This class includes that type of building structures commonly designated "fences" and characterized by a relatively low, generally openwork, structure adapted to serve the purposes of a barrier.
Those fences in which a part breaks, gives way, or separates under abnormal conditions are classified herein with the type of fence to which the invention is applied.
Posts described for use in fences, but which are of more general application, are classified under the more general appropriate building structure classes. Posts are included herein only when specially adapted for a fence and are classified with the type of fence to which they are adapted.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
24, Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc., subclasses 68+, especially 71.1, for line stretchers or tighteners of general utility. Wire fences with stretching devices are in this class (256), subclasses 37+. Connectors between parts of a fence are classified in this class (256) with the type of fence involved. Class 24, subclasses 305+ provides for combinations of two or more simple forms of fastenings not for connecting fence parts.
49, Movable or Removable Closures, appropriate subclasses, for that movable portion of a fence commonly known as a "gate" and characterized by a normally open and closed position. A panel, per se, of general application, although forming part of a gate, is classified in subclass 73 of this class (256).
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for barriers, poles and posts of more general application, particularly subclass 40 for a shaft with an article support, 102 for an earth supported coping or edging, 103+ for a land marker or monument, 113 for a shaft with a spring actuated return, 153+ for a shaft with an embedded wing-type brace, 155+ and 166 for an earth anchor, 292+ for a
footing for a vertical shaft, 300+ vertical structure with a cap, 415+ for a brick and mortar-type barrier, 633+ for openwork, e.g., lattice or grating, and 720.1+ for elongated rigid members and see the reference to Class 256 in class definition of Class 52.
403, Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for joints of general utility. Connectors between parts of a fence are classified in this class (256) with the type fence involved.
404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 6+, for a traffic guide or barrier structure and subclasses 9+, for a traffic director structure.
405, Hydraulic and Earth Engineering, appropriate subclasses for earthwork barriers, especially subclasses 30+ for openwork wave or flow dissipating barriers. Fence structure, per se, of earthwork is classified in this class (256), subclass 19.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 544+ for stock materials, e.g., of indefinite length, which are all metal or have adjacent metal components. See the notes in the main Class Definition of Class 428.

GLOSSARY:
STRUCTURAL
As used herein, this term applies to any relatively rigid slat or bar member used as an element of a fence.
WIRE
As used herein, this term includes not only metallic but also any nonmetallic rope, cord, or strand.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fence constructions and accessories peculiar thereto not specifically provided for elsewhere.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences
provided with spurs, points, or barbs so arranged as to discourage the violent passage of animals through them.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Barbed fences having guards to protect animals from injury.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Devices comprising members serving as a warning of the presence of barbs.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Devices comprising openwork or meshed stock, whether formed of relatively rigid slats or bars or of wire combined with rigid slats or bars.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
245, Wire Fabrics and Structure, subclasses 2+, for wire fabrics not provided with barbs.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Devices relating to the structure of the strands.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
11 for top guard rails, although provided with barbs.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Fence strands in which a barb is capable of attachment to a single strand.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
6 for barbs specialized for attachment to strands made up of two or more wires.

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Single fence strands in which the barbs are integral.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Devices made up of sections or links joined end-to-end.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences having one or more parts charged with electricity, whereby shock will be imparted to an animal coming into contact therewith.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
109, Safes, Bank Protection, or a Related Device, subclass 35, for safes, etc., with an electrically charged surface.
119, Animal Husbandry, particularly subclass 721 for an electromagnetic remote control for confining an animal to a predetermined territorial location. The remote control feature may include a buried wire or above ground fence-like structure but does not limit the travel of the animal by direct electrical contact therewith.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, appropriate subclasses, for electric conductors and their supports of general utility.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences having special provision to prevent or hinder creatures from traveling or remaining upon the top of the fence.

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Fences wherein the top guard has an unstable or movable portion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for steeplechase fences provided with yielding means upon the top rail.
16 for track guards having movable means.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Barriers designed to regulate wind and air currents so that driftage of snow or sand will be controlled.
(1) Note. These barriers usually act either (1) to so direct wind or air currents to cause the same to pick up and remove snow or sand from places it is desired to keep clear thereof, or (2) to cause wind or air currents to drop sand or snow carried thereby to avoid the same accumulating at places it is desired to keep clear, thereof, for example, railways or roadways.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
104, Railways, subclasses 279+, for miscellaneous railway track clearing or cleaning means.
135, Tent, Canopy, Umbrella, or Cane, subclasses 87+, for portable shelters used as a snow or wind screen.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices for use on shores or in stream beds designed to prevent animals from passing, but providing for the more or less free
passage of the water and bodies held in suspension therein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
49, Movable or Removable Closures, subclasses 10+ for closures which move under the influence of a swollen stream.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices in the nature of barriers, railings, or fences, both rigid and yielding, along road sides, and sufficiently strong to resist automobile impact.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 for similar barriers forming complete fences.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
114, Ships, subclass 219, for similar devices applied to sides of ships.
238, Railways: Surface Track, subclass 10, for similar structure in nature of portable track.
248, Supports, subclass 66, for brackets, for securing a road guard cable to its post.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Device for use upon railroads designed to prevent animals from passing along the tracks and incapable of use as a gate to permit the passage of the animal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
49, Movable or Removable Closures, subclasses 131+ for a closure which moves to an inoperative position flush with the ground, such as a railroad track, to permit a train to ride over it.

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Track guards that consist of a pivoted member or a series of them adapted to rock under pressure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Track guards embodying a series of rotary members.

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Track guards embodying a series of bars spaced apart to form a grating.

This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Devices comprising bars provided with a series of prongs more or less sharp.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences, made wholly or partly of such materials as earth, stone, plastics, or wood where the material of which they are made, as well as the form of the fence, is of consequence.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
13.1 for similar devices for highway guards.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for masonry walls of more general application, particularly subclasses 300+ for vertical structures with a cap or terminal bearing plate.
405, Hydraulic and Earth Engineering, appropriate subclasses for specialized earthwork barriers (i.e., jetty, dam, levee, etc.).

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences formed of growing plants used alone or in connection with wire to form the fence.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences made wholly or mostly of metal other than wire where the material is of consequence or where the shape of parts is such as to preclude their being made of other material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 47+ and 65+, for joints between fence members.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 660+ for fabric or lattice openwork, e.g., grating, of more general application.

This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Fences composed of longitudinal rails and upright members where the upright members serve to increase the effectiveness of the fence as a barrier and not merely to strengthen, brace, or space apart the rails.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
34 for woven, strand fences.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences
having portions hung or suspended between posts or from rails or strands running from post to post.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
49, Movable or Removable Closures, subclasses 10+ for similar devices used on shores or stream beds.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences made up of panels.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
23 for sections hung or suspended.
73 for fence panels, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
24, Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc., subclasses 455+, for clasps.
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for an in situ erected building structure of more general application, particularly subclasses 474+ for a facer (panel) held by a frame or shaft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Devices relating to enclosed structures, generally in the nature of a pen for children, adapted to be folded and stored away.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
5, Beds, subclass 93.1, for crib-type beds and for play-pens having a bottom wall even if the bottom and side members are not connected. The bottom may be a fabric and may rest directly on the floor.
119, Animal Husbandry, subclass 20, for animal pens.
135, Tent, Canopy, Umbrella, or Cane, subclasses 87+ for portable shelters.
472, Amusement Devices, particularly subclasses 92+ for an enclosure for an athletic or exhibition event, e.g., for
arena, track, court, playing field, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Devices hingedly connected so that adjacent panel units are capable of lying in the same or intersecting planes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Panel fences in which two adjacent panels are capable of attachment so as to stand in intersecting planes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
25 for similar structure forming enclosures.

This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Fences wherein the panels are tied together by a wire running the length of several panels, the panel ends are bolted or wired together, or a separate element is used to lock or tie adjacent panels together.

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Fences wherein the panels extend in the same general direction (right line) and are tied together by a wire running the length of a plurality of panels, when the panel ends are bolted or wired together, or where a separate element is used to lock or tie adjacent panels together.

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Devices wherein the panels or fence as a whole are braced in addition or wherein the panels or fence are tied and braced by the same means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Devices comprising combinations of panels with braced posts or separate brace members and braced posts or like parts particularly adapted to receive the support fence panels.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences made wholly or partially of wire and elements and combinations of elements used as parts of wire fences not otherwise provided for and characterized by the presence of strands of wire connected to the spanning post members.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
23 for spanning strands supporting panel members.
24 for panels made wholly or partially of wire.
73 for fence panels, and see the search note therewith.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Fences composed entirely of wire.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
47, Plant Husbandry, subclasses 44+, for plant supports.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Fences composed of woven longitudinal strands and upright members where the
upright members serve to increase the effectiveness of the fence as a barrier and not merely to strengthen, brace, or space apart the strands.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
22 for fences composed of rails and uprights.
35 for braces.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
245, Wire Fabrics and Structure, subclass 11, for slat and wire fabrics.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Devices particularly adapted for the bracing of wire fences. Braced posts, and braces or stays generally to strengthen, reinforce, or space apart the strands of a wire fence. Combinations of a plurality of fence posts with brace members connecting so as to brace each other.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
22 for fences composed of rails and uprights.
34 for fences composed of woven strands and uprights.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Wire fences wherein the strands are provided with a diagonal bracing member or some of the strands are deflected from their true horizontal course to brace the fence after the manner of a truss.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Devices with stretching devices which form permanent parts of the fence, and are provided with details particularly adapting them for use in a fence.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
24, Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc., subclass 71.1, for tighteners intermediate the ends of a line or wire.
84, Music, subclass 200, for tuning devices, and 304, for tuning pegs.
140, Wireworking, subclass 123.5, for wire tighteners.
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 199+ for a portable implement or apparatus for tensioning flexible material (e.g., fence wire from which the implement or apparatus is detached when moved).

This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Devices including a suspended weight.

This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Devices that employ the power of a spring to accomplish the stretching.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
54, Harness, subclass 48, for elastic stirrups.
267, Spring Devices, subclasses 69+, for elastic extension devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Devices employing a member upon which the wire is wound.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 213+ for a portable, rotatably driven drum for tensioning a flexible material, the drum engages and pulls on either the material or a cable attached to the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Devices having winding elements for a plurality of strands and pluralities of winding elements operating upon individual strands, but mounted upon a common spindle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Devices carried by brackets secured to or bearing against the post.

This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Devices mounted within the post.

This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Devices mounted upon the post and project laterally therefrom.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Devices consisting of fabrics formed wholly or partially of wire wherein the stays and strands are held together by separate ties, such as wires, lock rods, or clips.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, subclasses 848+ for an endless belt conveyor formed of wire fabric.
245, Wire Fabrics and Structure, for woven all wire or slat-and-wire fabric.
403, Joints and Connections, subclasses 384+ for connections, between individual rods joined side-to-side.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Devices including circular section and ribbon strands peculiar to fences.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 6+ for barbed strand structure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for a masonry construction of general application.
211, Supports: Racks, subclass 119.01, for clothesline supports.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 544+ for stock materials, e.g., of indefinite length, which are all metal or have adjacent metal components. See the notes in the main Class Definition of Class 428.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter relating to connections peculiarly adapted to attach a strand of the fence to a post, pole, stay, or like upright having a structural shape.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
24, Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc., subclasses 335+ for combinations of two or more simple forms of fastenings for connecting other than fence parts.
248, Supports, subclasses 49+ is the general locus for supports for cables, particularly subclass 66, for brackets for securing a road guard cable to its post.
403, Joints and Connections, subclasses 384+ for rods joined side-to-side.

This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Devices wherein the strand crosses a structural upright.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 65+ for connections between a rail and structural upright.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
47, Plant Husbandry, subclasses 44+, for plant supports.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclasses 154+ and 168+, for conductor holders.
248, Supports, subclass 353, for clothesline props.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Devices wherein the strand is stapled or otherwise attached to a facing strip which is secured to or embedded in a structural upright.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
65 for a rail attached to a facing strip on the upright.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for a structure of more general application, particularly subclasses 364+ for a ground member serving as a penetrating fastener receiver, and subclasses 698+ for an anchor or tie.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Devices which require that the upright shall be made of some plastic material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
49 for facing strips upon a plastic post to which the strand is attached.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 698+ for a building component anchor or tie which is generally assembled with other components as the structure is erected, e.g., anchors set in concrete before hardening.

This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Subject matter, the plastic post having a reinforcing element.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclasses for a structure or building component of more general classification, particularly subclasses 633+ for openwork and 721.1+ for elongated rigid members which in use may be embedded in concrete.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Subject matter relating to a plurality of crossing wires to a structural upright by a single member extending longitudinally of the upright.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
49 for single members imbedded or otherwise longitudinally secured to a post to which a series of wires are stapled or similarly attached.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Devices where the wire is held in a plurality of slots, which slots or their mouths are out of alinement, so that it is necessary to bend a portion of the strand to cause it to enter the slots.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
48 for separate members attached to uprights to receive the wire in a curved or obliquely formed slot therein or between oppositely directed hooks formed thereon.
58 for obliquely formed slots in the upright or oppositely directed hooks struck from the material of the upright in which the wire is held.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclasses 174+, for analogous insulator structure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Devices comprising clamps.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
68 for rail clamps.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclasses 154+, for insulator and conductor holders; 169+, for terminal-type conductor-holding means and 172+, for insulator-holding means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Connections in which a screw is an essential element of the clamp.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
69 for similar structure in rail fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Connections in which a wedge is an essential element of the clamp.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
70 for similar structure in rail fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Connections in which the strand is tied to the structural shaped upright by means of a flexible member.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
71 for similar structure in rail fences.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
47, Plant Husbandry, subclasses 44+, for plant supports.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 173, for wires tied to an insulator.
403, Joints and Connections, subclasses 384+ for rods joined side-to-side.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Connections which are made without the employment of connecting means other than the wire and upright.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
48 for a wire crossing an upright.
53 for wires bent to enter misaligned slots.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Fences composed of structural uprights and individual structural runner members or rails either permanently or removably attached to the uprights or posts in the erection of the fence. Posts particularly adapted for the reception of rails are classified in subclasses hereunder.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for strictly tight board fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Devices having two adjacent sections standing in intersecting planes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Angle rail fences supported by a wire running the length of several sections or where the rails are tied to the post or to each other by wire or other separate element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Rail fences provided with a tie wire running the length of the fence sections or having the rails tied to the posts or to each other or wherein a separate member is used to lock the sections of the fence together.

This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Devices which are braced in addition or tied and braced by the same means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Rail fences comprising combinations of rails or runners with braced posts or like parts and braced posts or like parts specially formed to receive and support rails or runners.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
35 for bracing of one line post of a fence by another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter relating to the connections between the rail and a post, pole, stay, or like structural upright.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
24, Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc., subclasses 336+ for combinations of two or more simple forms of fastenings for connecting other than fence parts.
403, Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for joints and connections in general.

This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Devices between the rail and the upright which require that the upright be made of some plastic material at the point of connection.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
50 for similar structure in wire fence connections.

This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Devices in which the angles between the rail and the upright may be varied.

This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Devices wherein the rail is clamped to the upright.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
54 for similar structure in wire fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 68. Devices in which the clamp is characterized by a screw.

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55 for similar structure in wire fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 68. Devices in which the clamp is characterized by a wedge.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for similar structure in wire fences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Devices in which the connection is a flexible tying member.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
57 for similar structure in wire fences.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
403, Joints and Connections, subclasses 384+ for rods joined side-to-side.

This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Devices comprising direct connections between the rail and upright--e.g., having no connecting means other than the rail and upright.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices comprising unitary fence or gate structures including panels, per se, of general application adapted to extend between two adjacent supports and comprising generally vertical and horizontal members.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
160, Flexible or Portable Closure, Partition, or Panel, appropriate subclasses, for fence or gate panels of flexible material, and fence or gate panels formed of plural strips, slats or panels interconnected with one another for relative motion.