This class deals with generating, processing, transmitting or transiently displaying a sequence of images, either locally or remotely, in which the local light variations composing the images may change with time (e.g., natural "live" scenes) by methods involving the following steps:
Step 1. The scanning of an object or a scene by partitioning the object or scene into subareas of image information (e.g., pels or pixels) and generating therefrom an electrical signal representative of an image.
Step 2. The transient display of an object or a scene image by converting an electrical signal representative of the object image (i.e., video signal) into a visible image of the object.
In this class, the sequence of images is intended to portray motion with exception of special television type systems that produce a sequence of still images from a conventional television system (e.g., videophone, slow scan, film retrieval, and security systems). These special television systems normally select an image from a sequence of images of a conventional television system and normally use a transient display (e.g., CRT or liquid crystal).
Facsimile images are normally of a fixed scene (e.g., document) that do not form a sequence, cannot portray motion, and normally the display is fixed (e.g., hard copy). (See References to Other Classes, below.) In television recording, the sequence of images are dynamically recorded for later reproduction.
SUBCOMBINATIONS OF TELEVISION SYSTEMS
This class includes circuits specially designed for dealing with a peculiar component of the television signal (e.g., sync or chrominance), as distinct from merely signals of a particular frequency range.
Electrical circuits that are not specific to television which
may constitute subcombinations of such apparatus are classified in the appropriate class for such circuits.
For a video camera or television receiver having a static storage device as subcombination, see Subclass References to the Current Class, below.

LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
COMBINATIONS OF OTHER APPARATUS WHICH INCLUDE APPARATUS OF THIS CLASS
This class does not include the following subject matter:
1. Systems in which legible alphanumeric or like character forms are analyzed according to step 1 above to derive an electric signal from which the character is recognized by comparison with stored information are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
2. Systems for the direct photos:graphic copying of an original picture in which an electric signal representative of a characteristic of the picture is derived and employed to modify the operation of the system are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
3. Systems for the reproduction, according to step 2, of images comprising alphanumeric or computer generated s:graphics and systems for the conversion of a computer generated signal into a television signal are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
4. Systems for the dynamic recording, or reproducing, of black and white television using a nonmagnetic medium, systems for the dynamic recording or reproducing of color television, and systems for photographing displayed images are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
5. Systems for the dynamic recording or reproducing of black and white images from magnetic media (e.g., magnetic tape) are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
For related elements or systems, see References to Other Classes, below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
231 and 714+, for a video camera or television receiver having a static storage device as subcombination.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 596 for measuring and testing an
apparatus including acoustic imaging.
128, Surgery, 4 for endoscopes in general.
250, Radiant Energy, 200 and 216+ for photocells, circuits and optics therefor, and subclasses 330+ and 338+ for devices responsive to invisible radiation.
312, Supports: Cabinet Structure, subclass 7.2 for television cabinets.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, 364 for cathode-ray tubes.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, 1 for cathode-ray tube circuits.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 41 and 85 for synchronization circuitry.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 76.12 for analysis of complex waves.
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous nonlinear active device circuits.
329, Demodulators, 311, 315+, 345+, and 347+ for pulse frequency, phase, or amplitude demodulators, respectively.
330, Amplifiers, subclass 11 for DC reinsertion circuit, subclasses 127+ for control of power supply, and subclass 149 for noise compensation.
331, Oscillators, subclass 20 and 172 for television type oscillator synchronization.
332, Modulators, various subclasses for modulators.
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclass 14 and 24+ for companders and coupling networks.
334, Tuners, various subclasses for tuners, per se.
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, appropriate subclasses for A/D or D/A conversion.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1-205 for radar systems.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, appropriate subclasses.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, for systems
for the reproduction, according to the Class 348 Class Definition, step 2, of images comprising alphanumeric or computer generated s:graphics and systems for the conversion of a computer generated signal into a television signal. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Combinations of Other Apparatus Which Include Apparatus of This Class")
346, Recorders, 150.1 for electric recording of phenomenon, particularly subclasses 150.2 for electric discharge and 150.3 for electrochemical, subclass 134 for particular record receivers, subclasses 139+ for scanning devices for markers, and subclasses 107.1+ for light or beam recording of phenomenon.
347, Incremental Printing of Symbolic Information, 112 for electrostatic marking, particularly subclasses 129+ for photo scanning, subclasses 224+ for light beam marking.
355, Photocopying, subclass 38 for systems for the direct photos:graphic copying of an original picture in which an electric signal representative of a characteristic of the picture is derived and employed to modify the operation of the system. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Combinations of Other Apparatus Which Include Apparatus of This Class")
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3 for range or distance measurement, subclasses 241.1+ for borescopes, subclasses 426+ and 237.1+ for inspection devices, and subclasses 402+ for shade or color measuring.
358, Facsimile, appropriate subclasses for transmitting, processing, or reproducing a permanent picture, and particularly subclass 479 wherein the image signal is generated by a television type camera. (See References to Other Classes, above.)
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, various subclasses for optical devices, especially 1 for holography; subclasses 109+ for optical communication; and subclasses 196+ and 887 for light beam deflectors and sequentially additive filters.
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, 9.1, 14.1+, 19.1, and 33.1+ for dynamic magnetic recorders peculiar to non-color television signal processing. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Combinations of Other Apparatus Which Include Apparatus of This Class")
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclass 243 for synchronization of shafts and subclasses 173+ and 211 for a photosensitive device in circuits for electromagnets.
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, 400 for the application of a computer in various combinations
that may include use of television equipment, as in, for example, subclasses 469+, product manufacturing, and FOR 514+ for foreign art collections of computer-based communication engineering which may include object detection or tracking.
365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, appropriate subclasses. The storage of information, which includes video signal processing, is excluded from this class.
369, Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, appropriate subclasses for recording or reproducing information absent any feature peculiar to video processing.
370, Multiplex Communications, appropriate subclasses for multiplex systems in general.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, for communication using pulse or digital signals which do not include video signals, with particular exception, digital television bandwidth compression are classified in subclasses 240.01-240.29.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 98.2 for systems which deal with television signals.
379, Telephonic Communications, for communication by telephone which do not include videophone.
380, Cryptography, especially subclasses 200-242 for cryptographic video equipment and techniques.
382, Image Analysis, appropriate subclass for pattern recognition or alphanumeric character sensing.
382, Image Analysis, for systems in which legible alphanumeric or like character forms are analyzed according to the Class 348 Class Definition, step 1, to derive an electric signal from which the character is recognized by comparison with stored information. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Combinations of Other Apparatus Which Include Apparatus of This Class")
386, Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording or Reproducing, for systems for the dynamic recording, or reproducing, of black and white television using a nonmagnetic medium, systems for the dynamic recording or reproducing of color television, and systems for photographing displayed images. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Combinations of Other Apparatus Which Include Apparatus of This Class")
395, Information Processing System Organization, 80 for data processing of robot control systems.
396, Photography, appropriate subclasses for a camera which when actuated uses light to record a chemically developable image or subcombinations thereof. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in the class definition
therein for the line with Class 348.
409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, 2, 79+, 245+, and 289+ for a pattern controlled device including scanning.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for process, composition, and product involving radiation imagery chemistry.
434, Education and Demonstration, subclass 307 for teaching devices including television combinations.
439, Electrical Connectors, for electrical connectors, per se.
455, Telecommunications, various subclasses for radio transmission or reception.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, for the application of a computer in measuring, testing, or calibrating apparatus that may include use of television equipment.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression, 200 for artificial intelligence systems that process speech signals.
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge and 15 for neural networks and circuits.
709, Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Multiple Computer or Process Coordinating, 200 for data transmission among plurality of spatially distributed computers or digital data processing systems.
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, appropriate subclasses for digital data error in general.

GLOSSARY:
BASIC RECEIVER
A receiver for converting incoming electric signals into television pictures and the associated sound.
BURST
Also called reference burst, the portion of the composite or noncomposite color-picture signal, comprising a few cycles of a sine wave of chrominance subcarrier frequency, that is used to establish a reference for demodulating the chrominance signal.
COMPOSITE COLOR SIGNAL
A color picture signal with all blanking and synchronizing signals. Including luminance and chrominance components; vertical- and horizontal-sync pulses; vertical- and horizontal-blanking pulses; and the color burst signal, with or without accompanying audio.
COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL
A signal in television that conveys all of the intelligence present in the image together with the synchronizing information (e.g., vertical and horizontal pulses) with or without audio information.
CONVENTIONAL CHANNEL
A portion of the spectrum assigned for the standard operation of a specific carrier and the minimum number of sidebands necessary to convey intelligence.
FORMAT
The particular method for combining the time variable video signal with a synchronizing signal to allow reconstruction of an image from the originating video signal.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
A way of looking at the frequency of waveform components.
IMAGE SENSOR
A generic name for both cathode-ray tube and solid-state imaging devices which converts an optical image of an object into an electrical signal representative of the object image.
KEYSTONING
A distorted scanning pattern, with a top wider than the bottom or vice versa, produced when the electron beam in the television camera tube is at angle with the principal axis of the tube.
PICKUP TUBE
A television camera tube consists of a cathode-ray tube which includes vidicon, orthocon, iconoscope, or plumbicon (i.e., vidicon with lead-oxide target, trademark of N. V. Philips of Holland).
PIXEL OR ELEMENT RATE
The smallest distinguishable and resolvable area in an image.
SCANNING
The successive analyzing or synthesizing, according to a predetermined method, the light values or equivalent characteristics of elements constituting a picture area.
SOLID-STATE IMAGING DEVICE
A device that uses a mosaic of tiny light-sensitive semiconductors (photo-transistors) to produce individual outputs which are then converted into a coherent video signal.
SPATIAL CONTENT, DOMAIN
The content of a single video image.
TEMPORAL CONTENT
The content of the image is changed with respect to time.
VIDEO SIGNAL
A signal in television derived from optical image (e.g., active video)

USE SURVEY AND ACCOUNTING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means for indicating, metering, or recording the number of receivers using a particular television presentation, the length of time that a presentation is being received, or which of concurrent presentations is being received.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
380, Cryptography, appropriate subclasses for cryptos:graphic prevention of unauthorized signal use.
455, Telecommunications, 2 for modulated carrier wave systems with monitoring or survey means.

Monitoring of physical reaction of viewer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including a device to sense the presence or movement of a
viewer.
(1) Note. For example, the device detects the presence or absence of a viewer in a room, or determine whether or not the viewer eyes are watching a television program, etc.

With billing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein remote means are used to compute, indicate, or receive a television subscriber payment.

Monitoring of synchronization or blanking pulse (e.g., horizontal or vertical pulse signal):
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including means for indicating which program is being viewed based upon timing information peculiar to a particular video signal source.
(1) Note. Different television stations have different relative phases for synchronizing pulses which enables remote detection of electromagnetic radiation from the receiver indicative of the station being received.

With video cassette recorder (VCR):
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein visual images and sound of the survey is recorded on a cartridge mounted magnetic tape.

USE OR ACCESS BLOCKING (E.G., LOCKING SWITCH):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which blocks access of a video signal source or otherwise limits usage of a television device.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
194, Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms, appropriate subclasses for coin controlled device of general utility.
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclass 60 for preventing recording or erasing an earlier recording on a record carrier.
379, Telephonic Communications, 143 for telephone paystation check operated control, and subclasses 188+ for call or terminal access alarm or control.
380, Cryptography, subclasses 200-242 for concealing intelligible information in a video signal
455, Telecommunications, subclass 26.1 for use or access blocking of a modulated carrier wave communication in general and subclass 411 for radiotelephone with privacy or lockout.

WIRED BROADCAST (E.G., CABLE):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a closed circuit network to distribute signals to a plurality of receivers or display devices.
(1) Note. For example, this subclass and indented subclasses include CATV (Community Antenna Television) and hotel wired distribution networks.
(2) Note. In a closed circuit network, a program source, audio or video that is not broadcast for general consumption, is fed to remote monitored units by wire. This network communication system is entirely self-contained and does not exchange intelligence with other facilities and systems.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
370, Multiplex Communications, subclass 339 for multiplexing systems which utilize plural transmitters/receivers operating off a common antenna.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, 257 for digital cable distribution system.
455, Telecommunications, 3.1 for modulated carrier wave receiver distribution systems.

Broadcast on demand:
This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter wherein provision is made for a user to select a program or
other information to be supplied to the distribution system from a plurality of such programs or information.

Local distribution (e.g., hotel, hospital, vehicle, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter wherein the distribution system is confined to a single building or vehicle or closely related group of buildings or vehicles (e.g., in a parking or a camp ground) under common ownership or management.

Controlled signal substitution (e.g., emergency warning, local preemption, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter wherein provision is made for program or information substitution which is beyond the control of a viewer.
(1) Note. For example, emergency warning is substituted for a regular channel program or a local program is substituted for an out of town channel selected by the viewer.

With subscriber terminal details:
This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter wherein a receiving site has specific means connected to the wired distribution network for converting a transmitted signal to a signal proper to be used by an ordinary receiver.

For frequency conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter wherein a converter shifts a carrier frequency (e.g., shift to channel 3 or 4).

Two-way:
This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter including means for establishing communication to and from the receiving site.

TWO-WAY (E.G., INTERACTIVE):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means for establishing a bi-directional communication of information wherein at least one television signal is involved.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
12 for two-way communication including wired broadcast.

With voice capability (e.g., videophone):
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter comprising bi-directional communication of both video signal and accompanying voice signal.

Conferencing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter wherein three or more terminals intercommunicate.

Switching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter including a structure for selectively connecting a conversational video call to a receiving station.

Transmission scheme:
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter including particular details for formatting, modulating, or
combining voice and video signals which may include control or synchronization signals for transmission between stations.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
469 for formatting a video signal in general.

Still frame (i.e., freeze frame):
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter wherein video displayed is a single image or a sequence of non-moving images.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
22 for slow scanning transmission.

Field or frame difference (e.g., moving frame):
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter wherein transmitted image information represents only changes from a previous image.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
412 and 415, for digital bandwidth reduction involving difference transmission which may include a field or frame difference.

User positioning (e.g., parallax):
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter including a structure to ensure that the user is positioned properly in front of a television camera.

PLURAL TRANSMITTER SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS (E.G., INTERFERENCE REDUCTION):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including two or more transmitters with means
or method for reducing interference between the transmitters.
(1) Note. Such methods include frequency offsets and special formats.

SLOW SCANNING TRANSMISSION (E.G., STILL FRAME):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving a periodic or selective transmission of single video frames during a period greater than the period required for a portrayed motion.
(1) Note. A portrayed motion requires at least 8 frames per second. In a television system, 25 or 30 frames per second are mostly used.
(2) Note. A system included herein is normally intended for use with a telephone system, but the telephone system is not claimed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
17 for two way conversational television systems which may use a slow scanning transmission technique, and see particularly subclass 18 for a still frame transmission.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile, 500 for color facsimile scanning and subclass 479 for facsimile video scanning,.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Subject matter wherein the transmitted video signal includes portions indicating the existing color of an original object or scene.

PLURAL STILL IMAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL CHANNEL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a system which forms a series of unrelated images at convention frame rates and a receiver which selectively grabs one frame for display.
(1) Note. The frame selected is selected as the viewer watches a program. The systems classified herein often are selected when the frame code matches a viewer selected code.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
473 for formats and systems that add an unrelated image to a conventional video program.
559 for frame grabbing, in general.

IMAGE FALSIFICATION TO IMPROVE VIEWER PERCEPTION OF SELECTIVE OBJECT (E.G., MOVING OBJECT OR TARGET):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving a system wherein a picture is presented or processed in such a manner as to enable a viewer to quickly perceive selected information in the picture.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that subtract two images to present the difference, such as motion, or subtract a polarized image from a nonpolarized image to present objects that polarize light.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
578 for special effect devices that modify an image to please a viewer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
382, Image Analysis, 254 for image enhancement or restoration.

Contour generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein a display is produced in the form of a line drawing, a line being generated as a result of the interconnection of points exhibiting substantial changes between adjacent pixels.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 558 for stereoplotters.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 2 for contour plotters in which the contour is recorded from stereoscopic
images.

Quantizer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein a picture signal is separated into discrete amplitudes to expand the difference between selected information and background.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
405 for bandwidth reduction involving transform coding adaptive quantizer.
418 for bandwidth reduction involving difference transmission with vector quantization.
422 for bandwidth reduction involving vector quantization.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
382, Image Analysis, 270 for image transformation or pre-recognition using adaptive quantization or variable thresholding.

Selective contrast expander:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein a picture signal has (a) a selected geometrical area with a gray scale which is extended generally to a full range or (b) a selected range of gray scale which is extended generally to a full range to enable a viewer to perceive a selected object from a similar background.

False color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter including a color display with a presentation or processing that uses differences in color to accentuate different information in an image.
(1) Note. An example of a system found herein is a movement detection system that presents one field in green and the other in magenta (blue and red) such that stationary objects are in black and white and moving objects are outlined in
color.
(2) Note. A system that maps different gray levels to arbitrary colors is found in subclass 34 (pseudo color including intensity to color conversion) regardless of the statement of intent to provide a colored display or to present data for easier presentation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
34 for pseudo color including intensity to color conversion.

Hue expander:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter including means for mapping a narrow area of the hue circle into a larger area of the hue circle.
(1) Note. For example, if the center of the narrow area is red after hue expanding, red input will be displayed as red, purple input will be displayed as blue, and orange input will be displayed as yellow.

BACK SCATTER REDUCTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to minimize an adverse effect on a reproduced picture due to the presence of an imperfect optical medium between an object being viewed and a camera.
(1) Note. Examples of imperfect optical medium are turbid water or atmospheric fog which may scatter light transmitted between the camera and the object, the reduction of backscattered light may be obtained by gating a camera during a period corresponding to the round trip transit time of light from the light source to the object and back to the camera.

PSEUDO COLOR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including generating, transmitting, recording, reproducing, or displaying a picture representative signal which includes portions indicating arbitrarily assigned
color.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclass 100 for color television display of X-ray density.

Multispectral to color conversion (e.g., infrared and visible, infrared bands, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter including more than one picture signal each represented by a distinct frequency band which is arbitrarily assigned a color.
(1) Note. For example, more than one camera is pointing to a sole object, each camera is responsive to a different specific band of wavelengths.

Including intensity to color conversion (e.g., colorizer, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter wherein a color is arbitrarily assigned in relation to an amplitude of the picture signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
29 for false color.

PSEUDO BLACK AND WHITE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including generating, transmitting, recording, reproducing, or displaying a picture representative signal which includes portions indicating arbitrarily assigned gray level representative of color.

PANORAMIC:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means for generating television information for a wide-angle field of view.
(1) Note. The wide-angle field of view should be greater than the television wide aspect ratio (e.g., 16:9).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
432 for bit-rate reduction with added video information in standard channel format.
903 for side panel information in single channel.
904 for separation or joining of side and center panels.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, 69 for panoramic motion picture apparatus.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclass 725 for panoramic lenses.
396, Photography, subclass 436 for panoramic cameras.

With continuously rotating element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter wherein a continuously rotating element is used to generate images of successive portions of the scene.

Multiple channels:
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter wherein more than one transmission path is used to provide simultaneously plural portions of the scene.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
388 for a multiple channel bandwidth reduction system.

With observer selected field of view:
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter having provision for a user to select a portion of the whole
scene to be displayed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
445 for format conversion between aspect ratios.
556 for receiver with additional function to receive signals of different aspect ratio.

HOLOGRAPHIC:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the picture signal includes information derived from an object wave formed by the resulting interference pattern of two mutually coherent component light beams.
(1) Note. In the holos:graphic process a coherent beam is first split into two component beams, one of which irradiates a recording medium. The diffraction or scattering of the first component beam by the object forms the object wave which proceeds to, and interferes with, the second component beam or reference wave at the medium. The resulting pattern is a three-dimensional record (hologram) of the object wave.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 1 for optical holos:graphic system or element, per se.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter wherein the picture signal is displayed in a hue as contrasted with black, white, or gray.

STEREOSCOPIC:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the picture signal also includes portions indicating the three-dimensional nature of the original object or scene.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 86 for motion picture apparatus wherein an illusion of depth is presented.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 462 for optical elements to give a three-dimensional effect.
396, Photography, 324 for stereoscopic photography.

Signal formatting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter including an arrangement for combining video signals representing different viewing positions for transmission.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
469 for television signal formatting, per se.

Pseudo:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein an image signal is modified to simulate a three-dimensional image.

Endoscope:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein a stereoscopic picture signal generator is combined with an instrument which is used for the medical inspection of the interior of a human body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
65 for non-stereoscopic endoscope.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 241.1 for borescope.
385, Optical Waveguides, 117 for imaging optical fiber bundle for use in endoscope.
600, Surgery, 101 for endoscopes in general.

Picture signal generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter including means for scanning an object or scene and deriving in response thereto a stereoscopic picture signal.

Multiple cameras:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter comprising at least two picture signal generators.

More than two cameras:
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter comprising at least three picture signal generators.

Single camera with optical path division:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including an arrangement for optically combining different views for presentation to a single scanning device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
343 for camera optical multiplexing.
344 for camera optical path switching.

Single camera from multiple positions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the camera is either continuously or intermittently moved between left and right viewing positions.

Stereoscopic display device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter including means for converting an image representative electrical signal (i.e., video signal) of an object or scene into a visible image.

More than two display devices:
This subclass is indented under subclass 51. Subject matter comprising more than two display devices.

Viewer attached:
This subclass is indented under subclass 51. Subject matter wherein the display device is mounted on a support adapted to be worn by a user at the level of his field of view.

Single display with optical path division:
This subclass is indented under subclass 51. Subject matter includes an arrangement for optically presenting different views from a single display device to the right and left eye of a viewer.

Separation by time division:
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer during alternating time periods.

With alternating shutters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer by the use of shutters alternately opening and
closing.

With alternating polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer by the use of at least one polarizing filter whose axis of polarization is alternately changed.

Separation by polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer by the use of at least one optical device which vibrates a light ray passed therethrough in accordance with a particular orientation pattern.

Separation by lenticular screen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer by the use of a screen comprising multiple lens elements.

Separation by color (i.e., anaglyphic):
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the different views are presented to respective eyes of the viewer by the use of contrasting color filters on each eye, usually red on one eye and blue or green on the other.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including modification of or addition to an ordinary television system to adapt that system to a specific use.

Aid for the blind:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a particular representation is generated in a form (a) which is to be principally interpreted by a sense other than the sense of sight or (b) which is easy to perceive by an individual having partial loss of sight.
(1) Note. Examples of nonvisible displays are a matrix of mechanical or electrical elements which selectively apply pressure or voltage to portions of a person and electrodes which may be implanted into appropriate areas of the brain.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
434, Education and Demonstration, 112 for reading devices for the blind.
623, Prosthesis (i.e., Artificial Body Members), Parts Thereof, or Aids and Accessories Therefor, appropriate subclasses for artificial body members, including seeing aids for the blind.

Image magnifying:
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the reproduced picture of a viewed object is greater in dimension than the viewed object.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
561 for receiver processing circuitry for magnification of part of image.
581 for special effect, geometric transformation of size.

Combined electronic sensing and photos:graphic film cameras:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator is combined with a photos:graphic still or motion picture camera to provide a visible indication of the scene being photographed (e.g., remote viewing by an operator or a director).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 131 for motion picture cameras combined with a diverse type device.

With endoscope:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator is combined with an instrument which is used for the medical inspection of the interior of a human body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
45 for stereoscopic endoscope.
82 for television systems for use in inaccessible locations such as pipeline or borehole.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
128, Surgery, 4 for endoscopes in general.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 241.1 for borescope.
385, Optical Waveguides, 117 for imaging optical fiber bundle for use in endoscope.

Dental:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generator is combined with the endoscope for the examination of teeth or gum.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
433, Dentistry, 29 for apparatus having means to emit radiation or facilitate viewing of the work.

Laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein an endoscopic light source is provided by an optical resonator which utilizes the natural oscillations of atoms or molecules between energy levels to transform an incoherent
light into a very narrow, intense beam of coherent electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared regions of the spectrum.
(1) Note. Laser is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
372, Coherent Light Generators, for laser, per se.
606, Surgery, 2 for light application instruments.

Illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein an optical arrangement is used to direct a light source or to control the intensity of a light source projected on the inspected surface of a human body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
370 for television camera with object or scene illumination.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 203.2 for photocell control illumination of a target by artificial light source and subclasses 227.29, 227.3, 227.31, and 227.32 for light conductor with particular illumination.
362, Illumination, appropriate subclasses for illumination structure details.
600, Surgery, 101 for endoscope illumination for use in surgery.

Controlled by video signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 68. Subject matter wherein the generated picture signal is fed back to the light source to regulate the intensity of light projected on the inspected surface of the human body.

Color sequential illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 68. Subject matter wherein the picture signal is displayed in a hue as a result of a sequential illumination of an object by different wavelengths (e.g., red, green, blue, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
269 for camera with color sequential illumination.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein the picture signal is displayed in a hue as contrasted with black, white, or gray.

Plural endoscopes interchangeable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter having more than one endoscope which permits mutual substitution.

External camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generator is placed outside of the endoscope.

With additional adjunct (e.g., recorder control, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter wherein the endoscope is combined with another system to improve the television system.

Adaptor or connector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter including an auxiliary structure for coupling the endoscope to the picture signal generator or to another apparatus or system.

Physical structure of circuit element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Subject matter comprising a configuration detail of an endoscope optical arrangement or its solid-state integrated circuit layout.

Human body observation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein the television system is specifically used for examining a person in total or part.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, 14 for eye, mouth, or body photography.

Eye:
This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter wherein the human body being observed is an organ of sight.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
351, Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting, 206 for eye examining or testing including eye photography.

Microscope:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein the television system is combined with an optical instrument which generates enlarged images of minute objects.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
368 for microscope, per se.

Electronic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 79. Subject matter wherein the microscope utilizes an electron beam for the observation and recording of submicroscopic samples.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 311 for electron microscope, per se.

Underwater:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator is mounted on or enclosed within an apparatus permitting placement of the generator in an environment below the surface of the water.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 66.2 for an underwater television camera, nominally claimed, in combination with underwater handling equipment.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclass 141 for underwater optical communication.
396, Photography, 25 for underwater-type photos:graphic cameras.

Hazardous or inaccessible:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator is enclosed in or provided with structure to permit its use in environments of extreme heat or radiation or where access is not possible by humans or an ordinary television system.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
65 for picture signal generators employed in endoscopes.
81 for picture signal generators used in underwater
environments.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
138, Pipes and Tubular Conduits, subclass 97 for apparatus to locate and repair cracks in pipes that may utilize television.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 241.1 for bore inspection utilizing optical elements.

Furnace (e.g., nuclear reactor, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter wherein the hazardous environment is an enclosed structure in which relatively intense heat is produced.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
976, Nuclear Technology, digest 235 for monitoring, testing, or maintaining a structural combination of reactor core or a moderator structure with viewing means which may be a television camera.

Pipeline:
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter wherein the inaccessible environment is a tubular conduit.

Borehole:
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter wherein the inaccessible environment is a hole drilled in the earth (e.g., an exploratory well).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 302 and 304+ for borehole directions indications.
73, Measuring and Testing, 152.01 for instruments for borehole studies.
166, Wells, subclass 64 and 66 for well apparatus including measuring, testing, or indicating means and subclasses
250.01+ for well processes including measuring, testing, or indicating.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, 40 for a process +or means of measuring or testing combined with an earth boring process or apparatus.
181, Acoustics, 102 for well exploration by use of seismic prospecting systems which do not involve the handling of electric signals that contain geophysical information.
250, Radiant Energy, 256 for ray energy detection or measurement (including detection or measurement of radioactive materials) applied to a borehole or drilling study.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 323 for electrical testing of boreholes.
340, Communications: Electrical, 853.1 for telemetering in wells.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, 25 for seismic well logging using acoustic wave responsive electrical means.

Manufacturing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator (i.e., television camera) is utilized for monitoring a manufacturing operation.
(1) Note. Patents included in this subclass contain detailed structure of the television system and nominal or no specific recitation of machine or tool structure. Patents with detailed structure of the tool or machine are classified according to the tool or machine structure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
382, Image Analysis, 141 for manufacturing using image analysis.

Electronic circuit chip or board (e.g., positioning):
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the manufacturing object includes a semiconductor substrate or a board on which multiple semiconductor devices are integrated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 833 for methods of assembling an electronic component to an insulative base by utilizing an optical sighting device wherein the assembly is performed at least in part by using means which aid or enhance visual location or determination of the position of the component relative to the base.

Web, sheet or filament:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein an object being manufactured is a thin sheet, plate or strip, or a thin flexible threadlike object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, subclass 571 for photocell operated devices for detecting web, strand, strip, or sheet.

Agricultural or food production:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein an object being manufactured is a produced crop or a livestock or a preparation of these products.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 341 for cooking with observation means.

Welding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the manufacturing includes joining metallic parts by heating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
219, Electric Heating, subclass 121.83 for electric heating with monitoring.

Sorting, distributing or classifying:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generator is used to separate manufactured objects in different categories by structure or destination.

Quality inspection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generator is used to determine acceptability of a manufactured object.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Subject matter wherein the control involves a distinction of different aspect of an object or a light source in terms of hue.

Position detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the television system is used to determine a point or a place where an object is located.

Alignment or positioning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Subject matter wherein the television system is used in manufacturing to help adjust an apparatus or place an object to an appropriate position.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 138 for angle measuring or axial alignment and subclasses 399+ for alignment in lateral direction.

Film, disc or card scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including an apparatus to position a picture signal generator or the record whereby the record can be viewed by the picture signal generator and displayed on a display device.
(1) Note. The picture signal generator and display may also be utilized as an aid in locating a given record.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, 9.1, 14.1+, 19.1, and 33.1+ for magnetic storage or retrieval of non-color television signals.
365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, appropriate subclasses for storage and retrieval of electrical signals.

Motion picture film scanner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter including means for scanning a motion picture film (e.g., telecin) and synchronously advancing or stepping the film past the scanning apparatus.

Mechanical optical scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Subject matter wherein the scanning is performed by a mechanical moving device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
195 for mechanical optical scanning which is not applied to motion picture film.
474 for facsimile systems utilizing mechanical-optical elements.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 234 for photocell combined with moving optical systems.
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, appropriate subclasses for
mechanical film advancing devices.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 196 and 298+ for optical scanning devices.

Flying spot scanner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the mechanical optical scanning means provides a small beam of light which moves over a film and translates the highlights and shadows into electrical signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
209 for generic camera flying spot scanner, per se.

Flying spot scanner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Subject matter wherein the scanning means provides a small beam of light which moves over a film and translates the highlights and shadows into electrical signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
209 for camera flying spot scanner, per se.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generated having portion indicating the existing color of an object or scene in the film.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
210 for color camera flying spot scanner, per se.

Intermittent film movement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter
wherein the film is advanced past the scanner in a periodically stopping and moving manner.

With modification of scanner sweep:
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Subject matter including apparatus to modify the scanning motion of the scanning means to properly coordinate the scanning motion with the film position.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generated having portion indicating the existing color of an object or scene in the film.

Intermittent film movement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Subject matter wherein the film is advanced past the scanner in a periodically stopping and moving manner.

With modification of scanner sweep:
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Subject matter including apparatus to modify the scanning motion of the scanning means to properly coordinate the scanning motion with the film position.

With record location:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter including an apparatus to select a particular information containing record.

Flying spot scanner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein the scanning means provides a small beam of light which moves over a film and translates the highlights and shadows into electrical signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
209 for camera flying spot scanner, per se.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generated having portion indicating the existing color of an object or scene in the film.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
210 for color camera flying spot scanner, per se.

Slide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter including a photos:graphic transparency or film individually mounted on a frame adapted to be moved to a scanning area.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Subject matter wherein the picture signal generated having portion indicating the existing color of an object or scene in the slide.

Microfilm:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter
including a film bearing a photos:graphic record on a reduced scale.

Navigation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator or reproducer is used with a steerable vehicle to permit control of the vehicle from a remote location or to provide an indication in the vehicle of its position as an aid in the guidance of the vehicle.
(1) Note. Included here is a significant television processing system and nominal recitation of the vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
143 for television surveillance systems wherein a selected area is viewed from a remote location for other than navigational purposes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, 3.11 for remote control of a missile trajectory.
340, Communications: Electrical, 945 for electrical aircraft alarm or indication systems, subclasses 984+ for electrical watercraft alarm or indication systems, subclasses 988+ for electrical vehicle position indication systems, and subclasses 425.5+ for electrical land vehicle alarm or indication systems.
434, Education and Demonstration, subclass 111, 186, and 239+ for apparatus to instruct in navigation of various vehicles.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, 200 for navigation using computer systems.

Remote control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator or reproducer is used with a steerable vehicle to permit control of the vehicle from a distant location.

Head-up display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein a television image is optically superimposed upon a real live scene within a field of view of an observer.
(1) Note. The superimposition is typically performed by a partially silvered mirror.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 980 for aircraft alarm or indicating systems which may include a head-up display.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 7 for head-up display having electrical features.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclass 13 for holos:graphic head-up display.

Direction finding or location determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter including an apparatus for assistance in pointing out a proper route or determining coordinates of an unknown place in reference to a known place.

Aircraft or spacecraft:
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein the vehicle is a load-carrying structure for navigation in the air or in space.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, appropriate subclasses for spacecraft of aircraft, per se.
340, Communications: Electrical, 945 for electrical aircraft alarm or indication systems.

Land vehicle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter including a steerable machine for transportation on a solid surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 988 for electrical vehicle position indication systems and subclasses 425.5+ for electrical land vehicle alarm or indication systems.

Program control (e.g., path guidance, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein certain functions of the vehicle can be set in advance by previously stored instructions.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, 23 for vehicle automatic route guidance system.
901, Robots (cross-reference art collection), subclass 1 for mobile robot.

Farm vehicle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein the vehicle being navigated is devoted to agriculture purposes.

Simulator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including television means to recreate some aspects of the displayed environment (e.g., land, air, or sea).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 384 for apparatus for producing audible sounds as signaling indications such as sound which simulates the noise in an airplane for use in training programs.
434, Education and Demonstration, subclass 111, 186, and 239+ for apparatus to instruct in the navigation of various
vehicles; subclasses 43 and 69 for apparatus to instruct in the use of various vehicles; and subclasses 11+ for apparatus to portray various operations in war.

Visibility (e.g., fog, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Subject matter wherein the particular environment to be simulated is a condition that affects the quality or state of being visible.

Aircraft or spacecraft:
This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Subject matter wherein the particular environment to be simulated is a load-carrying structure for navigation in the air or in space.

Ship:
This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Subject matter wherein the particular environment to be simulated is a vessel that navigates in water.

Flaw detector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein a picture signal generator is utilized to view an object and the signals so generated produce a display whereby imperfections in the object may be visually observed, or wherein the signals generated are compared with signals representative of a standard to provide an indication of whether imperfections exist in the object.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 600 for flaw detection by measuring velocity or propagation time of beamed mechanical waves.
250, Radiant Energy, 562 and 572 for photocell operated
devices for evaluating and detecting defects in a sheet.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 200 for flaw testing using magnetic effect.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 426 for optical inspection of an article with agitation or rotation; subclasses 429+ for inspection of moving webs or thread; and subclasses 237.1+ for optical systems for detecting flaws or imperfections.
382, Image Analysis, appropriate subclasses for flaw detection by image analysis.

Of electronic circuit chip or board:
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein the object to be inspected is a semiconductor substrate or a board on which multiple semiconductor devices are integrated.

Of transparent container or content (e.g., bottle, jar, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein the object to be observed for imperfection detection is a clear receptacle or a clear flexible covering or its content.

Of surface (e.g., texture or smoothness, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein the television system aids in inspecting the appearance of an surface for its polish (smoothness) or its pattern structure regularity (texture).

By comparison with reference object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein the picture signals of a viewed object is compared with signals representative of a standard to provide an
indication of whether imperfections exist in the object.

With stored representation of reference object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 129. Subject matter wherein a device is used to hold picture signals of reference objects, which will be retrieved latter to compare with picture signals of the inspected object.

With specific illumination detail:
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein a particular optical arrangement or material is used for directing a light source or varying its brightness on the surface of an inspected object.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
370 for camera with object or scene illumination.

With strobe illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein a flashtube is used to emit a high intensity flash of light into an examination region.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
371 for camera with flash or strobe illumination.

With circuit detail:
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein a structural detail of a video circuit for flaw detection is being presented.

Including line to line comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Subject matter wherein a video signal of one scan line is being compared to a video signal of a preceding line.

Object or scene measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including apparatus for utilizing the signal developed by a picture signal generator viewing an object or scene to provide quantitative information about the object or scene.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3 for range or remote distance finding utilizing optical elements in combination with a photocell.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, 127 for a generic measuring system.

Projected scale on object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein a known geometry light source (i.e., optical pattern) is projected onto the surface of an object for measuring purpose.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
353, Optics: Image Projectors, subclass 28 for projected image combined with real object and subclasses 40+ for scale or scale indicator projector.

Scale on camera target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein an image of a series of marks at known intervals (i.e., scale) is superposed on an image of an object on a picture pickup device for measuring purpose.

Pulse or clock counting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein a counting of digital signals is performed for measuring purposes.

Multiple cameras on baseline (e.g., range finder, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein several cameras are placed on a line of known position and are aimed at a target to determine the position or orientation of the target.

Distance by apparent target size (e.g., stadia, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter including an instrument for determining a distance to an object based on the known dimension of the object.

By cursor coordinate location:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein the picture signal of an object is displayed with a superposed identifying marker (cursor) used to determine the dimension of the object.

With camera and object moved relative to each other:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein the camera or object position change is considered as a factor for determining a dimension.

Observation of or from a specific location (e.g., surveillance):
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including apparatus to view a scene at a specified location
remote from the reproducer for the purpose of monitoring a specific location, function, or event not provided for in the above subclasses.

Aerial viewing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the specific location, function, or event is viewed from an aircraft or satellite.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, 7 for aerial cameras.

With linear array:
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Subject matter having a plurality of photosensitive elements arranged in one row to perform a line scanning.

With rotating reflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Subject matter having a mirror type apparatus rotating about an axis to accomplish one scanning dimension.

With transformation or rectification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Subject matter having an image processing apparatus which corrects any distortion produced in the picture image when the position of the observed point is moved with respect to the picture image pickup.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
580 for geometric transformation special effects.

Vehicular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the surveillance system includes a steerable machine for carrying or transporting a load on or below land or water surface.

Traffic monitoring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 148. Subject matter wherein the movement of vehicles through an area or along a route is being regulated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 907 for electrical traffic control indicator.
346, Recorders, subclass 107 for vehicle photographing.
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclass 5 for recording for selective retention of a special occurrence (e.g., vehicle crash recorder, etc.).

Point of sale or banking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the location to be surveyed is a place where currency is being exchanged.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
902, Electronic Funds Transfer, subclass 6 for electronic means providing security using image processor (e.g., video camera).

Camera concealment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the picture pickup apparatus is intended to be out of normal view.

Intrusion detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter including a camera for discovering the presence of a person or an object to which entrance is not welcomed.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 541 for systems to detect approach of object or persons.

Using plural cameras:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter wherein several cameras are used for intrusion detection.

Motion detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Subject matter including apparatus for utilizing a television picture signal to develop signals indicative of whether movement has taken place in a selected scene or area over a given period of time.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
700 for signal processing circuitry involving motion dependent key signal generation or scene change detection.

Motion detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter including apparatus for utilizing a television picture signal to develop signals indicative of whether movement has taken place in a selected scene or area over a given period of time.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
700 for signal processing circuitry involving motion dependent key signal generation or scene change detection.

Access control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein a camera is used to permit entrance or exit of an authorized person or vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 825.31 for authorization control (e.g., entry into an area).
382, Image Analysis, 115 for personnel identification using image analysis.

Sporting event:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the camera is used for remote monitoring of an athletic endeavor.

Portable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the surveillance system is made to be easily carried along with a user.

Plural cameras:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein several cameras are used.

Reading meter or data printer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Subject matter wherein the television system is used for remote reading of data on a measuring instrument or a printer.

Object comparison (e.g., remote verification of signature, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein the video signal of an object is sent to a viewer at a remote site for a characteristic or quality examination with respect to a reference in order to discover resemblances or differences.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 825.3 for intelligence comparison in general.
382, Image Analysis, 2 for personnel verification by checking signature or fingerprint, etc., using systematic analysis of image data.

RESPONSIVE TO NONVISIBLE ENERGY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a picture signal generator that is responsive to energy other than visible light for conversion into electrical signals representative of the scene or object viewed and providing a visible display.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 336.1 for invisible radiant energy responsive systems and non-scanning process.

Sonic or ultrasonic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter wherein the energy is sonic or ultrasonic waves.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 596 for similar apparatus utilizing acoustic wave energy to produce an image corresponding to the acoustic properties (e.g., absorption, reflection) of a viewed object.
340, Communications: Electrical, 850 for compressional wave systems in an underwater environment.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, 7 for acoustic image conversion.

Infrared:
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter wherein energy is infrared radiation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 330 for infrared to visible imaging and subclasses 338.1+ for infrared responsive devices.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 124 for similar subject matter for providing the spatial distribution of temperature by measuring thermally emitted radiant energy.

Pyroelectric:
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter wherein an image is generated in response to a change of temperature of incremental pixel areas.

With linear array:
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter including a multiplicity of sensor elements which are arranged in a one-dimensional matrix.

With rotating reflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 166. Subject matter wherein the sensor includes multifaceted polygon reflecting elements for scanning sweep in the primary (fast) direction.
(1) Note. The fast direction may be a horizontal or vertical scan.

With rotating reflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter wherein a sensor includes multifaceted polygon reflecting elements for scanning sweep in the primary (fast) direction.

OBJECT TRACKING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein signals representative of the position of a moving object projected onto a picture signal generator viewing surface are utilized to control the generator (optically, electrically, or by reorientation) to maintain the object in the field of view of the generator.
(1) Note. Electrical control of the generator involves control of the sweep system as an example.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
208 for image stabilization.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, 411 for means to determine the position of an object in ordnance control systems and not employing a particular sighting means.
250, Radiant Energy, 203.1 for systems utilizing a photocell to follow a point.
342, Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), 75 wherein the position of the object determines antenna orientation.

Using tracking gate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein the object is maintained within the field of view by gating signals derived from a small area of the picture signal generator viewing surface and maintaining the signals representative of the object in that gated area.

Centroidal tracking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein a center of optical mass of the object is employed for location designation.

Centroidal tracking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter wherein a center of optical mass of the object is employed for location designation.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE BURN-IN PREVENTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a device to prevent damage to a cathode-ray tube phosphor screen or target due to a steady non-moving image or due to a sweep cessation.
(1) Note. For example, superimposed on a regular horizontal and vertical deflection of the scanning beam is an imperceptably slow horizontal and/or vertical movement of the display image.

Camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter wherein the device is applied to prevent burn-in of the target of an image pickup tube.

CAMERA WITH BUILT-IN TEST SIGNAL GENERATOR, TEST PATTERN, OR ADJUSTING ADJUNCT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including the integral combination of a camera and a further means which aids in correctly adjusting the operation of the camera when the further means is used.
(1) Note. The further means is normally selected by the operator.
(2) Note. Self-regulating devices such as automatic white
balance, automatic black level, or automatic gain control which often use a "test signal" are excluded from this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
207 for camera with self-regulating control.

Setup:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter wherein the adjusting adjunct includes means for disabling a normal circuit function.

DISPLAY OR RECEIVER WITH BUILT-IN TEST SIGNAL GENERATOR, TEST PATTERN, OR ADJUSTING ADJUNCT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including the integral combination of a display and means to aid in adjusting the display.
(1) Note. Self-regulating devices such as automatic white balance, automatic black level, or automatic gain control which often use a "test pulse" or "test signal" are excluded from this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
657 and 658, for a display with a self-regulation white balance.
678 for a receiver with automatic gain control.
691 for a receiver with automatic black level control.

Setup:
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Subject matter wherein the adjusting adjunct includes means for disabling a normal circuit function.

Color match comparator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Subject matter including a means for comparing a picture signal with a reference picture signal to permit an accurate adjustment for the color reception.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
657 and 658, for color match comparator built-in to the receiver.

MONITORING, TESTING, OR MEASURING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means separate from the television system or components for monitoring, testing, or measuring parameters of the television system or components being tested, measured, or monitored.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile, subclass 504 for color facsimile testing and measuring.
455, Telecommunications, 67.1 for modulated carrier wave systems including monitoring, measuring, or testing means.

Test signal generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for generating a video test signal.

Chroma or color bar:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter wherein the test signal represents the quality of light which includes color and its purity or a color bar signal which consists of six colors (yellow, cyan, green, magenta, red, and blue).

VITS or ILTS:
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Subject matter wherein the test signal is a vertical interval test signal (VITS), interjected during the vertical blanking interval, or is an in-line test signal (ILTS), injected during the portion of the visible or image interval.

Monitor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for displaying to a human observer information concerning the video signal being measured.

Combined plural functions (e.g., picture and waveform monitor):
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Subject matter wherein the monitor includes plural modes for selectively displaying incompatible signals.

Vectorscope:
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Subject matter including an instrument for displaying in two dimensions the phase relationships of two signals or signal components.
(1) Note. The signal is normally a chrominance signal with one component controlling the x-direction and the other component controlling the y-direction.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring, and Testing, subclass 88 for phase measurement.

Testing of camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for testing an image signal generator.

Using test chart:
This subclass is indented under subclass 187. Subject matter wherein the means includes an optical pattern containing a group of lines and circles for testing the performance of the TV camera.

Testing of image reproducer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for testing a device that converts a scene-representative electrical signal into a visible image.

Alignment-manufacturing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Subject matter including a means for an initial adjustment of the television receiver during a manufacturing process.

Display photometry:
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Subject matter including a means for measuring and displaying the properties of light generated by the receiver or monitor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 213 for photometry, per se.

Transmission path testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for testing a quality of a TV transmission channel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, 712 for error testing of a transmission channel.

Signal to noise ratio:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter wherein the testing includes a signal to noise ratio.

Synchronization (e.g., H-sync to subcarrier):
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Subject matter including a means for measuring the time or phase relationships between components of a TV synchronizing signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
186 for phase measurement.

MECHANICAL OPTICAL SCANNING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a mechanical moving device is used for scanning an object or a scene (i.e., partitioning it into elemental imaging areas to generate image representative electrical signals) or scanning imaging areas by a modulated light beam to reproduce the object or scene visible image.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
98 for mechanical-optical scanning systems in motion picture film scanning.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 234 for photocell combined with moving optical systems.
358, Facsimile, 474 for facsimile systems utilizing mechanical-optical elements.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 196 for deflection using a moving element or medium and subclasses 227+ for light control by opaque element or medium
movable in or through light path.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the image signal generated or reproduced is in color.

With fiber optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter including an optical waveguide which confines a transmitted radiation therewithin by means of the principle of total internal reflection.
(1) Note. Optical fibers are usually comprised of a central light transmitting core of relatively high refractive index, surrounded by a concentric cladding of relatively low refractive index.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 227.11 for photocell with fiber optic elements.
385, Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclasses.

By acoustic wave:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the scanning is effected by using an elastic or sound wave for displacing or deforming portions of an optically transmitting medium surface or interface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 285 and 305+ for acousto-optic modulation.

Moving aperture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the scanning is accomplished by a moving device which has one or multiple openings that will pass light, electrons, or other forms of radiation (e.g., Nipkow disk).

Drum or belt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Subject matter wherein the moving device is a cylinder or a continuous band of flexible material.

Multiple scanning elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Subject matter in which the apertures are included on more than one scanning element.

Moving lens or refractor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the scanning is performed by a lens or refracting element that is given a prescribed motion.

Moving reflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter wherein the scanning is performed by an element that is given a prescribed motion and that has a property of returning incident light or sound wave.

Helical element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Subject matter in which the reflecting element is of a spiral configuration.

Vibrating or oscillating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Subject matter wherein the prescribed motion consists of periodic movements in alternately opposite directions from a position of equilibrium.

SPECIAL SCANNING (E.G., SPIRAL, RANDOM, ZIGZAG):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a pattern of scanning is not generally horizontal from one side to the other with a quick blanked retrace to start all lines from the same side (e.g., spiral scanning, scanning without retrace, vertical scanning).
(1) Note. For systems using spotwobble which is generally horizontal with a small undulating vertical component, see subclass 428.

CAMERA, SYSTEM AND DETAIL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a system or device for scanning image of the object or scene (i.e., partitioning the scene into sub-areas of image information and generating therefrom an image representative electrical signal) or the above combined with circuitry for processing the image signal, and subcombinations specific to the camera.
(1) Note. The sub-area is usually an elemental area or pixel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile, subclass 479 for a video camera scanning document or other static image.

Camera image stabilization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including a device to compensate for unwanted movement of a camera to prevent blurring or distortion of resulting
television pictures.

With flying spot scanner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the scanning device provides a small beam of light which moves over a scene and translates highlights and shadows of the scene into electrical signals.
(1) Note. Light spot is usually generated by a cathode-ray tube.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
99 100+ and 108+, for motion or still picture film scanning.
195 for mechanical optical scanner which may use flying spot technic.

For color scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Subject matter wherein a plurality of color detecting elements (e.g., red, green, and blue) are used to provide color component signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
101 for color flying spot motion picture film scanner.
109 for color flying spot film, disc, card scanning.

Remote control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the scanning system or device is operated by a control signal sent by a controller from a remote location.

By multiplexed control signals (e.g., duplexing, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter
wherein two or more control signals from a remote station are transmitted simultaneously over a common transmission medium in such a manner that information in the control signals is able to be discretely recovered.
(1) Note. In a duplex transmission, multiplexed control signals and a video signal at the opposite direction are transmitted simultaneously over the same transmission medium.

Preprogrammed or stored control instructions:
This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter wherein control information is previously stored in a memory device, in such manner as to be retrieved at appropriate time to remotely operate the camera.

Body movement actuation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Subject matter wherein the camera operation is responsive to a movement of a whole or part of a living body.

With streak device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the camera comprises a device which converts time information from a luminous event into spatial information, such conversion enable the measurement of high speed variations in intensity distribution of a light emission.

Low light level:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including means suitable for detecting a weak or faint input image applied to the camera.

With image intensifier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter including means for amplifying the light level of an image applied to the camera.

Unitary image formed by compiling sub-areas of same scene (e.g., array of cameras):
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein images of separate parts of a single scene are scanned by separate image sensors for subsequent combination into a single complete-image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
262 for plural image sensors and each sensor scans the complete image of a scene.

Swing driven:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is mechanically vibrated or oscillated to produce the effect of an increased resolution.

Still and motion modes of operation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the operation of the camera is altered for single-frame (still) and multiple-frame (motion) photography.

Exposure control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter having a device for regulating the total illumination (e.g., duration or intensity) admitted to an imaging device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
229 for exposure control combined with image signal
automatic gain control.
362 for general exposure control.

Combined image signal generator and general image signal processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including at least one image sensor or pickup device and in combination therewith related circuitry for correcting, adjusting, or otherwise altering the image signal output from the image sensor or pickup device.
(1) Note. The signal processing herein is limited to normal television signals, such as red, green and blue, or luminance and chrominance.
(2) Note. The image signal processing which depends upon structure of a sensor is not classified in this subclass, but is with the sensor, per se. For example, a single solid-state image sensor which converts the dot interlace output representing for example cyan, magenta, and yellow (i.e., not normal television signal) to red, green, and blue is found in subclass 280, solid-state color image sensor with filter based on three colors.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
571 for general image signal processing not with the image generator (i.e., not in the camera).

Color balance (e.g., white balance):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter wherein the processing of the video output signal includes adjustment of relative amplitudes of plural color signals which are output from the camera.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
655 for color balance not combined with the camera.

Dependent upon operation or characteristic of iris, flash, lens, or filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Subject matter wherein the relative amplitudes of the plural color signals are adjusted in response to a parameter, a function, or the presence or absence of a camera peripheral which includes diaphragm, stop, illuminator, zoom or focus device, or a device altering the incident light on the sensor.

With means for preventing colored object from effecting color balance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Subject matter including means for preventing a colored object from effecting the color balance.

Including flicker detection (e.g., fluorescent):
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Subject matter wherein means are provided for detecting the characteristic spectrum or periodic nature of an electric discharge lamp.

With ambient light sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Subject matter including an optical sensor separated from the image sensor for sensing the characteristics of the ambient light.

Responsive to output signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Subject matter wherein the adjustment of the relative amplitudes is derived by feedback from the output of the image sensor.

Combined automatic gain control and exposure control (i.e., sensitivity control):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including a control unit which controls both the exposure to
the image sensor and the amplitude of the sensor output signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
345 for generic focus control camera optics.
363 for exposure control camera optics by automatic control of an iris, stop, or diaphragm.
678 for general automatic gain control.

Readout of solid-state image sensor considered or altered:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter wherein the camera comprises a solid-state image scanning device and wherein the accumulation time and readout process thereof is altered in coordination with the operation of a shutter, iris or diaphragm, or vice versa.

With details of static memory for output image (e.g., for a still camera):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter wherein the camera includes a non-dynamic memory device for storing one or more frames of final image information.
(1) Note. Dynamic memory requires relative motion between the storage medium and the playback or recorder head.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval, appropriate subclasses for television signal storage system.
365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, appropriate subclasses for details of static information storage structure which may be used for the storage of an image signal.
386, Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording or Reproducing, 1 and 46+ for dynamic recording or reproducing a television signal.

With storage of additional, non-image information (e.g.,
audio, time, date):
This subclass is indented under subclass 231. Subject matter wherein the camera output memory stores, in addition to the picture information, information other than that of the picture.
(1) Note. Information other than the picture information may be audio or character type information (e.g., time, date, etc.), or information relating to a camera or image sensor aspect ratio.

Detachable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 231. Subject matter wherein the camera output memory can be removed from the camera system.

Details of luminance signal formation in color camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including specific circuitry for forming a brightness component of a television color signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
659 for general formation of luminance and color difference signal from red, green, and blue or vice versa.

With means for providing high band and low band luminance signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter having an arrangement in which the image signal is channeled through appropriate filters for producing low frequency and high frequency brightness signals.

Using distinct luminance image sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 235. Subject matter wherein part of the image signal is supplied by a separate
sensor for producing a luminance signal only.
(1) Note. The distinct luminance sensor may be either black and white or monocolor (e.g., green).

For single sensor type camera supplying plural color signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 235. Subject matter wherein the plural luminance signals are derived from signals output of one multicolor image scanning device.

Using distinct luminance image sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein part of the image signal is supplied by a separate sensor for producing a luminance signal only.

Camera and video special effects (e.g., subtitling, fading, or merging):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including means for modifying the image signal by selectively inserting, deleting, or replacing signal portions.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
578 for general special effects not combined with camera.

Electronic zoom:
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter including a solid-state sensor which operates to produce an effect of variable magnification.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.12 for modification of images.
581 for general size change of an image signal.

Including noise or undesired signal reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter wherein a circuit is provided to compensate for signal defects.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
607 for noise reduction in general.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter wherein the correction is related to color image signals.
(1) Note. An example is false color due to smear.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
607 and 624, for general noise reduction of a color TV signal.

Dark current:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter including control circuitry which compensates for an output current generated by the image sensor in the absence of an incident light.

With control of sensor temperature:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the control circuitry compensates the dark current by heating or cooling the image sensor.

Using dummy pixels:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is provided with non-imaging (i.e., blank) elements which are used to generate a dark current correction signal.

Defective pixel (e.g., signal replacement):
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter wherein a circuit is provided to compensate for effects of an inoperable image analyzing element or area.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
616 for dropout compensator normally associated with tape or dynamic recording.

With memory of defective pixels:
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the location or nature of the inoperable image analyzing element is stored for repeated correction.

Smear:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter including circuitry which reduces signal defects due to crosstalk or leakage between pixels.

In charge coupled type sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is of the type which comprises an array of photosensitive shift registers, photoelectric charges therefrom being shifted out in a predetermined order to produce an image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
250 for general noise or undesired signal reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
282 for charge coupled type color image sensor combined with color filter.
298 for charge coupled type image sensor with accumulation or integration time responsive to light or signal intensity.
311 for charge coupled image sensor architecture.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits utilizing a charge coupled device.

In charge coupled type sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is of the type which comprises an array of photosensitive shift registers, photoelectric charges therefrom being shifted out in a predetermined order to produce an image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for smear reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
282 for charge coupled type color image sensor combined with color filter.
298 for charge coupled type image sensor with accumulation or integration time responsive to light or signal intensity.
311 for charge coupled image sensor architecture.

Shading or black spot correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter including an apparatus to compensate for brightness level variations in different areas of a given reproduced picture due to unequal characteristics of, or imperfections in, the image signal generator.

With transition or edge sharpening (e.g., aperture correction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including means for reducing the time of an amplitude transition or for increasing the size of an amplitude transition.

Color TV:
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Subject matter wherein the image signal being processed has a portion representing a hue as contrasted with black, white, or gray.

Gray scale transformation (e.g., gamma correction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including circuitry which modifies the range of values contained in a TV signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
671 for general gray scale transformation not combined with the camera.

Amplitude control (e.g., automatic gain control):
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Subject matter including means to control the amplitude of an input signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for amplifier integrated in solid-state image sensor without controlling the amplitude.
678 for general automatic gain control not combined with the camera.

Color TV (e.g., saturation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Subject matter wherein the image signal being processed has a portion representing brightness (i.e., black and white), hue (i.e.,
wavelength), and saturation (i.e., purity from white) as contrasted with black, white, or gray.
(1) Note. Examples of saturation are: Both red and pink have the same wavelength, but red is saturated and pink is desaturated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
645 for chrominance signal amplitude control not combined with the camera.

With DC level control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter including means for modifying the DC bias of the output signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
691 for general DC insertion.

With bias illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 257. Subject matter wherein a uniform auxiliary light of low luminosity is used to illuminate the light receiving surface of the camera image sensor.
(1) Note. Bias illumination is usually used to eliminate a blurred image or a trailing on an image caused by the motion of a scanned object.

Combined with color separating optical system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter including, associated with the bias illumination, an optical structure which resolves a light beam from a scanned object into two or more beams of different wavelengths corresponding to different color components of the object.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
336 for general color separating optics.

For single scanning device color camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 258. Subject matter wherein the bias illumination is used with a single image sensor device supplying plural color signals.

Plural bias illuminators:
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Subject matter including more than one bias illuminator.

With plural image scanning devices:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the camera comprises more than one image sensor and each image sensor scans the complete image of a scene.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
218 for plural image scanning devices whereby each device scans a sub-area of the complete image.

Color imagery registration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter including apparatus to ensure at any instant that the signal from one device corresponds to the same analyzed point on a picture as the signals from another device.

Scanning devices offset in the image plane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter wherein the image sensors are displaced with respect to each other (e.g., by a half-pixel) in a direction orthogonal to the incident optical axis of the image.

Each supplying only one color signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter wherein each image sensor generates one distinct color signal.

With single image scanning device supplying plural color signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein a single photosensitive element of the camera is used for supplying more than one color signal.

Separate complete images on face of pickup device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter wherein plural images of the same object or scene are focused onto separate areas of a single pickup device target.

Color sequential:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter including a device to decompose colors of an object or scene into components which are imparted in sequence to an image pickup device.

With color sequential illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 268. Subject matter wherein a light source, additional to ambient light, is provided in different wavelengths (e.g., red, green, blue, etc.) during successive intervals for producing color signals using a monochrome camera.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
70 for color illumination endoscope which may use color sequential technique.
371 for flashing or strobing illumination, per se.

With moving color filters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 268. Subject matter wherein colors are decomposed by a device having a plurality of color transmitting or absorbing elements which move in and out of the camera's optical path.
(1) Note. Both continuous moving and oscillating filters are classified herein.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
743 for image reproducer combined with moving color filters.

Four or more color types:
This subclass is indented under subclass 270. Subject matter wherein the camera generates four signals of different wavelengths which correspond to four or more distinct color signals, or three or more distinct color signals and a luminance signal.

Solid-state multicolor image sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter wherein the photosensitive scanning device, which supplies more than one color signal, is an electronic device which operates by virtue of the movement of electrons within a solid material.

With color filter or operation according to color filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 272. Subject matter having a color absorbing or transmitting device applied to each resolution element of the sensor.

Having overlapping elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter comprising two or more color absorbing or transmitting filters which are partially superimposed.

Staggered or irregular elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter which includes filter elements that are arranged on a surface in any of various zigzags or alternations; or comprises filter elements that are nonuniform in shape.

Including transparent elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter wherein the filter has a mosaic pattern made up of individual filter elements, some having a luminance transparency and some a chrominance transparency characteristic.

With three or more colors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Subject matter wherein at least three chrominance components are applied to selected resolution elements.

Based on more than four colors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter comprising more than four types of filter elements, each element passing a different wavelength.

Based on four colors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter comprising exactly four types of filter elements, each element passing a different wavelength.

Based on three colors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter comprising exactly three types of filter elements, each element passing a different wavelength.

X-Y architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter wherein the image sensor comprises a two-dimensional matrix of photoelectric conversion elements, each element being individually selected by external scanning circuitry.

Charge coupled architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is of the type which comprises an array of photosensitive shift registers, photoelectric charges therefrom being shifted out in a predetermined order to produce an image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for smear reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
250 for general noise or undesired signal reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
298 for charge coupled type image sensor with accumulation or integration time responsive to light or signal intensity.
311 for charge coupled image sensor architecture.

With multiple output registers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Subject matter
wherein the charges are shifted into at least two orthogonal shift registers for providing plural outputs.

Cathode-ray tube:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter including a camera tube in which an optical image of an object is converted to a charge on a photosensitive target surface and then scanned by an electron beam to convert the charge image to an electrical signal.
(1) Note. Common cathode-ray tubes include iconoscope, orthicon, and vidicon.

Phase separable signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter wherein at least two color components of an image of a scene are spatially modulated (e.g., by optical striped filters) and the resulting modulated color signals are demodulated by utilizing electrical phase detectors for generating color signal components.

With indexing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter including means for generating a position signal for indicating the instantaneous position of the scanning electron beam.

Conductive grid at target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter wherein the indexing signal is produced by one or more conductive elements at the target location.

Index elements outside of image area:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter wherein the indexing signal is produced by one or more conductive elements located outside of the image area of the target.

Frequency separable signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Subject matter wherein at least two color components of an image of a scene are spatially modulated (e.g., by optical striped filters) and the resulting modulated color signals are demodulated by utilizing electrical bandpass filters for generating color signal components.

Specified optical filter arrangement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 289. Subject matter having specific detail of an optical filter arrangement.

Combined with grating, lens array, or refractor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein the optical filter arrangement includes a diffraction grating, a single or a multiple element refractor.

Having diagonally arranged stripes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein at least one array of color stripes is oriented non-orthogonally to the scanning direction.

Interdigital signal electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 289. Subject matter wherein the cathode-ray tube includes a target structure comprising a plurality of interleaved sets of conducting
strips for deriving respective component color signals.
(1) Note. For example, a target structure comprises red, green, and blue striped color filters in front of corresponding transparent electrodes.

Solid-state image sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including an electronic device which operates by virtue of the movement of electrons within a solid material (e.g., semiconductor) for producing electrical signals in response to light incident on elemental resolution elements thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 200 for photocell circuits and apparatus.
257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes), appropriate subclasses for solid-state devices responsive to light.
358, Facsimile, 482 for image sensors relating to facsimile apparatus.

Time delay and integration mode (TDI):
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter wherein a plurality of photosites or photosensitive devices are provided for each resolution element, and charges produced by each photosite or photosensitive device are summed to provide a signal corresponding to the resolution element.
(1) Note. There is a time delay of the charges sensed prior to the charge sensed by the last of the plurality of photosites before summation of the charges.

Electronic shuttering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter wherein charges in the solid-state sensor are periodically cleared to emulate the effect of a mechanical shutter.
(1) Note. This subclass includes a large number of electronic still cameras wherein the image signal is read-out inhibited when the shutter is opened and read-out is enabled when the shutter is closed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
229 for a mechanical aperture control structure as a final control element for an exposure determination.

Accumulation or integration time responsive to light or signal intensity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter wherein the photo conversion period (i.e., accumulation time or integration time) of the sensor is controlled in accordance with the intensity of light or of the picture signal.

In charge coupled type image sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is of the type which comprises an array of photosensitive shift registers, photoelectric charges therefrom being shifted out in a predetermined order to produce an image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for smear reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
250 for general noise or undesired signal reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
282 for charge coupled type color image sensor combined with color filter.
311 for charge coupled image sensor architecture.

With overflow gate or drain:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter wherein the charge coupled type image sensor device includes a structure to eliminate excess charges within the device.

With amplifier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter includes a device for increasing the magnitude of a sensor intermediate or immediate output signal.

Pixel amplifiers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein an amplifier is provided for every imaging element.

X - Y architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter wherein the image sensor comprises a matrix of rows and columns of photoelectric conversion elements, each element representing one image or picture resolution element of the entire image and each element being individually selected by external scanning circuitry.

With charge transfer type output register:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein charge signals from the rows or columns of the image sensing elements are collected in parallel and serially output by a charge transfer type shift register.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, appropriate subclasses for charge transfer shift register, per se.

With charge transfer type selecting register:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
wherein external scanning signals for addressing row or column sensing elements are provided by a sequential charge transfer type shift register.

With interlacing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter includes scanning means whereby odd- and even-numbered lines of a picture are outputted consecutively as two separate fields.

Charge injection device (CID):
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein the solid-state image sensor is composed of a two-dimensional array of coupled MOS charge-storage capacitors and is designed to convert near infrared energy to electrical signals, providing broad gray shade or tonal rendition.

Photosensitive switching transistors or "static induction" transistors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein the image resolution elements comprise light sensitive switching transistors.

Including switching transistor and photocell at each pixel site (e.g., "MOS-type" image sensor):
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein each image resolution element comprises at least one photosensitive element coupled to a switching transistor.

Exclusively passive light responsive elements in the matrix:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter
wherein each element of the image resolution array is composed only by a passive device (i.e., excluding transistor).

With diode in series with photocell:
This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter wherein a two-electrode bipolar solid-state device is connected in sequence with a photosensitive element.

Charge-coupled architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter wherein the image sensor is of the type which comprises an array of photosensitive shift registers, photoelectric charges therefrom being shifted out in a predetermined order to produce an image signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for smear reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
250 for general noise or undesired signal reduction in charge coupled type image sensor.
282 for charge coupled type color image sensor combined with color filter.
298 for accumulation or integration time responsive to light or signal intensity in charge coupled image sensor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 63 for charge-coupled device shift register.

With timing pulse generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter including a device for producing precisely timed, repetitive voltage pulses to actuate the transfer of charges.

With bias charge injection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein photosensitive resolution elements associated with potential wells formed under charge transfer are supplied with uniform charges in order to raise the operating point of the shift register, thereby increasing transfer speed.

With excess charge removal (e.g., overflow drain):
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter having means to remove unwanted electric charges from the charge coupled type image sensing device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
299 for charge coupled type image sensor accumulation or integration time responsive to light with overflow gate or drain.

With staggered or irregular photosites or specified channel configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the solid-state image sensor comprises sensor elements that are arranged on a surface of a substrate in any of various zigzags, or overlappings of position, or comprises sensor elements that are nonuniform in shape.

Charges transferred to opposed registers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein alternate rows or columns of charges are shifted to separate storage or transfer registers located at opposite sides of the charge coupled photosensitive area.
(1) Note. This technique is often used to produce odd and even fields.

Field or frame transfer type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein charges of an entire image area are shifted in parallel from an exposure area to a storage area of the charge coupled image sensing device prior to a readout.

With recirculation of charge:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter including provision for recycling the output from an output register to an input register or storage register.

Charges alternately switched from vertical registers into separate storage registers; or having vertical transfer gates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter wherein charges from columns of photosensitive shift registers are transferred to storage registers other than those directly below respective columns; or subject matter wherein charges from the photosites are transferred horizontally into vertical shift registers which are separate from the photosensitive area.

Interline readout:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter wherein image charges of every other column are shifted in parallel from an exposure area to a readout area of the charge coupled device prior to a sequential readout.
(1) Note. The term "interline" comes from the word "interlace-line".

Using multiple output registers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 320. Subject matter wherein the readout area comprises more than one horizontal register.

Interline readout:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein image charges of every other column are shifted in parallel from an exposure area to a readout area of the charge coupled image sensing device prior to a sequential readout from the readout area.

Using multiple output registers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter wherein the readout area comprises more than one horizontal register.

Line transfer type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein charges of an image line are shifted in parallel from an exposure area to a readout area of the charge coupled image sensing device prior to a readout.

Cathode-ray tube:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including a camera tube in which an optical image of an object is converted to a charge on a photosensitive target surface and then scanned by an electron beam to convert the charge image to an electrical signal.
(1) Note. Common cathode-ray tubes include iconoscope, orthicon, and vidicon.

Automatic beam focusing or alignment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Subject matter including means to automatically ensure that the beam
scanning the target of the tube remains converged essentially to a point at the target face.

Automatic beam current control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Subject matter including means to regulate the beam current of the tube such that it is held at a constant value, or to increase, decrease, or maintain the beam current such that the signal output has a fixed relationship to the light energy input.

Remanent image erasure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Subject matter including means to remove charges still remaining on the tube target after it has been scanned by an electron beam.

With emissive target or photocathode (e.g., orthicon):
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Subject matter wherein the cathode-ray tube includes a target surface which releases electrons when exposed to light or other radiation.

Dissector tube:
This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Subject matter in which an electron image emitted from the photocathode is scanned across an aperture, behind which aperture an electron detector is disposed.

With photoconductive target (e.g., vidicon):
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Subject matter wherein the cathode-ray tube includes a target which changes its electrical conductivity when exposed to varying amounts of light incident thereon.

Array of photocells (i.e., nonsolid-state array):
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the scanning is performed by a plurality of elements sensitive to light, each corresponding to a discrete, elemental area of the image.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 200 for photocells, circuits, and apparatus.

With electronic viewfinder or display monitor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including an electronic display, which is a fixed or removable part of the camera for permitting an operator to see a captured image produced from the camera output signal or from an auxiliary signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, subclass 374 for an electronic viewfinder.

With display of additional information:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein the display shows additional information related to the camera operation or data related to the captured camera image.
(1) Note: Additional information is displayed in order to indicate camera status, to implement camera control, to classify images captured by the camera, or to annotate images.

Including display of a frame and line of sight determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.02. Subject
matter wherein the additional information includes a frame that is displayed in order to permit the user to discern the field of view or to discern the portion of the field of view of a captured camera image.
(1) Note. Automatic selection of a focus or exposure control area may be made by determining the user's line of sight to the area.
(2) Note. Examples of frames are a zoom frame, a field frame, a focus frame, or an exposure frame.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, subclass 51 for eye tracking.

Including warning indication:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.02. Subject matter wherein the additional information includes a visible warning which is displayed to indicate an undesirable picture-taking condition.
(1) Note. An undesirable condition may be excessive camera motion, inability to achieve focus or insufficient exposure condition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, subclass 296 for camera indicators having display in a viewfinder.

Display of multiple images (e.g., thumbnail images, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein a plurality of images are displayed thereby enabling comparison between images, selection, combining, or deletion of images.
(1) Note. The images may be compressed to "thumbnail" size in order to facilitate display of a large number of images.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
552 for camera combined with diverse art such as a computer.

Movable or rotatable unit:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein the display includes a mechanism for rotating or translating the viewfinder to a variety of angles.
(1) Note. This may include 180 degrees rotation for a self-photography operation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
373-376, for support or housing for specified camera accessory.

Detachable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.06. Subject matter wherein the viewfinder is detachable from the body of the camera in order to remotely view camera images or remotely control the camera.
(1) Note. This subclass includes a mechanism for detachably attaching the viewfinder to the camera body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
373-376, for support or housing for specified camera accessory.

Including optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter including a specific optical configuration.
(1) Note. For example, an optical configuration may be a relative positioning of lenses, mirrors, and special purpose optical elements designed to perform viewfinder functions.

With optical viewfinder (e.g., correction for parallax, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.08. Subject matter wherein the electronic viewfinder is used in
combination with an optical viewfinder.
(1) Note. Solutions to parallax problems produced by the offset of the optical viewfinder from the electronic viewfinder are presented.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
341 for optical viewfinders.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, subclass 149 and subclass 377 for parallax correction.

With projector function:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.08. Subject matter wherein an image is projected from the viewfinder onto a screen for enlargement of the image.
(1) Note. A projected image from the viewfinder may be viewed by a person other than the photographer.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
744-789, for projection device.

Use for previewing images (e.g., variety of image resolutions, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein the viewfinder is used to preview an image prior to either a photographing or an image storing operation.
(1) Note. In this way a proper exposure condition and desired location of the subject within the image field can be determined before camera resources are used to take the picture or store the captured picture. In some cases the image displayed in the preview mode is of lower resolution than that of the captured picture.

Modification of displayed image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein changing of the size (i.e., electronic zooming) or aspect ratio of the displayed image is performed by the viewfinder.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
240 for electronic zoom.
441-459, for format conversion.

Power saving mode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333.01. Subject matter wherein the viewfinder is automatically turned off by a condition.
(1) Note. This mode of operation is used to conserve battery power when the viewfinder is not in use.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
372 for power supply.

Optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein the camera includes an optical structure which changes a property of an incident light beam.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, appropriate subclasses for optical devices, per se.

Color separating optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter having an optical arrangement for resolving a multi-wavelength image into its component color signals.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 618 for optical beam splitting or combining.

Prism arrangement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 336. Subject matter including a multi-sectional refractive optical element or a group of refractive optical elements for color-separating the incident image.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 831 for prism, per se.

With dichroic layer or air gap between prism sections:
This subclass is indented under subclass 337. Subject matter wherein the color separation is obtained at the intersection between refractive optical elements by the optical effect of an air gap or a layer of material having a property of passing different colors by selectively reflecting or transmitting particular wavelengths of a light beam incident thereon.

Exclusively dichroic elements:
This subclass is indented under subclass 336. Subject matter wherein the separation of color components of an image signal is performed solely by elements having a property of passing different colors by selectively reflecting or transmitting particular wavelengths of a light beam incident thereon.

With optics peculiar to solid-state sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including a significant optical structure for solid-state image sensor.

Optical viewfinder:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including an apparatus permitting an operator to see the image that is focused on the sensor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.09 for an optical viewfinder used in combination with an electronic viewfinder.

With frequency selective filter (e.g., IR cut, optical LPF, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including an optical device for selectively absorbing or transmitting a specific frequency band of the spectral response of the camera.

Optical multiplexing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including optical elements in the optical path to the picture signal generator permitting the light output of a plurality of diverse light sources to enter the path of the picture signal generator.
(1) Note. The light sources may include motion picture and slide projectors, for example.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 618 for optical elements to permit the light from plural channels to enter a single channel.

Optical path switching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including a device for selecting diverse optical input or output paths.

Focus control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including a structure to adjust a camera's optical arrangement so that the optical image is maximally resolved on the sensor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
229 for depth of focus or field in the interrelated camera peripheral operation using an iris, a stop, or a diaphragm.

With display of focusing condition or alarm:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter including a device to visually or audibly indicate to an operator the state of the focused image.

With zoom position detection or interrelated iris control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter including a device to detect a relative position of a variable focal length lens element or a relative position of an aperture with respect to a reference position or a reference optical element position.

Using active ranging:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter including a device, usually acoustical or optical, emitting energy and detecting the reflected emitted energy for the determination of the distance of a subject from a camera.

Using image signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter including a device for detecting a characteristic of the video output of the camera sensor for determining a focus condition.

With auxiliary sensor or separate area on imager:
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter wherein a second photosensitive detector or an area outside an active imaging area of a primary photosensitive detector is used to determine the focus condition.

With oscillation of lens or sensor to optimize error signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter wherein a periodic relative movement of the lens or the sensor is used to determine the proper focus condition.

With motion detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter including a device to detect the movement of an object within a scene to control or disable the automatic focusing.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
700 for image processing circuitry which may deal with scene change detection.

By detecting contrast:
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter including a device for detecting brightness differences of video signal components for determining the focus condition.

By analyzing high frequency component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter including a device for evaluating characteristics of a video signal upper frequency component for determining the focus condition.

Plural high frequencies:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein more than one high frequency component is analyzed.

Detection of peak or slope of image signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter including a device to detect upper amplitudes or rate of change of the high frequency component for determining the focus condition.

Servo unit structure or mechanism:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter including details of an electromechanical device for achieving the focus condition.

Variable magnification (i.e., zoom):
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including a device for varying the apparent size of an object or scene focused on the sensor.

Fiber optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including the use of an optical waveguide.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
804 for video display system using fiber optics.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
358, Facsimile, subclass 901.1 for fiber optics cross-reference art collection.
385, Optical Waveguides, subclass 116 for optical imaging fiber bundles.

Lens or filter substitution:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter wherein one or more of a plurality of wavelength refractive or absorptive optical elements (e.g., lens or filter) are selectively positioned in the optical path of the camera.

Automatic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Subject matter wherein the selective positioning of a lens or a filter is performed responsive to a predetermined condition without intervention of a human operator.

Exposure control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including a device for regulating the total illumination (e.g., duration or intensity) admitted to an imaging device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
221 for exposure control in a still and motion camera system.
229 for exposure control combined with image signal automatic gain control.

Automatic control of iris, stop, or diaphragm:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter wherein the exposure is controlled by opening or closing an aperture responsive to a predetermined condition without intervention of a human operator.

Based on image signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Subject matter including a device for analyzing the video output of the camera for determining an exposure condition.

Contrast:
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter including a device for detecting brightness differences of video signal components for determining the exposure condition.

Based on ambient light:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Subject matter wherein the exposure control is based on an environmental illumination.

Periodic shuttering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter including an element for alternately blocking and passing light to the image sensor at every field or frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
296 for electronic shuttering.

Rotary:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein a rotating mechanical blade or apertured device is used to accomplish shuttering.

Changing viewing angle via optics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter including an optical structure for bringing image illumination from a certain position not on the principle optical axis of the camera to a position within a field of view of the camera.

With object or scene illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter wherein a scanned object or scene is supplied with light or radiation in addition to ambient light or radiation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
258 for bias illumination of the camera surface.

Flash or strobe:
This subclass is indented under subclass 370. Subject matter wherein periodic or transient impulses of light are applied to the scanned object or scene.

Power supply:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including a detail of energy supply necessary for the functioning of the camera.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.13 for power saving modes.

Support or housing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Subject matter including a detail of a mounting or casing structure for the picture signal generator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.06 for a movable or rotatable unit for an electronic viewfinder or display, and subclass 333.07 for a detachable viewfinder.

For internal camera components:
This subclass is indented under subclass 373. Subject matter including a mounting for elements within the camera housing.

For specified accessory:
This subclass is indented under subclass 373. Subject matter wherein the support or housing is associated with an auxiliary camera component (e.g., flash).

Portable or hand-held:
This subclass is indented under subclass 373. Subject matter wherein the casing for the camera is readily carried or grasped by the user.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE DISPLAY EXCESSIVE VOLTAGE CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a device to prevent the occurrence of high electrical potential which may damage the cathode-ray tube.

With disabling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 377. Subject matter including a device, responsive to a detected overvoltage, to inhibit the function of one or more display circuits.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE DISPLAY AUTOMATIC BLACK LEVEL BIAS CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a device to regulate the cut-off potential of the cathode-ray tube.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE DISPLAY BEAM CURRENT CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a device to regulate or limit the brightness of the displayed image.

With beam energy determining color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter including an apparatus for imparting color to the picture by controlling the energy supplied to the beam.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 473 for tubes with screens of the plural layer type.

Variable depth of penetration of electron beam into the luminescent layer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 381. Subject matter wherein the depth of penetration of the beam into the luminescent layer determines the color.

MODULAR IMAGE DISPLAY SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes a display system comprising more than one display device, each displaying an image of part of the scene being televised.

BANDWIDTH REDUCTION SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including apparatus to compress the frequency range of the signal produced by a picture signal generator prior to transmission to accommodate the bandwidth limitation of the transmission medium or means at the receiver to utilize the signal to reconstruct an image.
(1) Note. Analog television bandwidth reduction system is classified in this subclass and its indented subclasses. See search class notes below for the location of the digital television bandwidth reduction system.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclasses 50-107 for code converters wherein the signal may be encoded to reduce bandwidth.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses 426-433 for bandwidth reduction systems peculiar to facsimile.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, subclasses 240-254 for bandwidth reduction or expansion, especially subclasses 240.01-240.29 for digital television bandwidth reduction.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 500-504 for bandwidth, or time compression, or expansion of audio signals.

Plural video programs in single channel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter wherein two or more video signals are processed to reduce their bandwidth and combined such that the combined signal bandwidth is less than or equal to the bandwidth of one of the video signals.
(1) Note. Examples are time compressing and frequency limiting.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 385.1. Subject
matter wherein color video signals are specified.
(1) Note. The color signals may be composite (chrominance modulated on a subcarrier) or component (e.g., luminance and chrominance or red, green, and blue).
(2) Note. Nominal recitations are insufficient to be classified here.

Data rate reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 385.1. Subject matter wherein the compression utilizes techniques to reduce the number of samples.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
390.1-425.4, for data rate reduction in a system not including plural video program in a single channel.

Multiple channel (e.g., plural carrier):
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter wherein the signal is split and fed into plural channels, each of which has less bandwidth than the original signal.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems where the combined bandwidth, of the plural channels, equals the bandwidth of the input signal.

Including one conventional or compatible channel (e.g., two channel NTSC systems):
This subclass is indented under subclass 388.1. Subject matter wherein one channel can be received and utilized by a standard receiver to provide a standard display.
(1) Note. Examples of signals included in the augmentation channels are side panels to expand the aspect ratio of the high definition display; high frequency information, both horizontal and vertical; and extra audio information.
(2) Note. The second or additional channels are often referred to as augmentation channels and normally cannot
provide a display by themselves. Reception of all channels allows a high definition display.

Data rate reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter wherein the signal is processed to reduce the number of samples.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 67 for data rate conversion.

Specified color signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein the signals compressed are the components of a natural color video signal (e.g., luminance and chrominance or red, green, and blue).
(1) Note. A composite signal that is separated into chrominance and luminance or red, green, and blue is classified herein.

Sub-Nyquist sampling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 391.1. Subject matter wherein the bandwidth reduction is performed by folding the higher frequencies down to fit inside a reduced frequency spectrum by sampling at a rate less than twice the highest frequency, causing the alias and baseband spectrums to overlap.
(1) Note. The Nyquist criteria states that the sampling rate should be at least twice the baseband. In sub-Nyquist systems, the sampling rate is less than the required Nyquist sampling rate.
(2) Note. The alias components, which are generated by sampling and centered on the sampling frequency, are normally placed in teeth or gaps of the video spectrum to allow recovery of the original full band signal.
(3) Note. These systems often use comb filters (two- or
three-dimensional filters using line, field, or frame delays) to remove any signal in the gaps.

Direct coding of color composite signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 391.1. Subject matter wherein the video signal that is band reduced is a video signal having a color subcarrier in the same band as the luminance signal or black and white signal.
(1) Note. Examples are NTSC, PAL, or SECAM.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
391.1 for systems that receive a color composite signal, separates it into luminance and chrominance components, and reduces the band of the separated components.

Predictive coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 393.1. Subject matter including a means for coding the difference between the actual signal and an estimated signal.

Transform coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 393.1. Subject matter including a remapping of image values (e.g., between spatial and frequency domains).
(1) Note. The video signals and frequency domain can have one, two, or three dimensions (horizontal, vertical, and temporal).

Including luminance signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 391.1. Subject matter wherein one of the components is a brightness or luminance signal.

Using separate coders for different picture features (e.g., highs, lows):
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein individual systems of characters or rules are used for representing information related to diverse image portions.

Subband encoding (e.g., low horizontal/low vertical frequency, low horizontal/high vertical frequency):
This subclass is indented under subclass 397.1. Subject matter wherein the signal is divided into a plurality of frequency bands.

Picture feature dependent sampling rate or sample selection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein an instantaneous value of a signal is obtained at irregular intervals.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclass 61 for data rate conversion.

Involving hybrid transform and difference coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein a remapping of image values (i.e., between spatial and frequency domains) occurs in combination with a diminution of signal quantity by comparison with a preceding signal.
(1) Note. The preceding signal may be a temporal or spatial signal.

With prior difference coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400.1. Subject matter wherein the comparison with the preceding signal occurs prior to the remapping.

Including motion vector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 401.1. Subject matter wherein the comparison is used to produce a signal indicative of the magnitude and direction of spatial change during the stated temporal interval.

Involving transform coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter involving a remapping of image values (i.e., between spatial and frequency domains).

Adaptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.1. Subject matter wherein an operation or parameter of the encoder is varied based upon the output signal.

Sampling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404.1. Subject matter wherein the operation or varied parameter relates to signal amplitudes.

Normalizer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404.1. Subject matter wherein the operation or varied parameter is the gain of the encoder.

Motion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404.1. Subject matter wherein the operation or parameter is varied as a result of spatial change during a temporal interval.

Transformed sample selection (e.g., hierarchical sample selection):
This subclass is indented under subclass 403.1. Subject matter wherein the remapped values are chosen for further processing or transmission based upon content.

Involving difference transmission (e.g., predictive):
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein an output signal represents the difference between the input signal and a predicted value.
(1) Note. The predicted signal may be the preceding signal.

Involving both base and differential encoding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409.1. Subject matter wherein the signal is sampled periodically and each sample comprises a reference combined with additional difference information.

Plural predictors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409.1. Subject matter wherein more than a single predicted value is used for comparison.

Including temporal predictor (e.g., frame difference):
This subclass is indented under subclass 411.1. Subject matter wherein at least one comparison signal represents a prior image in time.

Including motion vector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 412.1. Subject matter wherein at least one comparison is used to produce a signal indicative of the magnitude and direction of spatial change during the stated temporal interval.

Involving pattern matching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 411.1. Subject matter wherein at least one comparison is with a set of stored reference image or subimage portions.

Including temporal prediction (e.g., frame difference):
This subclass is indented under subclass 409.1. Subject matter wherein the comparison signal represents a prior image in time.

Including motion vector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415.1. Subject matter wherein a signal is produced which is indicative of the magnitude and direction of spatial change during the stated temporal interval.

Involving pattern matching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415.1. Subject matter wherein a comparison is made with a set of stored reference image or subimage portions.

Involving pattern matching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409.1. Subject matter wherein the resulting signal is further compared with a set of stored reference image or subimage portions.

Coding element controlled by buffer fullness:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409.1. Subject matter wherein the resolution of the comparison is determined by the amount of the remaining capacity of a temporary storage device.

Involving block coding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein a sampled image matrix is processed by the use of plural submatrices of reduced area.

Involving minimum, maximum, or average of block:
This subclass is indented under subclass 420.1. Subject matter including a representative of the lowest value of the block or the greatest value of the block or the sum of the values of a two-dimensional spatial array of values divided by the number of elements in the array.

Involving pattern matching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein the sampled image representation matrix is compared with a set of stored reference image or subimage portions.

Arrangements for multiplexing one video signal, one or more audio signals, and a synchronizing signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein concurrent transmission of the sampled image signal, at least one related sound channel signal and a signal to ensure receiver scanning align with the picture signal generator.

Sub-Nyquist sampling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein the sampling rate is less than twice the highest frequency component.

Adaptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424.1. Subject matter wherein the sampling rate is determined by image signal content.

Associated signal processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390.1. Subject matter wherein the signal is further processed by circuitry unique to the rate reduction encoding/decoding process.

Involving error detection or correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425.1. Subject matter wherein the further circuitry detects or corrects invalid data.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
466 for error correction or prevention in nonpictorial data packet in television format.

Involving signal formatting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425.1. Subject matter wherein the further circuitry combines the time variable video signal with a synchronizing signal to allow reconstruction of an image and converts the resultant signal into a format suitable for storage or transmission.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
441-459, appropriate subclasses for format conversion circuitry, per se, in television.
469-496, appropriate subclasses for format circuitry, per se, in television.

Involving synchronization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 425.1. Subject matter wherein further circuitry utilizes a synchronizing signal component to maintain a proper time or phase correspondence between components of the rate reduction encoding/decoding process with respect to a regular television frame rate of 25 to 30 frames per second (e.g., 100 frames per second, etc.).
(1) Note. Systems in this collection are mostly used to view high speed motion (e.g., a bullet or an airplane in motion, etc.).

Format type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter including systems that produce a narrow band signal, which resembles a conventional TV signal, from a broadband source and allow reconstruction of a broadband display.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems in which additional video information is transmitted by using a subcarrier, sampling, additional modulation of the picture carrier (e.g., quadrature), undulatory scanning, line number conversion, or placing an extra video in normal blanking areas.

Including frequency folding (e.g., subsampling):
This subclass is indented under subclass 426.1. Subject matter wherein additional information is embedded in the video signal by causing the alias components centered about the sampling frequency to extend into the normal baseband signal.
(1) Note. Systems that use a subcarrier to achieve the same effect are classified herein.
(2) Note. Recitation and recognition of frequency folding is not required for classification herein.
(3) Note. The lower sideband of the alias components has the F or F s -F v, with F s being the sampling frequency, and F v being the video frequency the higher F v (the lower the alias F s -F v) the frequency folding occurs around F s/2.

Spotwobble (e.g., pixels from plural lines form single transmitted line):
This subclass is indented under subclass 427.1. Subject matter wherein at least some pixels on the same transmitted line are vertically displaced from each other in addition to the horizontal displacement between pixels.
(1) Note. Included herein are systems that have vertically aligned samples as long as the scan is generally horizontal.
(2) Note. Systems that scan vertically are not classified herein.
(3) Note. The source and display either have more lines than the transmitted signal or undulate the scan.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
206 for special scanning which may include systems that scan in vertical, spiral, random, or zigzag.

Including video-related information:
This subclass is indented under subclass 427.1. Subject matter including signals, in addition to the video signals, used in the receiver to reconstruct a broadband signal resembling the original broadband signal.
(1) Note. Examples of video-related information are motion vectors or motion indicators.

Using two or more frames:
This subclass is indented under subclass 427.1. Subject matter wherein the same pixel is sampled at least every other frame.
(1) Note. Such systems are often referred to as dot interlaced.
(2) Note. Such systems require several frames to build up the broadband display.

Motion adaptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 430.1. Subject matter wherein different operating modes are used depending upon frame-to-frame differences.

Added video information in standard channel format:
This subclass is indented under subclass 426.1. Subject matter wherein the narrow band signal is a conventional TV signal, and the broadband display is reconstructed using the conventional signal and at least one other signal is transmitted with the conventional signal.
(1) Note. The conventional signal is usable by itself to produce a narrow band display. Chrominance information is not considered additional video information.
(2) Note. Examples of the conventional TV signals are NTSC, PAL, or SECAM.

Including additional modulation of picture carrier (e.g., quadrature):
This subclass is indented under subclass 432.1. Subject matter wherein the other video information modulates the
picture carrier in a manner different than the conventional signal.
(1) Note. Included herein are quadrature modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation involving modulation of a carrier of the same frequency as the picture carrier and differing in phase by 90 degrees.

Including information in sync, blanking, or overscan:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432.1. Subject matter wherein the added video information occupies a time interval not occupied by the conventional display video.
(1) Note. Overscan is active video which is normally hidden by the faceplate.

During vertical blanking interval:
This subclass is indented under subclass 434.1. Subject matter wherein the added video information is inserted between the active interval of successive frames.

Including use of a subcarrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432.1. Subject matter wherein the additional signal is modulated on a carrier having a frequency other than the picture carrier and is located in the bandwidth of the video signal.

Individual processing of different parts of image frequency band (e.g., sum and difference, high band/low band):
This subclass is indented under subclass 426.1. Subject matter having at least two frequency bands which are treated differently.

Individual processing of different parts of image frequency band (e.g., sum and difference, high band/low band):
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter having at least two frequency bands which are treated differently.

Frame field or line dropping followed by time expansion and time compression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter wherein the original signal is band reduced by decimating frames, fields, or lines and time expanding the signal to occupy the time base of the original signal.
(1) Note. The process is reversed at the receiver to produce a signal having at least the same frame, field, and line rate as the original signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
438.1 for similar systems that also produce a different signal for the missing line field or frame which is band limited.

Scan rate variation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 384.1. Subject matter wherein the frequency range is reduced by lowering the speed of the scanning at the time significant transitions in the image occur and resume higher scanning speed when little or no transition occurs.

FORMAT CONVERSION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including particular methods or apparatus for converting one format into another format.
(1) Note. Examples of converters found herein are NTSC to PAL or SECAM, High Vision to NTSC, or field sequential color to simultaneous color signal (e.g., NTSC).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.12 for modification of images.

Involving polar to Cartesian or vice versa:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter including a means for converting a radial scanned pattern to a rectangular scanned pattern or vice versa.
(1) Note. Examples herein are radar to TV or vice versa.

Involving both line number and field rate conversion (e.g., PAL to NTSC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter wherein the conversion from the first signal to second signal changes both the number of lines per field and the number of fields per second.

Specified chrominance signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 443. Subject matter including structure or process for converting a first chrominance signal into a second chrominance signal (e.g., converting from the quadrature modulated NTSC chrominance to either the line reversing PAL quadrature signal or the line alternating frequency modulated SECAM chrominance).

Conversion between standards with different aspect ratios:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter wherein input and output signals have different width to height ratios and the conversion adjusts the ratios.
(1) Note. Examples herein are systems that select the standard 4:3 aspect ratio of a wide aspect ratio signal or systems that fill in the top and bottom of a 4:3 aspect ratio (e.g., letter box) to display a wide aspect ratio signal.

Progressive to interlace:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter wherein an input signal has all the lines scanned during one vertical period and an output signal requires at least two vertical periods to scan all the lines.
(1) Note. In the input signal the spatially adjacent lines are temporally adjacent while in the output signal the spatially adjacent lines are not temporally adjacent and the temporally adjacent lines are not spatially adjacent.
(2) Note. Often the conversion also changes the frame rate, but such frame rate conversion is not required for classification herein.

Field rate type flicker compensating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter comprising means to decrease the period of the output signal below 1/60th of a second to reduce large area flicker in a display.
(1) Note. Rate change between formats such as NTSC and PAL are classified in subclass 459 or subclass 441.
(2) Note. These systems can include line number doubling or halving.

Line doublers type (e.g., interlace to progressive IDTV type):
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter wherein an input signal has N lines per vertical period and an output signal contains at least 2N lines per vertical period.
(1) Note. Most systems use a progressive scan where vertical periods (field) are in the same position on the display as compared with an interlaced system where lines in adjacent fields are offset. Classified herein are systems that double the number of the lines and produce an interlace display (e.g., conversion from 525 2:1 to either 525 1:1 or 1050 2:1).

Including nonstandard signal detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 448. Subject matter including a means for determining whether the signal has a fixed line period (broadcast) or a variable line period (tape machine).
(1) Note. These systems normally switch operating modes using the previous field for standard signal and line interpolation for nonstandard signals.

Specified chrominance processing (e.g., Y/C separation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 448. Subject matter including a means for processing a composite color signal (a signal with a color subcarrier in the luminance band like NTSC, PAL, or SECAM).
(1) Note. The processing is normally chrominance luminance separation wherein the normal field delay used in line doubling is also used as a delay for chrominance luminance separation.

Motion adaptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter including a detector which senses field to field or frame to frame differences and which processing has at least two modes (e.g., still, moving, slow motion, or fast motion) with the difference signal selecting the mode.
(1) Note. The two modes maybe either the line doubling selecting between the previous field or interpolation or some other two modes processing like Y/C separation or noise reduction.

Motion adaptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 448. Subject matter including a detector which senses field to field or frame to frame differences and which has at least two modes of line doubling (e.g., still, moving, slow motion, or fast motion) with the difference signal selecting the mode.

Specified chrominance processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter wherein an input color signal and an output color signal differ in the method in which the color information is assembled and wherein the system changes from the first method of assembly to the second method of assembly.

PAL to NTSC or vice versa:
This subclass is indented under subclass 453. Subject matter wherein a chrominance signal having the phase of one of the quadrature components inverted in alternating lines is converted into a quadrature modulated chrominance signal without phase inversion or vice versa.

In which simultaneous signals are converted into sequential signals or vice versa:
This subclass is indented under subclass 453. Subject matter wherein one of the signals has information for all three colors, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) all the time and the other has information for no more than two colors at any one time with at least two signals being time division multiplexed.
(1) Note. Systems that alternate signals at the pixel rate (dot sequential) are considered simultaneous.
(2) Note. Included herein are systems that convert from SECAM to PAL or NTSC or vice versa.

Field or frame sequential to simultaneous:
This subclass is indented under subclass 455. Subject matter wherein the sequential signals alternate at field or frame rate.
(1) Note. The signal are normally R, G, and B.

Frequency change of subcarrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 453. Subject matter including a means for changing the frequency of the subcarrier.

Changing number of lines for standard conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter including a means for converting numbers of line per field of an input signal to different numbers of lines per field of output signals.
(1) Note. Details of how output lines are formed from the input lines are classified herein.

Changing number of fields for standard conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Subject matter including an apparatus or method for changing an input signal having a vertical period to an output signal having a different vertical period.

DIVERSE DEVICE CONTROLLED BY INFORMATION EMBEDDED IN VIDEO SIGNAL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a device other than the normal video processing circuits of a receiver which is controlled by a signal added to a normal TV signal.

NONPICTORIAL DATA PACKET IN TELEVISION FORMAT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein lines of a TV signal are used to carry coded character data.

Audio:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter wherein the coded character data represent audio information.

Full field:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter wherein all the lines of the TV signal are utilized.

Sync:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter including details of synchronizing a coded character transmitted with a coded character receiver.

Data separation or detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter including circuitry for separating or identifying the character codes from the video signal.

Error correction or prevention:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter including circuitry for detecting or correcting invalid data within the character codes.

Data format:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter wherein details of the character code format are specified.

Including teletext decoder or display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 461. Subject matter including circuitry for processing extracted coded character information for display.

FORMAT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including particular methods or apparatus for combining the time variable video signal with a synchronizing signal to allow reconstruction of the image from which the video signal originated.

Adapted to reduce noise or for frequency modulation (e.g., variable gain):
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter including particular methods or apparatus for reducing the effects of noise or for optimizing the signal for FM transmission.
(1) Note. Time division multiplexing of chrominance and luminance components is classified in subclass 488.

Including pulse modulation of video signal (e.g., pulse width, PAM):
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter wherein the video signal is encoded using short duration amplitude spikes.

Pulse code modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Subject matter wherein the video is quantized into plural bits and the amplitude spikes represent either a one or zero with the
absence of a pulse representing the other.

Including additional information:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter including a signal component other than the video and sync components.
(1) Note. Additional information includes sound signal which may or may not be related to the image carried by the video signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
426 for similar systems wherein the added signal is an additional part of the image such as a side panel, a high frequency component, or a vertical high frequency component.

For controlling video processing (e.g., digitally assisted video):
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the additional signal component is derived from video and controls the receiver processing of the signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
429 for similar subject matter where the video signal has been frequency folded.

Additional modulation of picture carrier (e.g., quadrature):
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the additional signal directly modulates a carrier of the same frequency as the picture carrier.
(1) Note. Most often the addition modulation is amplitude modulation of a carrier at 90 degrees to the picture carrier which is called quadrature modulation. However, both phase and frequency modulation of the carrier before or after amplitude modulation of the carrier by the video are classified herein.

During sync, blanking, or overscan:
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the signal component occupies a time interval not occupied by the normal display video.

During both vertical and horizontal blanking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 476. Subject matter wherein the time interval is a time period of vertical and horizontal retrace.

During vertical blanking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 476. Subject matter wherein the time interval is a time period of the vertical retrace.

During horizontal blanking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 476. Subject matter wherein the time interval is a time period of the horizontal retrace.

Sound signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 479. Subject matter wherein the additional information is an audio signal.

Plural (e.g., stereo or SAP):
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter including more than one audio signal.
(1) Note. The audio signals may be related such as stereo
or unrelated such as a second language.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
381, Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices, 1 for binaural and stereophonic, per se.

Sound signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 476. Subject matter wherein the additional information is an audio signal.

Plural (e.g., stereo or SAP):
This subclass is indented under subclass 482. Subject matter including more than one audio signal.
(1) Note. The audio signals may be related such as stereo or unrelated such as a second language.

Sound signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the additional information is an audio signal.

Plural (e.g., stereo or SAP):
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Subject matter including more than one audio signal.
(1) Note. The audio signals may be related such as stereo or unrelated such as a second language.

Including the use of a subcarrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the additional information modulates a carrier
located within the bandwidth of the picture carrier.

Broadband (e.g., occupying two adjacent channels or parts thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter wherein the signal occupies a continuous frequency band greater than a conventional channel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
389 for systems that occupy two nonadjacent channels.

Specified color signal format:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter including particular methods or apparatus for combining individual color signals together with a sync signal for transmission.

Time division multiplexing of luminance and chrominance (e.g., MAC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter wherein a signal representing the brightness or the black and white information and signals representing the color content are sequentially transmitted at a rate substantially less than the pixel or element rate.

Field or frame sequential systems:
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter wherein signals are transmitted sequentially with a duration of at least one vertical period.
(1) Note. Dot sequential systems which select one color or luminance pixel followed by another color pixel etc., are classified in subclass 492.

Simultaneous and sequential (e.g., SECAM):
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter wherein a single color or luminance signal is transmitted continuously while at least two additional color signals are transmitted alternately at a rate substantially less than the pixel or elemental rate.

Simultaneous signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter wherein a plurality of color signals or luminance and color signals are transmitted simultaneously.

Luminance plus dual-phase modulated color carrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Subject matter in which one signal conveys brightness or black and white information and a second carrier signal conveys two distinct quantities of color information at either two distinct phases or phase and amplitude.

Dot sequential:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Subject matter wherein the components are time division multiplexed at the pixel or element rate.

Of sync signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter wherein the format includes details of sync information for transmission.

Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 495. Subject matter wherein the sync information is for a color TV signal.

FLUTTER OR JITTER CORRECTION (E.G., DYNAMIC REPRODUCTION):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including circuitry for correcting a timebase error of a video signal which may vary with respect to time.

Specified color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 497. Subject matter wherein the video signal is a specified color.

Using frequency shifting (e.g., heterodyne):
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Subject matter wherein the chrominance signal is corrected by mixing another frequency.

SYNCHRONIZATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including particular techniques or apparatus for utilizing synchronizing signal components to maintain proper time or phase correspondence between scanning components of the television system.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, 141 for miscellaneous synchronizing circuits.
331, Oscillators, subclass 20, 21, 145, 149, 153, and 172 for TV sync type oscillators and oscillators with sync circuits.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 243 for electrical systems including synchronization of shafts.

Reprocessing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including means for extracting, processing, or reinserting the sync signal of a video signal.

Specified color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 501. Subject matter wherein the video signal is a specified color.

For sequential color components:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including apparatus for synchronizing the color components of a sequential system.

With line rate switch (e.g., SECAM):
This subclass is indented under subclass 503. Subject matter wherein the sync is used to cause a switch to change state at a horizontal line rate.

Phase locking regenerated subcarrier to color burst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including circuitry for generating continuous color subcarrier from the burst of a video signal.

Burst gate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 505. Subject matter including specific circuitry for separating the burst from
other components of a composite color signal.

Including demodulator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 505. Subject matter including means for demodulating the color components.

Digital:
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Subject matter wherein the demodulator is implemented using digital circuitry.

With line rate switch (e.g., PAL):
This subclass is indented under subclass 507. Subject matter wherein the sync is used to cause a switch to change state at a horizontal line rate.

Locking of computer to video timebase:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including means for controlling a programmable processor so as to operate in time or phase of a TV signal.

Control of picture position:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including means for directly changing the phase or time relationship between a video signal and its sync signal components in order to produce picture translation upon display.

Locking of video or audio to reference timebase:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including means for changing the time or phase of video or audio signals so as to correspond to a reference time or phase.

Frame or field synchronizers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter in which the audio or video data is written into a frame or field memory according to its own time or phase and read out according to the reference time or phase.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Subject matter wherein the video signals are natural color video signals.

Audio to video:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter including means for changing the time or phase of one of a video or audio signal so as to be in time or phase with the other one of the audio or video signals.

By controlling video or sync generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter wherein the time or phase is changed by control of video or sync generation.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Subject matter wherein the video signals are natural color video signals.

Including compensation for transmission delays:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter wherein the change in time or phase take into account the time or phase shifts caused during transmission through a channel.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Subject matter wherein the video signals are natural color video signals.

Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter wherein the sync signal components are for natural color signals.

Sync generation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including methods and apparatus for the generation of the synchronizing signal components necessary for the proper synchronization between components of the television system.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass is apparatus for the generation of synchronizing signal components to achieve interlace scanning.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, 141 for miscellaneous synchronizing circuits.

Means on video signal generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter including means integral with the picture signal generator for producing the synchronizing signal components (e.g., separate aperture on a Nipkow disc for sync pulse generation conductive strip at raster edge on vidicon for sync signal generation).

With addressable memory:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter including a memory from which the sync signal components are read.

With counter or frequency divider:
This subclass is indented under subclass 521. Subject matter including means for counting or dividing a reference signal to generate the sync signal components.

Sync separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including apparatus for separating the synchronizing signal components or a synchronizing signal component from other portions of a television signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, 1 for miscellaneous pulse selecting and separating circuits.

Field or frame identification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter wherein the apparatus detects a field or a frame type.

Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Subject matter wherein the TV signals are natural color signals.

Including automatic gain control (AGC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter wherein the separating circuitry includes an output providing a control signal for automatic gain control (AGC).

To produce distinct vertical output:
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter wherein the separating circuitry includes an output providing only a vertical rate sync signal.

With distinct horizontal output:
This subclass is indented under subclass 529. Subject matter wherein the separating circuitry includes an additional output providing only a horizontal rate sync signal.

To produce distinct horizontal output:
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter wherein the separating circuitry includes an output providing only a horizontal rate sync signal.

By amplitude:
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter wherein the sync signal components are separated based on amplitude.

Noise reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 525. Subject matter including apparatus for reducing the deleterious effects of noise on the utilization of the synchronizing signal components.

Amplitude limiting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 533. Subject matter including apparatus to amplitude limit the synchronizing signal components to reduce the effects of noise on the utilization of such components.

Noise inversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 533. Subject matter including apparatus for inverting the polarity of noise components associated with the synchronizing signal components and algebraically adding such inverted noise components to the synchronizing signal components to reduce the effects of noise on the utilization of the synchronizing signal components.

Automatic phase or frequency control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including a means for automatically controlling the time or phase of an oscillating signal in response to sync signal components.

Of sampling or clock:
This subclass is indented under subclass 536. Subject matter wherein the oscillating signal is used to control the sampling or clocking of video data.

With data interpolation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 537. Subject matter including means for creating data at a desired phase from two or more original data samples.

Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 537. Subject matter wherein the sync signal components are for natural color signals.

Horizontal sync component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 536. Subject matter wherein the sync signal components are horizontal sync.

Cascaded phase or frequency adjusting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Subject matter wherein the means includes plural serially connected time or phase control circuits.

Plural distinct operating modes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Subject matter wherein the horizontal phase or frequency control means includes a plurality of distinct operating states.

Line rates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Subject matter wherein the distinct modes correspond to different line rates.

Locking rates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 542. Subject matter wherein the distinct modes correspond to different locking rates.

Different mode during vertical blanking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 544. Subject matter wherein the locking rate is changed during the vertical blanking intervals.

Countdown:
This subclass is indented under subclass 540. Subject matter including a resetting divider for controlling the phase or time of the oscillating signal in response to the horizontal sync.

Vertical sync component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 536. Subject matter wherein the sync signal components are the vertical sync.

Countdown:
This subclass is indented under subclass 547. Subject matter including a resetting divider for controlling the phase or time of the oscillating signal in response to the vertical sync.

Using color subcarrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 536. Subject matter wherein the sync signal component is a component of a color subcarrier.

To achieve interlaced scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter including apparatus for utilizing synchronizing signal components to achieve a scanning process in which the distance from center to center of a successively scanned line is two or more times the nominal line width, and in which the adjacent lines belong to different fields.

Of mechanical scan:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein the scanning is performed by mechanical means.

COMBINED WITH DIVERSE ART DEVICE (E.G., COMPUTER, TELEPHONE):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the receiver is combined with a device that has utility other than a TV receiver.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333.05 for display of multiple images.

BASIC RECEIVER WITH ADDITIONAL FUNCTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a specific circuitry that adds additional functions to a basic receiver.

Multimode (e.g., composite, Y, C; baseband RF):
This subclass is indented under subclass 553. Subject matter wherein the signal processing of the receiver is changed depending upon the format, modulation, or the nature of the signal inputs such as R, G, B, or composite (e.g., antenna signal).

For receiving more than one format at will (e.g., NTSC/PAL):
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Subject matter including a specific circuitry that enables the receiver to receive and display two or more signal formats.
(1) Note. A conventional receiver receives and displays only on signal standard. A standard is limited to the number of lines, frame rate, and aspect ratio. Signals which have the same number of lines, frame rate, and aspect ratio wherein the only difference is the stage of signal development, such as R, G, B, or composite or SVHSs luminance and chrominance components are classified in subclass 554.

For format with different aspect ratio:
This subclass is indented under subclass 555. Subject matter including a specific circuitry to allow display of signals having different width to height ratios.
(1) Note. The receiver is normally designed to display one aspect ratio, the aspect ratio of the display, and circuitry is provided to change the second signal standard to make it displayable on the display. Examples of such signal changing include selecting a narrow aspect ratio section from a wide aspect ratio signal for display on a narrow aspect ratio display or time compressing a narrow aspect ratio signal for display on a wide aspect ratio display.

Color processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 555. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for processing color signals.

Format detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for detecting the number of lines or the frame rate of the signal.

Instant replay or freeze frame:
This subclass is indented under subclass 553. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for storing at least one frame for display.

Color television processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for processing a color signal.

For magnification of part of image:
This subclass is indented under subclass 553. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for expanding a portion of the video signal to display an enlarged portion.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 561. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for processing a color signal.

For display of additional information:
This subclass is indented under subclass 553. Subject matter including a specific circuitry to display information in addition to the video image.

Simultaneously and on same screen (e.g., multiscreen):
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for inserting the additional information into or next to the normal image.

Picture in picture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 564. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for processing a second image signal and for inserting the second image into the normal image.

Color television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for processing color image signals.

Memory:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for storing at least the second image signal before it is inserted or combined with the primary image signal.

Compression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for shrinking the size of the second image before insertion into the primary image.

Receiver indicator (e.g., on screen display):
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Subject matter
including a circuitry to display an operating parameter of the receiver.

Tuning indication:
This subclass is indented under subclass 569. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for indicating the tuning status of a TV receiver.

IMAGE SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUITRY SPECIFIC TO TELEVISION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a specific circuitry peculiar to processing image information of a television signal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
725 for demodulator, per se, and other receiver circuitry in which no processing, per se, of the image information occurs.

A/D converters:
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Subject matter including details of circuitry for converting an analog video signal into digital data.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, 126 for analog to or from digital conversion, per se.

Analog to binary:
This subclass is indented under subclass 572. Subject matter wherein the digital data comprises data having two quantization levels.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, 126 for analog to
or from digital conversion, per se.

Including dither:
This subclass is indented under subclass 572. Subject matter including circuitry for adding a signal to the video signal whose amplitude changes randomly or pseudo randomly.

Video reprocessing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Subject matter including circuitry for receiving a degraded video signal and for reforming the signal.

Selective image modification (e.g., touch up):
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Subject matter including circuitry for altering the image in areas chosen for change without altering the image in areas not chosen.

Color change type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 576. Subject matter including a means for changing the hue of one color without changing the hue of other colors.

Special effects:
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Subject matter including an apparatus for modifying the signal by the selective insertion or deletion of signal portions or replacement by further signals.
(1) Note. Fading and chroma keying are examples of effects produced by devices classified herein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 700 for selective visual display communication systems.
352, Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 85 for special effects in motion picture photography.

Strobe (e.g., ball tracker):
This subclass is indented under subclass 578. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for combining a plurality of images into a single image which shows the different positions of an object in motion.

Geometric transformation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 578. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for changing the size, orientation, shape, or any other geometric attribute of an image.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
704 for sweep expansion or reduction.

Size change:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for changing the size of the image.

Color signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 581. Subject matter including a circuitry peculiar to color signals.

Rotation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for causing the image to appear to rotate.

Combining plural sources:
This subclass is indented under subclass 578. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for forming a single signal from more than one source.

Including priority key:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter wherein each source has an associated priority key and the sources are combined depending upon a comparison of the priority keys.

Foreground/background insertion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a circuitry for selecting a part of one signal (called the foreground) and placing it in the second or background signal.
(1) Note. The foreground video often is used to generate a key signal which controls selection and insertion.

Including hue detection (e.g., chroma key):
This subclass is indented under subclass 586. Subject matter including a circuit which detects a hue in the foreground signal to control the mixing of the foreground and background videos.

Multiple distinct images (e.g., splitscreen):
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for combining two or more images without losing any significant information.
(1) Note. For receivers that insert a reduced image into a full size main image, see subclass 565. The information in the main image where the reduced image is inserted is lost. The image details lost in compression are not considered significant.

Including insertion of characters or s:graphics (e.g., titles):
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a specific circuitry for combining an image signal with a s:graphics or character signal.

Specified details of key signal generation or processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a circuitry for producing a signal which controls combining two or more image signals.

Self keyers (e.g., key generated from video being mixed):
This subclass is indented under subclass 590. Subject matter including a circuitry for generating the combining control signal from one of the image signals.

Chroma key (e.g., hue detector)
This subclass is indented under subclass 591. Subject matter including a circuitry for recognizing a color and generating the key signal.

Artificial key generation
This subclass is indented under subclass 590. Subject matter including a circuitry for generating the mixing control signal without using one of the image signals which is combined.

Wipes signal generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 593. Subject matter including a circuit for causing one image to start in a small area and increase in size until the image is completed.

Fades signal generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 593. Subject matter including a circuitry for increasing the amplitude of an image signal until full image is achieved or vice versa.
(1) Note. This subclass includes "cross-fading" wherein one image is faded in while another is faded out.

Window signal generator (e.g., rectangle):
This subclass is indented under subclass 593. Subject matter including a circuitry for defining an area in the image.

For generation of soft edge (e.g., blending):
This subclass is indented under subclass 590. Subject matter including a circuitry for increasing the amplitude of one image signal while reducing the other image signal where the two images meet.

Specified details of signal combining:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a circuitry for forming a single signal from two or more input signals.

Color signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 598. Subject matter including a specific circuitry peculiar to a color television.

Graphic or character insertion type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 598. Subject matter including a specific circuitry peculiar to combining an image signal with a character signal.

Marker or pointer generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 584. Subject matter including a circuitry for generating a point or line like image signal.

Display controlled by ambient light:
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Subject matter including a circuitry for adjusting some operational characteristics of a display in accordance with the ambient lighting of the environment.

Specified color (e.g., saturation and contrast control):
This subclass is indented under subclass 602. Subject matter wherein the operational characteristic includes control of some color attribute such as amplitude.