optically or electrically
heterodyning the received signals to an intermediate
frequency (IF) for further processing.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.09 for systems that mix the return with another beam to
produce a fringe pattern to be counted and frequency analyzed
as a direct measurement of range.
5.09 for systems that detect frequency of modulation to
determine range where the beat frequency of a mixed or
compared beam is not directly related to a coherent
interference fringe count or to CW phase delay.
Subclass:
6
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
comprising means for testing or indicating the condition of
the range or height finder with regard to its adjustment,
alignment, or calibration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
124 for lens or reflective image former testing generally.
Subclass:
7
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein the instrument has two axis which are offset from
each other in a direction perpendicular to the base line so
that the device may function as a periscope.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
540 for periscopes, per se.
Subclass:
8
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein the range or height finder is combined with a view
finder.
(1) Note. Where the operation of the range finder is
coordinated with the operation of some other element of the
camera (usually the objective lens) classification is not
here but in Class 396, subclasses 148+.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, 148 for camera structure combined with a
rangefinder and viewfinder; see also (1) Note above.
Subclass:
9
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein the range or height finder includes a base line as a
part of the instrument with plural lines of sight directed
from the extremeties of the base line to the point whose
range is to be measured, at least one of the lines of sight
being deviated.
Subclass:
10
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein filters or light valves are employed to aid the eye
as in determining coincidence of the right and left images.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for diaphragms and shutters, and subclasses 885+ for
filters of the color and neutral density type.
Subclass:
11
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein the range finder is combined with means to determine
the height of the object whose range has been determined.
Subclass:
12
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein the observer sees the field of view in three
dimensions, the range being determined by comparing the depth
of the object whose range is to be measured with the apparent
depth of a mark or marks superimposed upon the field of
view.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
462 for stereoscopic systems generally.
Subclass:
13
This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter
where the observer sees an image in true perspective and also
one in reverse perspective.
Subclass:
14
This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter
where the measuring mark or marks are stationary.
Subclass:
15
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein the range measurement is made by varying the length
of the base line.
Subclass:
16
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein the range measurement is made by deviating one of the
lines of sight by means of an adjustable refracting element.
Subclass:
17
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
wherein the range measurement is made by deviating one of
lines of sight by means of the rotation of a reflecting
element.
Subclass:
18
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
comprising structural details including means for mounting,
supporting or adjusting the range finder or its components.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
6 for testing the alignment or calibration of the
instrument.
Subclass:
19
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter
including prism structure for displacing relative to each
other the two images of a coincidence type range finder.
(1) Note. Such prism structure is appropriately classified
here as a pertinent subcombination even though no other range
finder structure is recited.
Subclass:
20
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter
wherein the complete measurement requires the knowledge of
some distance or interval external to the measuring
instrument.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses,
particularly subclass 262, 276, and 284, for similar subject
matter with no significant optical feature.
Subclass:
21
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter
where there is an interval of known size (e.g., height of an
object) at a remote point, the distance to which point is to
be determined; or where the distance to a remote point is
known and the size of some interval at the remote point is to
be determined.
Subclass:
22
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter
where the instrument provides two displaced images of the
same object for viewing by the observer.
Subclass:
23
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter comprising means whereby the relationship
between periodic changes in light intensity or direction and
the motion of a body are utilized in observing the body or
performing some measurement with regard to the body or some
means controlling the light source.
(1) Note. Where a specific test is provided for in another
class, classification is in that class even though the
subject matter may include a stroboscope. See Search Class
notes below.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 1.56 for timing
apparatus for watches, camera shutters and the like which may
utilize stroboscopic principles.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
appropriate subclasses for electric lamp and discharge device
systems in general.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 75 for
calibration of electric meters using stroboscopic principles,
and subclasses 76.11+ for measuring electric properties using
stroboscopes.
Subclass:
24
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Subject matter
including reflecting or refracting means which are moved
periodically to vary the direction of a light beam.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
197 for scanning means in general which use a periodically
moving reflecting or refracting element.
Subclass:
25
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Subject matter
wherein the periodic motion of an element containing
alternate opaque and transparent areas is used to interrupt a
light source.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for light valves utilzing an opaque element movable
through a light path.
Subclass:
26
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter
where the opaque element vibrates or oscillates.
Subclass:
27
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means to measure the velocity or the
velocity to altitude ratio of a vehicle by sighting from the
vehicle on a remote object, or including means to measure the
velocity or the velocity to altitude ratio of a moving object
remote from an observer by sighting on the object.
(1) Note. The vehicle may be a surface vehicle or an
aircraft. The term "sighting" includes aiming an optical
instrument with a photocell. This subject matter includes
timing the passage of a sighted object over grids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
459 for interferometric measurement of angular velocity.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 413 for means to calculate the
velocity of an object and not employing a particular sighting
means.
Subclass:
28
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter
wherein the measuring system includes means responsive to the
received light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for range or height finders with light detectors.
139.01 for devices measuring the angle with respect to a
remote point having specified applications with
photodetection.
141.1 for devices measuring the apex of an angle at a
photodetection station with respect to a remote point.
152.1 for devices measuring the apex of an angle at a point
remote from a photodetection station.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
343, Communication: Radio Wave, subclass 8 for systems for
measuring velocity by means of reflected radio wave energy.
Subclass:
28.5
Of light interference (e.g., interferometer):
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Subject matter
wherein the detection means is responsive to an interference
pattern formed by the interaction of coherent light waves.
(1) Note. This subclass includes heterodyne interferometers
which measure a doppler-shifted beam reflected from a moving
object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.09 and 4.1, for light interference measurement of
displacement or distance over large distances.
35.5 for material strain analysis by light interference
measurement.
450 for light interference measuring and testing, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 71.3 for vibration
sensing with a light beam indicator.
Subclass:
29
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter comprising means whereby a device for
determining a line of sight relative to a remote point
includes an optical element or reticle which is moved
relative to the device in accordance with the relative
velocities of the device and remote point.
(1) Note. This subclass includes in general sighting
devices containing optical elements which move relative to
the device as a whole for the purpose of tracking a
relatively moving object and also optical elements or
reticles which are moved in accordance with information
obtained by tracking the object by means of moving the
sighting device as a unit.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
27 for optical devices which actually measure velocity.
Subclass:
30
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including a support for a crystal or gem for
examination by visible light, a light source passing light
through or reflecting light from the crystal or gem and
usually structure to view, mark, or locate the light patterns
correlated to some condition of the crystal or gem.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are apparatus and
method claims which include nominal cutting or etching
structure or steps to prepare the crystal for examination in
addition to the claimed test.
(2) Note. The optical testing of piezoelectric and
semiconductor crystals are included in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
36 for sample preparation wherein the novelty is in the
preparation of the sample for an optical test and not
provided for elsewhere.
72 for an optical test combined with another are device and
not provided for elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 25.35 for piezoelectric device
making methods, which include cutting and etching steps.
125, Stone Working, subclass 12 and 13.01 for apparatus and
methods for cutting crystals which include the step of first
examining optically and marking the crystal for axis
orientation. Also, see subclass 35 for work supports for
cutting the crystal.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
625 for methods including a chemical etching step.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 73 for methods
and apparatus for X-ray analysis of crystals which may
include a support for the crystal.
Subclass:
31
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter
wherein the properties of crystals or gems are examined for
one of the three principle axis of the crystal, the left or
right handedness of the crystal, the polarity or the crystal
faces, or twinning, if present, in the crystal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, for the etching of a
crystal or gem.
Subclass:
32
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for examining an article or material by noting
the effect of the strain in the stressed article on light
associated with the article or material.
(1) Note. The light may be passed through or reflected from
the article or material, or may be modified by changes in the
contour or the position of markings thereon. The
modification of the light may be in intensity, direction,
polarization, color, or interference patterns produced
thereby.
(2) Note. Stress strain measuring generally is provided for
elsewhere (see the Search Class notes below). However, where
the changes in the material tested operate to modify the
characteristics of the light associated with the test, absent
intentional loading of the specimen, classification is in
this Class 356.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 125 for
extensiometers. See the (2) note of this subclass.
73, Measuring and Testing, 763 for testing the stress or
strain of material, particularly subclass 800 for optical
stress analysis with intentional loading of the specimen, and
subclasses 862+ for dynamometers which are not provided for
elsewhere and which do not involve the modification of the
associated light. See also (2) Note above.
Subclass:
33
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter
wherein the light utilized in the examination or analysis is
polarized light, or is polarized as a result of the
examination or analysis.
(1) Note. Class 359, subclasses 240+ and 483 provides for
polarizing structure generally whose light polarizing
properties are modified by mechanical stress; while the
subject matter of this subclass is restricted to the
measuring or analyzing of the strain in the stressed article
or material from the effect of the strain on polarized light
or from the polarizing effect of light.
(2) Note. This Class 356 provides for stress-strain
determinations in articles or materials where the light is
directly or indirectly associated with the article or
material stressed as by direct reflection from or
transmission through the articles or materials, and for
transmissions of the light through detectors attached to
articles or materials which are naturally or forced by stress
to be light birefringent as a result of the strain on the
articles or materials; while Class 73, subclasses 760+,
provides for stress-strain determinations generally.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
30 for crystal or gem examination wherein polarized light
testing may be involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 133 and 763+ for
stress-strain testing apparatus and dynamometers generally
where no polarized light is involved. See also (2) Note
above.
Subclass:
34
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter
wherein the test apparatus utilized in examining articles or
materials includes a detector which is naturally birefringent
or forced by stress to be birefringent, and means to attach
the detector to the articles or materials so that the strain
placed on the articles or materials is imparted to the
detector so that the modification of the light associated
with the detector is indicative of the strain in the stressed
article or material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 where infrared and ultraviolet light is involved in the
test.
364 for polarized light examination apparatus which produces
interference patterns created by the interaction of beams of
polarized light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
483 for polarizing structure generally. See also (1) Note
of subclass 33.
Subclass:
35
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter
wherein there is means to support transparent sheet material,
statically or in motion, which exhibits birefringent
properties naturally or when under strain, means to direct
polarized light through the sheet material, and generally
polarized light analyzing means to examine the sheet
material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
429 for monitoring of webs for optical properties or flaws.
Subclass:
35.5
By light interference detector (e.g., inter-ferometer):
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter
including means responsive to an interference pattern
produced by the interaction of coherent light waves with the
stressed article or material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.5 for light interference measurement of displacement or
distance over large distances.
28.5 for light interference measurement of velocity.
450 for light interference measurement, per se.
Subclass:
36
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter involving preparation or conditioning of an
article or substance or a sample of the article or substance
to facilitate or enable the later optical test and in
combination with such an optical test, wherein the
preparation or conditioning is significant and is not
provided for in any other class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, particularly subclass 23 for gas
analysis and 53.01+ for the testing of liquid or liquid
suspension of solids, and subclass 421 for samplers and
tollers for gases and liquids including closed conduit type
samplers.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for
analyticalcontrol apparatus and apparatus which use sorbents
or in which chemical reactions are produced.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
processes involving analytical control and use of sorbents or
chemical reactions.
Subclass:
37
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter
wherein moisture or other liquids are deposited on particles
to enlarge them or optically modify them (e.g., improve
reflection) to facilitate optical study of the particles.
(1) Note. Generally the apparatus includes pump structure
to deliver a gas sample containing particles, expand the
sample under a constant volume to obtain a supersaturated
condition with respect to the gas, deliver the expanded gas
sample to a chamber to optically test the gas with moisture
precipitated as a result of the gas expansion on the
particles present in the gas, and exhaust the sample from the
apparatus.
(2) Note. The particles examined include ionized particles
and molecular types.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
335 for the determining of the size of particles by optical
methods.
337 for particle light scattering generally including the
concentration or number of particles by statistical methods.
437 for transmission tests through gases for the
determination of the concentration of particles present in
the gases generally and visual inspection equipment.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 28 for the determination
of the amount of solid matter in the analysis of gases
generally, subclass 29 for moisture content of gases, and
subclass 421 for reciprocating and rotary samplers involving
gases and liquids.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 227 and 237 for
methods and apparatus which may involve the detection of
condensation nuclei, per se, or the use of condensation
nuclei to detect the dew point of gases.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for analytical
apparatus having a condensation nuclei detector.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1, for
processes involving the testing of condensation nuclei for
traces of chemical elements wherein a chemical reaction is
precedent to an optical test to determine the presence or
amount of the elements present.
Subclass:
38
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter
wherein the means to prepare or condition includes a movable
member which serves as a support to receive successively
samples of particulate material from a gaseous stream or from
a pulverent supply of material, the member supporting the
particulate matter for the optical test.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
335 for the determination of the size of particles by
optical procedures.
337 for the determination of particle light scattering
including polarization effects.
372 for the mensuration of substances or articles by light
tests generally.
429 for the monitoring of webs generally.
438 for light transmission tests of dust or smoke.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 627 for the testing of
fluent or pulverized material in a gas or liquid wherein an
electrical signal is involved.
Subclass:
39
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a specimen of blood or tissue is
tested in vitro (i.e., outside the body) for various
conditions by means of visible light apparatus, and the blood
testing apparatus is not elsewhere classified.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
246 for fluid specimen containers.
335 for the determination of particle size, or particle size
and the number of particles for each size when determined by
statistical methods.
337 for the determination of the number of particles in a
fluid medium by light scattering procedures using statistical
methods.
441 for the determination of the number of particles in a
fluid medium by light absorption using statistical methods
and the determination of turbidity of liquids generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 10 for particle
counters with or without the sizing of the particles counted
by arithmetical methods.
382, Image Analysis, 128, for an image analyzing system
designed specifically for, or utilized in microscopic cell
analysis or other biomedical applications, where there is
significant claim recitation of an image analyzing system and
no claim recitation of significant structure to an external
art environment.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 44 for apparatus
for testing blood externally of a blooded animal
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass
2 for processes and compositions for the maintenance of
blood (cells) in a physiologically active state or for the in
vitro separation or treatment of blood cells; and subclasses
4+ for processes measuring or testing involving enzymes or
measuring or testing involving enzymes or micro-organisms
(e.g., bacteria, protozoa, actinomycetales, cyanobacteria,
fungi, animal cells, plant cells, or virus); and subclasses
287+ for claimed or solely disclosed as a Class 435 process.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
appropriate subclasses for processes and compositions for
determining qualitatively or quantitatively the chemical
property or composition of a sample and for in vitro
antigen-antibody analysis or composition, especially 66 for
processes or compositions for testing for hemoglobin,
myo-globin, or trace blood; subclass 68 for processes or
compositions for determining gases in the blood, and subclass
70 for processes and compositions for determining
sedimentaion rate or hematocrit.
600, Surgery, 310 for diagnostic medical apparatus which may
utilize visible light to test or inspect blood in vivo.
Subclass:
40
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Subject matter
which includes visual and photoelectric apparatus to examine
the specimen for the percentage of hemoglobin.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for infrared or ultraviolet testing of materials
generally where optical methods are utilized.
300 for spectroscopic apparatus.
402 for colorimetric apparatus of the visual and
photoelectric type.
441 for liquid turbidity testing generally.
445 for reflective material testing generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 53 for testing the
settling rate of the liquid suspension of solids.
Subclass:
41
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter
to determine the percentage of oxyhemoglobin in the specimen
which includes a transmissive or reflective optical tests.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
42 for standards utilized in a comparison test with a blood
sample.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
600, Surgery, 310 for diagnostic apparatus and methods
including subcombinations, for in vivo, i.e., directly
measuring properties of the living body which may include an
optical test.
604, Surgery, 20 for subject matter relating to
administration or removal of material from the body by means
responsive to optical diagnostic means.
Subclass:
42
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter
wherein there is included generally means to support a light
reflective or transmissive standard or a light emissive
standard formed as part of the test apparatus whereby the
standard is compared simultaneously side by side with the
specimen either for equality of shade of color and light
intensity or for intensity of light alone.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for light standards, per se.
243.1 for optical standards generally.
403 for the merging of colors or patterns generally.
413 for colorimeters generally of the Duboscq type.
414 for colorimeters testing colored liquids generally which
utilize a solid or liquid transmissive standard, and
including standard optical wedges, Nessler tubes and
micro-colorimeters.
420 for a colored light source, per se, which may be
utilized as standards.
421 for reflective colored standards which include discs,
drums, tapes or plates.
425 for the determination of color generally by light
intensity comparison.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
831 for prisms which may be used as standards.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate
subclasses, especially 50 for laboratory devices or
apparatus of quantitative or qualitative analysis involving
either a physical or a chemical reaction, not elsewhere
provided for.
Subclass:
43
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for analyzing the light emitted from a body
for properties such as intensity or color components as an
indication of the temperature of the body.
(1) Note. The body may be heated in turn by another mass
which may be either a gas, liquid, or solid; and the purpose
here would be to ultimately determine the temperature of such
a mass by the determination of its heating effect on the
body.
(2) Note. Both temperature devices for metallurgical and
photographic use are included herein when the indication is
in a unit of temperature.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
213 for photometry devices.
300 for optical test devices which utilize a light
dispersing system rather than filters to selectively detect
various wavelengths of visible light.
402 for shade or color optical test devices, and
particularly subclass 404 for such test devices involving
photography, and subclasses 416+ for such test devices which
utilize one or more colored filters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
219, Electric Heating, subclass 502 for the control of an
electric heater by means of a light responsive temperature
detector.
236, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, subclass
15 for the measurement of the temperature of a furnace for
the control of the heating of the furnace.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 226 for radiant energy
detectors utilizing filters or dispersing means, and subclass
229 for light modulator detection systems.
266, Metallurgical Apparatus, 78 and 99+, for metallurgical
furnaces combined with temperature determination means.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 32 for
measuring the total energy emitted from a source; and
subclasses 121+ for subject matter similar to that in this
subclass where the emitted radiation is not limited to
light.
Subclass:
44
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter
wherein there is structure such as a rod or tube to contain
and contact a heated solid or fluid or to be immersed into a
heated fluid whereby there is a heat exchange from the heated
solid or fluid, which causes the structure to emit light or
the structure allows the light emitted from a heated solid or
fluid to be directly transmitted to a detector which analyzes
this light in terms of temperature.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
216 for heat absorbing radiometers of the revolving vane
type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 227 for light conducting rods
conducting light to a photocell.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 126 for a rod
or tube with a particular radiating surface combined with a
radiation thermometer; and subclass 131 for a radiation
conducting rod or fiber bundle combined with a radiation
thermometer.
Subclass:
45
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter
which includes means to selectively detect at least two
different bands of visible radiation simultaneously or
sequentially from an emission source, and means responsive to
the detection means to indicate the color temperature of the
emissive source.
(1) Note. Where the indication of the test is not stated in
the claims in terms of temperature, classification is in
subclass 404 when photography is involved or in subclass 407
when plural colors are simultaneously tested, or in subclass
408 for sequential comparison tests of a sample and a
standard.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
405 for tristimulus test devices.
406 for shade or color tests involving three colors.
419 for devices which sequentially utilize plural color
filters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 127, for
nonoptical radiation type pyrometers which may be responsive
to purals ranges of electromagnetic radiation.
Subclass:
46
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter
including a standard incandescent source of radiation
together with structure to compare or facilitate the
comparison of the unknown light radiation from a hot body or
other emissive source with the visible radiation emitted from
the incandescent standard.
(1) Note. Patents claiming electrical circuitry to cause
current to flow through electric incandescent lamps which are
light standards are placed here, whether the standard lamp is
used for a temperature test or a light intensity test.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
218 for photoelectric photometers.
230 for visual photometers utilizing a light standard.
243.1 for standards generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 271 for
support or spacing structure for incandescent filaments used
for light emission, and subclass 315 for incandescent lamps.
Subclass:
47
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter
which includes means to compare and control automatically the
intensity of the illumination of the incandescent standard.
(1) Note. Systems utilizing radiant energy detectors to
balance by means of optical elements the detectors controlled
by the intensity of light emitted by plural sources of light
are elsewhere. Systems where the intensity of a light source
is adjusted by optical means controlled by a radiant energy
detector responsive to the light source intensity are also
elsewhere classified. See the Search Class notes below.
(2) Note. A system utilizing a radiant energy detector to
control an electrical lamp by electrical means where no
significant optical structure is in the path between the
light source tested and the radiant energy detector of the
system, and no indication relating to the light emitted by
the lamp is claimed and the lamp is the ultimate load of the
system is elsewhere. See the Search Class notes below.
(3) Note. The testing of lamps, per se, to determine the
lamp characteristics before actual use, including the
intensity of light emitted per watt input is classified
elsewhere (see the Search Class notes below). However, where
the lamp is utilized in a testing environment of use for
illumination or where temperature or intensity of light of
some unknown source or other optical test is involved which
includes a measurement or a subcombination not elsewhere
provided, even though the measurement is of current or
voltage, classification will be in Class 356.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
130 for refractive tests which utilize a servo-controlled
device to adjust the light intensity of a beam of light used
in the test.
321 for plural beam absorption spectro-photometers which
have structure to adjust the light intensity of one of the
beams by automatic means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 204 takes systems utilizing
radiant energy detectors to balance by means of optical
elements the detectors controlled by the intensity of light
emitted by plural sources of light; subclass 205 for systems
where the intensity of a light source is adjusted by optical
means controlled by a radiant energy detector responsive to
the light source intensity. No indicator related to the
optical properties of the light included in the claims should
be classified there. See also (1) Note above.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, 149 will
take a system utilizing a radiant energy detector to control
an electrical lamp by electrical means where no significant
optical structure is in the path between the light source
tested and the radiant energy detector of the system, and no
indication relating to the light emitted by the lamp is
claimed and the lamp is the ultimate load of the system.
subclass 151 for radiant energy systems responsive to a lamp
to control the intensity of light from the lamp by electrical
means; also see subclasses 129+. See (2) Note above.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, 18 for follow-up
systems utilizing radiant energy which have as their ultimate
purpose the control of an electric motor.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 403 will take the
testing of lamps, per se, to determine the lamp
characteristics before actual use, including the intensity of
light emitted per watt input. See the (3) Note above.
Subclass:
48
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter
wherein the means to compare or facilitate the comparison of
the standard and unknown radiation includes means to modulate
mechanically or optically the standard or the unknown
radiation.
(1) Note. The modulated unknown or standard radiation may
include portions of other radiation.
(2) Note. Color discrimination and optical attenuation
means may be part of the combination claimed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
217 for modulation type photometers where temperature is not
involved.
418 for shade or color tests where color and intensity of
light is included and an incandescent standard may be
involved but temperature is not involved and modulation of
the light takes place.
425 for light intensity comparison of shade where
temperature is not involved but modulation may be involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 232 for optical modulators or
flickering beam photocell circuits of general usage.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, 121 for radiation
pyrometers which utilize modulating means.
Subclass:
49
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter
including a telescope for passing unknown visible radiation
and having an objective and ocular lens system, and means to
locate, physically or optically, the incandescent standard in
the optical path of the lens system so that visible radiation
of the standard and the unknown radiation may be viewed
simultaneously.
(1) Note. Herein are those telescopic pyrometers which
attenuate the intensity of the light or the color of the
unknown source or the standard by optical means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for calibrated light standard systems, per se, used for
comparison with unknown visible light for temperature,
colorimetry or photometry purposes.
230 for photometers which visually compare light intensities
by means of an incandescent standard.
364 for tests which utilize polarized light for examination
purposes where temperature is not involved.
404 for color or shade determination for photographic
purposes where color temperature is not involved.
416 for shade or color tests involving optical filters where
temperature is not involved.
417 for flame detecting photometers not concerned with
temperature which utilize color filters rather than
dispersing or diffracting elements to separate the radiation
into discrete colors.
425 for color determination by light intensity comparison
where color temperature is not involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 738 for lens systems having light limiting or
controlling means.
Subclass:
50
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter
wherein the incandescent standard is an electrically heated
filament and means are provided to control the current
through the filament.
(1) Note. These instruments may include optical elements to
change the color and intensity of the unknown radiation or
the standard radiation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for the electrical circuits, per se, which power the
electrical incandescent standard.
231 for photometers which utilize an electrical incandescent
lamp which includes means to vary filament current.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, 129 for
electrical circuits supplying current to a lamp, which is not
an electrical test standard, which circuit includes an
electrical indicator.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 129 for
radiation pyrometers which include an electrically variable
incandescent standard.
Subclass:
51
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter involving nonvisible radiation such as
infrared and ultraviolet radiation not provided for
elsewhere.
(1) Note. The subject matter of this subclass relates to
apparatus and methods similar to that provided for in the
other subclasses of this class, i.e., subject matter of an
optical nature as would be operative with visible radiation.
However, in this subclass the operation has been extended to
involve the nonvisible spectrum but in an optical manner,
such as refraction and reflection in accordance with optical
principles, and not provided for elsewhere, e.g., Class 374,
subclasses 121+ for radiation thermometers. Class 250,
especially in subclasses 336.1+ provides for apparatus with
significant nonvisible radiation structure including
measuring and testing of invisible radiation. Examples of
significant nonvisible radiation structure for classification
in Class 250 are: a source of invisible radiation such as
infrared or ultraviolet, particular material operative only
in the invisible radiation range, the application of the
measuring or testing to subject matter or specimens
responsive only to invisible radiation to carry out the
measurement or test. It is emphasized that as between this
Class 356 and Class 250 the general requirements for Class
356 must be also met for classification here. For example,
photocell measuring circuits must claim the meter or
indicator or the specimen holder for classification here. A
lesser combination such as a photocell circuit would be
classified in Class 250. See (1) Note under subclass 218.
(2) Note. Where one claim to measuring and testing uses
only visible light in the test and another claim to measuring
and testing uses only invisible radiation, the original
classification is in Class 356, appropriate subclass and
cross-references in Class 250, appropriate subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for methods and apparatus
including an electric signalling device for detecting
infraviolet radiation and subclasses 472.1+ for nonelectric
signalling methods and apparatus responsive to infrared or
ultraviolet light. See also the (1) Note to this subclass.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, 121 for the detection of
infrared and visible light energy to determine the
temperature of a body from which the radiation is thermally
emitted.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Systems or Devices, appropriate
subclasses for measuring and testing using X-rays.
Subclass:
52
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which involves light transmission through
eggs, which light may be photoelectrically or visually
detected to determine the fertility, freshness or other
conditions of the eggs.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are all hand or bodily
held devices used for candling eggs.
(2) Note. The combination of candling of eggs and the
incubation of the eggs is in Class 119, Animal Husbandry.
However the heating of the eggs to perfect a candling
operation is in Class 356, subclass 36.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
432 for tests involving light transmission tests through
translucent and transparent articles.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclass 3.11
for machines to clean and sort eggs or screen out dirt from
eggs.
53, Package Making, subclass 147 for the group forming of
articles and the subsequent packaging of the articles in
portable receptacles and subclass 167 for the combination of
a visual test of an article and the filling of portable
receptacles with the tested articles.
119, Animal Husbandry, subclass 6.8 for methods and
apparatus for hatching eggs including the step of candling of
eggs, and subclasses 311+ for incubators.
221, Article Dispensing, appropriate subclass for releasing
articles one at a time from a supply apparatus.
Subclass:
53
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
which includes a photosensitive detector to receive the light
transmitted through the egg, and which may include an optical
filter in the visual range to restrict the characteristic of
the light transmitted through the egg.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
36 for sample preparation of the tested egg in addition to
the candling step.
51 for infrared, ultraviolet and visible light transmission
through the egg.
407 for color tests responsive to plural colors
simultaneously.
418 for color tests including rotating filters.
419 for color tests including multicolored filters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 510 for
automatic egg candlers and sorters.
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for egg candlers utilizing an
infrared or ultraviolet responsive electric signalling
device.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
350 for optical elements used in the infrared or ultraviolet
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and subclasses 885+
for optical filters.
Subclass:
54
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
wherein a visual candling apparatus is combined with
counting, marking or weighing apparatus which is used in
conjunction with the candling operation, when not provided
for in any other class.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
72 for the general combination of a visual optical test and
a diverse art device.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
101, Printing, subclass 2 for the combination of printing
and sorting, subclasses 212+ for rolling contact printing
machines and subclass 327 for printing members and inkers.
177, Weighing Scales, 50 for the combination of scale with a
testing device other than a candling operation and subclass
245 for weighing devices combined with a diverse art device.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 510 for
the combination of visual candling means with an automatic
egg weighing and sorting device; and subclass 939 for
illuminating means facilitating visual inspection.
235, Registers, subclass 91 for counting of articles
mechanically.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits, and Systems Using Pulse Counters, Pulse
Divider Systems, subclass 6 for counting articles
electrically.
Subclass:
55
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
wherein transporting or conveying means is combined with a
visual candling device to move eggs in a predetermined or
random manner from one location into, through, or over the
visual candling device and beyond the candling device to a
second location by the same or a second transfer means.
(1) Note. The first location may include dispensing means
and the second location may include an egg holding container
such as a portable receptacle where no provision is made for
this combination in another class.
(2) Note. Egg supply and/or conveying structure may be
included to bring eggs to the candling apparatus and
receiving apparatus; and additional conveying structure may
also be claimed with the candling apparatus where there is no
provision for the combination in another class.
(3) Note. The transfer means may be gravity and motorized
conveyors including those of the endless belt and disc type.
(4) Note. Subcombinations of a photoelectric candling
apparatus will be found here when there is no photoelectric
circuitry claimed.
(5) Note. Inverting structure which merely inverts an egg
or a group of eggs is not considered to be a transfer
apparatus for this group of subclasses unless there is
additionally movement of the egg from one location to
another. See subclasses 56 and 65 for egg turning or jarring
structure.
Subclass:
56
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter
wherein structure, which may be hand, motor, or gravity
actuated, is included with the egg transfer and candling
apparatus to turn or jar the eggs during the candling
operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
62 for egg turning and jarring means combined with a light
shading candling chamber.
65 for egg turning and jarring means combined with a light
candling box. Also see (5) Note of subclass 55.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
414, Material or Article Handling, subclass 433 for article
rotators of the roller type, and subclass 431 for the
rotation and a simultaneous advancement of articles which are
concurrently engaged at the ends of the articles.
Subclass:
57
This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter
wherein there are manually or motor driven endless conveyors
which include structure which causes eggs placed sequentially
on the conveyor to turn or somehow move while passing
through, over, or on the visual candling apparatus.
(1) Note. Automatic structure to place the eggs on the
conveyor from a supply structure and structure to remove the
eggs from the conveyor may be included in the claimed
combination. See also the Search Notes under subclass 58.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
53, Package Making, subclass 167 for the combination of
candling, conveying, and the filling of portable
receptacles.
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, 343.1 and 373+ for an endless
conveyor having means for turning or orienting the conveyed
load as the conveyor advances, and subclass 631 for an
endless conveyor having means to jar the load as the conveyor
advances.
Subclass:
58
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter
wherein the transfer means is an endless conveyor of the
manually or motor driven type and which includes endless belt
and disc type to sequentially bring eggs singularly or in
groups, up to, over, or through the candling device; and
usually to convey the eggs beyond the candling structure to
broad receiving means.
(1) Note. Inverting structure may be included in the
conveying structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, 373, 418+, and 434+ for
arranging articles on conveyors including the orienting of
articles on or between conveyors; subclasses 606+ for endless
conveyors successively conveying a load; subclass 779 for
traveling roll type conveyors; and subclasses 688+ and 804+
for endless belt conveyors.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 510 for
egg sorting apparatus; subclasses 702+ for manual sorting
apparatus; and subclass 912 for endless feed conveyors having
means for holding items separately.
Subclass:
59
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter
wherein the transfer means is a hand manipulative support
which may contain the eggs in a random or predetermined
manner, and which may function separately as a hand held
conveyor to move the supported eggs from one location to
another and as a complete candling unit with the light
source.
(1) Note. Included herein with the manual transfer supports
are the light box candling devices.
(2) Note. Pivoted egg support trays attached to the
candling box for the purpose of inverting the eggs are not
considered conveyors and are placed in subclass 64.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
64 for light candling boxes. See also (2) Note above.
Subclass:
60
This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter
wherein the candling device is a light shading chamber, and
the hand manipulated transfer device is inserted within the
light shading chamber for the candling operation.
(1) Note. The transfer device may be stationary or manually
movable during the candling operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
62 for light shading chambers generally in candling
apparatus.
Subclass:
61
This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter
including portable receptacles or hand carried trays, per se,
which are adapted as by an opening or transparency to pass
light to or from the egg and which when used with light box
and light shading chamber structure form visual candling
devices.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
244 for sample, specimen, or standard holders or supports
generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
229, Envelopes, Wrappers, and Paperboard Boxes, subclass 29
for folded blank boxes of the compartment type with a wrapper
to completely cover the cells designed to candle or inspect
eggs held therein.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass
87.12 for multiple egg hand transfer devices with lifters or
grapples, and subclass 137 for hand-held article carriers.
Subclass:
62
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including an enclosure, adapted to be joined to a light box
by an aperture which passes the candling illumination from
the box, to darken the viewing field adjacent the eggs.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
312, Supports: Cabinet Structure, subclass 223.5 for
enclosures having illuminating means.
Subclass:
63
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter
wherein the enclosure is a hood which is attached externally
to the enclosure to aid in the observation of the candling
light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
362, Illumination, 351 for shades and their supports for
preventing the further distribution of light.
Subclass:
64
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
wherein there are enclosures of candling illumination
(including natural light directors) which have an aperture or
apertures to support or locate exteriorly on the surface of
the enclosures an egg or eggs to be candled.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those enclosures which
utilize sunlight as the source of candling illumination and
which require an additional aperture or apertures on the
periphery of the enclosure to allow the illumination
transmitted through the egg or eggs to be visually observed
exteriorly of the enclosure.
(2) Note. These enclosures include optical elements such as
mirrors to direct the illumination radiated through the egg
or eggs to the outside of the enclosure through the
additional aperture or apertures so that a visual observation
can be made.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
40, Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, 564 for lamp boxes,
and subclasses 361+ for transparency viewers.
211, Supports: Racks, 14 for plural egg supports
generally.
248, Supports, 176 for article stand type supports where
only a singular article is supported and subclass 346 for
supporting bases.
Subclass:
65
This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Subject matter
wherein structure is included to move or jar the eggs during
the candling operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for egg candling with egg transfer including turning or
jarring.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
414, Material or Article Handling, subclass 431 for the
rotation and simultaneous advancement of articles which are
concurrently engaged at the ends of the articles and subclass
433 for article rotators, roller type.
Subclass:
66
This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Subject matter
wherein the enclosure internally contains significant
illumination means or where the illuminating means is
significantly related to the remaining candling structure.
(1) Note. The illumination means may be of the electrical
or combustible type which may or may not be of the self
contained power type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 453.11 for an irradiated object and
subclasses 458.1+ for methods and apparatus for irradiating
luminescent material generally.
Subclass:
67
This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter
including electrical illumination controlled by a significant
electrical switch or switch operating structure to connect
the illumination means to a power source, or where the switch
and the switch operator are significantly related to the
remaining candling structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, 52 for
switches of special application, particularly subclasses
61.41 and 61.42 where the motion or presence of an article
actuates a mechanical feeler to close an electrical switch
and subclass 61.58 for switches actuated concurrently with
the operation or use of an art device.
Subclass:
68
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including structures attachable to illuminating lamps to
convert the illuminating lamps into candling boxes or light
shading chambers of the visual type.
(1) Note. Included are devices to convert portable and
other type light sources into egg candling structure.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
72 for convertible subject matter not classified elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 315 for
incandescent lamps.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
particularly 32 for incandescent lamps which are
structurally combined with a circuit element, and for systems
for supplying electrical energy to lamps.
362, Illumination, 138 for inspection lamps, subclasses 157+
for portable electric lamps, and subclasses 257+ for lanterns
including light projectors not specifically designed for
testing purposes.
Subclass:
69
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including a light source for shining light on
a blade edge together with optical or photoelectric means for
determining the reflectivity and thus the sharpness of the
blade.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
445 for reflection testing generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 104 for testing surfaces and
cutting edges where not elsewhere classified.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
511, 524+, 536, and 576+ for testing articles with radiant
energy including means to sort the articles.
Subclass:
70
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including structure for determining the
physical properties of liquid oil by the optical response,
such as produced by visible light transmitted through or
reflected from the oil.
(1) Note. The optical response may involve the examination
of the oil for color, polarization effects, or for foreign
content such as sediment in the oil. Both visual and
photoelectric devices are here, and the test may be of oil
samples or of oil moving in a closed system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for tests of oil which may involve infrared radiation.
128 for refraction test devices which may be applicable for
testing of oil.
364 for polarization test devices which may be applicable
for the testing of oil.
402 for color test devices which may be applicable for the
testing of oil.
432 for transmission test devices particularly for
comparison tests, and
441 for liquid particle suspension tests.
445 for reflection test devices which may be applicable to
the testing of oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 28 for testing for solid
matter entrained in a gas, subclasses 61.41+ for the testing
of a liquid for sediment or foreign content where more than a
visual or photoelectric test of the color or the amount of
visible radiation transmitted through or scattered from the
liquid is involved, and subclasses 53.05+ for lubricant
testing, subclasses 152.18+ for a fluid analysis in testing a
borehole, a casing, or a drill rigging wherein the test is
not purely electrical or purely magnetic, in particular
subclass 152.42 for determining the relative proportion of
fluid constituents by a test which is not purely electrical
or purely magnetic.
116, Signals and Indicators, 200 for visual indicators, per
se, where no color or other optical comparison test is
involved and for level indicators of the mechanical type.
Subclass:
71
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for the analysis of intrinsic properties of
documents which includes a support for the document to be
tested and means to examine and compare visually or to
examine photoelectrically the properties of the document by
means of visible light for the conformance of any given
property with a standard or for the conformance of the
pattern or writing generally with a standard pattern or
writing as to form or configuration.
(1) Note. A document for this subclass is a sheetlike
article and may be an information document having writing or
printing or containing a pattern. A document is, however,
excluded from this subclass when any writing, printing, or
pattern contained on the document is examined for the
information it conveys.
(2) Note. The analysis of the intrinsic properties of a
document by means of radiant energy (nonvisible light), is
classified in Class 250, Radiant Energy.
(3) Note. The analyzing of coded cards, having
perforations, magnetic markings and visible markings, one at
a time in business machines as well as the cards, per se, are
in Class 235, Registers.
(4) Note. Termatrix Systems (peekaboos) are found in Class
235, Registers, subclass 1; Class 250, Radiant Energy,
subclasses 211 and 219. Also see Class 355, Photocopying,
for projectors involving peekaboo systems.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2 for contour plotting apparatus involving stereoscopic
images of topos:graphical maps.
389 for mensuration or configuration comparison generally
where a photograph is taken of the standard or object to be
compared.
391 for configuration comparison generally of an article
with a standard where light projection is involved.
394 for configuration comparison generally of an article
with a desired shape.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 156 for statistical
record verifying of punched or marked cards.
194, Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms, subclass 207 for the
testing of currency for genuineness combined with a check
controlled machine.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 576, 603,
and 659+ for one or more tests involving documents for
length, width, thickness, color, light transmission tests and
pattern analysis where a physical separation of a document
from other documents is based upon one or more of these
tests.
235, Registers, 375 for systems controlled by a record,
subclasses 435+ for the analysis or recognition of a coded
document which does not include reading or sensing of
alphanumeric characters or pattern recognition.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 556 and 233 for the light
detection of patterns on documents and the light detection
units, per se, which involve rotating masks and shutters and
subclass 271 for coded record recorders responsive to
invisible radiation or invisible radiation modified by the
code. See also (4) Note above.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 146.2 for the
comparison electrically of information where not elsewhere
classified.
382, Image Analysis, 119 and 124+ for signature and
fingerprint analysis which include information contents.
Subclass:
72
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the subject matter of this class is
combined with the subject matter of another class where not
elsewhere provided.
(1) Note. Included is convertible subject matter involving
subject matter of another class not provided for elsewhere
which converts an optical test apparatus to a test apparatus
of another test class or to another art device.
(2) Note. Where the subject matter of another class
prepares the substance tested for an optical test of this
class, see subclass 36.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
68 for structures to convert regular lamps to egg candlers.
Subclass:
73
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which includes optical test apparatus to
perform simultaneously or sequentially at least two different
optical tests which are both a part of the basic subject
matter of this class.
(1) Note. Two identical optical tests which are part of the
subject matter of this class, performed simultaneously or
sequentially will be classified here providing each test has
its own indicator or manner of determining its test
individually rather than both tests collectively operating a
single indicator.
(2) Note. Included here is convertible subject matter which
would permit an optical test device which is part of the
basic subject matter to be changed into a optical test device
which is also the basic subject matter of this class.
(3) Note. Light meters which by a change in the
galvanometer scale or by addition of a color filter to become
a pyrometer or a colored light meter are not considered to be
convertible for this subclass. See the section on
pyrometers, spectroscopy, or shade or color for proper
classification of this subject matter.
(4) Note. Visual inspection simultaneously or sequentially
with a optical test of the class will be classified here.
Subclass:
73.1
FOR OPTICAL FIBER OR WAVEGUIDE INSPECTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein there is means to examine one or more
transparent elongated structures (e.g., rods, fibers, or
pipes) which are used to transmit light rays from one point
to another within the confines of their outer surface, and
involving internal reflections or modal transmission.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
384 for measurement or tests of nonoptical fibers, width or
diameter.
429 for optical inspection of nonoptical fibers, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.01 for circuits for evaluating a
web, strand, or strip; and for detection of defects or flaws
in a web, strand, or strip.
385, Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclasses for optical
fibers, per se.
Subclass:
121
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including structure to indicate or otherwise
determine the direction the axis of a light beam from a
headlight or other light projector; or including structure to
determine at selected and fixed points the intensity of a
light beam projected from a headlight or other light
projector throughout the space where the light is projected,
i.e., the contour pattern of the light beam.
(1) Note. This class provides for the direct analysis of
the beam which is emitted from the light producer, as by
determining the direction pattern, or focusing of the beam.
Class 33 provides for the mechanical sensing of the direction
of a headlight without involving the light beam. However,
where the mechanical sensing device involves some optical
measuring, classification is in this Class 356. Class 362
provides for lamps where significant lamp structure is
claimed in combination with a built-in optical structure.
Class 324 provides for testing the electrical operating
characteristics of electric lamps alone or in combination
with light intensity, direction, pattern, or focusing tests
of this Class 356.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for optical range finders in combination with light beam
alignment or focusing apparatus.
124 for the testing of a lens or reflective image former
where apparatus similar to that used in these subclasses is
utilized to determine the quality of the lens or the
reflective image former.
138 for determining generally the two dimensional alignment
of an axis or line with respect to a plane, and particularly
subclasses 141.1+ and 152.1+ for the photoelectric apparatus
and subclass 154 for the viewing screen type of apparatus.
213 for photometers generally and particularly subclasses
218 for the photoelectric type, and 229 for the visual
comparison type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses,
particularly subclass 264, for lamp alignment device of the
light ray type and subclass 335, for means used in aligning
an automobile headlight by establishing its relationship to
the horizontal or the vertical.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 20 for the
combination of optical alignment or focusing test of a lamp
with an electrical operating characteristic test of the lamp.
See (1) Note above.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
443 for projection screens generally.
362, Illumination, 459, for significant illumination
apparatus for vehicle lighting purposes. Also see (1) Note
above.
445, Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device
Manufacturing, subclass 4 and 64, for methods and apparatus
for the positioning of filaments by optical projection means
during the manufacture of lamps and electronic tubes.
Subclass:
122
This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Subject matter
including structure to indicate the proper focus of a light
source, or the deviation or extent of deviation from proper
focus of the light source.
(1) Note. The proper focus usually exists when the light
source is located at the focus of a parabolic reflector or
lens. For classification here there must be a distinct
disclosure of focusing structure in the specification or
claims as opposed to a mere inherent focusing function which
is classified in the generic subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
123 for the focusing of a filament with respect to some
optical element wherein no light pattern is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
362, Illumination, 285 for lamps with a built-in sighting
device for focusing the filament of the lamp with respect to
the optical projection elements of the lamp.
Subclass:
123
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including structure to establish and determine
the proper focal position of a concentrated light source with
respect to optical elements, such as a parabolic light
reflector or a lens; or to indicate the coincidence of a
concentrated light source at the focal point of a lens or
parabolic reflector; or the deviation from such coincidence.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
122 for head light focusing with direction or pattern
determining.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
362, Illumination, 285 for lamps with a built-in sighting
device for focusing the filament of the lamp with respect to
the optical light projection elements of the lamp.
Subclass:
124
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for measuring or otherwise determining the
optical properties of a lens or reflective image former.
(1) Note. Measuring means for establishing lines or points
on a lens blank for the purpose of grinding or cutting are
not included in this subclass. However, means for determining
the optical center or the cylinder axis of a finished lens
would be classified here. The former subject matter is
classified in Class 33, if the measurement is made
mechanically; or in other subclasses of this class
particularly subclasses 138+ and 372+, if significant optical
features are involved.
(2) Note. Subject matter for visually inspecting a lens for
flaws or imperfections is excluded from this subclass. Such
subject matter is classified in subclass 239.
(3) Note. The subject matter of this subclass involves
testing lenses or reflectors having curved surfaces. For
flatness testing generally see subclass 371.
(4) Note. This subclass includes ophthalmic lens testing.
However, Class 351 provides for eye testing and examination.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
359 for determining the surface configuration of a lens or
reflector by means of light interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
200 for instruments for examining eyes or testing vision.
Subclass:
124.5
For optical transfer function:
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
including means to determine the ratio of the Fourier
spectrum of the lens image to the one of the object.
Subclass:
125
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
for measuring the focal length of a lens or reflector.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 383 and 425+ for focusing means for compound lens
systems; and subclasses 676+ and 823+ for lens focusing
means.
Subclass:
126
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter
including means for deflecting or interrupting the optical
path between a target and the observer or detector.
Subclass:
127
This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter
comprising means for determining the optical center of a
lens, the prism or deviation of the optical center from the
geometrical center of a lens, or the axis of the cylinder of
a lens.
(1) Note. See (1) Note under subclass 124 with reference to
related subject matter.
Subclass:
128
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for testing the refraction of a fluid or solid
wherein there is generally means to contain the fluid or
support the solid statically or in motion; generally means,
which may include a light source and which may be
monochromatic light, to cause a diffused or a collimated beam
of light to be transmitted through the fluid or solid under
test or to be transmitted and reflected internally from the
surface of an optically transmissive member contiguous to the
fluid or solid under test; and a visual or photoelectric
device to note or measure the intensity of the light
transmitted through the fluid or solid or the change in
angle, direction, or the displacement of the light traversing
the fluid or solid as a result of the light being refracted
by the fluid or solid tested.
(1) Note. Comparison tests are included under this and the
indented subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
124 for the testing of optical elements such as lenses and
prisms, and particularly subclass 127 for prismatic and focal
power tests which may include refraction testing.
450 for interference tests which may involve the refraction
of light.
496 for interference tests for determining the tickness of
films which may involve refraction test.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
642 for lenses, and subclasses 831+ for prisms and prism
mounts.
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems,
appropriate subclasses; see the search class note in
References to Other Classes, in the class definition of this
class (356).
Subclass:
129
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
including means blocking the normal light refraction from a
fluid or a solid in a fluid, and passing the light bent due
to localized changes in the refractive index of the fluid or
the solid in a fluid; or including means causing a light
pattern to vary as a result of the changes in the refractive
index of the fluid or the solid in a fluid.
(1) Note. The localized changes in the refraction are caused
by variations in the density of the fluid caused by the
solids in the fluid, temperature changes in the fluid, or
other forces which affect the fluid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
344 for electrophoresis apparatus which detects a Schlieren
pattern.
517 for the combination of an interference system with a
Schlieren arrangement where a refraction test is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 147 for Schlieren
apparatus combined with the testing of objects in wind
tunnels.
Subclass:
130
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein the support for the testing of substances, usually
fluids, includes at least two prismatic containers each
containing a similar fluid and each capable of transmitting a
collimated beam of light through the container and its
contained fluid, the beam of light being transmitted serially
through both fluids or passed simultaneously through both
fluids.
Subclass:
131
This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter
including an optical member in the path of the light beam,
and servo-controlled means responsive to the photoelectric
device to control the optical member in response to the light
received by the photoelectric device.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, 2 and 93 for processes and apparatus
which may control the flow of the fluids handled by means of
a refraction test upon the fluid controlled.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 204 for optical elements which
are adjusted to balance light brightness in plural paths to a
photoelectric servo-system.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, 18 for motors
controlled by servo systems not elsewhere provided, and
subclass 480 for motors controlled by radiant energy.
Subclass:
132
This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter
wherein the controlled optical member is of the reflective
type.
Subclass:
133
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
which includes a solid light transmissive member whose
periphery touches a fluid under test, which transmits light
to the detecting and indicating means, the refractive index
of the fluid being directly related to the amount of light
received by the detecting and the indicating device.
(1) Note. The type or refraction test classified herein can
be found in Class 73, Measuring and Testing, in subclasses 73
and 705. The difference is that in Class 73 the quantitive
meter will register the result of the test in moisture units
or pressure units, while in this Class 356 the registration
is in index of refraction measurements.
Subclass:
134
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein the support or container for the fluid specimen to be
tested allows the fluid specimen to assume a prismatic shape
for the purpose of testing the specimen for refractive
index.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
130 for serially placed fluid prismatic containers wherein
the light is serially or simultaneously passed through both
fluids.
246 for fluid containers, per se.
Subclass:
135
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein there is a prism and a solid or fluid medium to be
examined for refractive index and forming an interface
surface with the prism, this prism being part of the
detecting and indicating means, whereby the modification of
the light transmitted across or reflected at the interface
surface due to the refraction of the medium is shown in the
detecting and indicating device.
(1) Note. Included herein are immersion type
refractometers.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 3 for
processes of distilling fluids which may include a refraction
test of the fluid.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and
Elements, 831 for prisms, per se.
Subclass:
136
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter
wherein the visible light used in the test is transmitted
through and reflected internally of the prism at its surface
forming the interface with the medium tested, and is then
passed to the detecting and indicating means.
Subclass:
137
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter
wherein there is a second optical member usually a prism
associated with the first prism and the fluid or solid medium
to be examined, and wherein the light is transmitted through
the second optical member to cause the light to be dispersed
before it enters the medium and the first prism.
(1) Note. Included herein are Abbe type refractometers.
Subclass:
138
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means to measure an angle by
determining the direction of related light; or including
means for determining the alignment of two axes by light rays
related as by coincidence with such axes.
(1) Note. Where two objects are laterally aligned by
displacing one relative to another and alignment involves no
rotation about an axis classification is in subclass 399.
(2) Note. The axes may be imaginary as, for example, an
axis along the length of a vehicle or normal to a surface.
Also different parts of a continuous line may be considered
as plural axes as, for example, in testing the straightness
of a rail or a gun barrel.
(3) Note. Alignment occurs when the two axes form a common
axis or are parallel.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
399 for alignment in a lateral direction. See also (1) Note
above.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses for a
light ray type axial alignment device and 276, 281, 282+, and
285, for a light ray type angle measuring device, without any
significant optical feature.
Subclass:
139
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including means whereby two different angle measuring scales
or two different portions of the same angle measuring scale
are simultaneously observable.
Subclass:
139.01
Star/Sun/Satellite position indication with photodetection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including means responsive to light received directly from a
star or stars, the sun, or other astronomical objects
(including manmade satellites) in order to determine and
indicate at least relative angular position with respect to
an optical axis of a measuring instrument.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 206.1 for alternative outputs of
measured coordinates that are not displayed, per se, and do
not include tracking of the optics; subclasses 203.1+ for
tracking of the pre-photodetector system.
Subclass:
139.02
With reticle or slot:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139.01. Subject
matter including a reticle or aperture slot in an optical
path of the photodetector that enables the determination of
the angle.
Subclass:
139.03
Relative attitude indication along 3 axes with
photodetection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
wherein the measured angles define and indicate the yaw,
pitch, and roll orientation or the like in space of a
detected object or of a photodetecting instrument relative to
an arbitrarily chosen axis or axes or to geophysical planes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
141.1 for angle measurement that defines an angle at the
detecting station with respect to a beam in terms other than
3 axes of orientation.
152.2 for angle measurement that defines an angle at the
object with respect to a beam in terms other than 3 axes of
orientation.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, subclass 171 for attitude sensors that may
involve optics.
250, Radiant Energy, 206.1 for alternative outputs of
measured coordinates that are not displayed, per se.
Subclass:
139.04
Automatic following or aligning while indicating
measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including means to maintain an optical axis in register with
a movable object or movable photodetecting station, while
indicating relative angular position with respect to the
optical axis.
(1) Note. For classification in this subclass, there must
be claimed some means to indicate angle or relative alignment
which is effectively measured as contrasted with Class 250,
subclasses 203.1+ where there is no indication required.
(2) Note. The object must be either self-luminous or must
reflect ambient light; otherwise, it will be found in
subclasses 139.07+.
(3) Note. Examples of automatic following or aligning found
in this subclass, and not below, involve remote missile
control, robot control, or table platform alignment of an
imaged object with indication of a measurement.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139.01 for techniques that may be used in star or sun angle
measurements.
139.07 for objects that reflect a unidirectional beam of
illumination from which beam angle is determined.
139.09 for techniques that may be used in wheel alignment
with photodetection.
141.1 for objects that reflect a unidirectional beam of
illumination from which an apex of an angle at the detecting
station is determined, but where there is no automatic
following or aligning.
141.2 for objects that follow or align on a unidirectional
beam that is not reflected.
152.2 for objects that reflect a unidirectional beam of
illumination from which alignment or the apex of an angle
remote from the detecting station is determined and there is
no automatic following or aligning.
399 for parallel nonangular alignment of a beam to the
detecting station.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, subclass 3.13 and 3.16 for optical angular
orientation of a viewed missile with respect to an optical
axis.
250, Radiant Energy, 203.1 for following a self-luminous or
remotely illuminated target without any indication of angle
or misalignment; subclasses 206.1+ for alternative outputs of
measured coordinates that are not displayed, per se.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 640 for
photoelectric measuring instrument control of a servo
mechanism.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 159 for optical communication alignment that does
not technically indicate a measurement.
Subclass:
139.05
With optical elements moving relative to fixed housing to
follow or align:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139.04. Subject
matter including optical elements in a housing that reorient
the optical axis to follow or align the object independently
of the housing.
(1) Note. Gimballed optical elements which may be in a
subhousing that follows or aligns falls within the concept of
this subclass.
Subclass:
139.06
With optical housing moving to follow or align:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139.04. Subject
matter having a housing that contains all of the measuring
optics and moves to follow or align the optical axis on the
object.
Subclass:
139.07
With photodetection of reflected beam angle with respect to a
unidirectional source beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139.04. Subject
matter including a source beam directed along one axis to the
object from which its reflected direction, with respect to
its projected direction, is indicated and either followed or
aligned.
(1) Note. This subclass may include devices where the
reflection plane or the detector apparatus is servoed to
follow or align the reflected beam from a fixed source to the
detector.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
141.1 for measurement of the apex of the angle made at the
detecting station without means to follow or align the
received or transmitted beam on the object.
152.2 for measurement of a remote apex angle without means
to follow or align the received or transmitted beam on the
object.
Subclass:
139.08
With source beam moving to follow or align:
Subject matter under 139.07 wherein the unidirectional beam
moves to follow or align the object.
Subclass:
139.09
Wheel alignment with photodetection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including apparatus to attach to a wheel or wheels to
determine and indicate relative angular direction of their
planes of rotation by using photodetection.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
150 for alignment of a wheel running axis which is
transverse to the angle of the measuring axis.
153 for wheel alignment of subclass 138 without
photodetection.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 203 and 288 for wheel alignment
that does not claim optical detection.
250, Radiant Energy, 206.1 for alternative outputs of
measured coordinates that are not displayed, per se.
Subclass:
139.1
Photodetection of inclination from level or vertical:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
that includes the use of photodetection to measure and
indicate the angular orientation of a surface with respect to
gravity level or vertical reference.
(1) Note. This subclass includes some reference to gravity
level that is used to alter light beam position with respect
to a detector to determine and indicate an angle of at least
one axis of a plane with respect to level or zenith
vertical.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 366.16 for
photoelectric detection of attainment of a horizontal level
or vertical orientation using a fluid absent significant
light modifying structure; subclass 366.23 for photoelectric
detection of attainment of a horizontal level or vertical
orientation using a solid element absent significant light
modifying structure other than gravity responsive structure.
250, Radiant Energy, 206.1 for alternative outputs of
measured coordinates that are not displayed, per se.
Subclass:
140
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
comprising means to furnish a measure of the angle between
two optical axes intersecting at a common point at the
observing or detecting station and passing through two points
remote from this station; or between one such axis and a
reference line or plane passing through the station.
(1) Note. Devices which only determine a level line of
sight are classified in subclasses 248+ even though, from one
point of view, they might be considered as measuring an angle
of zero degrees.
Subclass:
141.1
With photodetection of reflected beam angle with respect to a
unidirectional source beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
including a source beam directed along one axis to an object
from which the beam's reflected angular direction with
respect to its projected direction is measured and where the
apex of the measured angle is at the detecting station.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.01 for angle determination during the triangulation of an
object's distance.
139.01 for techniques that may be used in star or sun angle
measurements.
139.09 for techniques that may be used in wheel alignment
with photodetection.
152.2 for instances where the apex of the desired angle
being measured is not at the detecting station, even though
the detecting station apex angle may be involved in some way
in the determination.
399 for lateral alignment of a beam that does not follow an
angular path to the detecting station.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 201.6 for angle determination
during the triangulation of an object; and subclasses 206.1+
for alternative outputs of measured coordinates that are not
displayed, per se.
396, Photography, 89 where an angle is determined in the
triangulation of an object's distance.
Subclass:
141.2
With photodetection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
that includes photodetection for measuring and indicating the
angle to a luminous object (e.g., beacon, missile, ambiently
illuminated object) not found in subclass 141.1 above.
(1) Note. The luminous radiation from the object is
considered to be radial.
(2) Note. Shaft angle encoding with or without indication
claimed or shown is found in Class 250, subclasses 231.13+.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.01 for angle determination found in the triangulation of
an object's distance.
139.01 for techniques that may be used in star or sun angle
measurements.
139.03 for measuring attitude characteristics along 3 axes.
139.04 for the same concepts plus automatic following.
139.09 for techniques that may be used in wheel alignment
with photodetection.
139.1 for specifically measuring angle of inclination.
152.1 for measuring and indicating any angle other than that
at the detecting station.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 231.13 for shaft angle encoding with or
without display; subclass 201.6 for angle determination
during the triangulation of an object's distance; subclasses
206.1+ for alternative outputs that do not include any
display, per se; subclass 342 for determining the location of
an IR (infrared) source that may include angle information.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 159 for optical communication alignment that does
not technically indicate a measurement.
396, Photography, 89 for the determination of any angle in
the triangulation of an object's distance.
Subclass:
141.3
With unidirectional or planar source beam directed at the
photodetecting station:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141.2. Subject
matter that includes a unidirectional beam source or a
directed plane light source that is remotely located with
respect to the observing or detecting station.
(1) Note. The plane of light may be generated by a scanned
beam.
Subclass:
141.4
With optical scanning of light beam or detector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141.2. Subject
matter that includes means for continuously optically moving
the photodetecting station field of view to enable the
determination and indication of angle apex at the detecting
station.
(1) Note. Subject matter in this subclass does not define a
scanning at the source of light.
Subclass:
141.5
With at least 2-dimensional sensitivity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 141.3. Subject
matter that specifically includes means for measuring at
least two spatial coordinates (e.g., x and y coordinates or
azimuth and elevation).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139.01 for measuring and indicating angle (e.g., declination
and hour angle to the sun, stars, or other astronomical
objects).
139.03 for measuring and indicating yaw, pitch, and roll
relative to an arbitrarily chosen axis or to geophysical
planes.
Subclass:
142
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
including means whereby the angle measuring scale and the
remote target point are simultaneously observable.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139 for means for simultaneously observing plural scales or
different portions of the same scale.
Subclass:
143
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter
including, for the purpose of establishing a reference line
or plane from which the angle can be measured, means which
tends to maintain its orientation in space irrespective of
changes in the orientation of the supporting structure for
this means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
148 for angle measuring means in general combined with
artificial reference determining means.
248 for artificial reference determining means in general
combined with optical features.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 230, for a
gyroscopically stabilized bomb sight, subclass 236, for a
gyroscopically stabilized gun sight, subclass 273, for a
sighting device having a magnetic compass and a level or
plumb, subclass 283, for a vertical angle measurer including
a level or plumb, subclass 290, for a sighting device with
leveling means, subclass 295, for a surveyor's rod or target
with leveling or plumbing means, subclasses 300+, appropriate
subclasses for a level or plumb instrument and subclasses
316+ and 318+, for a gyroscopically controlled or stabilized
magnetic compass.
Subclass:
144
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
including means whereby an observer sees plural images of
subject matter remote from the observer.
(1) Note. The images can, for example, be displaced images
of the same subject matter or they can be superimposed images
of different subject matter such as the horizon and a star.
Subclass:
145
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Subject matter
where plural lines of sight are adjustable relative to each
other with two degrees of freedom.
Subclass:
146
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Subject matter
wherein the lines of sight from at least two objects are each
deflected in the viewing instrument.
Subclass:
147
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
where angles are measured in two different planes.
Subclass:
148
This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter
including, for the purpose of establishing a reference line
or plane from which the angle can be measured, means which
tends to maintain its orientation in space irrespective of
changes in the orientation of the supporting structure for
this means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
143 for similar subject matter where a scale and a remote
point are simultaneously observable.
248 for artificial reference determining means in general
combined with optical features.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 230, for a
gyroscopically stabilized bomb sight, subclass 236, for a
gyroscopically stabilized gun sight, subclass 273, for a
sighting device having a magnetic compass and a level or
plumb, subclass 283, for a vertical angle measurer including
a level or plumb, subclass 290, for a sighting device with
leveling means, subclass 295, for a surveyor's rod or target
with leveling or plumbing means, subclasses 300+, appropriate
subclasses for a level or plumb instrument and subclasses
316+ and 318+, for a gyroscopically controlled or stabilized
magnetic compass.
Subclass:
149
This subclass is indented under subclass 148. Subject matter
where an optical element or reticle is stabilized by a
gyroscope or pendulum.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, 5 for gyroscopes, per se.
Subclass:
150
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
where the axes being aligned or lines determining the angle
being measured lie in a plane transverse to the optical axis
of the measuring or aligning device.
(1) Note. One of the lines or axes may be the line
generated as the result of the relative motion of a vehicle
and an object as, for example, in a drift meter.
Subclass:
151
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Subject matter
including means whereby pulses are produced by alternately
interrupting and transmitting a light beam.
Subclass:
152.1
With photodetection remote from measured angle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including photodetection and indication of the apex of an
angle or the degree of angular misalignment formed at a
location other than at a detecting station.
(1) Note. This subclass would include the degree of
misalignment or measure with respect to a given axis of the
remote angle of a remote self-luminous source, not found in
subclasses 152.2 and 152.3, where the angle apex is not at
the detecting station and where there is no automatic
following or alignment.
(2) Note. This subclass may include angles at a detecting
station which facilitate the measurement of a different
remote angle such as in the triangulation of beams or look
angles converging on a target.
(3) Note. This subclass does not include shaft angle
encoding found elsewhere (see search notes below).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3.01 for angle determination found in the triangulation of
an object's distance.
139.01 for techniques that may be used in star or sun angle
measurements.
139.03 for attitude determination along 3 axes.
139.09 for techniques that may be used in wheel alignment
with photodetection.
139.1 for angular inclination, per se.
399 for parallel alignment of a beam to the detecting
station.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 231.13 for shaft angle encoding with or
without display; subclass 201.6 for angle determination
during the triangulation of an object's distance.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 159 for optical communication alignment that does
not technically indicate a measurement.
396, Photography, 89 for the determination of any angle in
the triangulation of an object's distance.
Subclass:
152.2
With reflection of a unidirectional source beam from a planar
or nonretroreflective surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152.1. Subject
matter including a planar, spherical, etc., reflecting
surface at a remote object from which a source beam directed
along one axis will reflect at different angles to be
measured along at least one plane.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139.03 for attitude in yaw, pitch, and roll of either a
remote planar reflector or the detecting station.
139.07 for the same plus automatic following or aligning
while indicating the angle or misalignment.
141.1 for apex of angles strictly at the detecting station
and where there is no automatic following or alignment.
Subclass:
152.3
With reflection of a unidirectional source beam from a
retroreflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152.1. Subject
matter including a reflective surface at a remote object from
which a source beam directed along one axis reflects back to
a source and photodetecting station colinearly or in parallel
with respect to the source direction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139.03 for attitude in yaw, pitch, and roll of either a
remote planar reflector or the detecting station.
139.07 for the same plus automatic following or aligning
while indicating the angle or misalignment.
141.1 for apex of angle strictly at the detecting station
and where there is no automatic following or alignment.
Subclass:
153
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
for aligning or testing the alignment of two axes where the
axes in their aligned position are coaxial or form different
parts of a continuous straight line lying in a surface.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, optical
means for testing the straightness of items such as rails or
gun bores and the aligning of the optical axis of a lens with
the mechanical axis of a tube.
Subclass:
154
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter
including a viewing screen or surface upon which an image or
spot of light may be projected.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
353, Optics: Image Projectors, for projectors generally.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
443 for projection screens, per se.
Subclass:
155
This subclass is indented under subclass 154. Subject matter
including means for aligning the wheels of a vehicle.
(1) Note. The term "alignment" as used in this subclass
denotes the determination of the relationship between the
axes of rotation of wheels, or the relationship between such
rotation axes and some vehicle axis.
Subclass:
213
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for determining the intensity or quantity of
light emanating from a particular location or direction.
(1) Note. This and the indented subclasses provide for both
the photocell type and the visual type of photometers, the
visual type being where the eye makes the detection as
opposed to the automatic detection of the photocell in this
photocell type. The light whose intensity is to be
determined may be natural light such as the sun or moon or
artificial sources such as light bulbs or gas lamps. This
and the indented subclasses provide for actinometers, per se,
but actinometers with camera structure are provided for
elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers where the intensity of emitted
light is correlated to temperature of the substance emitting
the light.
51 for measuring the intensity of invisible radiation
involving only optical principles and no significant
invisible radiation structure. See also (1) Note.
432 for measuring the intensity of the light transmitted
through substances.
445 for measuring the intensity of the reflected light from
substances.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for methods and apparatus
including electric signalling devices to detect or measure
invisible radiant energy and subclasses 472.1+ for methods of
nonelectric detection of radiant energy and invisible radiant
energy responsive nonelectric signalling devices.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 403 for measuring
and testing the electrical operating characteristics of
electric lamps with or without optical measuring or testing.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices
(e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), 417 for direction finding
radio receivers which detect the intensity and direction of
beams of electromagnetic radiation.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 32 for thermal
measurement of the power or energy emitted from a radiation
emissive source; and subclasses 121+ for radiation type
thermometers.
396, Photography, 213 for actinometers combined with
cameras. See (1) Note above.
Subclass:
214
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
wherein the light to be measured falls on the pupil of an
observer to control the size of the pupil as by contraction
or dilation of the iris, together with means to permit the
observer to see his pupil and to compare or measure the size
or tangent of the pupil as the light to be measured falls
thereon.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
372 for structure to measure articles for some type of
dimensional size.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, for devices which visually
measure by means of scales or standards or markings a linear
dimensional size.
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
205 for objective eye testing instruments.
Subclass:
215
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including structure for determining the quantity of light as
by integrating the intensity of the light against time.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
236 for integrating spheres.
Subclass:
216
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including a movable mechanical element having areas or
volumes of different heat absorbing characteristic, the
element being moved by the infringing radiation producing a
temperature differential in the respective areas or volumes,
as by the gas adjacent the warmer area or volume producing
greater pressure thereon.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 472.1 for invisible radiation
responsive nonelectric signalling devices.
340, Communications: Electrical, 189 where this phenomenon
is used to transmit signals such as messages; subclasses 540+
to note conditions other than measurement of the intensity of
light, particularly subclass 592.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, 121 for radiometer type
devices for measuring the temperature of hot bodies by
measuring the heat radiation therefrom.
Subclass:
217
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including structure for modifying the intensity or frequency
of the input light or electric current responsive to the
light, as by interrupting the current or chopping the light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
23 for stroboscopes.
48 for incandescent standard type optical pyrometers which
use modulated light.
126 for lens or reflective image testing devices which use
light modulators in focal length measurements.
151 for angle sides or axes alignment transverse to an
optical axis type device which utilizes light modulators.
319 for plural beam spectrophotometers which interrupt the
light mechanically, electrically, or electro-optically.
322 for flicker beam absorption spectrophotometers.
323 for modulation type spectrophoto meters.
387 for width or diameter of threads or web type measuring
devices with light modulators.
418 for light modulating type colorimeters.
447 for light reflection from material which involves light
modulation.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
332, Modulators, for electrical current modulators.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for light controlled by an opaque element or medium
movable in or through the light path.
Subclass:
218
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. including a
light responsive device which may be photo-resistive or
photovoltaic together with an electrical meter or other
electrical indicating device electrically coupled to the
light responsive device to indicate quantitatively the change
produced by light infringing on the light responsive device.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for the combination of the
photocell, electrical coupling between the photocell and
meter, and the meter. Class 250, Radiant Energy, subclasses
206+ provides for photocells and their controlled circuits,
and subclasses 216+ for photocells together with optical
systems. Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
especially subclasses 92 through 157 provides for
galvanometer type meters with or without associated
circuitry. Class 340, Communications: Electrical, subclass
600 provides for radiant energy indicators of the presence or
absence type as opposed to the quantitative values furnished
by the patents in this subclass 218. Class 116, Signals and
Indicators, subclasses 284+ provides for rotary indicators
generally, and subclasses 327+ for pointers and indicator
arms.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 for photoelectric egg candlers.
124 for optical element or device testing of the
photoelectric type.
139.01 for devices measuring the angle with respect to a
remote point having specified applications with
photodetection.
141.1 for devices measuring the apex of an angle at a
photodetection station with respect to a remote point.
152.1 for devices measuring the apex of an angle at a point
remote from a photodetection station.
237.1 for photoelectric flaw detection.
364 for polarization testing devices of the photosensitive
type.
372 for photoelectric mensuration or configuration
comparison devices.
402 for colorimeters of the photoelectric type.
432 for photoelectric devices testing light transmission
through substances.
445 for photoelectric devices testing light reflection from
surfaces.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
116, Signals and Indicators. See (1) Note above.
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 243 for
photoelectric type primary batteries.
250, Radiant Energy. See (1) Note above.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, 94 for
photosensitive devices, and subclasses 103+ for
photosensitive devices having secondary emitters.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 96 for photometers
to determine electric quantities. See (1) Note above.
340, Communications: Electrical. See (1) Note above.
Subclass:
219
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein there is structure to provide a field of view toward
the area whose light intensity is to be determined and
wherein the indications of the meter are presented in this
field of view, to permit simultaneous sighting of the view
and reading of the meter.
(1) Note. The photometers classified here are essentially
view finders with the meter scale and indicator in the
optical path of the view finder.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, 213 for actinometers which include
viewfinders, and subclasses 373+ for viewfinders.
Subclass:
220
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein the detector and the meter or indicator are placed in
separate housings.
(1) Note. The housings may be mechanically or electrically
connected as by a hinge or separable electrical connector
respectively.
Subclass:
221
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein optical structure is associated with the light
responsive device to collect light coming from a direction
other than that reflected from the viewed object.
(1) Note. The optical structure is usually either a
hemispherical light diffusing member or a reflector.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
225 for photocell type photometers with light modifiers.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 216 for photocell circuits with
pre-photocell or optical devices.
Subclass:
222
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
including a plurality of light responsive devices.
(1) Note. The detectors may be simultaneously or
selectively operable.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
221 for photometers having plural detectors responsive to
incident or diffused back lighting.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 208.1 for photocell circuits which
include plural photocells, and subclass 578 for optical or
pre-photocell systems with plural photosensitive elements.
Subclass:
223
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
wherein the readings of the meter or indicator bear a
logarithmic relation to the variations of the light sensed by
the light responsive device.
(1) Note. The logarithmic relationship may be obtained by a
logarithmic amplification or attenuation of the electrical
coupling between the detector and indicator, or by a
logarithmic variation in the magnetic circuit of the
galvanometer indicator.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
224 for multi-sensitivity range photometers.
Subclass:
224
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
including an optical element which is adjustable or removable
to selectively vary the light transmission to the light
responsive device or including an adjustable resistance in
the electrical coupling between the device and the meter or
indicator to absorb a portion of the energy otherwise passing
to the meter or indicating device to provide selective
sensitivity and thus a plurality of operating meter or
indicator ranges.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
226 for electrical circuitry coupling the detector and
indicator.
228 for photoelectric type photometers with movable scales.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 115 for
electrical meters with plural ranges.
Subclass:
225
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
including an optical element such as a lens, shutter,
diaphragm, or mirror in the light path to the light
responsive device to modify the light coming to the device.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
221 for photoelectric type detectors with optical structure
rendering the detectors responsive to incident or back
lighting.
224 for multi-range photometers whose sensitivity is
controlled by an adjustable optical element in the detector
light path.
233 for visual type photometers with variable light
apertures.
432 for testing the light transmission properties of
materials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 216 for photocells with pre-photocell
optical elements.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
483 for light polarization devices, subclasses 558+ for
light diffraction elements, subclass 615 for light dispersion
elements, subclasses 642+ for lenses, subclasses 227+ for
light control by opaque elements movable in a light path,
subclass 831 for prisms, subclasses 838+ for light
reflectors, subclasses 885+ for light filters, and subclasses
894+ for optical apertures and tubes.
385, Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclasses for fiber
optics, per se.
Subclass:
226
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
including some details of the electrical coupling or
connection between the light responsive device and the meter
or indicating device.
(1) Note. Examples of such coupling or connection are
amplifiers, attenuators, and electrical connectors.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 600 for
electrical signalling systems, generally, which are
responsive to light, such as vision tones to aid the blind.
Subclass:
227
This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter
including significant indicating device structure such as
scales and pointers or such indicating structure bearing a
particular structural relationship with the light responsive
device.
(1) Note. The patents here are often directed to placing
the light responsive device and the meter or indicator in
particular related positions in the housing as to provide a
compact arrangement.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
116, Signals and Indicators, 200, for indicators generally,
and especially subclasses 284+ for rotary indicators and
subclasses 327+ for pointers and indicator arms.
235, Registers, subclass 64.7 for photographic calculators.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 76.11 for
galvanometer type meters, and especially subclasses 151+ for
such meters with permanent magnets.
Subclass:
228
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter
wherein a scale of the meter or indicating device is movable
or adjustable as for calculating purposes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 64.7 for photographic calculators.
Subclass:
229
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including two optical paths, there being an optical element
having known light absorbing properties in one of the paths
or there being a light source in one of the optical paths
having a known illumination characteristic (which may be
dependent on the position of the light source), together with
structure to facilitate comparison of the light in the two
paths.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
222 for photocell type photometers with plural
photodetectors involving comparison.
402 for comparison type colorimeters.
Subclass:
230
This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter
including a source of light which constitutes a standard
(known intensity) with which the light whose intensity is to
be determined is compared.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for variable light standards whether the standard is used
for temperature or light intensity tests.
243 for optical testing standards generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 403 for lamp
testing as where the efficiency of the electrical to light
conversion of the lamp is determined. However, this Class
356 provides for the mere measurement of the radiation
intensity from the lamp.
Subclass:
231
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter
wherein the light standard is of the incandescent type and
wherein the incandescence may be varied as by a variable
resistance in series with the power supply to the filaments
of the incandescent lamp.
(1) Note. In this subclass the lamp is usually adjusted to
proper incandescence and the light intensity determined from
a scale reading of the variable resistance.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for an optical pyrometer with an electrically variable
incandescent standard.
Subclass:
232
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter
wherein the light standard is movable with reference to the
comparison structure which includes a comparison partition or
screen, or with reference to the sample to modify the
intensity of the effective illumination from the light
standard.
(1) Note. A scale is usually associated with the movable
light standard to provide a measure of the illumination.
Subclass:
233
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including an aperture in the optical path whose aperture size
may be controlled to vary the illumination passing
therethrough from a location whose light intensity is to be
determined or including a plurality of apertures of different
sizes one of which may be selected to pass a predetermined
quantity of light, the purpose in both cases being to reduce
the visible illumination to render the viewed object or
indicia markings barely visible.
(1) Note. The subject matter classified here may include
scales for indicating the illumination intensity for general
illumination purposes or for photographic purposes. The
photometers classified here are of the visual type in the
sense that the eye itself is the detector.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers of the visual type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, subclass 64.7 for photographic calculators.
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 139 for visual
photometers combined with motion picture cameras.
396, Photography, 213 for visual photometers combined with
cameras.
Subclass:
234
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including an optical light attenuating member or members in
the optical path which is illuminated from a location whose
light intensity is to be determined, the members being
adjustable or selectively placed in the optical path to
control the illumination reaching the eye, the purpose being
in both cases to reduce the visible illumination to render
the viewed object or indicia markings barely visible.
(1) Note. See also (1) Note and the Search Notes under
subclass 233 above.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 888 for neutral density filters, subclass 889 for
filters movable in or out of the optical path, subclass 890
for filters superposed in series, and subclass 891 for
filters in optical parallel.
Subclass:
235
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter
wherein the optical light attenuating member has a variable
light attenuating characteristic in a physical direction
along the member to permit variation in the light passing
through the member by movement of the member through the
optical path.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 888 for optical wedges.
Subclass:
236
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter
including a hollow body of spherical interior and having an
interior surface of highly reflecting and also diffusing
material and having relatively small openings in the shell of
the body to admit light for the purpose of raising the
interior illumination to a level which depends only upon the
amount of light entering the openings and not upon the
reflection or diffusion of the incident light flux.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
215 for photometers which integrate the light intensity in
general and usually with respect to time.
432 for transmission testing devices which may include
integrating spheres.
445 for reflection testing which may include integrating
spheres.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 228 for integrating spheres
with photocells.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 403 for electric
lamp testing including the electric operating characteristics
and which may include an integrating sphere.
Subclass:
237.1
INSPECTION OF FLAWS OR IMPURITIES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the presence of an imperfection, or
foreign substance is determined using light reflected from or
passing through a viewed specimen.
(1) Note. Art residing in this subclass may include
nominally claimed conveyors to support and transport the
specimen being inspected. For details to a conveyor, see
SEARCH CLASS below.
(2) Note. This subclass provides for the inspection of
flaws, imperfections, and impurities having a human
perceivable output. See SEARCH CLASS below.
(3) Note. This subclass provides for the inspection of
flaws, imperfections, and impurities. See SEARCH CLASS
below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
426 for flaw or imperfection inspection with agitation or
rotation of the inspected material.
432 for determining the light transmission properties of
materials.
445 for determining the specular and diffuse light
reflecting properties of materials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, for power conveyors, per se,
used in the transportation of material or articles past and
beyond an optical test point of the visual or photosensitive
type.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 702
which for the visual inspection of material or articles with
structure to facilitate a physical separation of the articles
or materials based upon physical differences of appearance.
250, Radiant Energy, particularly 200 provide for photocells
and associated circuitry with optical structure which may
include measuring and testing and subclasses 559.01+ for a
photocell responsive to light from a material having a
cross-sectional dimension which is small compared to length,
and through additional structure (i.e., a circuit) produces
an electrical or mechanical output indicative of some
characteristic of the material. See also (2) Note above.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 216 for flaw
testing involving magnetization, as with magnetized iron
filings where the arrangement of the filings is viewed
optically.
353, Optics: Image Projectors, for appropriate subclass for
the projection of an image for viewing.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for subject matter for the general viewing of an object. 385
for microscopes with viewed object illumination, and 798+
for lenses with viewed object or viewed field illumination.
See (3) Note above.
362, Illumination, 138 for inspection lamps.
414, Material or Article Handling, 134 for manually
controlled selective delivery systems which involve visual
inspection of articles or sheet type material.
Subclass:
237.2
Surface condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection
of imperfections or impurities wherein the exterior or
interior veneer of an article is examined.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239.7 for the inspection of the surface condition of a
transparent or translucent specimen.
243.4 for surface condition standards.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.4 for circuitry responsive to a
photocell, and wherein the photocell is arranged relative to
the material so that the circuit provides an output
indicating the presence or absence of the material or some
indicia on the material in some predefined location.
Subclass:
237.3
Detection of an object or particle on surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.2. Inspection
of surface condition wherein an article is examined for the
existence of a contaminant residing on the veneer of the
article.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
238.3 for the detection of foreign particles on or within a
textile product.
239.5 for the detection of an object or particle in or on a
transparent container.
239.8 for the detection of a foreign particle or object on
the surface of a transparent article.
243.6 for a foreign object standard.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.41 for a photocell with
associated circuitry capable of identifying the presence of a
foreign substance on or embedded in a material from
variations in a detected light signal.
Subclass:
237.4
On patterned or topos:graphical surface (e.g., wafer, mask,
circuit board):
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.3. Detection of
an object or particle wherein the inspected article further
includes a motif or raised three dimensional configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.5 for the inspection of a topos:graphical surface.
243.7 for a standard for a surface further comprising
texture.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.44 for a photocell having
a circuit producing an output indicating the presence or
absence of a marking, pattern, or indicia on the surface of
the material.
Subclass:
237.5
On patterned or topos:graphical surface (e.g., wafer, mask,
circuit board):
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.2. Inspection
of surface condition wherein the inspected article further
includes a motif or raised three dimensional configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243.7 for a standard for a surface further comprising
texture.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.44 for a photocell having
a circuit producing an output indicating the presence or
absence of a marking, pattern, or indicia on the surface of
the material.
Subclass:
237.6
Having a predetermined light transmission region (e.g.,
holes, aperture, multiple material articles):
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.2. Inspection
of surface condition wherein the inspected article further
comprises a design feature, characteristic, or area
permitting the transmission of light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
241.1 for the inspection of the interior of a hole or
passage.
Subclass:
238.1
Textile inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection
of imperfections or impurities wherein the specimen being
viewed is a fiber or yarn for weaving or knitting into fabric
or a woven or knitted fabric.
(1) Note. This class provides for subject matter with
detailed optical structure of the inspection of a textile
specimen. See SEARCH CLASS below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243.1 for thread counters.
432 for measuring the light transmission or absorption of
material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
26, Textiles: Cloth Finishing, for the nominal recitation of
a device or process of cloth examination or inspection.
subclass 70 for inspection and examination of cloth.
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 159 for fabric testing
other than mere inspection or visual examination.
223, Apparel Apparatus, subclass 39 for movable supports for
garments combined with illumination to facilitate the visual
inspection of the supported garment.
Subclass:
238.2
Elongated textile product (e.g., thread, yarn, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 238.1. Textile
inspection wherein the specimen being examined is fibrous.
Subclass:
238.3
Detection of foreign material (e.g., trash, splinters,
contaminants, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 238.1. Textile
inspection designed specifically to detect the presence or
absence of an uncharacteristic substance on or within the
specimen.
(3) Note. This subclass provides generally for detection of
localized foreign particles or dirt.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239.5 for the detection of an object on or in a transparent
or translucent container.
239.8 for the detection of foreign matter on the surface of
a transparent or translucent article
432 for the testing of materials where the particles are
uniformly distributed through the material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.41 for a photocell with
associated circuitry capable of identifying the presence of a
foreign substance on or embedded in a material from
variations in a detected light signal.
Subclass:
239.1
Transparent or translucent material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection
of imperfections or impurities wherein the material being
inspected allows the transmittance of light.
(1) Note. For classification here the light must pass
completely through the material and be viewed on the issuing
side. Mere internal reflecting within the material is not
sufficient for classification here.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
73.1 for the optical inspection of an optical fiber or
waveguide.
432 for measuring light transmission through a material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
108, Horizontally Supported Planar Surfaces, subclass 23, for
illuminated viewing tables.
Subclass:
239.2
Optical element (e.g., contact lens, prism, filter, lens,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.1. Inspection
of transparent or translucent material specifically designed
to manipulate or alter light to achieve a particular result.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
appropriate subclass for an optical element or system per
se.
Subclass:
239.3
Patterned surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.1. Inspection
of transparent or translucent material further comprising an
applied design or three dimensional configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.4 for the detection of a foreign particle or object on a
patterned surface.
237.5 for the inspection of a patterned surface.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.44 for a photocell having
a circuit producing an output indicating the presence or
absence of a marking, pattern, or indicia on the surface of
the material.
Subclass:
239.4
Containers (e.g., bottles):
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.1. Inspection
of transparent or translucent material wherein the inspected
object is a receptacle.
(1) Note. The most common subject matter here is bottle
testing devices.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239.6 for examination of container contents.
240.1 for the inspection of an opaque container.
Subclass:
239.5
Detection of foreign matter on or in container:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.4. Transparent
or translucent container further comprising a means for
sensing undesired matter contained in or residing on the
examined article.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
240.1 for the inspection of an opaque container.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.41 for a photocell with
associated circuitry capable of identifying the presence of a
foreign substance on or embedded in a material from
variations in a detected light signal.
Subclass:
239.6
Of container contents:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.4. Inspection
of transparent or translucent container wherein the specimen
being detected or examined is an article or substance
confined within the transparent or translucent container.
Subclass:
239.7
Surface condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.1. Inspection
of transparent or translucent material wherein the specimen
being detected is an exterior or an interior veneer of the
container.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.2 for the inspection of a surface condition.
243.4 for a surface condition standard.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.4 for circuitry responsive to a
photocell, and wherein the photocell is arranged relative to
the material so that the circuit provides an output
indicating the presence or absence of the material or some
indicia on the material in some predefined location.
Subclass:
239.8
Detection of an object or particle on surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239.7. Inspection
of surface condition wherein the specimen being detected is a
contaminant residing on the veneer of the article.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
238.3 for the detection of foreign matter on or within a
textile product.
239.5 for the detection of an object on or in a transparent
or translucent container.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.41 for a photocell with
associated circuitry capable of identifying the presence of a
foreign substance on or embedded in a material from
variations in a detected light signal.
Subclass:
240.1
Containers or enclosures (e.g., packages, cans, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection
of imperfections or impurities wherein the specimen is an
opaque receptacle for holding or carrying materials.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239.4 for the inspection of a transparent or translucent
container.
239.6 for the inspection of the contents of a transparent or
translucent container.
Subclass:
241.1
Bore inspection (e.g., borescopes, intrascope, etc.)
This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection
of imperfections or impurities wherein the specimen is a
hole, passage, or generally tube-like structure having a
proximal end and a distal end, wherein light is directed to
the distal end providing a view of the interior of the
specimen from the distal or proximal end.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
138 for optical alignment devices for checking the
correlation of the bore of a gun with its sighting means.
154 for optical testing devices for checking the
straightness of a bore.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 152.01 for a process or apparatus
for determining a physical characteristic of a borehole, a
casing, or a drill rigging.
250, Radiant Energy, 358.1 for instruments which include
nonvisible radiation sources and filters for checking cracked
interior surfaces in bores by means of phosphorescent or
fluorescent substances.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 220 for
borescopes used in the testing of ferrous metal pipe which
additionally includes means to dispense iron filings and
magnetic means to magnetize the pipe so that the iron pipe
filings will adhere magnetically to the pipe in a pattern
conforming to the condition of the pipe.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
362 for borescopes which include compound lens systems in
the claims.
600, Surgery, 101 and 184+ for endoscopes inserted into a
natural or surgically constructed body orifice for viewing or
treating functional disorders of the body with or without a
self-contained illuminating means.
Subclass:
241.2
Firearm bore inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241.1. Bore
inspection wherein the inspected bore is that of a firearm.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
138 for optical alignment devices for checking the
correlation of the bore of a gun with its sighting means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
42, Firearms, appropriate subclass for firearms.
Subclass:
241.3
With adjustable head:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241.1. Bore
inspection wherein the borescope head is movable.
Subclass:
241.4
Flexible:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241.1. Bore
inspection wherein the borescope is constructed to possess
pliable or elastic qualities.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
241.3 for a borescope having an adjustable head.
Subclass:
241.5
Specific construction of distal end:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241.1. Bore
inspection wherein the bore scope has detailed structure at
the tip of its insertable portion.
Subclass:
241.6
Having guiding means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241.1. Bore
inspection further comprising a means to navigate, pilot, or
route the inspection means within the cavity, bore or hole.
Subclass:
242.1
THREAD COUNTING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for determining the number of elements, cords,
or strands in a fabric or web article.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
23 for stroboscopes utilized to monitor moving webs or
threads.
237.1 for cloth inspection for flaws.
247 for fiducial instruments which involves reticles with
significant optical structure.
395 for the measurement of lengths by means of "moire"
patterns.
429 for the monitoring of webs or threads for optical
properties or flaws.
450 for testing apparatus involving light interference
effects generally including diffraction patterns.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 297, for a reticle for a sight
line instrument having no significant optical feature.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 10, for numerical
counting of individual objects one by one.
Subclass:
243.1
STANDARD:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the testing process results form a
basis for optical comparison with a specimen, article, or
portions thereof under test.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for electrical lamp circuits which utilize the lamp as a
standard for photometry or for optical pyrometry
measurements.
421 for color charts.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.39 for a photocell and
associated circuitry for evaluating a material comparing the
circuit output to a reference or stored value.
Subclass:
243.2
For liquid suspended particles:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Standard
wherein the specimen is a non homogenous mixture of an
analyzed component in a dispersion medium.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing for a process or apparatus for
detecting or determining the composition of, a constituent
of, or a property of a liquid or a liquid suspension of a
solid.
Subclass:
243.3
Flying height testers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Standard
wherein a gap formed by a read/write head and a record
carrier element is optically compared to a basis.
Subclass:
243.4
Surface standard:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Standard
wherein an exterior or interior veneer of an article or
specimen is optically compared to a basis.
Subclass:
243.5
Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.4. Surface
standard further comprising the optical comparison of a hue,
pigment, or tint of the article veneer.
Subclass:
243.6
Foreign object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.4. Surface
standard further comprising the optical comparison for the
existence of a contaminant residing on the veneer of the
article with a basis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.3 for the detection of a foreign object on the surface
of an article.
238.3 for the detection of foreign particles on or within a
textile product.
239.5 for the detection of an object or particle in or on a
transparent container.
239.8 for the detection of a foreign particle or object on
the surface of a transparent article.
Subclass:
243.7
Texture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.4. Surface
standard further comprising the optical comparison of the
three dimensional characteristics or features of the article
veneer with a basis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.5 for topos:graphical surface flaw inspection.
Subclass:
243.8
Light intensity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.4. Surface
standard further comprising the comparison of a light
intensity measurement with a basis.
Subclass:
244
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including holding structure for maintaining
the article or material (solid, liquid, or gas) to be
inspected, measured or tested in the desired inspection,
measuring or testing position; or for maintaining the
standard in the desired position.
(1) Note. This subclass includes means to support the
holding structure when not otherwise classifiable. Usually
the holding structure is shaped or otherwise adapted to
permit passage of the testing light rays.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
311 for sample holders which include heating or burner
structure for spectroscopic analysis of the sample.
421 for color charts or standards.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 501 for geometrical gauges.
108, Horizontally Supported Planar Surfaces, 59 for plural
related horizontal support surfaces generally.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 600 for
electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus, including the
combination of such apparatus with optical measuring or
testing means.
211, Supports: Racks, 13.1 for special article supports
usually of the framework type.
248, Supports, 127 and 200+ for stands and brackets
respectively.
250, Radiant Energy, 453.11 for article or object supports
for ray energy generally.
269, Work Holders, for holders for supporting work during a
treating operation.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
396 for transparent microscope slides.
Subclass:
245
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter
including a plurality of receptacles arranged in a unit for
holding cotton standards, together with structure for
facilitating the comparison of a selected standard with a
cotton sample.
Subclass:
246
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter
wherein the holder has side walls for restraining the fluid
to be tested.
(1) Note. The holder may be completely enclosed as to
contain gaseous fluids. The holder may be of the flow-through
type as by having an input and output orifice.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239.6 for detection or examination of a specimen in a
transparent or translucent container.
427 for the inspection of container contents in motion.
441 for liquid particle suspension testing, such as
turbidity.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 61.41 for strip cups.
206, Special Receptacle or Package, appropriate subclasses
for receptacles of general use which are not restricted to
use in optical testing of materials.
250, Radiant Energy, 428 for fluent material containers,
supports or transfer means for subjecting the material to
radiation.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 100 and
102 for laboratory apparatus elements which include fluid
containers.
Subclass:
247
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein an optical instrument establishes an
optical axis whereby an observer may precisely orient the
optical instrument relative to some remote point toward which
the optical axis is directed, or and usually whereby the
observer may orient some device such as a gun to which the
optical instrument is attached.
(1) Note. Where a reticle is recited in conjunction with a
compound optical system classification is generally in Class
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 428. However, where the reticle or reticle image is
adjustable for the purpose of changing the observer's line of
sight relative to the central optical axis of the instrument,
classification will be in this class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 227, for similar subject matter
where no significant optical structure is claimed.
Subclass:
248
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter
including, for the purpose of establishing a stabilized
optical axis, means which tends to maintain its orientation
in space irrespective of changes in the orientation of the
supporting structure for this means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
143 for similar subject matter used in angle measuring means
where a scale and target are simultaneously observable.
148 for similar subject matter used in angle measuring
means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 230, for a
gyroscopically stabilized bomb sight, subclass 236, for a
gyroscopically stabilized gun sight, subclass 273, for a
sighting device having a magnetic compass and a level or
plumb, subclass 283, for a vertical angle measurer including
a level or plumb, subclass 290, for a sighting device with
leveling means, subclass 295, for a surveyor's rod or target
with leveling or plumbing means, subclasses 300+, appropriate
subclasses for a level or plumb instrument and subclasses
316+ and 318+, for a gyroscopically controlled or stabilized
magnetic compass.
Subclass:
249
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter
where the artificial reference is determined by the surface
of a fluid.
Subclass:
250
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter
where the artificial reference is determined by a pendulously
suspended optical element or a reticle.
Subclass:
251
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter
where the lines of sight from the target and from a reticle
converge and are optically combined.
Subclass:
252
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter
wherein a reticle or an optical element is movable in order
that the image of the reticle may be adjusted transversely to
the principal optical axis of the instrument.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
29 for similar subject matter where the reticle or optical
element is controlled in response to the relative velocity of
the observer and a remotely sighted point.
Subclass:
253
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter
where the line of sight is deflected.
Subclass:
254
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter
where there are two or more deflections of the line of
sight.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
402 for periscopes including a compound optical system, and
subclasses 857+ for systems for viewing a remote object by
means of plural reflections.
Subclass:
255
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter
where the line of sight is deflected by reflection.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
838 for reflectors in general.
Subclass:
256
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which is not provided for in any of the
preceding subclasses of this class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
200 for examining and testing apparatus involving optical
testing apparatus specifically designed for eye examination.
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 244 for
miscellaneous apparatus dealing with the taking and
projection of motion pictures.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 896 for miscellaneous optical systems and elements
not provided for elsewhere.
Subclass:
300
BY DISPERSED LIGHT SPECTROSCOPY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for the examination of a dispersed beam of
light or selected portions thereof as by a prism or
diffraction grating from a narrow beam of light as from a
slit, or for utilizing a portion of a dispersed beam, such as
from a monochromator, for examination of substances by
transmitting light through or reflecting light from the
substances or for the examination of the dispersed beam from
a stimulated light emissive sample.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are spectroscopes.
(2) Note. The line between Class 250, Radiant Energy, and
the spectroscopic examination found in this class is: Claims
to a spectroscopic arrangement which include only the
examination of visible radiation will be found in subclasses
300+; claims to a spectroscopic arrangement which include
optical limitations which are usable in the infrared,
ultraviolet, and visible light range will be found in
subclass 51 in this class providing no significant nonvisible
radiation or examining structure is involved in the claims;
claims to a spectroscopic arrangement including a source of
invisible radiation such as infrared or ultraviolet, or a
particular material operative for the purposes of the
disclosure only in the invisible radiation range, or a
detector responsive only to invisible radiation will be
classified in Class 250.
(3) Note. The line between Class 345, Computer Graphics
Processing, Operator Interface Processing, and Selective
Visual Display Systems, and Class 356 with respect to
spectroscopy and with respect to the remaining portions of
Class 356 is: where a Class 356 device is claimed in
combination with a recorder of the Class 346 type, Class 356
will take combinations including a broad optical test for
Class 356 combined with a broad Class 346 recorder. However,
a name only optical test device in combination with a
specific recorder will be classified in Class 346. Any
details of the optical test device whether patentable or not
with a specific recorder will be classified in Class 356.
(4) Note. Diffraction crystals used to disperse X radiation
when used with the combination of elements forming a
spectrometer or spectropscope will not be classified here.
See Class 378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,
subclass 70.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for filter photometers which analyze the wave length and
the intensity of emitted light or the light of specific wave
lengths absorbed by materials as a result of reflective or
transmissive tests, where filters rather than dispersing
mediums are used to isolate various wave lengths of light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 200 for photocell circuits which do not
involve the measurement of light or the testing of material
by means of visible light; subclasses 336.1+ for methods and
apparatus involving emission or absorption infrared or
ultraviolet spectrometers.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
558 for diffraction gratings and mounts; subclass 615 for
light dispersion systems which do not involve the analysis of
the dispersed light; subclasses 831+ for prisms and mountings
for the prisms; subclasses 362+ for compound lens systems;
subclasses 811+ for lenses and their supports; and subclasses
894+ for optical apertures including slits.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 70 for X-ray
diffraction analysis.
399, Electrophotography, 9 for diagnostics of
electrophotographic devices, particularly subclasses 31+ for
image-forming components.
Subclass:
301
With Raman type light scattering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
which includes a directed beam of light, means to support
transparent gaseous, liquid, or solid substances for
transmission of the beam through the substance, and means
transverse to the direction of the beam for detecting the
light reflected or scattered by the molecules of the
substance, and including the detection of the light caused by
change of the rotational and vibrational energy of the
molecules due to the light energy directed through the
substance.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
331 for visible light monochromators of the prism and
grating type which may be utilized in this test.
337 for particle and molecular light scattering tests where
no Raman spectra is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for methods and apparatus which
may involve Raman effect and utilize infrared or ultraviolet
radiation.
Subclass:
302
For spectros:graphic (i.e., photographic) investigation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
which includes an entrance slit, a dispersing means, an
aperture, and a photographic medium associated with the
aperture for recording the dispersed spectrum or portions
thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 316.1 for infrared or thermal
pattern recording methods and apparatus; and subclasses 580+
for methods and apparatus photographing invisible radiation
or materials subjected to invisible radiation generally.
346, Recorders, 107.1 for optical recording of phenomenal
information.
347, Incremental Printing of Symbolic Information, 224 for
apparatus and processes using light or beam to mark the
record receiver.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclass 70 for
X-ray diffraction analysis.
396, Photography, for photographic cameras for exposing
photographic film.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, for process, product, and composition used
in radiation imagery.
Subclass:
303
With spectral analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
which includes, additionally, the development of the
spectrograph and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of
the developed spectrograph, as by transmissive photometric
examination.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
404 for the analysis for the various colors of a developed
color negative in order to correct for the exposure variables
in the production of colored prints.
443 for the analysis of black and white developed negatives
of spectrograms.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 316.1 for photographic
infrared detection or analysis of material; and subclasses
580+ for photographic detection of invisible radiation or
analysis of material where an examination of a developed
spectrogram may be involved.
Subclass:
304
With sectored disc:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
which includes a stepped or sectored opening therein to
provide a light masking structure interposed between the
light to be examined and the entrance slit of the
spectrograph.
(1) Note. The light masking means generally includes means
to move the masking structure and an aperture configuration
which is a logarithmic configuration along the slit from some
fixed point.
Subclass:
305
With diffraction grating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
which includes a diffraction grating as the dispersing
element.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
566 for diffraction grating, per se.
Subclass:
306
With internal standard comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
which includes means to detect and measure the intensity of a
spectral line of a sought for element or composition relative
to a second spectral line of the same or a second element or
composition that is present in known amounts.
(1) Note. This second component may be added to the sought
for constituent or be present as a constituent of the sample
tested.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
307 for similar subject matter wherein the intensity of the
total emitted radiation is compared against the radiation of
a specific wavelength inherent in the total radiation.
Subclass:
307
With background radiation comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
which includes means to detect and measure the intensity of
at least one spectral line present in emitted radiation
relative to the total emitted radiation present.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
306 for the comparison involving emitted radiation of a
known spectral line intensity and wavelength of an element
with the intensity of the spectral line or lines of a tested
chemical element, both the known and unknown element being
present in the same emitted radiation.
Subclass:
308
With synchronized spectrum repetitive scanning (e.g.,
cathode-ray readout):
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
which includes the periodic scanning of a dispersed light
beam over the optical frequency spectrum, detecting the
scanned dispersed beam, synchronizing a visual readout with
the various wavelengths present in the detected dispersed
beams, and correlating the intensity of the detected readout
with each wavelength present in the dispersed beam.
(1) Note. The readout is usually a cathode-ray tube.
(2) Note. The synchronization of the scanning of the
dispersed beam is with the movement of the dispersing means,
the optical means associated with the dispersing means, or
the electronics of the detection and readout circuitry.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
319 for spectrophotometers which use a cathode-ray tube
readout where no repetitive scanning is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for methods and apparatus having
an invisible radiant energy responsive electric signalling
device and a cathode-ray tube responsive to the device.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, 1 for
cathode-ray tube circuit, generally, including deflection
systems for the electron beam of the cathode-ray tube.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 500 and
400+ for facsimile systems which utilize a cathode-ray
oscillograph tube which do not involve a spectrum analysis of
light or the light analysis of a substance reflectively or
transmissively.
Subclass:
309
Using plural beams:
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Subject matter
wherein there are plural beams of light, and there is means
to support a sample or a substance to be tested in one or
more beams.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
319 for plural beam spectrophotometers which use a
cathode-ray tube readout where no repetitive scanning is
involved.
Subclass:
310
With aperture mask:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
including means for passing light, usually of a selected
group of spectral wavelengths, between the light dispersing
means and the light detection means.
Subclass:
311
With sample excitation (e.g., burning):
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
including structure for heating, burning, or otherwise
stimulating the sample to cause the emission of radiation for
analysis.
(1) Note. For classification here as opposed to subclasses
244+ some portion of the apparatus for heating, burning, or
stimulating the samples or for analyzing the rays emitted by
the specimen should be claimed.
(2) Note. The combination of the heating or combustion of a
sample and the spectros:graphic analysis of the heated sample
is in this Class 356 rather than in Class 23.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
244 for sample holders for materials to be excited for
spectros:graphic analysis, which do not include a heating
means such as a flame, an arc, or spark device for the
heating of the sample. See also (1) Note above.
302 for sample electrical or flame excitation when combined
with a spectros:graphic recorder.
306 for sample electrical or flame excitation which
additionally excites a substance whose wavelength and
emission intensity at this wavelength are known.
307 for electrical or flame sample excitation which utilized
the total emissive radiation produced as a standard of
comparison against the intensity of light emitted by the
sample at certain wavelengths.
308 for electrical or flame excitation of samples whose
emitted radiation is detected by a repetitive,
electro-optical scanning system.
417 for filter photometers which analyze certain wavelengths
of light emitted as a result of electrical or flame
excitation of a sample.
Subclass:
312
By electrical resistance heating (e.g., graphite tube):
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter
wherein the sample is heated to an excited state by passing
an electrical current through the sample cell or support.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
219, Electric Heating, 600+ for inductive heating, 678 for
microwave heating, and subclasses 764+ for capacitive
dielectric heating; subclasses 65 and 162 for apparatus and
methods for the electron beam heating and disintegration of
metals; subclasses 50+ for the methods and apparatus for
resistive heating of metals; subclasses 260+ for resistive
igniters of solid material; and subclasses 271+ for
electrical resistive heater-type vaporizers.
Subclass:
313
By arc or spark:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter
wherein the heating structure includes an arc or spark.
(1) Note. Included herein are the subcombinations including
the electrical arc or spark excitation unit which includes
the support for the sample to be analyzed even though optical
elements of the spectrophotometer are not claimed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
219, Electric Heating, subclass 69 for the arc cutting or
disintegration of metals; subclasses 121.11+ for the heating
of metals by electric arc; subclasses 271+ for arc-type
electric heaters with vaporizers; and subclasses 383+ for
arc-type nonmetal heating devices.
313, Electrical Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 243 for
arc-type devices of the general usage type; and subclasses
326+ for electrode structure not of the consumable electrode
type.
314, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable
Electrodes, for structure to support and feed electrodes of
the consumable electrode type, and particularly subclass 60
for consumable electrodes not of the electrical welding
type.
Subclass:
314
Including sputtering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 313. Subject matter
wherein sample material is removed, as though by evaporation,
from the electrodes of a gas discharge tube.
Subclass:
315
By flame:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter
including a flame producer whose flame heats or burns the
sample to cause the emission of radiation to be analyzed.
(1) Note. See the Search Class notes below for the line
between this class (356) and the class for all methods of
burning of fuel not classified elsewhere.
(2) Note. A light source and means to modify the light for
general illumination purposes are classified elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
417 for excitation photometers where filters rather than
light dispersing structure are used to select the wavelength
of the emitted light to be examined that is present in the
excited sample.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, subclass 205 and 604 for devices which
utilize a separating apparatus to move a liquid or gaseous
sample from a supply to another location.
239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, see subclass
144 and 422; see subclasses 398+ for the combining of
separately supplied fluids which are emitted from a nozzle.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 554 for flame source combined
with a photocell where a physical characteristic of the flame
is detected.
362, Illumination, for general illumination devices which
include a light source and means to direct the light. A
light source and a chimney, for example, without means to
limit the light source specifically for examination purposes,
such as a monochromator or means to hold additionally the
material to be examined, would be classifiable in Class 362.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for apparatus
having means to burn the material being analyzed.
431, Combustion, subclass 4 and 126 for the methods and
apparatus pertaining to the burning of a combustible fluid.
See Notes 1, 2, and 3 below
(1) Note. Class 431, Combustion, will take all methods of
burning of fuel not classified elsewhere. Class 431 will
take the combination which includes a burner having a nozzle
or a pipe outlet means to feed a fuel, a combustion
supporting fluid to the pipe or nozzle outlet to produce a
flame, and means to feed a sample fluid into the flame
produced by the burner so that the heat of the burner will
increase the energy of the sample to the point whereby the
sample will emit radiation.
(2) Note. The combination of a spectral flame burner such
as recited in Note 1 above with an optical element necessary
to inspect the flame such as a "chimney" or "means to view
the flame" where it is more than inspection of the flame and
involves the examination of the color intensity or wavelength
of the light of the flame, is classified in Class 356 rather
than Class 431.
(3) Note. Class 431, will not take the feeding of powdered
material entrained in a fluid.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
processes involving the burning of material which involves a
chemical reaction, or the analysis or treatment of the
products of combustion where not elsewhere classified. See
also (2) Note of subclass 311.
Subclass:
316
By high frequency field (e.g., plasma discharge):
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter
wherein the sample is excited by the field generated by a
high frequency signal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
219, Electric Heating, subclass 121 for electric heating by
a plasma arc discharge, per se.
Subclass:
317
By light:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter
wherein the sample is excited by radiation in the visible
spectrum.
Subclass:
318
Monochromatic (e.g., laser):
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter
wherein the light is of a single wavelength.
Subclass:
319
Utilizing a spectrophotometer (i.e., plural beam):
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
wherein there are formed two beams of light, one or both
beams may be monochromatic, means to support a substance in
one or both beams to modify one or both beams, means to
detect and compare the intensities of the two beams as
modified by the substance or substances simultaneously or
sequentially, and means responsive to the comparison means to
indicate the relative intensities of the two beams.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
213 for photometers which examine the intensity of visible
light by visual and photoelectric methods.
416 and 425, for colorimeters which utilize filters rather
than a dispersing arrangement to determine the intensity of
light at specific wavelengths or the absorption
characteristics of substances which modify the light
transmitted through or reflected from the substances.
432 for photometers which examine light transmitted through
a substance.
445 for photometers which examine light reflected from the
surface of a substance.
Subclass:
320
Having plural wavelengths:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
wherein each beam is of a different wavelength.
Subclass:
321
Having servo equalization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
which generally includes in at least one of the beams an
optical member, such as a wedge, responsive to the comparison
means to automatically equalize the intensities of both
beams, or which includes an electrical member responsive to
the comparison means to electrically create a null condition
in the comparison means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
434 for similar detection and comparison circuits which
control the equalization of the light intensity only of
plural beams, at least one beam being transmitted through a
sample.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 204 for photo-electric
circuits which adjust an optical system to balance light
intensity in plural paths; and subclasses 336.1+ for methods
and apparatus involving similar devices responsive to
invisible radiation.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass
151 and 158 wherein a radiant energy device controls an
electric lamp load device.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, 560 for electric
motor follow-up systems which include a self-balancing
network.
Subclass:
322
With polarized light beams:
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter
in which two beams of visible radiation are polarized and
vary in intensity cyclically with time, and the two beams are
out of phase with each other; and wherein the optical member
is of the magneto-optical type, a controlled vibrating
mirror, a wedge, or an iris.
(1) Note. Integrating spheres are generally part of the
combination claimed.
(2) Note. Included in the combination claimed is an
indicator or recorder to note the change necessary to cause
equal brightness in each path.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
236 for integrating spheres, per se.
323 for spectrophotometers with beam modulation, per se.
367 for polarimeters generally which may involve plural
beams and servo equalization of the light intensities of both
beams.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 228 for photo-electric optical
or prephotocell systems which include integrating spheres.
Subclass:
323
Having beam modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter
which includes in the light path structure for periodically
varying or blocking the light path in both beams as by a
rotating shutter.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 232 for light interrupters combined
with photocells, and subclasses 336.1+ for methods and
apparatus including at least an invisible radiant energy
responsive electric signalling device responsive to plural
modulated energy beams, especially subclasses 340 and 345+.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for opaque optical members controlling the passage of
light.
Subclass:
324
With plural dispersion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 323. Subject matter
which includes dispersing means and wherein the dispersion
takes place in at least two distinct stages, in series.
Subclass:
325
Prior to testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 323. Subject matter
where the modulation of the beam occurs before the radiation
enters the tested specimen.
Subclass:
326
Utilizing a spectrometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
wherein the spectroscopic examination is performed with an
instrument having an entrance slit, a dispersing device, and
one or more exit slits with which measurements are made at
selected wavelengths within the spectral range or by scanning
over the range.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for spectroscopes.
331 for monochromators.
Subclass:
327
Having light polarizing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter
including polarizing apparatus to examine visible light or to
examine articles or material by means of visible polarized
light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
364 for polarized light examination, per se.
Subclass:
328
Having diffraction grating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter
wherein the dispersive element is a diffraction grating.
Subclass:
329
Including servo slit adjustment means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 328. Subject matter
wherein there is included a known frequency light source
which may be part of the test emission source, an entrance
slit, a dispersing means, a plurality of exit slits, one of
which is associated with the known frequency dispersed by the
dispersing means, a photosensitive detector responsive to the
known light frequency received through its exit slit, and
servo control means responsive to the detector to adjust the
relative position of the dispersing means and the entrance or
exit slits.
(1) Note. This subclass excludes recording
spectrophotometers having a movable dispersing element to
allow successively different light wavelengths to appear at
the same exit slit, and having its movement mechanically
synchronized to move the recorder and adjust the exit slit
for the various wavelengths. See subclasses 321+ for this
type of mechanically synchronized slit adjustment.
Subclass:
330
Having optical gating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter
wherein the entrance and exit means contain areas which
alternately transmit or block the passage of light.
Subclass:
331
With monochromator structure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter
including a light dispersing element such as a prism or
diffraction grating together with a slit for selecting a
narrow portion of the dispersed spectrum to provide a light
beam which is essentially monochromatic or of narrow
frequency bandwidth.
(1) Note. Usually an entrance slit is provided between a
source of light and the dispersing element, or a light source
having a narrow beam width may be provided.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for monochromators with optical limitations used in the
infrared or ultraviolet range.
326 for spectroscopes generally as where a viewing device is
used for examining the light from the dispersing element
either directly or through a test sample in place of an
output slit. See also (1) Note under subclass 326.
420 for color light standards as where light filters rather
than dispersing elements are combined with the light source.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 510 for invisible radiation
monochromators exclusive of the infrared and ultraviolet
optical types.
362, Illumination, 257 for miscellaneous illuminating lamps;
and subclasses 318+ for inspection lamps.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 84 for X-ray
devices including monochromators.
399, Electrophotography, 9 for diagnostics of
electrophotographic devices, particularly subclasses 31+ for
image-forming components.
Subclass:
332
Having adjustable color or bandwidth:
This subclass is indented under subclass 331. Subject matter
including structure to vary the bandwidth or to vary the
average or median frequency of the band over the range of the
light emitted from the monochromator.
(1) Note. The variation may be obtained by changing the
width of one of the slits or by changing the reflection angle
of the dispersing element.
Subclass:
333
In a double monochromator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Subject matter
wherein a plurality of dispersing elements with an
intervening slit or equivalent filtering structure are
provided between the dispersing elements, as for providing a
narrower band of light.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for two monochromators,
generally in series, wherein the exit slit of one of the
monochromators is also the entrance slit of the other
monochromator.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for double monochromators including optical limitations
for use in the ultraviolet or infrared range of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
319 for plural beam spectrophotometers which include a
double monochromator.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
399, Electrophotography, 9 for diagnostics of
electrophotographic devices, particularly subclasses 31+ for
image-forming components.
Subclass:
334
With diffraction grating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Subject matter
wherein the dispersive element is a diffraction grating.
Subclass:
335
FOR SIZE OF PARTICLES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for determining in a group of discrete
particles the size of individual particles or the average
size of the particles in the group.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
39 for the size, numbers, or volume of blood particles not
provided for elsewhere.
372 for the measurement of articles or indefinite length
materials by means of variation in visible light as affected
by the articles or indefinite length materials.
432 for light interference tests including diffraction
patterns of microscopic bodies generally where the size of
the discrete bodies is not involved.
439 for the number of particles in a gaseous suspension.
441 for the number of particles in a liquid suspension.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 865.5 for miscellaneous
measurement of the size of particles.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 222.1 for the sizing of
discrete particles by methods involving visible and invisible
light.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift
Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 10 for the size
determination and the number of particles present in samples
where the particles are numerically counted. See also the
general note to the line between Class 377 and this class.
Subclass:
336
By particle light scattering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter
to visually or photoelectrically inspect or measure the
scattering of light by particles or molecules entrained in a
static or flowing medium.
Subclass:
337
BY PARTICLE LIGHT SCATTERING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter to visually or photoelectrically inspect or
measure the atmospheric scattering of light, or the
scattering by molecules of a gas or liquid media or by
particles entrained in a flowing or static medium, which
includes support means for the media or medium capable of
transmitting light into and out of the support means,
lighting means to direct light into and through a flowing or
static gas or liquid with or without the entrained particles,
and means to visually examine and measure or
photoelectrically detect and indicate the intensity of the
light scattered from the medium or from the particles in the
medium at some angle other than the direction of the
inspection light.
(1) Note. In this subclass, the scattering is by reflection
of light from discrete particles within a medium, as opposed
to mere diffusion by scattering from an irregular surface in
subclass 372.
(2) Note. See subclasses 437+ and 441+ where suspended
particles are not viewed for scattered light reflected from
suspended particles, but for the reduction in the light
intensity, and wherein light and the observation point lie in
a direct line with the observed fluid between the light
source and the observation point.
(3) Note. Tyndallometers, nephelometers, and devices to
measure the Rayleich ratio are included in this section.
(4) Note. The light used in the test may be monochromatic,
polarized, or white light.
(5) Note. Where particles in a fluid are counted one by
one, see Class 377, subclass 10. Where the number of
particles in a fluid is found by sensing the overall
radiation reflected by light scattering from the particles
within the medium, the claims will be classified here in
subclass 337.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
301 for detection of light scattering of the Raman type.
335 for the determination of the size and number of
particles in a test medium by statistical methods.
437 see (2) Note above.
441 see (2) Note above.
446 for scattered light tests caused by the reflection of
light from a surface which causes a diffused light rather
than a specular light condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, for photocell circuits or preoptical
systems, which may sense fluent material in the optical path,
which is responsive to scattered light from the fluent
material.
340, Communications: Electrical, 627 for signal systems
responsive to fluent or pulverized material which may respond
to scattered light reflected from the fluent or pulverized
material.
Subclass:
338
With photocell detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 337. Subject matter
which includes photosensitive means activated by the
scattered light received.
Subclass:
339
At right angles to the light beam (e.g., nephelometer):
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter
wherein the photosensitive means detects light scattered at
an angle of substantially 90 deg. to the incident light
beam.
Subclass:
340
At variable angle to the light beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter
wherein the angle between the incident light beam and the
detected scattered light is variable.
Subclass:
341
For light comparison means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter
wherein the scattered light is compared with (a) a standard
light, (b) a standard scattered light, (c) the directly
transmitted light, or (d) with the light prior to its
scattering or transmission through the medium.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for testing by means of infrared or ultraviolet energy
when the subject matter is of an optical nature and is used
alone or in combination with visible light.
433 for scattered light tests which measure the directed
light through the fluid rather than the scattered light.
446 for devices which compare the light scattering from a
surface rather than the reflection of light from particles
suspended in a fluid, or colloids, or the molecules of a gas
or liquid.
Subclass:
342
Of back-scattered light:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter
wherein light scattered from the incident beam is detected at
an angle greater than 90 deg. to the direction of the
incident beam.
Subclass:
343
Using plural photocells:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter
wherein more than one photosensitive device is used to detect
the scattered light.
Subclass:
344
BY ELECTROPHORESIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which includes an electrophoresis cell for
containing a fluid to be tested, generally means transmitting
light through the fluid, and examination means to indicate or
note the modification of the light due to the movement of
particles suspended in the test fluid from the refractive
index, the interference phenomenon, the absorption of light
within the various layers of the fluid in the cell, or the
Schlieren patterns.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
128 for refraction of light tests of material under
examination where electrophoresis is not involved.
129 for Schlieren test apparatus not involving
electrophoresis.
450 for interference apparatus testing the refraction of
light not involving electrophoresis, per se, in the claim.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 450 for
processes and subclasses 600+ for apparatus involving
electrophoresis or electro-osmosis as defined therein,
including the combination of electrophoresis or
electro-osmosis with optical measuring or testing. Also, see
the search class note to Class 356 in Class 204, subclass
450.
Subclass:
364
BY POLARIZED LIGHT EXAMINATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including polarizing apparatus to examine
visible light or to examine articles or material by means of
visible polarized light; or including apparatus to compare,
when polarization is involved, light, per se, or light
transmitted through or reflected from an article or material
with a light standard.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
30 for crystal or gem examination where polarized light is
involved.
33 for stress-strain examination of articles or material.
453 487, and 491, for light interference measuring or testing
involving polarized light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 204 for photoelectric, servo
electric systems of the visible light type which utilize
polarized light; and subclass 225 for preoptical visible
light systems of the polarized light type where no light or
article testing is involved.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 437 for scales or indicia reading which utilize a
polarizer element; and subclasses 483+ for optical elements
of the polarizer type.
362, Illumination, subclass 19 which includes polarizers
used with general illumination devices.
Subclass:
365
With birefringent element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter
including a doubly refractive or birefringent element, that
is, an element having the property of dividing a ray of light
into two polarized rays (known as the ordinary and
extraordinary rays) the directions of polarization being at
right angles to each other.
(1) Note. A birefringent material which has been treated
with a dichroic dye to absorb the ordinary or extra-ordinary
ray is no longer considered to be birefringent within the
meaning of this definition. However, a birefringent element
in the form, for example, of a Nicol prism where the unwanted
ray is deflected would be classified here.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for polarization systems or elements having a birefringent
element.
Subclass:
366
With polariscopes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter
providing structure for examining articles or material and
including a polarizer, a polarized light analyzer, a support
usually for the article or material for examination between
the polarizer and analyzer, and a visual viewer or
photoelectric detector and indicator, the polarized light
from the polarizer being transmitted through the article or
material to the visual viewer or the photoelectric detector
and indicator.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
30 for polariscopes used in gem examination.
33 for polariscopes used in stress-strain examination.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 501 which includes series polarizers relatively
adjustable.
Subclass:
367
Including polarimeters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 366. Subject matter
including either a null type or directly indicating
instrument for determining the amount of polarized light
rotation caused by the article or material being examined.
Subclass:
368
With electro-optical light rotation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter
including an electrically operated rotator of the
polarization plane.
(1) Note. Where an electro-optical rotating means is used
to vary the intensity of the light, rate of the pulsations of
light, or change the plane of polarization of the light of an
article or material being examined without indicating the
change in the polarization of the light, search subclasses
366, 369, and 370.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
246, 281+, and 484 for electromagnetic and electrostatic type
optical elements which rotate the plane of polarization of
polarized light.
Subclass:
369
Of surface reflection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter
wherein a material or article is examined for surface
reflection characteristics by means of polarized light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
445 for light reflection testing generally.
Subclass:
370
With light attenuation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter
wherein the light to be tested or the light transmitted
through or reflected from a sample or standard is reduced in
intensity by means of polarizers and analyzers.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
213 for photometers generally.
402 for shade or color measurements generally.
432 for light absorption measuring generally.
Subclass:
371
FOR FLATNESS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including optical structure to indicate the
deviations in light rays which are reflected from or
transmitted through a material, which deviations are in turn
due to deviations in the flatness of the material.
(1) Note. The flatness deviation may result from surface or
thickness irregularities in the material, or bends or
wrinkles in otherwise flat sheet material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
124 for lens testing or reflective image former testing.
237.1 for inspection for flaws or interperfection in
material generally.
432 for optical transmission testing generally.
445 for optical reflection testing generally.
458 for interferometer type flatness tester.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 290 for a level of the light
ray type.
Subclass:
372
BY MENSURATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means for determining quantifiable
characteristics of an article, such as a dimension, the area
of a surface or its precise position with respect to a
reference.
(1) Note. This subclass and those indented thereunder
provide for the actual measuring or comparing of articles
where an image of the article and a scale are viewed. If
only the image of a scale is viewed the patent is classified
in Class 359, subclasses 436+; or Class 353 if projection is
involved. If only the image of the article is viewed the
patent is classified in Class 359, subclass 373, where a
compound lens system is employed; or in Class 353 if
projection of an image is present.
(2) Note. Article testing devices where a mechanical pickup
or feeler engages or contacts the workpiece even though
significant optical structure is recited in the claims are
classified elsewhere.
(3) Note. In general, photocells together with optical
structure in the light path are classified elsewhere. For
classification in these subclasses 372+ of Class 356, the
photocell and optical combination must be so related as to or
must include structure to give an indication of the
measurement such as being within or without the range of
tolerance with the light beam is passed to the profile of the
master or article under test.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
138 for angle measurement.
485 492, and 496, mensuration involving light interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, especially 501 for testing
devices including a feeler which contact the article. See
(2) Note above.
250, Radiant Energy, 216 for photocells together with
optical structure in the light path; subclass 358 for object
measurement involving nonvisible radiant energy. See (3)
Note above.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 373 for object comparison compound lens systems;
subclasses 436+ for scale readers; and subclasses 798+ and
804+ for object viewing structure involving lenses generally,
i.e., not compound.
Subclass:
373
Of article displacement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
wherein changes to an article either by movement or by
replacement are measured.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.09 and 4.1, for light interference measurement of
displacement or distance over large distances.
486 493, and 498, for light interference measurement of small
displacement or distance.
Subclass:
374
Including moiré fringe generation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 373. Subject matter
wherein moiré fringes are created in response to
interference between regular patterns in or on the article
and a superimposable grid or light pattern.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
395 for relatively movable optical grids which determine
article configuration.
Subclass:
375
Of position:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means to measure the distance or direction or an
object to a reference.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for range or remote distance measurement.
138 for axial or angular alignment by optical measuring and
testing.
399 for alignment in a lateral direction by optical
measuring and testing.
Subclass:
376
Of contour or profile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means to measure the shape of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2 for contour plotting.
Subclass:
377
With curve readers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 376. Subject matter
wherein the object is a two-dimensional curve.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 556 for two-dimensional graph
readers.
Subclass:
378
Of cavities:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means to measure the internal dimensional
properties of holes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
241 for bore inspection for flaws or imperfections.
Subclass:
379
Of area or volume:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means for determining the area of a configuration
or the volume of a mass.
(1) Note. This subclass includes also integrating means
where this involves no more than optically determining the
area under a curve.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 121 for mechanical means for
determining area.
235, Registers, 61 for similar subject matter which goes
beyond merely determining an area of a given configuration as
for example where some particular mathematical computation or
function is involved.
Subclass:
380
By scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter
where the total area or volume of a configuration is
determined by sequentially determining elemental areas of the
configuration and summing them.
Subclass:
381
Of thickness:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means for measuring between opposite surfaces or
depth or in a direction perpendicular to the length and
breadth of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
485 492, and 496, for light interference thickness
measurement.
Subclass:
382
Of light permeable material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 381. Subject matter
for measuring the thickness of light permeable material, the
measuring operation depending upon the fact that the material
is light permeable.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
65, Glass Manufacturing, 377 and 159 for methods and
apparatus for forming a glass product and the test of the
glass product by optical means for thickness of the product.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
586 for radiant energy dimensioning of an article and
sorting of an article based on the dimensional sensing, and
subclass 588 wherein radiant energy transmitted through an
article is sensed and sorting of an article is based on the
sensed transmission.
250, Radiant Energy, 306 for methods and apparatus which may
measure the thickness of articles by charged particles; and
subclasses 336.1+, especially subclasses 357.1+ and 358.1+
for methods and apparatus which may detect the thickness of
solid or fluent material by an invisible radiant energy
responsive electric signalling detector.
Subclass:
383
Of length:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means for measuring the largest dimension of an
article, or if the article is moving, the dimension in the
direction the article is traveling.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
485 492, and 496, for light interference length measurement.
Subclass:
384
Of width or diameter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
including means for measuring the width or diameter of an
object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
485 492, and 496, for light interference width measurement.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
65, Glass Manufacturing, subclass 382 and 491 for the
assorting of a filament based on its width or diameter in
addition to the making of the filament.
250, Radiant Energy, 306 for methods and apparatus which may
include the measurement of webs or filaments by charged
particles; subclasses 336.1+ for methods and apparatus using
invisible radiation which may measure webs or filaments,
especially subclasses 358.1+ which may measure webs or
filaments.
Subclass:
385
Of moving object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384. Subject matter
wherein the object being measured changes position.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
586 for the measurement of the width or the diameter of a
moving web or filament of finite or indefinite length and the
sorting of the finite lengths or the subsequently cut
indefinite lengths based upon the differences in diameter or
width of the lengths measured.
Subclass:
386
By scanning or light interruption:
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter
including means for sequentially moving a light beam across
the article, or for periodically interrupting a light beam
directed toward the article.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
387 for width measurement by scanning or light interruption
of stationary objects.
Subclass:
387
By scanning or light interruption:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384. Subject matter
including means for sequentially moving a light beam across
the article, or for periodically interrupting a light beam
directed toward the article.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 229 for photocells with light control
members of the light interrupting type.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses
474-498 and 505 through 514 for optical scanning systems
including flying spot scanners of the cathode-ray type.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for light control by opaque members movable in the light
path.
Subclass:
388
BY CONFIGURATION COMPARISON:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means for comparing a given
configuration such as an article, record, or scale with a
standard either visually or by means of a photocell, both the
preceding being effected by noting the light from the margins
or surfaces of the specimens and standards to an observation
point.
(1) Note. The standard may be only another article of the
same type.
(2) Note. In patents where a visual comparison is made of
an article with a standard, the two images must be
superimposed or adjacent each other for simultaneously
viewing. If the images are farther apart so that they are
viewed alternately, the patent is in Class 359, subclass 373;
or in Class 353 if projection is claimed.
(3) Note. This subclass and those indented thereunder
provide for comparing of articles where an image of the
article and a scale, or the image of two articles being
compared are viewed. If only the image of a scale is viewed,
the patent is classified in Class 359, subclasses 436+; or
Class 353 if projection is involved. If only the image of
the article is viewed, the patent is classified in Class 359,
subclass 373, where a compound lens system is employed; or in
Class 353 if projection of an image is present.
(4) Note. Class 33 provides for patents on article testing
devices where a mechanical pickup or feeler engages or
contacts the workpiece even though significant optical
structure is recited in the claims.
(5) Note. Class 250, especially in subclasses 216+,
provides in general for photocells together with optical
structure in the light path. For classification in Class
356, subclass 388 the photocell and optical combination must
be so related as to or must include structure to give an
indication of the comparison, such as being within or without
the range of tolerance when the light beam is passed to the
profile of the master or article under test.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, especially 501 for testing
devices including a feeler which contacts the article. See
(4) Note above.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for
devices for inspecting and sorting articles.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 373 for object comparison compound lens systems;
subclasses 436+ for scale readers; and subclasses 798+ and
804+ for object viewing structure involving lenses generally,
i.e., not compound.
382, Image Analysis, 181 for pattern recognition, for
example printed circuit recognition by analysis of the image
information.
Subclass:
389
With photosensitive film or plate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
wherein the image of the configuration or the standard is
photographically recorded for comparison purposes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, for photographic recording where the
invention lies in the manner of recording the subject
matter.
Subclass:
390
With two images of single article compared:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
including optical elements to permit the simultaneous viewing
of two portions of a single configuration, such as opposite
sides of a threaded screw, or two images of the same portion
of a configuration one usually being inverted, for comparison
thereof.
Subclass:
391
With projection on viewing screen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
including a viewing screen and means to project an image
thereon of the configuration or the standard.
Subclass:
392
For comparison with master or desired configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 391. Subject matter
including means to simultaneously view and compare the
configuration and a standard configuration of the same type,
or a pattern showing a desired or standard shape, or another
configuration of the same type.
(1) Note. In this subclass a representation of the master
is usually a part of or adjacent the viewing screen, and an
image of the test configuration is projected thereon; while
in indented subclass 393 below, an image of the master and
usually also an image of the test configuration are projected
on the viewing screw.
Subclass:
393
Having master or desired configuration projection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 392. Subject matter
including means to project a master or desired shape on the
viewing screen in addition to an image of the test
configuration.
(1) Note. In the case of a contact comparison between an
article and the gauge or master a beam of light may be
projected between the gauge or master and the test
configuration, and an image of the light between the gauge
and test configuration then projected on a screen is in this
subclass 393.
Subclass:
394
With comparison to master, desired shape, or reference
voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
including optical elements to permit the simultaneous viewing
and comparison by the eye or by a photocell of the
configuration and (a) a standard configuration of the same
type, or (b) a pattern or gauge having a desired or standard
shape, (c) another configuration of the same type, or (d) a
reference voltage generated as an electrical analog of a
desired configuration.
(1) Note. Light may be projected between an article and a
gauge and the test made by detecting the amount of that light
with a photocell.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
372 for an article compared indirectly with a master as by
testing the master first and setting up the results to
compare the article to.
Subclass:
395
With relatively movable optical grids:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
comprising plural optical grids which are relatively
movable.
(1) Note. One or more of the grids may be an image of the
actual grid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
151 for similar subject matter utilized in measuring
angles.
374 for mensuration of article displacement by moire' fringe
generation.
Subclass:
396
With scale or optical grid displaced relative to remote
fiducial mark:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
wherein a scale or optical grid is displaced relative to a
remote reference point.
(1) Note. The reference point could be for example, a mark
on the reticle of an eye piece or a photocell.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
150 or similar subject matter used in measuring angles.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 216 for miscellaneous photocell
circuits.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
436 where the fiducial mark is immediately adjacent to the
scale and an optical element such as a mirror or lens is used
to facilitate reading the scale.
Subclass:
397
With object being compared and scale superimposed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
where a scale and the object measured are viewed in a
superimposed relationship.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
391 where the object and/or scale are projected on a viewing
screen.
394 where the object is compared with a master or desired
shape.
Subclass:
398
With object being compared and light beam moved relative to
each other (e.g., scanning):
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
including means to scan or sweep a configuration with a light
beam, or including means to translate or rotate a
configuration in a light beam to facilitate determination of
the size or shape of the configuration, usually by means of
at least one photocell.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 577 for
optical testing in combination with sorting.
250, Radiant Energy, 229 for photocells with light control
members of the light interrupting type.
348, Television, subclass 142 for object measurement with
camera and object moved relative to each other, subclasses
195+ for mechanical optical scanning, subclasses 209+ for
flying spot scanning.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 474 for
optical scanning systems including flying spot scanners of
the cathode-ray tube.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
227 for light control by opaque members movable in the light
path.
Subclass:
399
BY ALIGNMENT IN LATERAL DIRECTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter where two objects or an object and a light
beam are laterally aligned by displacing the objects along an
axis essentially normal to the line connecting them or
displacing the object and light beam along an axis
essentially normal to the light beam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
138 where the alignment involves rotation about an axis.
373 where the amount of displacement is measured.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 200 for such systems involving
photocells and an optical system and with control of the
optical system by the photocells.
Subclass:
400
With light detector (e.g., photocell):
This subclass is indented under subclass 399. Subject matter
including means responsive to light.
Subclass:
401
With registration indicia (e.g., scale):
This subclass is indented under subclass 399. Subject matter
wherein visual marking are used to determine the degree of
alignment.
Subclass:
402
BY SHADE OR COLOR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein light (emanating directly from a light
source, or transmitted through or reflected from a substance)
is analyzed for its frequency content by dividing the light
into its component frequencies or bands of frequencies (which
are usually of as predetermined character), or by comparison
in frequency or intensity with standard lights (emanating
directly from a light source, or transmitted through or
reflected from a substance).
(1) Note. The first mentioned light is the light sample or
from the sample to be tested while the second mentioned light
is the standard or from the standard.
(2) Note. Search subclass 51 if either infrared or
ultraviolet light is utilized in the test.
(3) Note. When complementary colors are utilized to produce
a gray-type visual response they will be classified in the
appropriate portion of this color section.
(4) Note. Where lamps including photo responsive detectors,
per se, such as phototubes are tested for color response as
an indication of their operating characteristics, see Class
324, especially subclasses 24+ for space discharge-type tubes
and subclass 158.1 for solid-state-type devices. However,
this Class 356 provides for color determination of light from
a lamp where the lamp operating characteristics are not
involved.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers which correlate the color of a
light source or a heated light emissive substance with the
temperature of the light source or the heated light emissive
substance.
300 for spectroscopes, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers
which analyze light or substance for color and light
intensity which involve the use of a dispersing element, such
as a prism or diffracting medium, rather than a filter or
filters to isolate the different colors present in the light
or substances being tested.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 23.35 and 53+ for the
testing of effluents of a mixture of gases or liquids such as
chromatography tests which have contacted a solvent or
sorbent component successively and selectively to determine
the quantity, quality, or identity of a component of the
effluent.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 82 for processes of gas
separation using chromatography.
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, 101 for chromatography type
apparatus for gas separation.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
subclasses 580-582 for assorting articles based upon color
sensing of articles.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 226 for photo-electric
preoptical systems dealing with color.
346, Recorders, see (3) Note of subclass 74 for the line
between Classes 356 and 346.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 106 and 162 for
temperature determination by color, other than by thermally
emitted radiation.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for analytical
apparatus having color change indicating means.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
chemical analytical tests involving color changes.
Subclass:
403
With merging colors or patterns (e.g., Maxwell disc):
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
which includes a plurality of different colored light sources
or reflective standards, and means to optically or
mechanically rotate the light source or the standards so that
the optical or mechanical rotation causes the sources or
standards of different colors to blend together to produce a
visual sensation of another color, shade, or tint so that the
merged color can be visual compared simultaneously with an
unknown light or color sample.
(1) Note. The mechanically rotating standards known as
"Maxwell's Discs" are included in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243.1 for optical standards.
420 for colored light standards which utilize filters.
421 for color charts and standards not of the Maxwell disc
type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
434, Education and Demonstration, 98 for the same subject
matter used for display or educational purposes rather than
for testing.
Subclass:
404
Photography:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
involving color photography such as: the examination of the
color properties of negatives as for copying purposes, the
examination of sensitometric colored strips for the purpose
of controlling the making of prints, all testing
subcombinations dealing with color printing not provided for
elsewhere, and the examination of the color characteristics
of the scenes to be photographed in color.
(1) Note. All patents dealing with the testing of colored
light which involve temperature determination and photography
will be found under pyrometry in subclasses 43+.
(2) Note. Under this section are visual and photoelectric
reflection and transmission tests of colored prints or
negatives to correct the color balance of one or more colors
in the negative, and the tests may be sequentially or
simultaneously performed when more than one test is
performed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers. See also (1) Note above.
443 for light transmission or absorption of photographic
film, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
346, Recorders, subclass 29 and 33 for recorders which are
designed for use with color negative tests which have no
specific optical test structure recited in the claim.
355, Photocopying, 32 for color projection printers which
include plural color transmission examination of negatives
for the purpose of color balancing a projection type print of
the tested color negative; and subclasses 78+ for color
printers of the contact type which measure the intensity of a
plurality of different colors transmitted through a negative
in addition to the contact printing structure.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 500,
particularly subclasses 518+ and 527 for color correction
systems as applied to facsimile devices and for facsimile
type.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
885 for color filters, per se, which are used for
photographic purposes.
399, Electrophotography, 31 for electrophotographic devices
using optical measurement and test apparatus for diagnostic
testing.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for radiation imagery
involving color.
Subclass:
405
Tristimulus examination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein there are devices which examine light, per se, or the
light reflected from or transmitted through substances, and
which include means to examine the light or the light
modified by reflection or transmission from the substances,
simultaneously or sequentially for hue, saturation, and
intensity as based upon the response of the human eye.
(1) Note. The devices may be of the visual or the
photosensitive type.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for devices which examine a substance for tristimulus
values where a dispersing element is used rather than color
filters to construct the tristimulus curves.
406 for devices which examine light or substances
reflectively or transmissively for at least three different
colors but not for the tristimulus values.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 577 for
apparatus which physically separates one substance from
another based upon the tristimulus factors of light.
235, Registers, subclass 61 and 184 for devices which
utilize the tristimulus factors obtained in the devices of
this subclass 405 to obtain mechanically and electrically the
analogue computations necessary to utilize the integrated
responses of the tristimulus values.
Subclass:
406
Trichromatic examination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein there is apparatus to examine sequentially or
simultaneously for at least three colors of light either
directly or when reflected from or transmitted through a
substance to be tested.
(1) Note. The devices may be of the visual or the
photosensitive type.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for apparatus which may examine light emitted from
substances or the absorption of light by substances or the
examination of light, per se, by spectroscopes,
spectrometers, or spectrophotometer which utilize
monochromators which permit the entire visual spectrum of
light to be used to examine substances or to examine light
for any or all of the colors which may be inherent in the
light examined.
405 for test structure similar to that used here but
differing only in the type of filters used to examine the
light or the substances.
407 for apparatus wherein the light from a substance or
light itself is examined at the same time for two different
colors.
419 for similar subject matter where the disclosure or the
claims do not examine light or substances for at least three
distinct colors, but use test structure similar to that found
here and in subclass 405.
Subclass:
407
With sample responsive to plural colors applied
simultaneously:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
which includes means to simultaneously transmit or reflect at
least two different colored bands or frequencies of light,
through or from the sample, means to filter the modified
light into two different bands of light, and detector and
indicating means responsive to the light modified by the
sample and after filtering to note the intensity of the
different bands of light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
45 for plural color responsive optical pyrometers including
photographic and metallurgical types.
300 for spectroscopic examination of apparatus which uses a
dispersing means rather than a filter to detect or examine
the various bands of light.
366 for devices which use an analyzer and a polarizer in the
light path of a device testing light or a substance
optically.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
particularly subclass 582 for the physical separation of
articles based on a color test, which involves at least two
different colors.
235, Registers, 61 and 150+ for apparatus responsive to a
color test which performs a mathematical function to indicate
a quantity correlated to the color test.
250, Radiant Energy, 201.1, 206+, and 226 for plural
photosensitive color circuits where no support for a sample
is included in the claims or where no indicator for the light
used in the test is included in the claims.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
885 for colored filters.
Subclass:
408
With sequential comparison of sample and standard:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein there is a light source and optical means to produce
a beam or beams of visible light which may be monochromatic;
(a) means to hold, move, and position sequentially either at
least two samples or a sample and a standard into the path of
the beam, or (b) means to cause the beam or beams to sweep or
switch between fixed samples and standards; and electrical
detecting and indicating means to note the light transmitted
through or reflected from the samples and standards.
Subclass:
409
Fluid color transmission examination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein a fluid substance, a solute in a solvent, or a
miscible liquid is examined by a transmissive light test
(quantitatively or qualitatively) for the purpose of noting
color, different shades or tints of colors, or the
concentration of a solute in a solvent.
(1) Note. Patents dealing with chromatography include a
mass or masses of chemically absorptive material supported in
a transparent conduit so that a confined flow of liquid or
gaseous material through the chemically absorptive material
may produce a selective colored band or bands held in layers
by absorptive phenomena. The layers and their interfaces may
be examined visually or by radiation sensitive instruments to
furnish qualitative determinations with respect to the
chemical composition of the material analyzed. Those patents
with significant claimed subject matter involving an optical
color test following the absorption of a constituent of a
liquid or gaseous material are included as originals in this
schedule.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 23.35 and 53.01+ for the
methods and apparatus for examining the band or bands of the
chromatography column to determine the quantity, quality, or
the substances of the band or bands in a gas or liquid
chromatography test.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 82 for processes of gas
separation using chromatography.
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, 101 for chromatography type
apparatus for gas separation.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for analytical
apparatus involving chromatography or a colorimeter wherein a
reactive reagent is used to develop color.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for
processes involving the combination of a gas or liquid
chromatography test with a colorimetry test of the colored
band or bands from the chromatography column where a
chemically reactive reagent is necessary to develop the color
for the colorimetry test.
Subclass:
410
Of flowing liquids:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Subject matter
including apparatus which forms part of a liquid circulation
system which permits constant or intermittent flow of the
liquid being examined, and a support for the liquid
contained, and which is constructed to allow light to pass
through the contained liquid for a visual or photosensitive
examination.
(1) Note. Included herein are a comparison of a test fluid
with a light standard or with a standard of the same fluid,
or a comparison of a voltage which is the result of the
detected light transmitted through the fluid tested with a
voltage level used as a standard as in a bridge circuit in
null type recording and indicating instruments.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for infrared energy or filters utilized in the test
circuitry.
246 for flow cells, per se.
319 for spectrophotometers which utilize a dispersing
element to produce the light radiation utilized in the same
type of selective absorption test.
436 for light transmission of liquids where no monochromatic
light is involved in the test.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, subclass 3 and 93 for methods and
apparatus for the control of flowing fluids which involve a
color test of this Class 356.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 356 and 357 for the detection
or measurement of invisible radiation used to test fluent
material; subclasses 564+ for fluent material in the optical
path and a photocell circuit; and subclasses 573+ for the
detection of a fluent material in the optical path.
340, Communications: Electrical, 603 for electrical
condition responsive systems responsive to fluent material
which utilize an electrical signalling device such as a light
or bell rather than a meter or a recorder.
346, Recorders, particularly subclasses 31-33 for recorders
operated by follow-up or rebalancing systems alone or in
combination with a nominal optical test where the novelty
alone is in the recorder, per se.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for continuous
flowing fluid apparatus involving a color test and in which a
chemical reaction occurs.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
processes involving continuous flowing fluid systems which
include a color test wherein a chemical reaction occurs.
Subclass:
411
With plural light detectors (e.g., photocells):
This subclass is indented under subclass 410. Subject matter
including more than one photosensitive device.
Subclass:
412
With ionic determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Subject matter
including an unknown solution and one or more standards
(which may be a transmissive liquid or solid or a reflective
standard or any combination thereof) for the simultaneous
comparison of the unknown solution with the standard or
standards for similar color or slight differences in the same
color which color standard or standards are correlated to
ionic conditions existing in the solution examined.
(1) Note. Included in this group are apparatus which
involves the finding of the pH value of solutions in terms of
hydroxyl or hydrogen ion concentration, and titration
apparatus in which no reagent is recited in the claims; and
also included are other tests which involve the correlation
of the tint or shade of a color with respect to the color of
the standard solution in which the ion content is known.
(2) Note. The disclosure of the tests recited in (1) Note
above is sufficient for placement in this subclass.
(3) Note. Included are optical tests to determine the
concentration of solute in solvents.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
414 for filters which include solid and liquid filters and
standards of the transmissive type where no ionic analysis is
involved and no concentration of the solute and solvent is
involved.
416 for transmissive filters involved in a comparison test
of gases or solid material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for chemical
apparatus having means for performing color tests involving
pH and titrations which claim the reagents, including the
indicators, which chemically react in the tests.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, 1 for
chemical test processes which include color tests involving
pH and titrations which claim the reagents, including the
indicators, which chemically react in these tests.
Subclass:
413
With variable light path length:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Subject matter
wherein the length of the light path through the liquid may
be varied, as by inserting a light-transmitting member of
constant light-transmitting length into the liquid to a
desired depth and passing light through the liquid and the
light-transmitting member in series.
(1) Note. Scales correlated with the change in the amount
of the liquid in the light path are present in the disclosed
device but are not always included in the claims.
(2) Note. Subcombinations of the devices are classified
herein when they are not provided for elsewhere.
(3) Note. Included in this subclass are colorimeters of the
"Duboscq" type.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
441 for turbidity measurements which may utilize the same
structure as found in 413.
Subclass:
414
With color transmitting filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Subject matter
including a filter element in the visible range positioned in
the light transmission path of visual and photosensitive
testing apparatus.
(1) Note. Included in the group are visual extinction type,
sequential and simultaneous comparison tests involving at
least one known color standard and one unknown liquid. The
standard may be a colored light source or light source plus a
colored light transmissive filter.
(2) Note. An infrared filter for the purpose of
transmitting infrared or for preventing the heat rays of a
light source from entering the liquid tested is not a filter
under the definition of this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for liquid colorimeters which include an infrared filter
in the test or for the purpose of removing heat radiation
from affecting the test results. See (2) Note above.
416 for color-transmitting filters used in measuring shade
or color, per se.
432 for light transmission tests where no color or
concentration of a solute in a solvent is involved in the
optical test.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 211 for circuitry having
photocells with inherent color sensitivity; subclass 226 for
optical or prephotocell systems which include filters within
the visible spectrum.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
577 for interference type filters; and subclasses 885+ for
filters generally which may be used to produce monochromatic
bands of radiation within the visible spectrum.
Subclass:
415
Including liquid filter comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter
which includes at least two liquid light transmissive
containers of the same type, the liquid in all of the
containers differing only in shade or tint from each other,
and support means for the containers to permit the
simultaneous viewing of all the contained liquids axially or
laterally of the containers.
(1) Note. Here the filters are the contained liquids which
are standards of varying tint or shade of the unknown color
or the filters are formed of a standard solution such as
distilled water which is used in conjunction with colored
transmissive solid filters which form various colors, tints,
or shades. One of the liquids may be the tested colored
solution.
Subclass:
416
With color transmitting filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein a light filter having a particular light transmission
characteristic to pass light of a particular color is
disposed in the light path of the testing device.
(1) Note. The filter may be in the light path between the
sample and the light source or between the sample and the
viewing position path.
(2) Note. Included are visual devices of the extinction
type, and of the equal intensity comparison type involving
colored light, per se, or involving colored light reflected
from or transmitted through a substance.
(3) Note. Comparison types utilizing colored light
standards are placed here rather than in subclass 190.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers which may utilize colored light
filters to determine the temperature of a light emissive
source.
213 for photometers which measure the intensity of light
without regard to the frequencies of light present in the
light tested.
300 for spectroscopes, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers
which utilize a dispersing element such as a prism or a
diffraction grating rather than a filter to separate
collimated light into bands of the various colors present in
the light.
414 for color-transmitting filters used in the examination
of color transmission by fluids.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 226 for prephotocell optical
systems which may utilize a visible colored light filter in
the system where no indicator is claimed or disclosed and no
support for object tested is included in the claims.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
885 for filters, per se.
Subclass:
417
Included with sample excitation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Subject matter
including a flame producer or an electrical excitation means
wherein a specimen is burned or excited to produce visible
radiation for analysis by light intensity or illumination
measurement means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
213 for photometers, per se.
315 for flame spectroscopy.
Subclass:
418
Including rotating sequential filters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Subject matter
wherein there are rotating sequential filters positioned in
the light path to rotate during the test.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
217 for modulating photometers for the examination of the
intensity of light.
434 for light transmission tests of the sequential type
which may involve mechanical, electrical, or electro-optical
modulating means, and where only the intensity of the light
transmitted through a substance is involved.
447 for light reflection tests which include modulation of
the reflected light from a substance where only the intensity
of the reflected light is involved.
Subclass:
419
Including multicolor filters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Subject matter
wherein more than one filter is provided for the purpose of
additively using more than one filter at the same time to
produce a desired tint or shade for the purpose of comparing
this produced tint or shade with an unknown color, or wherein
a plurality of filters are provided, one of which is
available at a time, as for the purpose of selecting only one
visible band of radiation at a time from the light reflected
from or transmitted through the sample.
(1) Note. This sub will take wedge-shaped filters which
pass different wavelengths.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for optical pyrometers which measure the temperature of a
light emissive object by means of filters.
51 for optical tests which use infrared or ultraviolet
radiation in the claimed test.
319 for absorption spectrophotometers which utilize a
dispersing member such as a prism or a diffraction grating
rather than a filter to produce a plurality of narrow bands
of visible radiation before or after radiation is reflected
from or transmitted through a substance.
404 for photographic color test devices which may use a
plurality of filters additively or sequentially for copying
purposes such as color correction, colored negative
examination, and colored light meters. However, see the
pyrometric subclasses 43+ of this class where the claims or
disclosure indicate the light reading to be in terms of
temperature.
405 for tristimulus apparatus which utilize three filters,
sequentially or simultaneously, corresponding to the stimulus
received by the human eye.
406 for apparatus using three or more colored filters,
sequentially, which is capable of trichromatic examination of
light or material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 655 for apparatus which may use a plurality
of filters to adjust the color balance in color television
systems.
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
216 and 233+ for filters which are selectively interposed in
the line of vision.
434, Education and Demonstration, subclass 102 for color
comparison charts which utilize filters to show the effect of
the addition of various colors on light.
Subclass:
420
Included with colored light sources:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Subject matter
including devices to produce colored light standards which
utilize a filter to provide colored light for test purposes
as opposed to general illumination purposes.
(1) Note. Light standards which utilize a dispersing device
such as a prism or a diffraction grating along with a slit to
form the various monochromatic light source are placed in the
monochromator subclass 331.
(2) Note. Where a colored light standard capable of use as
a Class 362 general illumination device is claimed in
combination with a support for a substance to be examined by
this light standard, the original classification is in
subclass 414.
(3) Note. A colored light or its subcombinations capable of
use as a test light standard which cannot be distinguished
structurally as a colored general illumination device is
classified in Class 362, rather than in Class 356.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
291 for electron beam devices which vary the angle that the
beam hits a diffraction surface to produce colored and black
and white light producing systems.
434, Education and Demonstration, 98 for colored light
projectors and the mixing of colored light when the claims
state the purpose of these devices is for educational or
artistic purposes.
Subclass:
421
With reflective multicolor chart or standard:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
including one or a plurality of surfaces which reflect
different colors or tints of a color for comparison with the
color of the samples to be tested.
(1) Note. The surface may be a liquid. The surfaces of the
standard need not be of the same material as the sample to be
tested.
(2) Note. This group of subclasses includes both the chart
and standards, per se, as defined in the above definition as
well as color testing devices incorporating such charts or
standards and not classifiable above.
(3) Note. The standards and the comparative devices of this
group are the type wherein a comparison of known and unknown
is made simultaneously and may be of manipulative or hand
held visual type; but these subclasses also provided for the
photoelectric type.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for reflective standards where color is involved to
determine the temperature of a heated object or emissive
source.
243.1 for optical standards generally as where color is not
involved.
244 for supports for liquid or solid standards generally.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
43, Fishing, Trapping, and Vermin Destroying, subclass 1 for
fishing implements which utilize color to test for the most
effective colored lure for the existing water conditions.
Subclass:
422
Plate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 421. Subject matter
wherein the surfaces are formed as flat, platelike colored
structures.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
229 for the comparison of light intensities where no color
is involved and where the unknown light is compared with
flat, platelike structures forming light reflecting
standards.
243.1 for visual standards other than the colored type.
433 for the comparison of light transmitted through an
unknown substance with light reflective standard plates where
color is not involved.
448 for the comparison of light reflected from an unknown
substance with light reflective standard plates where color
is not involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 61 for
analytical apparatus which may be in the form of kits which
utilize flat, platelike colored standards as a basis for a
visual or photoelectric comparison with a colored substance
reactively produced in order to determine the presence of a
chemical element, anion, or cation.
Subclass:
423
Disk:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein the surfaces are disks or sectors which form disks.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243.1 for reflective standards which do not involve color
testing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
434, Education and Demonstration, 98 for multicolor charts
which may be in the form of a disc, which are used for
display and instruction purposes, and which may also be used
as a standard for the comparison of an unknown color with the
colors and their tints and shades formed in or on the disc.
Subclass:
424
Drum or endless tape:
This subclass is indented under subclass 421. Subject matter
wherein the surfaces are in the form of a endless member such
as a tape or a drum.
Subclass:
425
With color determination by light intensity comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein the color comparison of two masses is made by
comparing the intensity of the light from the two masses
(either transmitted or reflected).
(1) Note. This type of comparison has been designated in
the literature as heterochromatic photometry. It is usually
restricted to comparing different shades or tints of the same
color. Usually filters are not used in color determination
of this type.
(2) Note. Subclasses 432+ and 445+ provide for the
reflection and transmissive testing of materials by noting
the intensity of the reflected or transmitted light. The
distinction between subclass 425 and subclasses 432+ and 445+
is that the articles examined in subclass 425 are of the same
color and differ only in tint or shade from one another,
while subclasses 432+ and 445+ have no color involved at
all.
(3) Note. Where a liquid is tested for concentration of a
solute in a solvent and the comparison is made with a light
intensity source and where no color is involved at all and
where the liquid is claimed, the original patent is placed
under the appropriate subclasses of 409+ and is
cross-referenced in 422.
(4) Note. Where a plurality of reflective colored standards
are claimed in the comparison of a gaseous or solid colored
substance and the comparison is noted visually or
photoelectrically without the inclusion of filters, the
original is classified under subclass 421 and
cross-referenced in subclass 425.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
409 for analyzing chemical solutions by comparing colors on
the basis of intensity alone. See (3) Note above.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
particularly subclass 581, where articles are physically
separated on the basis of color by using only a light
intensity test.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 214 for circuits responsive to
photosensitive devices which do not claim a support for
articles examined for color by a light intensity test or do
not claim an indicator.
362, Illumination, 251 for light projectors which include a
source of illumination together with means to modify the
direction of the light from the source and structure to house
the light arrangement.
Subclass:
426
BY INSPECTION WITH AGITATION OR ROTATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein there is apparatus to inspect articles
of manufacture, including containers and contained fluids for
foreign particles such as dirt, and which includes means to
support and rotate, agitate, or otherwise move the containers
or the fluid contents to cause motion of the article or of
the particles in the fluid contents as part of the test
procedure and not as a condition of transporting the article
to and from the test location; and means to illuminate the
article so that the illumination may be transmitted through
the articles, containers or contained fluid or reflected from
the article or container, or transmitted around portions of
an article for the purpose of testing for defects, blemishes,
flaws or any other type of imperfection.
(1) Note. Conveyors may be utilized to bring the articles
to and beyond the test position and may be part of the test
combination claimed where no specific class provides for the
combination.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.1 for apparatus which visually inspects materials or
articles for imperfections.
Subclass:
427
Of container contents:
This subclass is indented under subclass 426. Subject matter
wherein the supported and rotated or agitated articles are
containers holding fluids, and the inspection is directed to
the fluid itself, the inspection of the container being
incidental.
(1) Note. Subclasses 337+ deal with fluids which have
uniformly entrained within them particles which cause
scattering when tested by a directed beam of light
transmitted through the fluid. Here the particles entrained
do not create a uniform condition, but a localized undesired
imperfection within the encapsulated or contained fluid.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 61.41 for the testing of
suspensions of solids in liquids for determining the ratio of
solid and like foreign matters to the liquid.
250, Radiant Energy, 564 for fluent material in the optical
path and a photocell circuit; and subclasses 573+ for the
detection of a fluent material in the optical path.
Subclass:
428
Of containers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 426. Subject matter
wherein the article is a container or receptacle which is
tested by means of light transmitted through or reflected
from the container or receptacle.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for the transmission or reflective testing of containers
for flaws or dirt which uses ultraviolet or infrared
radiation in addition to visible light.
240.1 for visual and photoelectric examination of containers
for flaws or dirt wherein no rotation of the container is
involved.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 61.41 for sediment or foreign
content testing where the ratio or amount of the sediment or
the foreign content to the liquid would be determined.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 524 for
the testing of containers for flaws by the use of visible
light and the automatic rejection of the flawed containers as
a result of this test.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 224 for optical or
prephotocell systems which include a support for an article
to be tested and structure to relatively move the light ray
and the article during the test; subclasses 336.1+ for
methods and apparatus having an electric signalling device
responsive to invisible radiation for testing articles; and
subclasses 453.11+ for supports for irradiated objects.
Subclass:
429
BY MONITORING OF WEBS OR THREAD:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter for inspecting or testing webs or threads of
material including apparatus to support and transport the web
under, over, or through an inspection station; a light source
with optical means (which may include flying spot scanners)
to direct the light through, around, or reflective from the
web or thread; visual and photoelectric means (including
comparator types) to detect changes in the light intensity
produced by the light coacting with the web or thread; and
with the photoelectric alternative an indicator responsive to
the photoelectric means to not quantitatively or
qualitatively variations in optical properties or condition.
(1) Note. When an optical test is claimed on a web or
thread including an indicator, qualitative or quantitative,
actuated in response to the test, classification is here
rather than in Class 250, subclasses 548 and 559.01+.
(2) Note. When the claims include a light source for the
test, a support for the material tested, and a photosensitive
detector without the indicator classification is in this
Class 356 as opposed to Class 250.
(3) Note. The claimed terms "reject means", "reject
mechanism", or "indicator means" do not necessarily qualify
as an indication means for this class as these terms could be
a relay mechanism or other switch mechanism which is not a
qualitative or quantitative signalling means for this class.
A single disclosure to an indicator, qualitative or
quantitative with the term reject means claimed will be
classified in this subclass 429 provided its indicator is not
part of a more comprehensive arrangement classified
elsewhere. For example, see Class 209.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
242.1 for the counting of threads in woven fabrics where the
fabric is stationary.
384 for the determination of the width or diameter of a web
or filament.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 159 for the testing or inspection
of sheet material, including woven fabric materials where no
optical tests, per se, are performed.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, subclass 198 and
252+ for process and apparatus wherein an optical test may be
utilized to control a paper making or fiber liberation
process.
226, Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, subclass 3
and 15+ for processes and apparatus which utilize optical
tests to laterally position a moving web.
250, Radiant Energy, 439 for ray energy devices combined
with a support for an article; subclasses 361+ for testing
articles by using fluorescent or phosphorescent radiation;
subclasses 336+ for the testing of articles by invisible
radiations; subclasses 548, 559, and 571 for apparatus to
significantly illuminate weblike material and to detect the
illumination as modified by the weblike material; subclasses
229+ for adjustable light masking devices; and subclass 237
where the light masking devices are not adjustable. See also
(1) and (2) Notes above.
340, Communications: Electrical, 227 and 259+ for devices
which are responsive to visible light tests to denote and
indicate, by means of an electrically operated bell or light,
the condition of a web, including motion picture film.
346, Recorders, subclass 33 for nominal optical test devices
which operate a recorder of the Class 346 type where there is
novelty in the recorder, per se.
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, 105 for continuously moving
films with optical viewers involving a periodic displacement
of the optical axis for the purpose of inspecting the films,
including flaw detection.
396, Photography, 567 for fluid-treating apparatus where a
light test is made to determine the value of light contrast
of the exposed film to regulate the apparatus.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, process involving exposure of a radiation
imagery receiver.
Subclass:
430
For flaws or imperfections:
This subclass is indented under subclass 429. Subject matter
wherein the web or thread is tested for flaws or
imperfections.
(1) Note. The test for flaws or imperfections is usually
manifested by a local variation in an optical characteristic
of the material which stands out in contrast with the general
or normal optical characteristics. This test is in contrast
with the testing for the general reflecting or transmission
properties of the web, and which is provided for in the
generic subclass 429.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
238 for cloth inspection for flaws where the cloth is
stationary.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 548 and 559.01+ for web,
strand, or records in the optical path where the light
responsive element is not combined with an indicator; and
subclass 237 for diaphragms, masks, or gratings combined with
a photocell.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
894 for a light mask, per se, where there is not intentional
deviation of the light as by refraction or diffraction.
Subclass:
431
Including transverse scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Subject matter
including means for scanning in a direction other than the
line of travel of a moving web or thread.
Subclass:
432
FOR LIGHT TRANSMISSION OR ABSORPTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein visible radiation is passed directly
or with internal reflection through solid, liquid, or gaseous
substances or any mixture thereof including coated solids,
and detected visually or photoelectrically after it has
passed through the substance for the purpose of determining
the intensity, the change of intensity, the extinction of the
radiation, or the outline of the radiation source or image.
(1) Note. As between this Class 356 and Class 250, the
claimed combination of a light source, a support for a
substance to be tested by a transmission test, and a
photosensitive detector with or without indicating structure
is classified in this Class 356 providing there is the
disclosure of an indicator responsive to the detector not
provided for elsewhere. If an indicator of the quantitative
type such as a meter is present in the claimed combination,
classification is in Class 356 regardless of the claiming of
the support.
(2) Note. The patents claiming a light source with the
transmission of this light through a substance and detected
(usually quantitatively) are in subclasses 432+. If no light
source is claimed and only the light intensity of a specific
location or locations is involved and not the amount of light
attenuated in the passage of the light through a medium or a
substance, or only the intensity or a light source is desired
without regard to the attenuation of the light in its passage
through a medium, see subclasses 213+ on photometry.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
213 for photometers. See also (2) Note above.
402 for colorimetry.
445 for light reflection measuring and testing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass
588 for automatically assorting articles by light
transmission inspection.
250, Radiant Energy, especially subclass 218 and 219 for
photocell systems with articles or material in the optical
path. See also (1) Note above.
Subclass:
433
By comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein light is passed through a specimen to be tested and
compared in intensity with some other light, whose intensity
is known or may be determined.
(1) Note. The light may be in beam form and the standard
light may also be passed through a light-modifying medium.
The specimen and standard light may emanate from a common
source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
46 for optical pyrometers with incandescent standards.
229 for visual comparison photometers.
402 for shade or color comparison.
443 for film density determination involving comparison.
Subclass:
434
Photoelectric (e.g., sequential viewing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter
including a photosensitive device which is responsive to the
light passing through the specimen.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
218 for photoelectric photometers of the comparator type.
402 for colorimeters of the photoelectric comparator type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 216 for photocell circuits of the
comparator type with optical or prephotocell systems; and
subclasses 204+ for control of the light used by the system
directly or indirectly as by controlling the optical elements
in the light path to the photocell detector.
Subclass:
435
With plural detectors (e.g., simultaneous viewing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 434. Subject matter
including a plurality of photodetectors, usually one being
stimulated by the light from the specimen and the other being
stimulated by the standard light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
222 for photometers with plural detectors.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 208 for plural photocell controlled
circuits; and subclass 578 for optical or prephotocell
systems containing plural photocells.
Subclass:
436
Of fluent material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein visible radiation is detected after passing through a
fluid substance.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
246 for fluid containers, per se, peculiar to testing.
335 for determining the size of the particles or the size
and the number of the particles present in a turbid
solution.
337 for particle light scattering wherein the light detected
is that reflected from the particles in the turbid
suspension.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 64.41 for the testing of the
settling rate of a liquid suspension of solids.
250, Radiant Energy, 564 for circuits for evaluating a
fluent material; and subclasses 573+ for photocell detection
of fluent material in an optical path.
Subclass:
437
Gas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Subject matter
wherein the fluent material is a gaseous substance.
Subclass:
438
Exhaust, dust or smoke:
This subclass is indented under subclass 437. Subject matter
wherein there is a gas which includes entrained solid
particles of dust or smoke.
(1) Note. Both visual and photoelectric detection devices
of the static and the flowing type are here.
(2) Note. For light transmission tests involving chemical
concentration of gases which do not contain particulate
material, see the colorimeters in subclasses 402+ above.
(3) Note. This subclass only provides for testing the
transmission characteristic of a gas with particles of dust
or smoke uniformly distributed therethrough. For testing the
transmission characteristic of gases, per se, see subclasses
402+ where color is involved, or subclass 437 above.
(4) Note. Included are the apparatus to determine the
particle count in gases by means of light transmitted through
the particle-containing gas.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
36 for the preparation of sample gases which may include
entrained moisture and/or particles such as "condensation
nuclei".
246 for fluid containers, per se.
337 for the detection of light scattered by the entrained
particles or moisture in a flowing or static gas.
441 for liquid particle suspension testing.
Subclass:
439
Contained:
This subclass is indented under subclass 438. Subject matter
wherein there is structure to enclose, at least partially, a
gas which has entrained dust or smoke particles.
Subclass:
440
With significant sample holder or supply:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Subject matter
including particular structural means to constrain, contain,
move, or guide fluent material in the light beam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
239 for the detection of flaws or imperfections in
motionless containers by passing light therethrough.
246 for sample holders for fluids, per se, peculiar to
testing.
428 for the inspection of containers in motion.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 864.91 for strip cups.
206, Special Receptacle or Package, appropriate subclasses or
receptacles of general use which are not restricted to use in
optical testing of materials.
250, Radiant Energy, 428 for fluent material containers,
supports, or transfer means for subjecting the material to
radiation; and subclass 576 for sample holders or supply
means of fluent material in an optical path.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 99 for laboratory
apparatus elements which may include fluid containers. An
alternative electronic search of U.S. patents based upon a
modification of the European Patent Office Classification
(ECLA) System for certain subject matter in this subclass may
also be found in Class 422 Cross-Reference Art Collections
908 - 948. (There are no definitions associated with these
Cross-Reference Art Collections. The most available
disclosure as to the types of documents contained herein is
given in any notes associated with the titles.)
Subclass:
441
Having particles suspended in liquid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Subject matter
including in the light path, liquid particle suspensions,
such as turbid or coloidal suspensions, paint, or milk; and
including a detector and indicator of the transmitted
radiation through the liquid which is correlated to the
turbidity of the solution or the number of the particles
causing the turbidity.
(1) Note. Both static and through-flow type test devices
are included.
(2) Note. In visual turbidity devices of the static and
extinction type, scales are associated with the devices to
note the depth at which the extinction of light occurs.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
39 for determining characteristics of blood particles
present in a sample.
246 for fluid containers, per se, peculiar to testing.
335 for determining the size of the particles or the size
and the number of the particles present in a turbid
solution.
337 for particle light scattering wherein the light detected
is that reflected from the particles in the turbid
suspension.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 64.66 for the testing of
the settling rate of a liquid suspension of solids.
250, Radiant Energy, 564 for circuits for evaluating a
fluent material; and subclasses 573+ for photocell detection
of fluent material in an optical path.
Subclass:
442
With light detector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter
including photosensitive means responsive to light passing
through the fluent material.
Subclass:
443
Of photographic film:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein structure is provided to transmit light through a
sheet, strip, or other translucent solid medium of a
photographic nature, with provision to position the medium so
that the light is transmitted either through all or selected
portions of the medium, together with means to visually or
photoelectrically determine the intensity of the transmitted
light.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are photoelectric
apparatus and visual apparatus which permit the visual
comparison of the intensity of the light transmitted through
a photographic negative with brightness standards or with
light sources whose intensity can be varied in a calibrated
manner by means of variable apertures or light attenuating
mediums or with variable light sources.
(2) Note. For photographic enlargers of the light
projection type, see Class 355, Photocopying. The apparatus
of these subclasses 443+ when claimed in combination with the
structure of such an enlarger or when claimed as controlling
the light of such an enlarger is classified in Class 355,
Photocopying, subclasses 67+.
(3) Note. For printers of the contact type, see Class 355,
Photocopying, subclasses 78+; and for processes of this type
which involve the exposure of a visible light sensitive
medium or use of developed negative, see Class 430, Radiation
Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof.
If as claimed the apparatus of subclasses 443+ is combined
with a contact-type printer apparatus, or controls the
exposing light of a contact printer, classification is in
Class 396. For methods which involve the comparison of
optical densities of the type found in subclasses 443+ in
combination with an exposure of a visible light sensitive
film, see particularly Class 96, subclasses 27+.
(4) Note. The photometers which analyze the spectrographs
such as formed by the instruments of subclasses 302+ of this
class are classified in these subclasses 443+.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for instruments responsive to infrared or ultraviolet and
visible radiation being transmitted through a translucent
solid medium in combination with means to measure the
intensity of the light transmitted through the medium.
220 for photoelectric apparatus to measure logarithmically
the intensity of light at some specific location.
243.1 for light density standards, per se.
244 for specimen or standard supports for passing light
through a solid.
404 for examination of the color properties of photographic
negatives.
405 for photographic printing apparatus of the color type
which includes color correction whereby light of at least
three different colors is transmitted through a developed
negative and the intensities of the various colors necessary
to make a duplicate of the negative.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
355, Photocopying, 67 for photographic enlargers of the
projection type with apparatus to measure the minimum and
maximum optical densities of the developed negative from
which copies are to be made. See also (2) Note above and
subclasses 78+ for printers of the contact type. See (3)
Note above.
396, Photography, 213 for actinometer with camera, and
subclass 563 for making of optical wedges by exposing
photographic material.
Subclass:
444
With scanning, sweeping, or moving detector over film:
This subclass is indented under subclass 443. Subject matter
wherein directed light transmitted through the sheet, strip,
or other translucent solid medium is moved in a predetermined
manner either by electronic means or by mechanically moving
optical means; or wherein the sheet, strip, or other solid
medium is moved past the light source; or wherein the
photoelectric means is moved selectively about the surface of
the film sheet, strip, or medium in order to obtain the
intensity of the light transmitted at a plurality of
locations through the film sheet, strip, or other solid
medium.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
386 and 387, for width detection and measurement of
indeterminate length webs where one or a plurality of
detection units are involved, and where mechanical or
electronic motivated light beams may be transmitted through
or reflected from a solid medium into the detection units.
429 for apparatus which monitors moving webs of the
translucent, transparent, or opaque type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 555 and 566+ for photoelectric
apparatus to detect records such as photographic film; and
subclasses 336.1+, especially subclasses 359.1 and 360.1, for
methods and apparatus to inspect relatively moving objects
with respect to invisible radiant energy with a radiation
responsive electric signalling device.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 474 and
500+ for optical devices of the facsimile type which utilize
flying spot scanner light beams for transmission through a
film or films for the purpose of detecting the optical
density for reproducing a facsimile type picture.
396, Photography, 567 for fluid-treating apparatus which
includes a photocell for performing an optical density check
on the film being processed, and means for controlling the
apparatus.
Subclass:
445
OF LIGHT REFLECTION (E.G., GLASS):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter which includes either a material or a sample
designed to be placed next to or upon a material or sample to
be examined on the basis of reflected light intensity; and
which includes either light generating and optical means to
direct the generated light, or optical means to direct
natural light onto the material or sample to be examined, so
that the light is reflected therefrom for examination by
visual or photosensitive means to indicate or record, when so
desired, the intensity or differences of intensity of the
reflected light.
(1) Note. This subject matter is limited to surface
reflection.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.1 for visual light inspection apparatus which check for
local variations in the overall light intensity from articles
or material as caused by imperfections or flaws.
300 for dispersion type test apparatus which reflects light
from standards or unknown substances at selected
frequencies.
369 for measuring or testing surface reflection using
polarized light.
372 for mensuration devices with which measurement is based
upon the intensity of light reflected from an article or
material.
402 for devices which measure the intensity of light
reflected from materials or the comparison of colors by means
of reflective standards.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 29 for the determination
of vapor content of a gas by light scattering of a light beam
reflected from a test surface; subclasses 104+ for surface
testing; and subclass 160 for measuring the light intensity
of a reflected beam of light from a dyed thread sample which
is indicative of the color of the sample.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 580 and
587 for radiant energy devices which separate articles
physically on the basis of the intensity of reflected
radiation which is correlated to the surface or the color of
the article.
250, Radiant Energy, 216 wherein light reflected from
articles, material, or animate beings controls a
photosensitive detector.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 227, 234, and 235
for electrical signalling apparatus which utilize the
intensity of reflected light to note a change of condition
including ice formation, moisture, or humidity conditions.
Subclass:
446
With diffusion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Subject matter
wherein the light reflected from the material or sample is
scattered by reason of the surface irregularities of the
material or sample alone; or wherein the reflected light is a
combination of the scattered light and specularly reflected
light; or wherein the reflected light is scattered from
particles distributed on the surface of the material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
237.1 for inspection of material or articles for flaws which
include the detection of contaminants such as dirt within a
bottled fluid.
337 for light scattering caused by more or less uniformly
distributed particles internally in a fluid, liquid, or gas
which may be moving or static.
427 for light scattering caused by contaminants, such as
dirt or other particles, which are entrained in encapsulated
or bottled fluids, where agitation or rotation is used to
cause the unwanted particles to move about within the fluid.
448 for comparison apparatus of the reflected light type
which does not involve light diffusion.
Subclass:
447
With modulation (e.g., flicker beam):
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Subject matter
including devices which modify the light reflected from the
material or article in a repetitive manner, mechanically or
otherwise.
(1) Note. Comparative reflecting devices of the modulator
type are classified here.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
217 for photometers of the modulating type both visual and
photoelectric wherein the light intensity at some location
alone is desired.
314 for spectrophotometers which utilize mechanical,
electrical, or optical modulators including the polarized
light type to obtain the light intensities or the difference
in light intensities for one or more frequencies of visible
light where a dispersing means is used to obtain the various
frequencies of light.
418 for colorimeters which utilize light modulators.
Subclass:
448
By comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Subject matter
including visual or photoelectric apparatus which compares
the reflected light in intensity from the sample or material
with the light from a standard material or article.
(1) Note. The usual comparator type includes regular and
stereomicroscopes wherein a comparison of the reflected light
intensity is made with a standard, which may be a photograph,
where no dimensional length, profile, color plus light
intensity, or flaw check is involved.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for comparison systems of the visual and photoelectric
type which are based upon the frequency and the intensity of
light reflected from at least the unknown material or
sample.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 208 and 578 for plural light
sources and photocells which may be used in a comparator of
light intensity as reflected from a sample or material with a
standard light intensity where no indicator or test material
support is claimed.
340, Communication: Electrical, subclass 146.3 and 825.30+
which may utilize the intensity of light as reflected from
documents to note the position of identifying marks or items
on the documents.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 373 for compound lens systems of the object
comparator type.
382, Image Analysis, subclass 112 which may utilize the
intensity of light as reflected from the document to denote
the information content.
Subclass:
450
BY LIGHT INTERFERENCE (E.G., INTERFEROMETER):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter in which plural coherent light beams interact
to produce a cancellation or reinforcement of wave energy,
for measuring or testing.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.09 for range or remote distance measuring wherein a photo
detector is responsive to light interference fringes.
28.5 for light interference measurement of velocity.
35.5 for material strain analysis by light interference
measurement and testing.
242 for moir'e pattern templates for the determination of
the number of threads in a fabric such as a stocking.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 700 for an
interferometer combined with a mechanical arrangement for
contacting the work piece.
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 655 for interferometric
vibration measuring.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 231.13 for shaft angle
transducers, 237 for hoods, grating, baffles, diaphragms, and
masks, 227.11 for light conductors, and 550 for interference
pattern detection.
318, Electricity, Motive Power Systems, subclass 640 for a
positional Servo system for optical adjustment by feedback
from a light or optical measuring instrument.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 370 for an interference microscope; subclass 498
for an optical device using interference effects with
polarized light, not limited to measuring or testing; and
subclass 577 for an optical modifying device, in general,
which utilizes the phenomenon of light interference.
399, Electrophotography, subclass 9 for diagnostics of
electrophotography devices, particularly subclass 31 for
image-forming components.
Subclass:
451
Spectroscopy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein an interference
phenomenon is used to analyze the spectral characteristics of
light.
(1) Note. See Search Notes under subclass 300 above.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for dispersed light spectroscopic measuring and
testing.
402 for filter photometers which analyze the wavelength and
intensity of emitted or absorbed light by materials as a
result of reflective or transmissive tests, where filters
rather than dispersive mediums are used to isolate
wavelengths of light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 339.07 for an infrared
spectrometer.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 95 for
measuring or testing electricity having a wave guide or
electrically long line and 96 for measuring or testing
electricity utilizing radiant energy.
Subclass:
452
Having particular linear mirror drive or configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Spectroscopy
further comprising specific details of a linear mirror drive
or mirror configuration of a spectrometer.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
455 for spectroscopic measuring further comprising a
rotating, pendulous, or wedge scanning element.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (including communication) and Elements,
subclass 871 for mirrors with supporting structure.
Subclass:
453
Polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Spectroscopy
wherein the interfering beams are created using a polarized
interferometer.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
487 for measuring and testing by light interference wherein
the interacting light waves are polarized and of differing
frequencies.
491 for measuring and testing by light interference wherein
an interacting light wave of the interferometer is
polarized.
Subclass:
454
Fabry-Perot type or Etalon type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Spectroscopy
wherein the interfering beams are created by at least two
parallel surfaces in optical alignment, at least one of which
is partially transmissive, forming a resonant cavity.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
480 for a Fabry-Perot interferometer further comprising a
passive optical waveguide to conduct one interfering beam.
506 for a gap measurement using a Fabry-Perot
interferometer.
519 for measuring and testing by light interference using a
Fabry-Perot interferometer having a specific structure or
configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (including communication) and Elements,
577 for interference filters.
Subclass:
455
Having a rotating, pendulous, or wedge scanning element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Spectroscopy
wherein scanning is accomplished by rotating or moving a
transmissive element in one of the beam paths, or by rotating
or pendulously moving a reflector.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
452 for a particular linear mirror drive configuration.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (including communication) and Elements,
871 for mirrors with supporting structures.
Subclass:
456
Imaging:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Spectroscopy
matter wherein an interference phenomenon is used to analyze
spectral characteristics of light over an entire scanned
image.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
382, Image Analysis, subclass 280 for Fourier image
transform.
Subclass:
457
Holography:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein at least one of the
interference light beams is reconstructed from a record of
phase and amplitude information of that light beam
wavefront.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
488 for measuring and testing by light interference by
wavefront division.
499 for measuring and testing a displacement or distance by
wavefront division.
521 for measuring and testing by light interference by
wavefront division.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 656 for holograms used
in vibration testing.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 550 for holographic pattern
detection.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
1 for basic subject matter in the field of holography.
Subclass:
458
For optical configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 457. Holography
including means to determine a relative distribution of
parts, elements, or external form of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
15 for a hologram used as an optical element.
Subclass:
459
Rotation rate (e.g., ring laser gyros):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein counter-rotating
beams are interfered producing a signal indicative of a
rotation due to rotation of a gyro about its sensitive axis.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
372, Coherent Light Generators, subclass 94 for a resonant
cavity having a ring configuration.
Subclass:
460
By fiber or waveguide interferometer (e.g., Sagnac effect):
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein beams of differing phase are generated as a
result of counter-propagation of beams in a fiber coil
interferometer due to rotation of a coil around its sensitive
axis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
477 for measuring and testing by light interference using a
fiber or waveguide interferometer.
483 for a non-rotation rate Sagnac interferometer.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
385, Optical Waveguides, subclass 12 for an optical
waveguide sensor and 14 for an integrated optical circuit.
Subclass:
461
Resonant loop:
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein beams of differing frequency
are generated as a result of counter-rotation of beams in a
resonant fiber or waveguide cavity.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
372, Coherent Light Generators, appropriate subclasses for
laser structure not limited to measuring or testing.
Subclass:
462
Multi-axis (X-Y-Z) having multiplexing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein an output is generated as a
result of rotation of multiple fiber coil interferometers,
each having a different axis of sensitivity, and further
comprising a processing means shared between the different
interferometers.
Subclass:
463
Multiple harmonic output:
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein multiple harmonic outputs of
a bias modulation frequency are generated.
Subclass:
464
Having null feedback loop:
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein a feedback loop is used to
null a phase difference due to a coil rotation.
Subclass:
465
Fiber coil winding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein a specific coil winding is
used to compensate for non-reciprocal effects on a fiber
coil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, appropriate subclass
for a process or apparatus for progressively winding
elongated flexible material more than 3600 about an axis of a
take-up of restricted length.
Subclass:
466
Having m x n loop coupler where (m is greater than 2) and (n
is greater than or equal to 2 (e.g., passive bias):
This subclass is indented under subclass 460. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein a passive phase bias between
counter-rotating beams is produced by a coil coupler.
Subclass:
467
Four frequency, multi-oscillator, non-planar cavity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein at least four counter-rotating frequencies
co-exist within an interferometer cavity.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
385, Optical waveguides, 15 for optical waveguides with
optical couplers.
Subclass:
468
Cavity output beam combiner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein specific beam combining structure is used to
combine counter-rotating beams outside a cavity.
Subclass:
469
Cavity mirror details:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate including specific cavity mirror structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, 311 for
piezoelectric elements and devices.
372, Coherent Light Generators, subclass 107 for a
particular resonant cavity having mirror support or alignment
structure.
Subclass:
470
Passive cavity (laser source outside cavity):
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein a beam source is located outside of a resonant
interferometer cavity.
Subclass:
471
Multi-axis cavity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein different interferometer cavities share at least
one common mirror.
Subclass:
472
Lock-in prevention:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Rotation
rate wherein a bias is used to separate frequencies of beams
at low rotation rates.
Subclass:
473
Path length control (PLC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Lock-in
prevention wherein a path length of a cavity is maintained at
a specific frequency.
Subclass:
474
Having dither signal removal from output:
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Lock-in
prevention wherein a system oscillating signal is extracted
from an output signal.
Subclass:
475
Having dither signal control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Lock-in
prevention further comprising a means to control oscillating
of a system.
Subclass:
476
By dithering (suspensions, drives, flexures):
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Lock-in
prevention wherein specific mechanical structure is used in
biasing the interferometer by dithering (oscillating) the
interferometer.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, 311 for
piezoelectric elements and devices.
Subclass:
477
Using fiber or waveguide interferometer :
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference having a passive optical
waveguide to conduct at least one of the interfering beams.
(1) Note. The term "passive" is intended to exclude
interferometers in which the fiber or waveguide includes a
laser.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
460 for the generation of beams of differing phase as a
result of counter-propagation of the beams in a fiber coil
interferometer due to rotation of the coil around its
sensitive axis.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 227.11 for light conductors.
372, Coherent Light Generators, appropriate subclasses for
laser structure not limited to measuring or testing.
385, Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclass for optical
waveguides.
Subclass:
478
Multiplexed sensor array:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein a plurality of sensors are
connected in an array.
Subclass:
479
Having a short coherence length source:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein the coherence length of a
light source is such that interference occurs only within a
very narrow range of path length difference.
Subclass:
480
Resonant cavity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein the beams to be interfered
are created by a resonant cavity or resonant loop.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
454 for the spectral analysis of light using a Fabry-Perot
or Etalon interferometer.
461 for a resonant loop for rotation rate detection.
519 for measuring or testing by light interference using a
Fabry-Perot interferometer having a specific structure or
configuration.
Subclass:
481
Refraction indexing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein a change in phase between
interfering beams is due to some change in refraction index
in or along at least one of the beam paths.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
517 for measuring and testing by light interference using
refractive indexing.
Subclass:
482
For distance or displacement measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein the fiber interferometer is
arranged to measure small changes in position of an article
or small length of space between two points.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
486 for measuring displacement or distance having light
beams of different frequencies.
493 for measuring displacement or distance having a
polarized beam.
498 for measuring displacement or distance by light
interference.
Subclass:
483
Plural counter propagating beams (e.g., non-motion Sagnac
device):
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Fiber or
waveguide interferometer wherein an optical fiber or
waveguide forms a closed loop through which the interacting
light beams travel in opposite directions.
Subclass:
484
Having light beams of different frequencies (e.g.,
heterodyning):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein the coherent light
beams are of different frequency.
Subclass:
485
For dimensional measurement (e.g., thickness gap alignment,
profile):
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Measuring
and testing using light beams of different frequency wherein
the interference pattern is indicative of the height, width,
depth, thickness or change in a position of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring distance or displacement using a fiber or
waveguide interferometer.
492 for measuring dimensions further comprising a polarized
beam.
496 for measuring dimensions by light interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.19 for the use of radiant energy in
measuring dimensions.
Subclass:
486
Displacement or distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Dimensional
measurement wherein the interferometer is arranged to measure
small changes in position of an article or small length of
space between two points.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring distance or displacement using a fiber or
waveguide interferometer.
493 for measuring displacement or distance further
comprising polarized light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.26 for the use of radiant
energy in longitudinal measurements.
Subclass:
487
Polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Distance or
displacement measurement in which interacting light waves of
a heterodyning interferometer are polarized.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
491 for measuring and testing by light interference wherein
an interacting light wave of the interferometer is
polarized.
493 for measuring displacement or distance having a
polarized beam.
Subclass:
488
Having wavefront division (e.g., by diffraction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 487. Polarization
wherein the beams to be combined are obtained by dividing the
wavefront of an input beam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
494 for measuring and testing displacement or distance with
wavefront division wherein the interacting light beams are
polarized and of the same frequency.
499 for measuring and testing displacement or distance with
wavefront division wherein the interacting light beams are of
the same frequency.
521 for measuring and testing by wavefront division by light
interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 231.13 for shaft angle transducers and
237 for hoods, grating, baffles, diaphragms, or masks.
Subclass:
489
Contour or profile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Dimensional
measurement including means for determining a contour,
profile, or shape of a surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
495 for measuring a contour or profile using polarized
light.
511 for measuring a contour or profile by light
interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.22 for the measurement of
a surface contour using radiant energy.
Subclass:
490
Alignment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 485. Dimensional
measurement further comprising a means to determine an
alignment of a surface relative to a reference line or
plane.
Subclass:
491
Having polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein an interacting
light wave of the interferometer is polarized.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
453 for spectral analysis.
487 for measuring and testing by light interference wherein
the interacting light waves are polarized and of differing
frequencies.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.29 for measuring position
using radiant energy.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
subclass 498 for an optical device using interference
effects with polarized light, not limited to measuring or
testing.
Subclass:
492
For dimensional measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 491. Polarized
light wherein the interference pattern is indicative of the
height, width, depth, thickness or change in a position of an
object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring displacement or distance using a fiber or
waveguide interferometer.
485 for measuring displacement or distance using light beams
of different frequencies.
496 for a measuring dimensions by light interference.
Subclass:
493
Displacement or distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Dimensional
measurement wherein the interferometer is arranged to measure
small changes in position of an article or small length of
space between two points.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring displacement or distance using a fiber or
waveguide interferometer.
486 for measuring displacement or distance using light beams
of different frequencies.
498 for measuring displacement or distance by light
interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.19 for the use of radiant energy in
measuring dimensions.
Subclass:
494
Having wave front division (e.g., by diffraction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 493. Displacement
or distance wherein the beams to be combined are obtained by
dividing the wavefront of an input beam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
488 for measuring displacement or distance using light beams
of different frequencies and further comprising wavefront
division.
499 for measuring displacement or distance further
comprising wavefront division.
521 for measuring and testing by light interference with
wavefront division.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 231.13 for shaft angle transducers and
237 for hoods, grating, baffles, diaphragms, and masks.
Subclass:
495
Contour or profile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Dimensional
measurement including means for determining a contour,
profile, or shape of a surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
489 for a contour or profile measurement using a light beams
of different frequencies.
511 for a contour or profile measurement by light
interference.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.29 for measuring position
using radiant energy.
Subclass:
496
For dimensional measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein an interference
pattern is indicative of a height, width, depth, thickness or
change in a position of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring a displacement or distance using a fiber
or waveguide interferometer.
485 for measuring a dimension using light beams of different
frequencies.
492 for measuring and testing a dimension using polarized
light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 559.19 for the use of radiant energy in
measuring dimensions.
Subclass:
497
Having short coherence length source:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement wherein the coherence length of a light source is
such that interference occurs only within a very narrow range
of path difference.
Subclass:
498
Displacement or distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement wherein the interferometer is arranged to measure
small changes in position of an article or small length of
space between two points.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
482 for measuring a displacement or distance using a fiber
or waveguide interferometer.
486 for measuring a displacement or distance using light
beams of different frequencies.
493 for measuring a displacement or distance using polarized
light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.26 for the use of radiant
energy in longitudinal measurements.
Subclass:
499
Having wavefront division(e.g., by diffraction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Displacement
or distance wherein the beams to be combined are obtained by
dividing a wavefront of an input beam.
(1) Note. This is in contrast to a division of amplitude at
a partially reflecting surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
488 for measuring and testing with light beams of different
frequencies further comprising wavefront division.
494 for measuring and testing using polarized light with
wavefront division.
521 for measuring and testing by light interference with
wavefront division.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 231.13 for shaft angle transducers and
237 for hoods, grating, baffles, diaphragms, or masks.
Subclass:
500
X-Y and/or Z table:
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Displacement
or distance having specific structure allowing movement in
two spacial directions.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 1 for geometrical
instruments having motion in the x-y direction.
250, Radiant Energy, 559.19 for the use of radiant energy in
measuring dimensions.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems subclass 640 for
photoelectric or optical-type measuring instruments.
Subclass:
501
Of probe head (e.g., atomic force microscope):
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Displacement
or distance wherein a displacement is due to a force exerted
on a measuring or sensing probe head.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 700 for geometrical instruments
used for measuring distance.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 309 for an electron probe.
Subclass:
502
Surface displacement due to acoustic wave propagation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Displacement
or distance in which a distance measuring interferometer
determines small changes in article position due to
propagation of an ultra sonic wave in a test sample.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
432 for measuring and testing using light transmission and
absorption.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 655 for using vibratory
techniques to measure or test an article further including a
light beam indicator.
Subclass:
503
Thickness:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement including measurement of an extent of an object
in its smallest direction.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.27 for the use of radiant
energy in thickness measurements.
Subclass:
504
Refraction from surfaces of different refractive index:
This subclass is indented under subclass 503. Thickness
measurement wherein refractions of wavefronts from different
surfaces due to Snells law are used to produce an
interference pattern.
Subclass:
505
Gap:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement including an arrangement for measuring (1)small
changes in a space between articles or (2)a small space
between two surfaces.
Subclass:
506
Fabry-Perot type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 505. Gap
measurement wherein a gap is created by at least two surfaces
in optical alignment, at least one of which is partially
transmissive, forming a resonant cavity.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
454 for spectral analysis using a Fabry-Perot
interferometer.
480 for measuring and testing using a fiber or waveguide
Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Subclass:
507
Between slider/disc (e.g. flying height):
This subclass is indented under subclass 505. Gap
measurement wherein the gap is formed by a read/write head
and a record carrier element.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval,
subclass 75 for the active control of a recorder or
reproducer mechanism further including head position control
and 102+ for a fluid bearing head.
Subclass:
508
For orientation or alignment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement including means for determining an alignment or
orientation of a surface relative to a reference line or
plane.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, 365 for a level indicating
device.
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.29 for measuring position
using radiant energy.
Subclass:
509
Between mask and wafer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Orientation
or alignment wherein a reference plane is a mask and a
surface is a wafer.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
437, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, subclass 8
for semiconductor manufacture combined with a measurement or
test.
Subclass:
510
Tilt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Orientation
or alignment wherein a change in angle of the surface is
determined.
Subclass:
511
Contour or Profile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Dimensional
measurement including means for determining a contour,
profile, or shape of a surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
489 for a contour or profile measurement using a light beams
of different frequencies.
495 for a contour or profile measurement using polarized
light.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 559.22 for the measurement of
a surface contour using radiant energy.
Subclass:
512
By wavefront detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 511. Contour or
profile measurement wherein a wavefront representative of an
area of a surface is one of the interfering beams.
Subclass:
513
Of highly reflective surface(e.g. mirror):
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Wavefront
detection wherein the wavefront is specularly reflected from
a highly reflective surface such as a mirror.
Subclass:
514
Planar surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Highly
reflective surface having a physical characteristic of being
confined to two dimensional space.
Subclass:
515
Of transmission (e.g., lens):
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Wavefront
detection wherein the wavefront is transmitted through an
object under test.
Subclass:
516
Step height (differential, between points):
This subclass is indented under subclass 511. Contour or
profile measurement wherein points on a surface are measured
and the difference between points is indicative of the
profile.
Subclass:
517
For refractive indexing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein the beams are
phased in accordance with a refractive index to be measured.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
481 for measuring and testing using a fiber or waveguide
interferometer further including refractive indexing.
Subclass:
518
Having Schlieren effect:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Refractive
indexing wherein the interferometric determination of
refractive index is combined with a Schlieren test.
Subclass:
519
Having partially reflecting plates in series (i.e.,
Fabry-Perot type):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein the beams to be
interfered are created by at least two surfaces in optical
alignment, at least one of which is partially transmissive,
so as to form a resonant cavity.
Subclass:
520
Having shearing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein the beam to be
tested is combined with itself after an introduction of
either a radial or lateral shear.
Subclass:
521
Having wavefront division (by diffraction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Measuring
and testing by light interference wherein the beams to be
combined are obtained by dividing the wavefront of an input
beam.
(1) Note. This is in contrast to a division of amplitude at
a partially reflecting surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
488 for measuring and testing with light beams of different
frequencies further comprising wavefront division.
494 for measuring and testing using polarized light with
wavefront division.
499 for dimensional measuring and testing by light
interference further including wavefront division.
FOREIGN ART COLLECTIONS
The definitions below correspond to abolished subclasses from
which these collections were formed. See the Foreign Art
Collection Schedule of this Class for specific
correspondences. {Note: the titles and definitions for
indented art collections include all the details of the
one(s) that are hierarchically superior.}
Subclass: FOR 100
Subject matter for determining differences in the appearance
over the surface or over or through internal structure of the
material (liquid or solid) forming an article or receptacle
contents, by viewing the surface or interior by light
reflected from the surface or passing through the interior of
the material, such differences representing flaws, cracks,
imperfections, foreign substances or dirt.
Subclass: FOR 101
Subject matter wherein the article or material viewed is a
woven or knitted fabric or an article formed from fabric such
as an article of clothing, the partial transparency of the
fabric being provided by the spaces between the fibers.
Subclass: FOR 102
Subject matter involving structure for passing light through
a transparent or translucent material forming an article.
Subclass: FOR 103
Subject matter wherein the transparent or translucent
articles are formed as receptacles, and the receptacles or
their liquid contents are inspected or examined.
Subclass: FOR 104
Subject matter which includes optical means such as prisms,
mirrors and the like together with their supports providing a
light directing means into one end of a bore for facilitating
the inspection of the interior surface of the bore from the
other end; or lighting means combined with the supported
means onto the interior of the bore and to direct the
reflected light from the interior surface of the bore to the
exterior of the bore for inspection purposes.
Subclass: FOR 105
Subject matter for facilitating the visual counting of
threads in a fabric or registering the count of the variation
produced by threads on light passing over the threads of a
fabric.
Subclass: FOR 106
Subject matter under the class definition including structure
forming a basis for optical comparison with the specimen or
portions thereof under test.
Subclass: FOR 107
BY LIGHT INTERFERENCE (E.G., INTERFEROMETERS): Subject matter
wherein measuring or testing, coherent light beams interact
to pro a cancellation or reinforcement of wave energy.
Subclass: FOR 108
Spectroscopy: Subject matter wherein the interference phe is
used to analyze the spectral charac of light.
Subclass: FOR 109
Holography: Subject matter wherein at least one of the inter
light beams is reconstructed from a record of the phase and
amplitude information of that light beam wavefront.
Subclass: FOR 110
For optical configuration: Subject matter including means to
determine the relative distribution of the parts or ele, or
the external form of an object.
Subclass: FOR 111
With light beams of different frequency (e.g., heterodyning):
Subject matter wherein light beams of different frequency are
mixed together in the formation of an interference pattern.
Subclass: FOR 112
For rotation rate (e.g., ring laser): Subject matter wherein
the beams of differing frequency are generated as a result of
the rota of the interferometer.
Subclass: FOR 113
With polarization: Subject matter wherein the interacting
light waves of the interferometer are polarized.
Subclass: FOR 114
With partially reflecting plates in series (e.g., Fabry-Perot
type): Subject matter wherein the beams to be inter are
created by at least two surface in opti alignment, at least
one of which is partially transmissive.
Subclass: FOR 115
With shearing: Subject matter wherein the beam to be tested
is combined with itself after the introduction of either a
radical or lateral shear.
Subclass: FOR 116
With wavefront division (e.g., by diffrac): Subject matter
wherein the beams to be com are obtained by dividing the
wavefront of an input beam.
Subclass: FOR 117
For dimensional measurement (e.g., thick): Subject matter
wherein light interference is examined to determine the
height, width, depth, or change in position of an object.
Subclass: FOR 118
Of displacement or distance: Subject matter including means
for determin small changes in position of an article or small
length of space between two points.
Subclass: FOR 119
For dimensional measurement (e.g., thick): Subject Matter
wherein the interference pattern is indicative of the height,
width, depth, or change in position of an object.
Subclass: FOR 120
Of displacement of distance: Subject matter including means
for measuring small changes in position of an article or
small length of space between two points.
Subclass: FOR 121
For optical configuration: Subject matter wherein one of the
light beams is reflected from or transmitted through an
object, to determine the relative disposition of the parts or
elements, or the external form of the object.
Subclass: FOR 122
With two light beams (e.g., Twyman-Green): Subject matter
including a reference beam in addition to the object beam.
Subclass: FOR 123
For refractive indexing: Subject matter wherein the beams are
phased in accordance with a refractive index to be mea.
Subclass: FOR 124
With Schlieren effect: Subject matter wherein the
interferometric determination of refractive index is combined
with a Schlieren test.
Subclass: FOR 125
For orientation and alignment: Subject matter including means
for determin the alignment or orientation of a surface
relative to a reference line or plane.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000