U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
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Class 208
MINERAL OILS: PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS
Class Definition:
This class includes:
Processes for the recovery or treatment of natural occurring
mineral oil which result in the production of a purified or
modified mineral oil or of coke.
Mineral oil products of the above processes or mixtures
thereof which include only mineral oil components.
Processes for the recovery of oily liquid or tar-like
hydrocarbonaceous material from a solid mineral source.
APPARATUS
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference
apparatus
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
PROCESSES OF TREATING MINERAL OIL
Processes that treat a mineral oil to produce both a
particular carbon compound classified in Class 260, Class
518, Class 560, Class 562, or Class 568 and a mineral oil
classified in Class 208 are classified in Class 208.
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference
processes of treating mineral oil.
PRODUCTS AND COMPOSITIONS
The products and compositions classified in this class (208)
are those which consist only of a mineral oil or mixtures of
mineral oils. Compositions including, in addition to a
mineral oil, some nonmineral oil component are classified in
other composition classes, usually upon the basis of the use,
property or function of the composition. Class 508, Solid
Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor, Lubricant or
Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, is the residual class
for heavy mineral oil compositions not otherwise provided
for.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set
forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHING THIS CLASS, subsection
COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical
ORDER OF SUPERITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclass 428
for a process of cooling solids by mere contact with a gas;
that is, quenching, per se, of a solid by use of a gas.
(processes of treating mineral oil)
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclasses, and particularly subclasses 443+ for
miscellaneous methods of contacting solids with gases or
vapors.
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclass, for
processes of producing a heating or illuminating gas from
mineral oil wherein no liquid mineral oil is recovered.
Processes which result in the production of both a modified
mineral oil and a gas are classified in this class (208) see
also the reference of Class 48 in the definitions of subclass
400, below. (processes of treating mineral oil)
62, Refrigeration, subclass 64 quenching, per se, of a solid
article by use of a liquid. (processes of treating mineral
oil)
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use
Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for a process in which metal
(usually considered a catalyst poison) is recovered in
elemental form from a hydrocarbonaceous material which has
come out of the ground. Where a patent has a Class 75 claim
and a Class 208 claim, it is classified in Class 75 and
cross-referenced in this class (208).
95, Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separation of
mineral oil from gases; see the notes in subclass 340 of
Class 208 for the line between these classes. (processes of
treating mineral oil)
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas
separation. (apparatus)
122, Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, for liquid heaters,
including those disclosed for merely heating mineral oil.
(apparatus)
165, Heat Exchange, appropriate subclasses for a heat
exchanger not specialized to the mineral oil art.
(apparatus)
166, Wells, subclass 244.1 for processes of treating mineral
oils involving the use of wells, especially subclasses 256+
for processes involving in situ combination, subclass 266 for
a process involving treating oil after it has left a
producing well and placing a separated constituent of the oil
into an injection well, subclasses 272.1+ for processes using
injection and producing wells and heating the formation and
subclasses 302+ for miscellaneous processes involving
heating. (processes of treating mineral oil)
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for
apparatus for carrying out processes classifiable in Class
208 and not elsewhere classified. (apparatus)
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclasses 81+ for
distillation apparatus excluding that disclosed solely for
distilling mineral oil. (apparatus)
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 193+
for electrolytic apparatus and apparatus for treating
materials to cause a chemical reaction (other than by mere
heating). (apparatus)
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate
subclass, for the treatment of mineral oil involving the use
of electrical or wave energy, other than mere electrical
heating. (processes of treating mineral oil)
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate
subclasses, particularly subclass 767 for processes of
separating or purifying mineral oil by filtering or liquid
settling or decanting. Purification of mineral oil by
treating with sorptive agents or an agent which exerts some
chemical or solvent action is classified in this class (208).
The line between Class 210 and Class 208 with respect to
treatment with a solvent chemical or sorbent treating agent
is as follows: Where the disclosure includes both water and a
mineral oil, the patent is classified in: (1) Class 210 if
all claims are broad as to the liquid treated. (2) Class 210
if any claim is limited to the treatment of water (whether or
not there are other claims limited to the treatment of other
liquids). (3) Class 208 if the only claimed species of liquid
treated is mineral oil. Where water is the only disclosed
liquid treated the patent will be classified in Class 210. If
mineral oil is the only disclosed liquid treated the patent
is classified in Class 208.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus for separating or purifying a liquid
within the scope of the definition thereof even though
mineral oil is disclosed as the liquid treated, including
apparatus for treating mineral oil with sorbtive agents, but
excluding apparatus for refining mineral oil with chemical
agents. (apparatus)
252, Compositions, particularly subclass 182.11, for chemical
agents, per se.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 398.6 for
processes of oxidizing nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.
(processes of treating mineral oil)
261, Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus, appropriate subclasses
for gas scrubbing devices (e.g., bubble towers). (apparatus)
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material,
appropriate subclass for mining mineral oil and oil bearing
earth. (processes of treating mineral oil)
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclasses for
solids transferring methods and apparatus.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 190+
and 211+ for apparatus for treating a material (including
mineral oil) with a catalyst. (apparatus)
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 210+ for
purifying or separating gaseous mixtures by a chemical
reaction, and other appropriate subclasses for the recovery
of an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element from a
hydrocarbonaceous material which has come out of the ground.
Where a patent has a Class 423 claim, and a Class 208 claim,
it is classified in Class 423 and cross-referenced to this
class (208). (processes of treating mineral oil)
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass
281 for processes of treating or separating mineral oil
including a fermenting operation. (processes of treating
mineral oil)
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
appropriate subclasses for apparatus for carrying out
fermentation. (apparatus)
494, Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate
subclasses, for apparatus for breaking up a mixture of fluids
or fluent substances into two or more components by
centrifuging within a generally solid-walled receptacle-like
member. (apparatus)
494, Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, subclass 37
for a process for breaking up a mixture of fluids or fluent
substances into two or more components by centrifuging within
a generally solid-walled, receptacle-like member. (processes
of treating mineral oil)
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a catalyst or sorbent which may be
used in a process of this class (208) and a method of making
or regenerating such composition.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art, and when there is no additional treatment of the oil.
Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of the
mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in Class
208.
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or
Recovery of Products Thereof, for processes of producing
hydrocarbons by the hydrogenation of carbon oxides.
(processes of treating mineral oil)
560, Organic Compounds, subclass 241.1 for processes of
oxidizing nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. (processes of
treating mineral oil)
562, Organic Compounds, subclass 512.2 and 512.4 for
processes of oxidizing nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.
(processes of treating mineral oil)
568, Organic Compounds, subclass 398.8, 469.9, 910.5, and
949-959 for processes of oxidizing nonaromatic hydrocarbon
mixtures. (processes of treating mineral oil)
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for hydrocarbon
compounds, certain compositions containing nonmineral oil
hydrocarbons and processes for synthesizing or purifying such
materials. See the Class Definition of that class, Lines With
Other Classes, for statements of the line between Class 585
and Class 208. (processes of treating mineral oil)
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses wherein mineral oils are treated with
hazardous or toxic waste or they are the hazardous or toxic
waste being destroyed or contained. (processes of treating
mineral oil)
GLOSSARY:
ASPHALT
A brown to black solid bituminous substance either occurring
naturally or obtained as a residue from certain petroleums,
coal tars, lignite tar, etc.
COAL TAR
Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation
of bituminous coal.
COKING
A cracking type conversion in which solid, free carbon or
coke as a product thereof. Additional liquid or gaseous
hydrocarbon may also be obtained.
CONVERSION
A treatment of the mineral oil which results in an alteration
of the hydrocarbon molecule making up the mineral oil.
CRACKING
A conversion treatment in which the hydrocarbons of the
mineral oil are broken down to a shorter carbon chain length,
resulting in hydrocarbons having a lower boiling temperature,
which may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst
(catalytic cracking) or in the absence of any catalyst
(thermal cracking).
FEED
The mineral oil which is subjected to treating processes
provided for in this class, which in most cases, is a mixture
of hydrocarbons.
FRACTIONATION
The separation of one portion of the hydrocarbons of a
mineral oil from another, regardless of the steps employed
for affecting such separation. The separated fractions
usually differ from each other in some chemical or physical
property as for instance in boiling range (in the case of
distillation) or solubility in a solvent (as in extraction).
MINERAL OIL
Included in this term are natural petroleum, asphalt, tars,
pitches and waxes which are primarily mixtures of
hydrocarbons. Included also are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that
is, the liquid hydrocarbonaceous mixture resulting from the
hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood tars and wood tar oils
which are similar to coal tar in that they include an
unidentified mixture, including hydrocarbons. Solid
carbonaceous materials such as coal, lignite, peat, etc., (as
distinguished from solid asphalts or asphalt bearing shales
or sands) are not included.
PERIODIC TABLE
In this class metals and metal compounds may be identified as
belonging to a certain "Group" distinguished by Roman
numerals. These groups are taken from Henry D. Hubbard's
"Periodic chart of the Atoms" (1956 Ed.).
(1) Note. The metals making up the various groups are as
follows:
IA = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr (these metals are also
identified as "alkali metals").
IB = Cu, Ag and Au
IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are also
identified as "alkaline earth metals")
IIB = Zn, Cd and Hg
III = Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, Y, Rare Earth metals and Actinide
series metals {Rare Earth Metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; Actinide Series Metals
(atomic numbers 89 and greater) Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am,
Cm, Bk, Cf, E, Fm and Mv}
IV = Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr and Hf
V = As, Sb, Bi, V, Nb and Ta
VI = Po, Cr, Mo and W
VII = Mn, Tc and Re
VIII = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. (Ru, Rh, Pd,
Os, Ir and Pf are also known as "Noble Metals")
REFINING
The removal of impurities or nonhydrocarbon, gums or gum
forming components from a mineral oil or the conversion of
such components to some less objectionable form (e.g.,
sweetening: conversion of mercaptans to disulfides).
REFORMING
A chemical conversion operation which results in a change of
the hydrocarbon molecule such that the product has
substantially the same boiling range but has its "antiknock"
or "octane" rating improved or increased. Various types of
reaction are believed to be involved including cyclization,
hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation, isomerization and
dealkylation. Such reactions, if applied to a mineral oil,
are classified in the subclass providing for reforming.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
1
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral
oil products and compositions which have the properties of
and simulate natural drying oil in that they dry or harden in
contact with the air and processes of preparing the same.
(1) Note. The mineral oil products classified herein must be
claimed or disclosed as having drying properties.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 14+ for nondrying mineral oil products and
admixtures.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses
and particularly subclass 285 for coating or plastic
compositions comprising a mineral oil which has drying
properties and nonmineral oil components.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for compositions
comprising a mineral oil having drying properties and a
synthetic resin or natural rubber.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate
subclasses, especially subclass 429 and 507+, for the
synthesis of nonmineral drying oil; and subclass 945 for a
collection of patents which disclose products having utility
as drying oil.
Subclass:
2
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral
oil products and compositions which are phenolic in character
or have properties of killing, repelling or preventing the
growth of insects, fungi or bacteria, and the processes of
preparation thereof.
(1) Note. This subclass also includes wood tars, wood tar
oils, and derivatives thereof which are phenolic or exhibit
toxic properties similar to coal tar, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 14+ for mineral oil products and admixtures of
mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate
subclasses, for a process of carbonizing wood and recovering
wood tar oil.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for
a toxic oil of this class (208) with some other ingredient,
e.g., active, carrier, diluent, etc., and see especially
subclasses 168+ for a mineral oil emulsion and subclasses
346+ for a phenolic composition.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction or containment of
phenolic or toxic oil waste.
Subclass:
3
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes of preparation of a mineral oil which include an
oxidizing treatment to convert a part of the hydrocarbons
into oxygenated hydrocarbons resulting in the production of a
mixture thereof with hydrocarbons, and the products of such
processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
554, Organic Compounds, subclass 132 and indented subclasses
for processes of oxidizing nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to
form mixtures of organic compounds.
560, Organic Compounds, subclass 241.1 for process of
oxidizing nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form mixtures of
organic compounds.
562, Organic Compounds, subclass 512.2 and 512.4 for
processes of oxidizing nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form
mixtures of organic compounds.
568, Organic Compounds, subclass 398.8, 469.9, 910.5, and
949-959 for processes of oxidizing nonaromatic paraffin
mixtures to form mixtures of organic compounds.
Subclass:
4
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes for
producing asphalts, tars or pitches by oxidation of mineral
oils and products of such processes.
Subclass:
5
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein
the oxidation is carried out in the presence of a solid
contact material, e.g., a catalyst.
Subclass:
6
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein
the material subjected to the oxidizing treatment is itself
an asphalt, tar or pitch.
(1) Note. The processes classified herein involve the
modification of the general properties of the asphalt, pitch
or tar, e.g., raise the melting point thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
128 and 130, for processes of converting mineral oils in the
presence of air or steam respectively involving no oxidation
of the oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate
subclasses, and particularly subclass 273.1 for coating or
plastic compositions containing oxidized asphalts, tars or
pitches and a nonmineral oil additive.
Subclass:
7
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes which
include a mineral oil cracking step in addition to the
oxidation treatment.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
cracking mineral oils wherein air or oxidizing gas is
introduced into the cracking zone during cracking to exercise
some oxidizing of the mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 106+ for mineral oil cracking processes, per se,
particularly subclasses 128+ for cracking mineral oil in the
presence of nonreactive gases or vapors. See the definition
to subclass 106 for the definition and scope of the term
"cracking".
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
554, Organic Compounds, subclass 132 and indented subclasses
for the oxidation of petroleum or other nonaromatic
hydrocarbon mixtures to obtain definite organic compounds of
mixtures thereof. See (2) Note to the definition of subclass
451 for the line.
Subclass:
12
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes of imparting a desired color property to mineral
oils and products of such processes.
(1) Note. The processes classified herein involve a
treatment of the oil to give the desired color property which
is more than the mere addition of a color body thereto.
However, some of the patents classified herein recite the
treatment of the oil with another mineral oil which may
impart bloom or fluorescence to the oil being treated.
Treatments with nonmineral oil color bodies (pigments or
dyes) are classified in the appropriate composition class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclass for process and
521 compositions for dyeing oils or waxes.
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, subclass 272 for wax
with a nonmineral oil dye or pigment and subclasses 280-284
for bituminous compositions containing nonmineral oil dye or
pigment.
Subclass:
13
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes which include the treatment of a sludge obtained in
the refining of mineral oils to recover additional mineral
oil values therefrom.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example patents
dealing with the treatment of the sludges obtained as a
result of the sulfuric acid or aluminum chloride refining of
mineral oils.
(2) Note. When the recovery of the inorganic compound (e.g.,
sulfuric acid) is specifically claimed the patent will be
classified in Classes 23, Chemistry: Physical Processes and
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, whether or not mineral
oil is also recovered. Processes wherein an organic compound
such as an organic sulfonic acid or sulfonate is recovered in
addition to a mineral oil are classified in this subclass and
cross referenced to Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,
when desirable. Class 260 provides for such organic compound
recovery processes when no mineral oil is recovered.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 266+ for the sulfuric acid refining of mineral
oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 522+ for
the manufacture of sulfuric acid by a chemical reaction.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 240+
for the production of a hydrocarbon mixture from nonmineral
oil "waste" products.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction of hazardous or
toxic waste refining sludge.
Subclass:
14
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Products and compositions which include only mineral oils or
mixtures of two or more mineral oils or mineral oil
fractions, and processes of preparation of such mixtures
which include only a mixing or blending of the mineral oils
with each other.
(1) Note. Mixtures of mineral oils with a nonmineral oil
material are not included in this or indented subclasses but
are classified elsewhere, usually on the basis of the use,
property or function of the composition. See (1) Note in the
class definition of this class (208).
(2) Note. Processes of preparation of mineral oil
compositions which involve a chemical conversion of the
hydrocarbon, a refining treatment or fractionation step,
whether or not combined with a mixing or blending step, are
classified in the subclass providing for the particular
treatments involved.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for mineral oil products and compositions which exhibit
drying properties.
subclasses 3+ for products of oxidation of mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses,
especially subclass 591 and 607 for a fuel product
containing a carbonized component and subclass 599 for a
method of making a consolidated fuel product which includes
carbonizing using a specified condition or technique.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 445+ for
elemental carbon.
508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces,
and Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, for mineral oil
lubricants with nonhydrocarbon or solid polymeric hydrocarbon
material added thereto and for miscellaneous heavy mineral
oil compositions with nonhydrocarbon or solid polymeric
hydrocarbon material added thereto. See (1) Note.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 1+ for
other hydrocarbon compositions.
Subclass:
15
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and
compositions which are claimed or disclosed for use as
fuels.
(1) Note. Many of the patents in this subclass are directed
to fuels for supplying heat or to be used in Diesel engines.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses,
for fuel compositions which contain nonhydrocarbon additive.
149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, for fuels
disclosed for use in jet or rocket engines and which comprise
a mineral oil and a nonmineral oil material. A mixture of
mineral oils only which is a jet fuel is still classified in
this class (208).
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 1+,
especially subclass 14 for a fuel comprising a mineral oil
component with a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon component. Those
processes of preparing fuel oils which involve a chemical
conversion of the mineral oil and subsequent treatment of a
known hydrocarbon component, separated therefrom or formed in
the process, which may be reblended with the mineral oil
components are classified in this class (208) in the subclass
providing therefor (see (2) Note to the definition of
subclass 14).
Subclass:
16
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Products and
compositions which are claimed disclosed for use as fuels for
internal combustion engines and which generally have a
boiling range of below 400 to 425 deg..
Subclass:
17
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Products and
compositions which are blends or mixtures of two or more
mineral oils or mineral oil fraction and methods of mixing or
blending them.
(1) Note. Products classified herein may be a blend or
mixture of two or more gasoline fractions or a mixture of a
gasoline with another mineral oil fraction (not a gasoline).
Providing the product has a boiling range within the limits
set out in the definition of subclass 16.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, subclasses 300+ for fuel
oil compositions containing nonhydrocarbon additives.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 1+,
especially subclass 14 for a composition comprising gasoline
and a definite hydrocarbon which is not a mineral oil.
Subclass:
18
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and
compositions which are claimed or disclosed for use as
lubricants between relatively moving surfaces, and which are
liquid at normal atmospheric temperatures (lubricating
oils).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 20+ for solid lubricants including paraffin
wax.
Subclass:
19
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Products and
compositions which are blends or mixtures of two or more
mineral oils or mineral oil fractions and methods of mixing
such oils.
(1) Note. Mixtures or blends classified in this subclass may
include a wax or asphaltic component if the mixture is liquid
at normal atmospheric temperatures.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces,
and Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ for lubricants containing nonhydrocarbon or
solid polymeric hydrocarbon additives. Subclass 110+ is the
residual place for compositions of heavy mineral oils admixed
with nonhydrocarbon or solid polymeric hydrocarbon
ingredients not disclosed as lubricants nor provided for
elsewhere.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 1+ for
a lubricating composition containing a definite hydrocarbon,
in particular, subclasses 9 and 13 for a lubricant blended
from a mineral oil fraction and a nonmineral oil
hydrocarbon.
Subclass:
20
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and
compositions which include paraffin wax.
(1) Note. Paraffin wax consists of a colorless, odorless,
tasteless mixture of solid hydrocarbons of the paraffin
series and is slightly greasy to the touch.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 24+ for processes of treating, refining or
recovering paraffin wax.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclass 9 for an
all hydrocarbon composition containing mineral wax plus a
nonmineral oil hydrocarbon or a synthetically produced wax;
and subclass 946 for a collection of patents drawn to the
production of a greasy or waxy nonresinous hydrocarbon
polymer.
Subclass:
21
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Products and
compositions which are blends or mixtures of petroleum waxes
or of a wax and a mineral oil, and methods of mixing such
ingredients.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, particularly
subclasses 270+ for compositions containing mixtures of
petroleum waxes and nonmineral oil material.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, particularly Class
524, subclasses 487+ and 848 for mixtures of petroleum
waxes with synthetic resins or natural rubbers.
Subclass:
22
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and
compositions which include asphalts, tars, pitches or resins
derived from petroleum, coal tar, or petroleum tar sources,
or from solid natural sources such as asphaltic rocks or
bituminous sands.
(1) Note. Asphalts, tars, pitches and resins are relatively
high boiling, viscous or solid dark colored fractions or
residues which may result from petroleum distillation or
treatment or which may be natural occurring. Resins
classified herein are those derived from mineral oils, such
as asphalts by solvent extraction or which are residues of
mineral oil treating processes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 4+ for the production of asphalt, tar or pitch
by oxidation of a mineral oil material.
subclasses 8+ for processes of recovering or extracting
asphalts from solid natural sources.
subclasses 39+ for processes of preparing, recovering or
treating asphalts, tars, pitches or resins.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, subclass 2.01 and
particularly Class 526 thereunder and, subclass 290 for
synthetic resins formed from an unsaturated petroleum
hydrocarbon fraction.
Subclass:
23
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Products and
compositions which are mixtures of a natural asphalt,
petroleum asphalt, tar, pitch, or resin with each other or
with some other mineral oil, and methods of mixing such
ingredients.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, particularly subclass
273.1 for compositions containing mixtures of asphalt, tar,
pitch or petroleum resin and a nonmineral oil material.
Subclass:
24
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes for the treatment, preparation, separation or
purification of paraffin waxes wherein the product retain its
identity as a wax.
(1) Note. Paraffin waxes are the colorless mixtures of solid
hydrocarbons of the paraffin series. Petrolatum which is
composed of a mixture of heavy residual oils and paraffin wax
is considered a paraffin wax.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 46+ for the conversion of paraffin wax to
another mineral oil nonwax product.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 14.5 for apparatus
for separating paraffin wax from a nonwaxy mineral oil.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass
for apparatus for purifying paraffin waxes by filtration,
decantation or dialysis, not combined with a treatment of the
wax provided for in this class (208).
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus for treating paraffin waxes with
chemicals.
Subclass:
25
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes
wherein a urea is employed as a treating agent.
(1) Note. Included herein are those processes in which urea
is used to separate paraffin wax from wax containing mixtures
by forming an adduct with the wax which then is separated
from the other material.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
564, Organic Compounds, subclass 1.5 for adducts of ureas
and an organic compound and processes for their preparation
as well as processes of separating or purifying organic
compounds by forming adducts thereof with ureas.
Subclass:
26
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes
including treatment with a solid contact material, e.g., a
catalyst or an adsorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 177+ and particularly subclasses 299+ for
refining of mineral oils other than waxes by contact with
solid contact materials.
Subclass:
27
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes
wherein the paraffin wax is treated with a material which
exerts a chemical reaction on the wax or component associated
therewith.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are processes of
refining paraffin waxes and/or modifying their chemical and
physical properties, by treatment with chemicals, excluding
processes of mere solvent extraction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for processes of oxidizing of paraffin waxes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
554, Organic Compounds, subclasses 124+ and 175+ for
similar treatments of vegetable waxes.
570, Organic Compounds, for processes of halogenating
paraffin wax.
Subclass:
28
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes for
the separation of paraffin wax from another mineral oil
associated therewith.
(1) Note. The separation may be by mechanical means or by
the addition of solvents or other materials to the mixture
and the oil may be recovered separately.
(2) Note. Processes for the removal of paraffin wax from a
liquid mineral oil is generally known as "dewaxing" (of the
mineral oil) and the separation of the residual oil
associated with a solid paraffin wax is generally known as
"deoiling".
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, appropriate subclasses, for refrigerating
processes and apparatus.
100, Presses, appropriate subclasses for presses not provided
for elsewhere, particularly subclasses 104+ for presses
having a drain duct or channel for liquid expressed from the
material pressed.
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 14.5 for dewaxing
apparatus.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate
subclasses, especially subclasses 175+, 737, 766, and 774+
for liquid separating processes and apparatus involving the
use of heaters or coolers.
494, Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate
subclasses, for a separator of that class, as explained in
the references thereto appearing in Sections 3 and 5 of the
definition of this class (208).
Subclass:
29
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes
wherein the oil-paraffin separation involves the formation of
an emulsion or dispersion.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter
relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions,
dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or
wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading);
subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at
least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to
use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting
colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or
systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or
inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
30
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes for
the separation of residual oil from paraffin wax.
(1) Note. Treatments included in this and indented
subclasses are those in which the material treated is
primarily paraffin wax which includes a relatively small
amount of oil, usually occluded or dissolved therein, and the
treatments are for the purpose of purifying the paraffin wax
by the removal of this residual oil.
(2) Note. Processes of separating paraffin wax from a
mineral oil (dewaxing) which include a broadly recited step
of washing the wax to remove residual oil are classified on
the basis of the dewaxing operation.
Subclass:
31
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Processes
wherein the separation is facilitated by the use of a
nonreactive material which exerts a solvent action upon some
component of the mixture.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 33+ for processes of dewaxing mineral oils by
use of solvents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass,
for processes and apparatus for separating waxes from mineral
oils by filtering.
Subclass:
32
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Processes
wherein paraffin wax containing residual oil is cooled and
then slowly heated to release the lower melting point oils
and other components.
Subclass:
33
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes
wherein paraffin wax is separated or recovered by the use of
a nonreactive material which exerts a solvent action upon
some component of the mixture.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
31 for deoiling processes wherein inert solvents are used.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 14.5 for dewaxing
apparatus and subclass 14.52 for other solvent extraction
apparatus disclosed for use on mineral oils.
Subclass:
34
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Processes
combined with a step of separating asphalt.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
45 for solvent treatment of mineral oils to recover the
asphalt therefrom as a product.
309 for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component
thereof and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are
included.
Subclass:
35
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Processes
wherein the material is cooled or chilled by the evaporation
of the solvent usually causing a precipitation of the
separated paraffin wax.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, solvent
dewaxing processes wherein the normally gaseous solvents
which are used in liquid form are vaporized thereby causing a
reduction in temperature and precipitation of paraffin wax.
Subclass:
36
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Processes
combined with a solvent extraction of mineral oil which
extraction does not result in a separation of paraffin wax
from the oil.
(1) Note. The nondewaxing extraction may be prior to or
subsequent to the wax separation by means of a solvent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 311+ for solvent extraction of mineral oil to
separate into a plurality of mineral oil fractions.
Subclass:
37
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes
including a step of lowering the temperature of the material
treated, usually by refrigeration.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 33+ for processes of separating wax from a
mineral oil by means of a solvent which include a chilling
step.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
62, Refrigeration, particularly subclasses 123+ for
processes and apparatus for cooling or chilling paraffin
wax-mineral oil mixtures by refrigeration, even though
combined with a separation of solidified constituents (wax).
Such processes combined with other treatments of the mixture
or separated wax or oil, for example, solvent extraction, or
distillation are classified in this class (208).
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclasses 175+, 737,
766, and 774+ for processes and apparatus for liquid
separation combined with heating or cooling there provided
for.
Subclass:
38
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Processes
including the separation of wax by use of a filtering
medium.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate
subclasses for liquid filtering, per se.
Subclass:
39
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes for preparing, separating, recovering or treating
asphalts, tars, pitches and resins of mineral origin wherein
the asphalt tar, resin, etc., is recovered as a product.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 4+ for oxidation of mineral oils to form
asphalts as well as the oxidation of asphalts, tars, pitches,
or resins, per se.
subclasses 8+ for processes of obtaining asphalts, tars,
pitches, etc., from solid natural sources such as coal or
bituminous sands or shales; the recovery of such materials
from other, nonsolid natural sources is included herein
(subclasses 39+).
34 for the separation of asphalt from an oil in combination
with the separation of paraffin wax from another mineral
oil.
309 for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component
thereof and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are
included.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
40
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes
wherein asphalt, tar, pitch or resin is produced by a
chemical conversion of another liquid mineral oil.
(1) Note. Many processes classified herein include
conversions of mineral oils wherein the residues of which are
treated to recover asphaltic components therefrom.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 4+ for oxidation of mineral oils to form
asphalts tars or pitches.
44 for processes of chemically modifying an already formed
asphalt, tar, pitch or resin.
Subclass:
41
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes
wherein asphalt, tar, pitch or resin is obtained by a
distillation of an oil feed under nonconversion conditions.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate
subclasses, for a thermolytic distillation process producing
tar, pitch or resin.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, appropriate subclass, for
apparatus for distillation.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, appropriate
subclasses, for a process of distilling a liquid under
nonconversion conditions.
Subclass:
42
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Processes
wherein material distilled is a tar.
Subclass:
43
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Processes
wherein the tar is contacted by high temperature gas during
distillation.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, those
processes of distilling tars wherein hot gases from another
part of the process may be used to facilitate the
distillation process.
Subclass:
44
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes
including a chemical modification of an already formed
asphalt, tar, pitch or resin.
(1) Note. Many of the processes classified herein result in
a modification of the properties such as hardness, ductility,
softening point, etc., of the asphalt, tar, pitch or resin
treated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 4+ for oxidation of asphalts, tars, or pitches.
Subclass:
45
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes
including a solvent extraction of the asphalt, tar, pitch, or
resin.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
309 for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component
thereof and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are
included.
Subclass:
46
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes of treating mineral oils which result in a chemical
alteration of at least some of the hydrocarbon molecules
thereof forming mineral oils having different properties, or
which result in the formation of coke.
(1) Note. This and indented subclasses include chemical
treatments of the mineral oil as cracking (forming shorter
chain hydrocarbon, light fractions), hydrogenation
(saturation of double bonds) polymerization (forming longer
chain hydrocarbon molecules) reforming (isomerization of the
hydrocarbon molecules, etc.) and decomposing at least a part
of the oil to coke.
(2) Note. Within this and indented subclasses 47 to 105
include combinations there provided for, whether the
conversion is claimed broadly or specifically. Conversion
processes which involve contacting mineral oil with a solid
are classified in the subclass providing for the particular
conversion when the mineral oil to be converted or the solid
material (catalyst or inerts) is specifically identified.
Such processes in which neither the oil to be converted or
the solid material contacted therewith are specifically
identified, even though the conversion be named, e.g.,
cracking, are included in subclass 146. Cross references of
patents classified in other subclasses which disclose or
claim any significant solids-oil contacting procedure are
placed in subclass 146.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
27 for processes of treatment or recovery of paraffin wax
including a mineral oil conversion.
40 for processes of making asphalt, tar, pitch or resins
including a conversion of mineral oil.
44 for processes of chemical modification of asphalt tar,
pitch or resin.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclass for
the conversion of a mineral oil to a gas; processes which
result in the production of a mineral oil and a gas are
classified in this class (208) unless the production of the
mineral oil is only incidental to the process.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate
subclasses, for a process of thermolytic distillation of
solid hydrocarbon containing material to produce coke,
whether or not volatiles are recovered.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 172 for
electrostatic or electrical discharge cracking processes,
other than those in which the chemical conversions are caused
by merely thermal effects which are in this class (208).
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, especially
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate
subclasses for processes of forming definite identifiable
carbon compounds from a mineral oil; however, the formation
of a definite compound as an intermediate in a mineral oil
treating process, such as a condensation process wherein a
paraffin wax is chlorinated and subsequently dechlorinated or
dehydrochlorinated to produce another mineral oil, is
classified in this class (208).
Subclass:
47
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
including some step to prevent or reduce corrosion or erosion
of the apparatus employed in the process.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, those
processes involving introduction of agents that inhibit or
prevent corrosion or erosion as well as the removal of
materials that tend to cause such corrosion or erosion during
the conversion of the oil, when claimed in combination with
conversion or conversion operations which are carried out in
such manner as to avoid erosion or corrosion of the
apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 85+ for mineral oil conversion processes
combined with preliminary treatments of the feed which do not
reduce corrosion or erosion of the apparatus.
subclasses 177+ for processes of removing nonhydrocarbons
from mineral oils.
subclasses 347+ and particularly subclass 348 for processes
of preventing corrosion during a nonconversion distillation
of a mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, subclass 14.05 for
anti-corrosion coating compositions.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 7, for a
distillation process in which a substance is added to inhibit
scale formation or to prevent corrosion.
252, Compositions, subclasses 387+ for anticorrosion
compositions.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 7+ for
process of maintaining an environment nondestructive to
metal.
Subclass:
48
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes which
include (1) the prevention of the deposit or precipitation of
solid carbon on the surfaces of the apparatus employed during
a conversion of a mineral oil or (2) the removal of such
solid deposits of carbon in combination with a conversion
step.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein are directed to the
prevention of or removal of carbon deposits from the surfaces
of the apparatus, such as would, for example, cause clogging
of the pipes, and not carbon which might deposit on the
catalyst or inert solids employed in the process.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 166+ particularly subclass 167 for processes
involving solid-liquid contacting procedures. If it is
disclosed that such procedures prevent deposition of carbon
on the apparatus, the process is classified in this subclass
(48) and cross referenced to the appropriate subclass
providing for the manipulation.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
122, Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, subclasses 379+ for
vaporizers having means to clean the same combined
therewith.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for
decarbonizing procedures, per se. Note particularly subclass
8, 20 and 39.
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 122 for mineral oil
vaporizers provided with means for removing carbon from the
oil or the vaporizer.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, subclass 2 for a
process of thermolytic distillation including the step of
cleaning the apparatus or removing adhering char product.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclass 241 for distillation
apparatus with means to remove carbon.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 7 for a
distilling process in which material is added to the system
to inhibit deposit formation.
Subclass:
49
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes in
which a mineral oil is subjected to two or more successive
distinct chemical conversions.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein include, for example,
those in which the total product of the first conversion is
subjected to a second conversion or those in which only a
fraction of the product of the first conversion is subjected
to further conversion.
(2) Note. Processes of treating a mineral oil to plural,
successive conversions are included herein, even though one
of the conversions is a reaction, per se, classifiable in
Class 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, etc., e.g.,
conversion of a mineral oil fraction to a definite compound
(ethylene, butene, etc.), providing there is produced a
converted mineral oil product. In such combination processes,
including steps classifiable in Class 260, are classified in
the subclass including the corresponding type of process
(e.g., polymerization, hydrogenation, etc.). Combinations
including dehydrogenation, isomerization, cyclization,
aromatization, alkylation or dealkylation reactions are
classified in the subclass providing for combinations
including reforming.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 78+ for processes including plural distinct
conversions applied to separate mineral oils or mineral oil
fractions which are either (1) fractions from a single
mineral oil source or (2) are subsequently blended or mixed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, (see (2) Note).
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, etc. (see (2)
Note).
Subclass:
50
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein coke is a product of at least one of the conversion
stages.
(1) Note. Included herein are processes wherein, in at least
one of the stages, mineral oils are converted to product
coke, per se, or along with any hydrocarbons produced.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 106+ particularly subclasses 126 and 131 for
single stage coking processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate
subclass, for a process of producing coke by distilling a
nonmineral oil material and see subclass 23 for a process of
producing coke by distilling a carbonaceous mixture including
a minor amount of mineral oil.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 449.1 for
manufacturing carbon by a chemical reaction.
Subclass:
51
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Processes
including also at least one distinct reforming operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
60 62+ and 69+, for other plural conversions including
reforming as at least one of the stages.
Subclass:
52
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Processes
including also at least one stage of catalytic cracking and
at least one stage of thermal cracking (not coke forming) in
addition to the coke producing conversion step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 72+ for processes in which a mineral oil is
subjected only to successive stages of cracking.
Subclass:
53
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Processes
wherein the coke producing conversion occurs prior to any
other conversion of the mineral oil.
Subclass:
54
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes
wherein the coke producing conversion is followed by a
cracking operation in which no product coke is produced.
Subclass:
55
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Processes
wherein the cracking operation is promoted by the use of a
catalytic material.
Subclass:
56
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein one component or product of a conversion step is
subjected to hydrogenation and then returned or recycled to
the process as a source of hydrogen (a "hydrogen donor").
Subclass:
57
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to hydrogenation treatment
which saturates at least a part of the unsaturated
hydrocarbons present prior to any other conversion step, and
the hydrogenated material is not employed as a source of
hydrogen in a subsequent conversion step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for cyclic hydrogen donor diluent processes.
Subclass:
58
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to a cracking step in the
presence of hydrogen prior to any other conversion step.
(1) Note. For the purpose of classification in this and
indented subclasses those plural stage conversions which
include processes of desulfurizing mineral oils in the
presence of hydrogen are classified herein if the hydrode
sulfurization is carried out under conditions which cause
cracking of the mineral oil.
Subclass:
59
This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected only to a plurality of steps
of destructive hydrogenation (cracking in the presence of
hydrogen).
Subclass:
60
This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Processes
including also at least one subsequent step of reforming.
Subclass:
61
This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Processes
including also at least one subsequent step of thermal or
catalytic cracking.
Subclass:
62
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is subjected to a reforming reaction
prior to any other conversion step.
Subclass:
63
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is subjected only to a plurality of
steps of reforming.
Subclass:
64
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Processes
wherein at least one of the reforming reactions takes place
in the presence of catalytic material.
Subclass:
65
This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Processes
wherein the catalyst employed contains a noble metal of
compound thereof. (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir or Pt).
Subclass:
66
This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Processes
wherein the reforming reaction takes place in the presence of
catalytic material.
Subclass:
67
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is subjected to a thermal of a
catalytic cracking reaction prior to any other conversion
step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 50+ for those plural serial stage conversion
reactions including at least one step of cracking which
results in the formation product coke.
subclasses 58+ for processes of subjecting a mineral oil to
plural successive steps of conversion, the first of which is
cracking in the presence of added hydrogen.
Subclass:
68
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes
including at least one subsequent step of cracking in the
presence of hydrogen (destructive hydrogenation).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 58+ for processes which include plural serial
conversions wherein the first stage is an hydrocracking
reaction.
Subclass:
69
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes
including at least one subsequent step of reforming.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for plural serial stage conversions wherein first stage
cracking results in the production of product coke is
followed by a reforming reaction.
Subclass:
70
This subclass is indented under subclass 69. Processes
wherein the reforming reaction takes place in the present of
catalytic material.
Subclass:
71
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes
including at least one subsequent step of polymerization.
Subclass:
72
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is subjected only to a plurality of
stages of cracking reactions, either thermal or catalytic.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 and 53+, for processes wherein the oil is subjected to
combinations of cracking reactions in series, at least one of
which results in the production of product coke.
Subclass:
73
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes
wherein at least one of the cracking steps takes place in the
presence of catalytic material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 and 55, for combinations of catalytic cracking operations
which also include a coking step.
Subclass:
74
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes
wherein at least two of the cracking steps take place in the
presence of catalytic material.
Subclass:
75
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes
wherein the total undivided product from the first cracking
step is subjected to a subsequent cracking operation.
Subclass:
76
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes
wherein the product of the initial cracking stage includes a
plurality of separate fractions having different boiling
ranges and in which the nonvolatilized or residual fraction
is subjected to another cracking operation (all stages
noncatalytic).
Subclass:
77
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes
wherein the product of the initial cracking stage includes a
plurality of separate fractions having different boiling
ranges, and includes at least one fraction intermediate the
lowest boiling fraction and the nonvolatilized or residual
fraction and at least one of said intermediate fractions is
subjected to another cracking operation.
Subclass:
78
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein a plurality of mineral oils or mineral oil fractions
are separately subjected to conditions resulting in a
conversion or alteration of the hydrocarbons.
(1) Note. Processes classified in this or subclasses may
involve subsequent blending of the products of the separate
conversions, or the separate fractions may be from a single
mineral oil source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 49+ for processes wherein a mineral oil is
subjected to a plurality of successive conversion
operations.
Subclass:
79
This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Processes
wherein at least one of the conversion stages is a reforming
reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 62+ for processes including plural serial stage
conversions wherein the first stage is a reforming reaction.
Subclass:
80
This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Processes
wherein a single mineral oil is separated into a plurality of
fractions at least two of which are subjected to conversion
conditions.
(1) Note. In many of the processes classified herein, the
separately converted mineral oil products are blended to form
the desired mineral oil admixture.
Subclass:
81
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein a conversion operation is combined with the
contaction of the mineral oil to be converted with a vapor
product of the conversion operation prior to the conversion
step (prior to entering the conversion zone) and in which the
higher boiling components of the vapor product are absorbed
by the mineral oil, and the more volatile products of the
mineral oil feed are volatilized and stripped therefrom.
(1) Note. The processes classified herein generally involve
the stripping of the liquid feed with vapor products of the
conversion stage prior to the feed entering the conversion
zone. The liquid feed in turn scrubs the vapor products of
undesirable products. The contacting must take place outside
the actual conversion zone even if occurring in the same
chamber. In any event, the contaction for mixing or
fractionation purposes must precede the actual conversion
step.
Subclass:
82
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes
wherein only a part of the vapor product or only a part of
the mineral oil to be converted are contacted.
(1) Note. The parts being contacted may be obtained by
separation of the vapor product or mineral oil feed into
fractions having different properties (e.g., boiling point).
Subclass:
83
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes
wherein the products are separated into fraction having
different properties subsequent to contacting the mineral oil
feed.
(1) Note. This separation is generally by distillation.
Subclass:
84
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes
wherein a material, other than the vapor product or mineral
oil feed, is added to the vapor-oil contact zone.
Subclass:
85
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected to some
separate and distinct nonconversion treatment combined with a
subsequent chemical conversion of the treated oil.
(1) Note. Processes which include a single preliminary
treatment defined by name only are not included in this or
indented subclasses. Nor are processes included where the
only "preliminary" treatment is heating the oil to conversion
treatment (even though accompanied by vaporization of the
oil) or the addition of the conversion catalyst or inerts,
etc.
Subclass:
86
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes
wherein the mineral oil feed is subjected to a treatment to
remove asphaltic components therefrom prior to the conversion
stage.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 39+ for the separation or recovery asphalt as a
product.
308 for deasphalting treatments, per se.
Subclass:
87
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes
wherein the preliminary treatment is a treatment of the
mineral oil feed with a solvent which separates therefrom
some component of the mineral oil which may be nonmineral oil
component or a mineral oil fraction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 311+ for mineral oil fractionation involving the
use of solvent extraction.
Subclass:
88
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes
wherein the preliminary treatment of the mineral oil includes
the removal of nonhydrocarbon impurities or the conversion of
the impurity to an inactive form.
(1) Note. Many of the patents classified herein involve the
removal of or the inactivation of impurities which would tend
to inactivate or reduce the activity of (poison) the catalyst
employed in a subsequent conversion process.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
87 for preliminary removal of impurities by means of solvent
extraction.
subclasses 177+ for processes for the removal of or
inactivation of nonhydrocan impurities occurring in mineral
oil.
Subclass:
89
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Processes
wherein the refining treatment of the mineral oil includes
the use of hydrogen, either in the free state or by means of
a hydrogen rich material (hydrogen donor).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 58+ for plural serial stage conversion processes
wherein the first stage is hydrodesulfurization under
cracking conditions.
subclasses 209+ for processes of removing sulfur from
mineral oil wherein hydrogen is used.
264 for processes of refining employing free hydrogen.
Subclass:
90
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Processes
wherein the refining treatment includes the use of a free
acid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 219+ 252 and 265+, for refining processes wherein
an acid is used.
Subclass:
91
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Processes
wherein the refining treatment includes a treatment of the
mineral oil with solid adsorbents.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 213+ and 299+, for refining processes, per se,
wherein solid adsorbents are used to refine the oil.
Subclass:
92
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes
wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected to
distillation prior to the conversion reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for processes including a fractionation of a feed oil
preliminary to a treatment of both fraction (split feed).
subclasses 347+ for processes of distilling mineral oils,
wherein there is no conversion of the mineral oil.
Subclass:
93
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes
wherein at least one of the fractions produced by the
distillation is blended with either (1) another of the said
fractions or (2) with the product of the conversion reaction
or a fraction thereof.
Subclass:
94
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes
wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected to two
or more successive distillation stages prior to conversion.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 354+ and 364+, for processes of distilling
mineral oils in plural stages wherein there is no conversion
of the oil.
Subclass:
95
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes in
which a mineral oil conversion step is combined with a
subsequent separate and distinct nonconversion treatment of
the mineral oil products of the conversion.
(1) Note. Processes which include a single subsequent
treatment defused by name only, or include the separation and
removal of the catalyst or inert material employed in the
process as the only subsequent treatment are not included in
this or indented subclass.
Subclass:
96
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes
wherein the treatment subsequent to conversion includes
treatment of the product with a solvent which dissolves and
separates therefrom a component of the product which may be a
nonmineral oil component or a mineral oil fraction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 311+ for mineral oil fractionation involving the
use of solvent extraction.
Subclass:
97
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes
wherein the treatment subsequent to conversion includes the
removal of nonhydrocarbon natural occurring material
(impurity) from the mineral oil, or the conversion thereof to
an inactive or unobjectionable material.
(1) Note. Processes which include a single subsequent
treatment defused by name only, or include the separation and
removal of the catalyst or inert material employed in the
process as the only subsequent treatment are not included in
this or indented subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 177+ for processes for the removal of or
inactivation of nonhydrocarbon impurities occurring in
mineral oil.
Subclass:
98
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Processes
wherein the refining treatment includes the use of an acid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 219+ 252, 256, and 265+, for refining processes
wherein an acid is used.
Subclass:
99
This subclass is indented under subclass 97. Processes
wherein the refining treatment includes the use of solid
adsorbents.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 213+ and 299+, for refining processes wherein
adsorbents are used.
Subclass:
100
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes
wherein the treatment of the products subsequent to
conversion includes a separation of vapor products from
liquid involving (1) plural stages of separation, (2) a
specifically defined separation procedure or (3) the recovery
of particular fractions identified by some property thereof,
(e.g., specific boiling range).
(1) Note. Broadly recited single stage separations, as for
example, broad rectification, to recover named fractions such
as gasoline, gas oil, etc., are not included herein as a
subsequent treatment.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 347+ for processes of distilling mineral oils.
Subclass:
101
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes
wherein the separation process includes an absorption of one
of the components of the vapor products with a liquid
absorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 341+ for processes of recovering mineral oils
from vapors by absorption followed by vaporization to recover
the mineral oil from the absorbent oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas
separation, particularly subclasses 149+ for gas separation
involving liquid contacting.
Subclass:
102
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes
wherein the liquid product resulting from one separation step
is subjected to a further separation of vapors from the
liquid.
Subclass:
103
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes
wherein the vapor product resulting from one separation step
is subject to a further vapor from liquid separation.
Subclass:
104
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Processes
wherein liquid product from the second separation step in
additionally subjected to distillation to separate the same
into desired fractions.
Subclass:
105
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Processes
wherein vapors from the second separation step are subjected
to a condensation treatment to produce liquid products.
Subclass:
106
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein hydrocarbons are converted into a mixture including
lighter, lower boiling hydro-carbons which are liquid at
atmospheric temperature and pressure, or to coke.
(1) Note. Cracking operations which result in the formation
of product coke is generally known as "coking". Cracking
operations conducted under heat and pressure and in the
absence of a catalyst is known as "thermal cracking".
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 50+ for plural serial stage conversions wherein
at least one of the stages includes a coking of a mineral
oil.
subclasses 67+ for plural serial stage conversions wherein
the first stage is a thermal or a catalytic cracking of a
mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, particularly subclasses
211+ for processes of cracking an oil to produce a gaseous
hydrocarbon, having utility as a heating or illumination
gas.
Subclass:
107
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes
wherein the cracking takes place in the presence of added
hydrogen.
(1) Note. Hydrogenative cracking is generally referred to as
destructive hydrogenation.
(2) Note. The hydrogen may be added as a free gas or a
hydrogen rich material may be used under such conditions as
to generate or liberate hydrogen (hydrogan donor processes).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for, hydrogen donor diluent cyclic processes which
includes hydrogenation reactions.
subclasses 58+ for plural serial stage conversions, the
first stage of which is a hydrogenative cracking.
Subclass:
108
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Processes in
which a catalytic material is employed.
(1) Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses
the process must include (a) the treatment of a specific
mineral oil identified by some definite physical or chemical
property thereof, such as boiling range, specific gravity,
etc., or (b) the use of a specifically identified catalytic
material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha, as
boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause
classification in this or indented subclass. Processes
excluded by this note are classified below in subclass 146
which provides for mineral oil processes including the
contacting of the oil with solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 146+ for manipulative processes of contacting of
mineral oils with solid catalysts. (See (1) Note).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se.
Subclass:
109
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Processes
wherein the catalytic material contains silica or a
silicate.
Subclass:
110
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Processes
wherein the catalyst includes a free metal or metal oxide.
(1) Note. Combinations of a metal oxide and silica are
classified herein even though they are combined in the form
of a metal silicate. Similarly metal salts of amphoteric
metals, for example, metal chromate are classified herein as
mixtures of metal oxides.
Subclass:
111.01
With group III metal, rare earth metal, or metal oxide (i.e.,
Sc, Y, Al, Ga, In, Tl, metal of atomic number 57-71, or oxide
thereof ):
This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group III metal, a
rare earth metal, or oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The catalysts used in the processes classified
herein include the combination of alumina and silica gels,
whether obtained separately or simultaneously, as well as the
aluminum silicates.
Subclass:
111.05
With group VII metal or metal oxide (i.e., Mn, Tc, Re, or
oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VII metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
111.1
With group IV metal or metal oxide (i.e., Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Sn,
Pb, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group IV metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
111.15
With group I metal or metal oxide (i.e., alkali metal, Ag,
Au, Cu, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group I metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na),
potassium (K), ribidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium
(Fr).
Subclass:
111.2
With group V metal or metal oxide (i.e., V, Nb, Ta, As, Sb,
Bi, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group IV metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
111.25
With group II metal or metal oxide (i.e., alkaline earth
metal, Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group II metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The alkaline earth metals are calcium (Ca),
strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
Subclass:
111.3
With group VI metal or metal oxide (i.e., Cr, Mo, W, Po, or
oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VI metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
111.35
With group VIII metal or metal oxide (i.e., iron or platinum
group metal, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VIII metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The iron group metals are iron (Fe), cobalt (Co),
and nickel (Ni). The platinum group metals are ruthenium
(Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium
(Ir), and platinum (Pt).
Subclass:
112
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Processes
wherein the catalytic material contains a free metal or a
metal oxide.
(1) Note. Metal salts of an amphoteric metal, e.g., metal
chromates are classified herein as a mixture of metal oxides
(chromium oxide with the other metal oxide).
Subclass:
113
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes in
which a catalytic material is employed.
(1) Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses
the process must include (a) the treatment of a specific
mineral oil identified by some definite physical or chemical
property thereof, such as boiling range, specific gravity,
etc., or (b) the use of a specifically identified catayltic
material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha, as
boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause
classification in this or indented subclasses. Processes
excluded by this note are classified below in subclasses 146+
which provides for mineral oil processes including the
contacting of the oil with solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 146+ for manipulative contacting processes which
are of general application even though claimed as "catalytic
cracking" (see (1) Note).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se.
Subclass:
114
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes
wherein the catalyst contains phosphorus, boron, nitrogen
either as a free element or as a compound thereof.
Subclass:
115
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes
wherein the catalyst contains a halogen either as a free
element or as a compound thereof.
Subclass:
116
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Processes
wherein the catalyst includes a metal halide.
Subclass:
117
This subclass is indented under subclass 116. Processes
wherein the catalyst includes a Group III metal halide.
Subclass:
118
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes
wherein the catalyst contains silica or a silicate.
Subclass:
119
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Processes
wherein the catalyst also contains a free metal or a metal
oxide.
(1) Note. Combinations of a metal oxide and silica are
classified herein even though they are combined in the form
of a metal silicate. Similarly metal salts of amphoteric
metals, for example, metal chromate are classified herein as
mixtures of metal oxides.
Subclass:
120.01
With group III metal, rare earth metal, or metal oxide (i.e.,
Sc, Y, Al, Ga, In, Tl, metal of atomic number 57-71, or oxide
thereof ):
This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group III metal,
rare earth metal, or oxide thereof.
Subclass:
120.05
With group VII metal or metal oxide (i.e., Mn, Tc, Re, or
oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VII metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
120.1
With group IV metal or metal oxide (i.e., Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Sn,
Pb, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group IV metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
120.15
With group I metal or metal oxide (i.e., alkali metal, Ag,
Au, Cu, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group I metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na),
potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium
(Fr).
Subclass:
120.2
With group V metal or metal oxide (i.e., V, Nb, Ta, As, Sb,
Bi, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group V metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
120.25
With group II metal or metal oxide (i.e., alkaline earth
metal, Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group II metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The alkaline earth metals are calcium (Ca),
strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
Subclass:
120.3
With group VI metal or metal oxide (i.e., Cr, Mo, W, Po, or
oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VI metal or
oxide thereof.
Subclass:
120.35
With group VIII metal or metal oxide (i.e., iron or platinum
group metal, or oxide thereof):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes
wherein the catalytic material includes a group VIII metal or
oxide thereof.
(1) Note. The iron group metals are iron (Fe), cobalt (Co),
and nickel (Ni). The platinum group metals are ruthenium
(Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium
(Ir), and platinum (Pt).
Subclass:
121
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes
wherein the catalyst contains a metal or metal oxide.
(1) Note. Metal salts of an amphoteric metal, e.g., metal
chromates are classified herein as a mixture of metal oxides
(chromium oxide with the other metal oxide).
Subclass:
122
This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Processes
wherein the catalyst includes a Group III metal or metal
oxide.
Subclass:
123
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Processes
wherein the catalyst additionally contains a Group VI metal
or metal oxide.
Subclass:
124
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Processes
wherein the catalyst additionally contains a Group VIII metal
or metal oxide.
Subclass:
125
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes
wherein cracking takes place in the presence of an added
nonreactive material.
(1) Note. The processes classified in this and indented
subclasses are thermal cracking processes wherein the mineral
oil is either converted to lower boiling mineral oils or to
coke and wherein nonreactive liquids, vapors or solids are
added prior to or during the conversion to facilitate the
same.
Subclass:
126
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Processes
wherein cracking takes place in the presence of added inert
solids.
(1) Note. Many processes classified herein are directed to
cracking in the presence of heat carriers which may cause
formation of coke in addition to lighter hydrocarbon
products. The heat carriers may be coke solids or inert
refractory materials. The process is generally known as
"coking".
(2) Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses
the process must include (a) the treatment of a specific
mineral oil identified by some definite physical or chemical
property thereof, such as boiling range, specific gravity,
etc., or (b) the use of a specifically identified solid
material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha, as
boiling within the gas oil range, or the use of solids of a
particular size is not sufficient to cause classification of
the process in this or indented subclass. Processes excluded
are classified below in subclass 146.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 50+ for plural serial stage conversions wherein
at least one of the conversions includes a coking of mineral
oil.
subclasses 146+ for manipulative contacting of mineral oils
with solids (see (2) Note).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclasses 104+ for apparatus
for coking a mineral oil and treating vapor products (e. g.,
fractionating the mineral oil product).
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, subclass 23 for a
process of coking a carbonaceous mixture including a minor
amount of mineral oil.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for
apparatus for coking a mineral oil.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 449.1 for
manufacturing carbon by a chemical reaction.
Subclass:
127
This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Processes
wherein cracking takes place in the presence of added inert
solids which are suspended in a fluid medium, the mixture
being handled as a fluid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 153+ for processes of conversion including the
use of solid materials suspended in a fluid wherein neither
the mineral oil treated nor the solids is specifically
identified.
Subclass:
128
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Processes
wherein cracking takes place in the presence of an added gas
or vapor.
Subclass:
129
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Processes
wherein the cracking takes place in the presence of added
gaseous products of combustion of a gaseous, liquid or solid
fuel.
Subclass:
130
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Processes
wherein cracking takes place in the presence of steam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
7 for processes of cracking which also involves oxidation by
means of oxygen which may be evolved from the decomposition
of steam.
subclasses 107+ for processes of hydrogenative cracking
employing hydrogen evolved from steam.
Subclass:
131
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes
wherein mineral oil to be cracked is heated to the desired
temperature and cracking takes place due solely to the heat
stored during the initial heating, no further heat being
added during the progress of the cracking operation.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein generally result in
the making of product coke, the process being generally known
as "coking".
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 449.1 for
manufacturing carbon by a chemical reaction.
Subclass:
132
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes
wherein the feed oil to be cracked (or coked) is heated in a
continuous confined zone of generally tubular configuration.
(1) Note. The conversion reaction may be initiated in the
heating zone but additional heat is required to continue the
reaction to completion.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
131 for similar cracking processes wherein heating of the
feed oil may be accomplished in a tubular confined zone but
no additional heat is required to continue the cracking (or
coking) operation.
Subclass:
133
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is converted to an oil of similar
boiling range, but of generally improved octane rating, the
reaction being known as reforming.
(1) Note. A reforming process generally includes a number of
different reactions of the hydrocarbon molecule, including
dehydrogenation, isomerization, aromatization, cyclization,
alkylation and/or dealkylation. The subjection of a mineral
oil to any of the above mentioned reactions is classified in
this or indented subclass.
(2) Note. The feed oil in the processes classified herein is
generally a naphtha, although special fractions thereof may
similarly be treated, the feed oil in these processes being
of generally more volatile nature than the feed to a cracking
process.
Subclass:
134
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Processes
wherein reforming takes place in the presence of catalytic
material.
(1) Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses
the process must include (a) the treatment of a specific
mineral oil identified by some definite physical or chemical
property thereof, such as boiling range, specific gravity,
etc., or (b) the use of a specifically identified catalytic
material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha, as
boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause
classification in this or indented subclass. Processes
excluded by this note are classified below in subclasses 146+
which provides for mineral oil processes including the
contacting of the oil with solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 146+ for manipulative processes of contacting
mineral oils with catalysts (see (1) Note).
Subclass:
135
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Processes
wherein the catalytic material contains a Group III metal or
metal oxide.
(1) Note. Metal salts of Group III amphoteric metal (metal
aluminates) are classified in this or indented subclass as
mixtures of metal oxides.
Subclass:
136
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Processes
wherein the catalyst additionally contains a Group VI metal
or metal oxide.
Subclass:
137
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Processes
wherein the catalyst additionally contains a Group VIII metal
or metal oxide.
Subclass:
138
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Processes
wherein the catalyst includes a noble metal or metal oxide.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
65 for processes involving plural serial stage reforming
conversions wherein a noble metal containing catalyst is used
in at least one of the stages.
Subclass:
139
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes
wherein the catalyst additionally contains an added halogen.
Subclass:
140
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes
combined with the subsequent recovery of or the treatment of
the catalyst to rehabilitate the same to condition for
reuse.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: or Process
of Making, comprising a catalyst or sorbent, per se, and see
especially subclass 12 and 20+ for a process of regeneration
of such composition.
Subclass:
141
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Processes
directed to the catalytic reforming of a specifically
identified mineral oil.
(1) Note. To be classifiable in this subclass the process
must include the treatment of a mineral oil identified by
some definite chemical or physical property such as the
boiling range, specific gravity, etc. Merely naming the oil
as paraffinic, olefinic, etc., is not sufficient, per se, to
identify the mineral oil for this subclass.
Subclass:
142
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to treatment with added free
hydrogen or under conditions which generate hydrogen and in
which hydrogen is added to the hydrocarbon molecule to
saturate at least some of the unsaturated molecules therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 and 57, for plural serial stage conversions wherein one
of the conversion stages includes a hydrogenation reaction.
Subclass:
143
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Processes
wherein hydrogenation takes place in the presence of
catalytic material.
(1) Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses
the process must include (a) the use of a specifically
identified solid catalytic material, or (b) the treatment of
a specific mineral oil identified by some definite physical
or chemical property thereof, such as boiling range, specific
gravity, etc. Processes of this latter type are specifically
provided for in subclasses 144+ indented hereunder. Processes
excluded by this note are classified below in subclasses 146+
which provides for broadly claimed processes of contacting
mineral oil with solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
144 (see (1) Note).
146 (see (1) Note).
Subclass:
144
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Processes
directed to the catalytic hydrogenation of a specifically
identified mineral oil.
(1) Note. To be classifiable in this subclass the process
must include the treatment of a mineral oil identified by
some definite chemical or physical property such as the
boiling range, specific gravity, etc. Merely naming the oil
as paraffinic, olefinic, et., is not sufficient, per se, to
identify the mineral oil for this subclass.
Subclass:
145
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Processes in
which an added material which under the conditions of the
reaction supplies the hydrogen necessary for hydrogenation is
employed.
(1) Note. Such hydrogen supplying materials are commonly
known as "hydrogen donors". Example thereof are naphthenes,
asphalts, and tars.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for hydrogen donor diluent cyclic processes.
Subclass:
146
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes which
are directed to contacting fluid, in either the liquid or
vapor state, and which may include, in addition to the
mineral oil treated a solids regenerating or rehabilitating
fluid with solids, and which are neither directed to the
treatment of a specifically identified mineral oil nor
include the use of specifically identified solids.
(1) Note. Process of (a) treating a mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property such as the
boiling range, specific gravity, etc., or (b) using a
specifically identified catalyst or heat carrier, are
classified in a preceding subclass providing for the process
involved. Processes classifiable in this or indented subclass
may identify the process as hydrocracking, reforming, etc.,
or be directed to the treatment of a naphtha, feed boiling
within the "gas oil range" (without giving the temperature
range) or specify the use of a catalyst of a particular
particle size.
(2) Note. Processes of conversion of mineral oil which
involve a plurality of named conversion steps (of the same
type or of a different type) or which are in combination with
a preliminary treatment of the feed oil or a subsequent
treatment of the converted products are classified in the
preceding subclass providing for the combination, (subclasses
49 to 105) even though the conversion treatment is only
broadly defined.
(3) Note. In this and indented subclasses is intended to be
collected processes of converting mineral oil which are
distinguished primarily by the manipulative procedure in
which solids (catalysts or inert solids) are contacted with a
fluid, in the liquid or gaseous state which may be either the
mineral oil to be converted or a solids regeneration medium
(e.g., oxygen or air).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 49+ for processes in which a mineral oil is
subjected to a plurality of successive conversions (see (2)
Note).
subclasses 78+ for processes including plural parallel
conversions (see (2) Note).
subclasses 85+ for processes including a treatment of
mineral oil prior to conversion (see (2) Note).
subclasses 95+ for processes including a treatment of the
converted products (see 2) Note).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclasses, which is the generic class providing for
processes and apparatus for contacting solids with either
gases or vapors.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclass, which is the generic class providing for processes
and apparatus for contacting solids with liquids.
165, Heat Exchange, subclass 104.11 for a heat exchange
system in which an intermediate fluent receives and
discharges heat, and subclasses 4+ for a heat exchanger
having a solid heat storage mass.
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclasses, for
processes and apparatus for conveying solid materials by
means of or with the assistance of a forced propelling fluid
current.
414, Material or Article Handling, for processes or apparatus
for handling materials including manipulative charging and
discharging of solids, per se.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, especially
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se, and see especially subclass 12 and 20+ for
a process of regenerating such composition. Combinations of
treating mineral oil in the presence of solids with
regeneration of the solids employed are classified in this
class (208) and in this or an indented subclass when the
mineral oil conversion is claimed broadly.
Subclass:
147
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes
wherein a plurality of dissimilar reactions are carried out
within the same enclosure or chamber, which reactions take
place in zones which are separated by a common wall, through
which heat exchange generally takes place.
(1) Note. The reactions involved may be a conversion and
catalyst regeneration or a plurality of unnamed conversions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
49 through 80, for processes involving a plurality of named
conversions including the use of plural contiguous reaction
zones.
Subclass:
148
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which
include both fluid contact with a gravitating compact bed of
solids and contact with solids while suspended in the fluid.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, those plural
stage unnamed conversions but which embody the two different
types of moving system conversions or where the solids are
regenerated during movement as a gravitating bed and are
elevated by pneumatic lifting, the lift gas including mineral
oil which is simultaneously converted in the lift zone, the
solids being in a suspension state during this reaction.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 174+ for gravitating compact bed type contacting
including the transfer of solids between compact bed zones by
entraining the solids in a suspending gas stream.
Subclass:
149
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes
wherein fluid is contacted with a mixture of different types
of solids in the same zone.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein involve the contact of
a fluid with a mixture of a catalyst and heat carrier solids
(both unnamed).
Subclass:
150
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which
include a significant treatment of the contact solid to
remove therefrom adsorbed or occluded material, other than
contaminant coke or carbon.
(1) Note. Treatments to remove contaminant coke or carbon
are not included herein even though the treatment may
simultaneously remove other occluded or adsorbed material.
(2) Note. "Purging" or "stripping" claimed broadly by name
only or processes including broadly the use of steam as a
stripping medium are not considered significant purging or
stripping steps for this subclass. The use of steam in a
particular manner, e.g., with agitation, or the use of other
purging mediums to remove occluded hydrocarbons, flue gases,
etc., are examples of significant purging for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclass 402
and 443+ for processes of contacting solids with gases, as
for example for drying.
Subclass:
151
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Processes
wherein the purging takes place in a series of separate and
distinct stages.
Subclass:
152
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes
wherein during the contacting process solids are added to the
system to make up losses or selected fractions of the solids
are withdrawn from the system.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, those solids
contacting processes wherein (a) catalyst is added to the
circulating mass to maintain constant catalyst inventory and
thus replenish normal losses to maintain a constant average
catalytic activity, or; (b) solids below the desired
catalytic activity are discarded from the system or solids
that are too fine or have grown in size are discarded thereby
preventing any interruption of normal solids flow in the
system.
Subclass:
153
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes
wherein solids are suspended in a fluid medium, and the
mineral oil conversion or solids regeneration or
rehabilitation takes place in the presence of the suspended
solids.
(1) Note. The suspending medium may be either a liquid or a
gas or vapor, and the suspension may flow similar to a liquid
from a point of high elevation or pressure to one of lower
elevation or pressure, or the solids may be suspended in a
upward flowing fluid (fluidized dense bed), or even flow in
an upward direction with the fluid, e.g., dilute or transfer
line system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
127 for processes of cracking in the presence of inert
solids (coking) employing this type of system.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, subclass 12 for a
thermolytic distillation process in which the charge is
heated by contact with a hot disparate, inert solid and
subclass 31 for a fluidized bed process.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, especially subclasses 20+ for a process
of regeneration, per se, of a composition of that class.
Subclass:
154
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which
include the step of starting up the operation fluid
suspension system or of shutting down the operation of the
suspension system.
(1) Note. Many of the processes found herein have for their
object to properly heat up or cool down the system or the
prevention of explosions therein.
Subclass:
155
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which
include (1) a plurality of separate unnamed mineral oil
conversions (2) a plurality of separate solids regenerations
or rehabilitations, or (3) a plurality of zones in which
mineral oil conversions occur alternately with solids
regeneration or rehabilitation.
(1) Note. Plural mineral oil conversion processes classified
herein are claimed broadly as "mineral oil conversion" for
example and may be disclosed as being of different type,
e.g., cracking and reforming. The zones are generally
associated with a common solids supply or reactant supply.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 49+ for processes in which a mineral oil is
subjected to a plurality of successive named chemical
conversion reactions (see (1) Note).
subclasses 78+ for mineral oil conversion processes
involving plural parallel stages of chemical conversion
wherein the reactions are identified at least by name (see
(1) Note).
Subclass:
156
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes in
which both the fluid and the solids contacted thereby are
passed from one reaction zone to the other reaction zone
successively, either counter-current to each other or
concurrent with each other.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 49+ for plural serial stages of named mineral
oil conversion processes.
Subclass:
157
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes
wherein mineral oil to be converted is introduced into the
reaction zone in the liquid state.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, those
contacting processes wherein the liquid feed to the
suspension system remains in the liquid state and the entire
system is in liquid suspension or wherein the liquid feed is
vaporized by the hot solids and the entire system is in the
vapor phase or wherein there is a mixed vapor-liquid feed and
the vapors are in equilibrium with the liquid in the
vapor-liquid suspension. Many of the techniques classified
here result in uniform wetting and contacting of the solids
and prevent agglomerating or sticking of the particles due to
the use of a heavy liquid feed.
Subclass:
158
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes
wherein the suspended solids are subjected to some step to
increase the turbulence or mixing thereof which increases the
motion of the solids beyond that necessary to maintain the
solids suspension.
(1) Note. Additional mixing or turbulence may, for example,
be accomplished by use of a mechanical stirrer or by applying
some vibrations to the solids suspension.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 163+ for processes including steps for
decreasing the solids mixing in a fluidized bed by retarding
the top to bottom movement of the particles.
Subclass:
159
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes
involving the control of the temperature during the
fluid-solid contacting over and above that caused by the
normal heat transfer properties of the moving solid bodies as
they circulate in and through the system.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
regulating temperature in mineral oil conversion in a
suspension system wherein heating and cooling occurs by
indirect heat exchange or by some specific manipulation of
the circulating solids to cause such change in the
temperature.
(2) Note. Preheating the feed or quenching the products of
the reaction are not regarded as temperature controls within
the scope of this subclass.
Subclass:
160
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Processes
wherein the temperature is controlled by removing a portion
of the solids, circulating the same to an external heat
exchange, and then back to the zone from which they were
removed.
(1) Note. This technique may be used to reheat solids which
have been used as heat carriers or to cool overheated
solids.
(2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are processes in which
spent solids are reheated merely by the regeneration
operation.
Subclass:
161
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which
include a specifically recited step of removing finely
divided solids from the effluent gas from the reaction zone.
(1) Note. Particles of 20 microns in diameter and less are
considered fines for classification in this subclass.
Processes wherein the separation of fines is (1) claimed
broadly by name only or (2) recites broadly the use of
centrifugal force or of a "cyclone" are not classified herein
unless the separated fines are returned other than by gravity
to the zone from which the effluent comes.
Subclass:
162
This subclass is indented under subclass 161. Processes
wherein the fines separation is facilitated by use of a
liquid.
(1) Note. The liquid may act to agglomerate the fines. The
liquid may be formed in situ by partial condensation of
effluent vapor or may be an added liquid. The technique may
involve counter-current scrubbing of the effluent product.
Subsequent treatments of the resulting slurry of fines such
as washing or filtering the same may be included, per se, as
necessarily involving a separation of fines from the effluent
in the presence of a liquid.
Subclass:
163
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes in
which solids are suspended in upward flowing gas or vapor,
the upward force of the fluid on the solids is countered by
gravity resulting in the formation of a zone in which the
particles are compacted into a dense phase.
(1) Note. The particles are in a state of hindered settling
and the dense bed resembles a boiling liquid and above this
dense bed some solids may be suspended in a dilute or
dispersed phase.
Subclass:
164
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Processes which
include a specifically recited procedure for transferring
solids from one solids suspension zone to another.
(1) Note. Processes classifiable herein may include the
transfer of solids between fluidized dense beds or between
such a bed and a zone having another type of solids
suspension, as for example, a dispersed phase suspension of
solids.
(2) Note. Processes of transferring solids from zone to zone
set out by name only are not included herein. The use of
pressurizing and depressurizing zones is one example of
transfer process included in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclass for
solids transfer or conveying by means of a fluid current.
Subclass:
165
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes
wherein solids move downwardly by gravity as a relatively
compact mass, the particles being in contact with each other
and wherein the compactness is not disrupted by the
contacting fluids.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se, and see especially subclasses 20+ for a
regeneration process which may include treatment by a
contacting fluid.
Subclass:
166
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
wherein mineral oil to be contacted is introduced into the
reaction zone in the liquid state.
(1) Note. The feed may be all liquid or a mixed vapor-liquid
phase feed and the procedure permits uniform contacting and
wetting of the solids by the liquid feed resulting in a
uniform reactant flow through the compact bed.
Subclass:
167
This subclass is indented under subclass 166. Processes
wherein solids are introduced onto the surface of a compact
bed as a freely falling stream or curtain and liquid mineral
oil to be converted is sprayed against the freely falling
curtain of solids.
(1) Note. In many of the processes classified herein the
curtain of falling solids prevents the liquid spray of
mineral oil from contacting the walls of the reaction
vessel.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
48 for mineral oil processes in which the accumulation of
carbon deposits on the apparatus employed is prevented.
Subclass:
168
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
including a specific step of separating the effluent vapors
or gases from the contacting zone from the solids and removed
from the contacting zone.
(1) Note. The disengagement technique generally involves an
interruption or baffling of the solids flow to form a solids
free zone into which vapors from the interstices of the bed
flow and from which they can be removed.
Subclass:
169
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes in
which (1) a plurality of fluid streams separately contact a
single stream of solids flowing through a series of
gravitating compact bed zones or (2) a single stream of fluid
serially contacts a plurality of gravitating compact bed
zones wherein the solids flow in the zones is at least
partially in parallel, all the contact zones being within the
same chamber.
(1) Note. Where the mineral oil conversion reaction is named
in each of the zones, the original patent is classified above
in subclasses 49+ or 78+. However, plural zone unnamed
reactions of the same type are classified herein whether the
reactions are of the conversion or the regeneration type. The
reaction or regeneration zones are generally associated with
a common solids supply.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 49+ for processes of subjecting mineral oil to
plural successive conversions. (See (1) Note).
subclasses 78+ for mineral oil conversion processes
involving plural parallel stages of chemical conversion. (See
(1) Note).
Subclass:
170
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes which
include some step to prevent the solids in the gravitating
bed from becoming nonuniformly distributed as to particle
size over the horizontal cross-section of the bed.
(1) Note. The technique provided for in this subclass
prevents sizing of the solids as might occur when solids are
discharged onto the mass from a central point and the fines
tend to sift downward to form a pile and coarser particles
roll outward across the surface of the pile. A baffling of
the flow, for example, will prevent this stratification of
the different size particles.
Subclass:
171
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
including the step of removing the solids from the
gravitating bed in such a manner that the solids are
withdrawn uniformly over the horizontal cross-section of the
bed.
(1) Note. The technique provided for in this subclass
prevents a flow of solids at some point within the bed at a
greater velocity than at other points as might be the case if
solids are withdrawn from a single centrally located point
and the adjacent solids fill the gap created. Such techniques
as baffling the flow of solids withdrawn or providing
multi-point withdrawal of solids prevent the nonuniform flow
within the bed by providing a uniform withdrawal of solids.
Subclass:
172
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
wherein (1) the heated solids, are employed to heat the fluid
prior to entry to the gravitating bed or (2) cool solids are
employed to extract and/or recover heat from the effluent
from the gravitating bed zone.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
maintaining a better thermal balance in the system by use of
the solids to preheat the feed or cool the products.
Undesirable side reactions may be prevented by quickly
cooling the products below reaction temperatures.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
165, Heat Exchange, subclass 104.11 for a heat exchange
system in which a recycling intermediate fluent material
receives and discharges heat.
Subclass:
173
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
including a specific procedure for transferring solids from
one compact gravitating bed zone to another.
(1) Note. Processes which recite broad transferring of
solids between zones by name only are not included. Some
particular condition or procedure of transferring must be
claimed.
Subclass:
174
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Processes
wherein solids are taken from the discharge end of one
gravitating compact bed and transferred to a more elevated
inlet of another bed by entraining or suspending the solids
gas stream.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
148 for contacting processes wherein there are combined
gravitating and suspension zones. Thus if a reaction occurs
in the dispersed lift step (either a mineral oil conversion
or a regeneration, stripping, etc., of the solids) the
process is a combined gravitating bed and suspension zone
process classified in subclass 148, whereas if the lift gas
is used for transfer purpose only, the process is classified
in this subclass (174).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, subclasses 141+ and 174 for
pneumatic lifting apparatus with no treating claimed.
Subclass:
175
This subclass is indented under subclass 174. Processes
wherein the solid particles are maintained in contact with
each other, the solids being transferred as a compact mass,
usually by means of a force applied counter to the upward
direction of flow of the conveying current.
Subclass:
176
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which
include the step of imparting motion of the solids being
contacted.
(1) Note. The solids particles may be moved relative to each
other within a fixed mass or bed or motion may be imparted to
the whole bulk of solids making up the bed. This subclass
includes the movement of solids during fluid contacting or
either before or after fluid contact. The movement is other
than in a fluid suspending medium or as a gravitating bed.
See Search This Class, Subclass, below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 153+ providing for movement of solids other than
in a fluid suspending medium (see (1) Note).
subclasses 165+ wherein solids move downwardly by gravity
(see (1) Note).
Subclass:
177
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes for treating a mineral oil to (1) remove impurities
or undesirable nonmineral oil components therefrom or (2) to
inactivate these contaminants or impurities by converting
them to some less noxious form, whether or not they are
subsequently removed.
(1) Note. An impurity is any component, usually a
nonhydrocarbon, which renders the mineral oil less fit for
use for its intended purpose. Gum formers which are olefinic
hydrocarbons and may be mineral oil components are regarded
as impurities within the scope of the term "impurity" as are
the gums formed by polymerization of such gum formers. Water
is also regarded as an impurity.
(2) Note. Certain subclasses indented hereunder (subclasses
179-186) provide for the treatment of a particular type of
mineral oil while other subclasses (187-263) provide for a
specific type of reaction or the removal of specified
impurities. Processes are classified in the above mentioned
subclasses when (1) the claims specify the particular
impurity removed (or the treatment of used oil) or (2) the
disclosure is limited to the removal of a single particular
impurity (or the treatment of used oil). Processes wherein
the claims do not specify the treatment of used oil or the
impurity removed or treated and it is disclosed that a number
of different impurities are removed or treated are classified
in other indented subclass usually on the basis of the
reagent employed. Patents classified on this latter basis may
be cross-referenced to the subclasses for the impurities
removed if necessary.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 88+ processes wherein a refining of mineral oil
is combined with a subsequent conversion reaction.
subclasses 95+ processes including conversion of a mineral
oil combined with a refining of the converted products.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 46 for apparatus for
refining mineral oils.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass
for processes and apparatus for separating or purifying
liquids not elsewhere provided for. See the search notes in
Class 210 for the line between that class and Class 208.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 258+
and 800+ for processes of purifying particular hydrocarbons.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction or containment of
hazardous or toxic waste in the form of refined
hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
178
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes which
includes the step of controlling of the amount of reagent
employed in the refining of the mineral oil.
(1) Note. Processes of control classified herein include
more than the setting out of the amount of reagent employed.
This subclass contains, for example, the step of controlling
the rate of reagent introduction may be responsive to some
condition of the feed as stopping the flow of the reagent
when a determination is made that the amount of contaminant
remaining is no longer harmful.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, particularly subclasses 2+ and 87.01+
for processes and apparatus for proportioning the flow of two
or more fluids not otherwise provided for.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
179
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for
treating used mineral oils to render them suitable for
reuse.
(1) Note. Many of the processes classified in this or
indented subclasses are directed to the treatment of mineral
oil dry cleaning solvents or lubricating oils.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
187 through 307, for similar processes of refining other
mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
123, Internal-Combustion Engines, subclass 196 for purifiers
contained in the lubricating systems peculiar to
internal-combustion engines.
184, Lubrication, appropriate subclasses for lubricating
systems that include a filter for the lubricating oil.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, for liquid
purification not otherwise provided for, see particularly
subclasses 234+, 296 and 511 for the use of liquid as
separating medium; subclasses 737, 766, and 774+ for process
of separating including heating or cooling; and subclasses
175+ for separators combined with heaters or coolers.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
180
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes
wherein an organic material is added to the used oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 237+ for processes of removing sulfur from an
mineral oil (other than used oil) employing an added organic
reagent.
subclasses 290+ for other processes of purifying or
refining mineral oil (other than used oil) by using organic
reagents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
181
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes in
which a plurality of inorganic materials are added to the
used oil, either together or in sequence.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
182
This subclass is indented under subclass 181. Processes
wherein at least one of the treating agents is an adsorbent
or filtering material.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 299+ for processes of refining mineral oil (not
used oil) wherein solid contact materials are used.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
183
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Processes
wherein, in addition to the solid contact material, an acid
or an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, magnesium or
ammonium oxide, hydroxide or carbonate is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 219+ for processes of removing sulfur from raw
mineral oil by use of acids.
subclasses 226+ for removing sulfur from raw mineral oil by
use of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds.
subclasses 265+ for processes of refining raw mineral oil
by use of acids.
subclasses 283+ for processes of refining raw mineral oil
by use of alkali metal or alkaline earth compounds.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
184
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes
wherein the used oil is purified by distillation or a
mechanical removal of gaseous material as by heating or use
of reduced pressure.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 347+ for processes of distilling mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
202, Distillation: Apparatus, appropriate subclass for
apparatus for distillation not otherwise provided for.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, appropriate
subclass, for a process of separatory distillation not
otherwise provided for.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
185
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes
wherein distillation or degassing treatment is carried out in
the presence of an added gaseous treating agent.
(1) Note. Steam is an example of gaseous treating agents
provided for herein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
356 and 362+, for similar processes of distilling raw
mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
186
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes which
include a specifically defined separation of liquid from
solid material.
(1) Note. Solid-liquid separation steps recited by name only
are not included herein. Many of the processes classified in
this subclass are directed to the separation of solid
treating agents from the treated oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
187
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for
removing water from mineral oils.
(1) Note. The water is generally present as entrained water
although this and indented subclasses also provide for the
separation of water emulsified with the oil wherein there is
some treatment of the oil in addition to the breaking of the
colloid system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 24+ for processes of removing water from
petroleum waxes.
subclasses 39+ for processes of removing water from
asphalts, tars, pitches or resins.
subclasses 179+ for processes of removing water from used
mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass
for processes of separating liquids from liquids not
otherwise provided for. Processes and apparatus for
separating water from a mineral oil including mere heating
within a gravitational separator are classified in Class
210.
252, Compositions, subclasses 319+ and particularly
subclasses 328+ for processes of resolving emulsions such as
petroleum emulsions. Processes classified in Class 252,
involve destroying the colloid system as distinct from
removing water bound chemically and/or physically as by
entrainment. If there is some treatment of the mineral oil in
addition to the resolving step, the process is classified in
this class (208).
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Processes classified in Class 516 involve destroying
the colloid system as distinct from removing water bound
chemically and/or physically as by entrainment. Combinations
of emulsion breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil
provided for in Class 208 are classified in Class 208.
Subclass:
188
This subclass is indented under subclass 187. Processes
wherein a material is added to facilitate the removal of the
water or resolution of the mineral oil-water system.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 194 for water-bindive
compositions, per se.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
189
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is treated to convert mercaptans
contained therein to disulfides.
(1) Note. These processes are known as "Sweetening"
treatments and result in an improvement of the color and odor
of the mineral oil. Sweetening generally involves an
oxidation treatment and the less noxious form of sulfur
(disulfides) may or may not be removed from the mineral oil.
(2) Note. Sweetening processes are classified herein even
though carried out in the presence of an anti-oxidant. This
process is known as "inhibitor sweetening". If the resulting
sweetened oil is claimed and the inhibitor is not a mineral
oil, the patent is classified as original in the appropriate
composition class, e.g., those listed in the Search Notes
below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 208+ for processes of removing sulfur and sulfur
containing compounds from mineral oil which do not involve
the formation of the disulfide.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, subclasses 300+ for
mineral oil fuels including nonhydrocarbon additives (see (2)
Note).
252, Compositions, subclass 182.11, particularly subclasses
185 and 189+ for reagents employed in sweetening operations
classified herein (in Class 208) (see (2) Note).
508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces,
and Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ for mineral oil lubricating compositions
including nonhydrocarbon additives.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 1+ for
all-hydrocarbon compositions containing a nonmineral oil
component.
Subclass:
190
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein an added hypochlorite is employed.
Subclass:
191
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein an added copper compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
246 for processes (nonsweetening) of removing sulfur using
copper or a compound of copper.
Subclass:
192
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the sweetening treatment with a copper compound.
(1) Note. The preliminary treatment may, for example,
include a removal of some other contaminant prior to the
sweetening treatment.
Subclass:
193
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Processes
wherein the sweetening treatment is combined with a
subsequent nonconversion treatment of the sweetened oil.
(1) Note. The subsequent treatment may include the removal
of the disulfide sulfur formed during sweetening or some
other contaminant from the sweetened oil.
Subclass:
194
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Processes
wherein the subsequent treatment includes a specifically
defined procedure for separation and recovery of the copper
containing sweetening agent from the sweetened oil.
(1) Note. Recovery of the copper containing sweetening agent
when recited by name only is not included as a subsequent
treatment of the sweetened oil.
Subclass:
195
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Processes
wherein copper chloride and a free oxygen containing gas are
employed.
Subclass:
196
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein an added peroxide is employed.
Subclass:
197
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein an added lead compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for processes of removing sulfur using lead compound.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 185 for compositions containing
plumbiferous sulfur bindant agents which may be used in
processes classified in this subclass (197).
Subclass:
198
This subclass is indented under subclass 197. Processes
wherein the treating agent comprises lead sulfide.
Subclass:
199
This subclass is indented under subclass 197. Processes
wherein the treating agent comprises sodium plumbite.
Subclass:
200
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the sweetening treatment with sodium plumbite.
Subclass:
201
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Processes
wherein the sweetening treatment is combined with a
subsequent nonconversion treatment of the sweetened oil.
(1) Note. The subsequent treatment may include the removal
of the disulfide sulfur formed during sweetening or some
other contaminant from the sweetened oil.
Subclass:
202
This subclass is indented under subclass 201. Processes
wherein the sweetened oil is subjected to treatment with an
added organic material.
Subclass:
203
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein added alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate is
employed.
(1) Note. For the purpose of classification in this or
indented subclass the alkali metals are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and
Fr.
(2) Note. This subclass contains, for example, sweetening
processes wherein the treating agent may be sodium or
potassium hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
226 for processes (nonsweetening) of removing sulfur from
mineral oil using alkali metal compounds.
Subclass:
204
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Processes
wherein an added oxygen containing organic compound is
employed in addition to the alkali metal hydroxide or
carbonate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
231 for processes of removing of sulfur employing an alkali
metal compound and an oxygen containing organic compound.
Subclass:
205
This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Processes
wherein the organic oxygen compound is an acyclic alcohol,
e.g., methanol, ethanol, or propanol.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 232+ for processes of removing sulfur employing
an alkali metal compound and an acyclic alcohol.
Subclass:
206
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Processes
wherein an added nitrogen containing compound is employed in
addition to the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
205 for sweetening processes using alkanol amines in
combination with alkali metal hydroxides and carbonates.
207 for sweetening processes using nitrogen containing
treating agents.
Subclass:
207
This subclass is indented under subclass 189. Processes
wherein an added nitrogen containing compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
206 for sweetening processes wherein nitrogen containing
treating agents are used in combination with an alkali metal
hydroxide or carbonate.
236 for processes of removing sulfur from mineral oils using
nitrogen containing treating agents.
Subclass:
208
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated to remove sulfur therefrom,
whether present as free sulfur or as a compound.
(1) Note. Processes classifiable in this or indented
subclass are those wherein (1) the claims specify the removal
of sulfur or (2) the disclosure is limited to the removal of
sulfur. See (2) Note to subclass 177.
Subclass:
209
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is desulfurized in the presence of
added hydrogen.
(1) Note. The hydrogen may be added as a free gas or a
hydrogen rich material may be used under such conditions as
to generate or liberate hydrogen (hydrogen donor processes).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 58+ and 107+, for hydrocracking processes
wherein sulfur may also be removed. Thus, if the
hydrodesulfurization is carried out under conditions which
will promote chemical conversion of the oil, the process will
be classified as a chemical conversion rather than as a
refining treatment.
89 for processes of refining mineral oils with added
hydrogen combined with a subsequent chemical conversion of
the refined oil.
Subclass:
210
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Processes which
include desulfurization of mineral oil in the presence of
hydrogen in each of a plurality of steps or stages.
Subclass:
211
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the hydrodesulfurization treatment.
(1) Note. The preliminary treatment may, for example,
include removal of sulfur (other than by using hydrogen) or
other type of refining.
Subclass:
212
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Processes
wherein the hydrodesulfurizing treatment is combined with a
subsequent nonconversion treatment of the desulfurized oil.
(1) Note. The subsequent treatment may include further
refining (removal of sulfur other than by use of hydrogen or
removal of other impurities) or any other subsequent
nonconversion type treatment.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, subclasses 300+, for a
process of desulfurizing a mineral oil fuel and adding a
stabilizer to the product.
Subclass:
213
This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Processes
wherein the hydrodesulfurization takes place in the presence
of a solid catalyst or adsorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 299+ for other refining processes carried out in
the presence of a solid catalyst or adsorbent.
Subclass:
214
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Processes
wherein an added hydrogen rich material is employed under
conditions that hydrogen is generated or liberated during the
process (hydrogen donor processes).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 and 145, for mineral oil conversion processes wherein
hydrogen donor agents are used as sources of hydrogen.
Subclass:
215
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Processes
wherein the solid catalyst or adsorbent is a sulfide of a
heavy metal.
(1) Note. A heavy metal is one which has a specific gravity
greater than 4 and includes all metals except alkali,
alkaline earth, magnesium and aluminum.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
293 for other refining processes wherein the treating agent
contains sulfur.
Subclass:
216
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Processes
wherein the solid catalyst or adsorbent comprises, a Group VI
metal, (Cr, Mo, W or Po) or compound, thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243 and 295, for other refining processes wherein Group VI
metals or compounds thereof are used.
Subclass:
217
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Processes
wherein the solid catalyst or adsorbent comprises a Group
VIII metal (Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir or Pt) or compound
thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
244 and 295, for other refining processes wherein Group VIII
metals or compounds thereof are used.
Subclass:
218
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is divided into several fractions, at
least one of which is treated to remove sulfur therefrom and
then the separate fractions are reblended.
(1) Note. Processes wherein mineral oil is fractionated and
then at least one fraction is desulfurized, there being no
reblending of the fractions, are classified in the
appropriate subclass providing for desulfurizing combined
with a preliminary treatment of the oil.
Subclass:
219
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein sulfur is removed from mineral oil by the use of an
acid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
90 for processes including acid refining of mineral oils
combined with chemical conversion of the refined oil.
98 for processes of converting mineral oils followed by
refining the converted products with acid.
252 for processes of removing metal contaminants from
mineral oils with acids.
256 for processes of removing gums or gum formers from
mineral oils with acids.
subclasses 265+ for other processes of refining of mineral
oils with acids.
Subclass:
220
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Processes which
include desulfurization of mineral oil in plural stages, at
least one of which includes the use of an acid.
Subclass:
221
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the acid desulfurization.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
220 for processes involving removal of sulfur from oil in
plural stages, at least one of which is acid
desulfurization.
Subclass:
222
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Processes
wherein the desulfurizing treatment is combined with a
nonconversion treatment of the desulfurized oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
220 for processes wherein sulfur is removed from oil in
plural stages, at least one of which is acid
desulfurization.
Subclass:
223
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Processes
wherein an inorganic acid is employed.
Subclass:
224
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Processes
wherein sulfuric acid is employed.
Subclass:
225
This subclass is indented under subclass 223. Processes
wherein hydrochloric acid is employed.
Subclass:
226
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of an alkali
or alkaline earth metal compound.
(1) Note. For the purpose of this classification, the alkali
metals are sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, cesium and
francium and the alkaline earth metals are calcium, barium,
and strontium and also including magnesium.
(2) Note. Natural clays which generally contain some alkali
metal component are not included in this or indented
subclasses but are classified instead with the aluminum or
silicon containing compounds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 203+ for processes of sweetening mineral oils
with alkali metal hydroxides or carbonates.
258 and 259, for processes of removing gums or gum formers
from mineral oils with free alkali metals and alkali and
alkaline earth metal compounds, respectively.
subclasses 283+ for other processes for refining of mineral
oils with alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds.
Subclass:
227
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes which
include desulfurization of mineral oil in plural stages at
least one of which is in the presence of an added alkali or
alkaline earth metal compound.
Subclass:
228
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the desulfurization with the alkali or alkaline
earth metal compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
227 for processes including removal of sulfur from oil in a
plurality of stages, alkali or alkaline earth metal being
employed in one stage.
Subclass:
229
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes
wherein the desulfurizing treatment is combined with a
subsequent nonconversion treatment of the desulfurized oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
227 for processes including removal of sulfur from oil in a
plurality of stages, alkali or alkaline earth metal being
employed in one stage.
Subclass:
230
This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes
wherein an alkali metal compound is employed.
Subclass:
231
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Processes
wherein an oxygen containing organic compound is employed in
addition of the alkali metal compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
204 for mineral oil sweetening processes wherein an alkali
metal hydroxide or carbonate is employed with an oxygen
containing organic compound.
Subclass:
232
This subclass is indented under subclass 231. Processes
wherein an added alcohol is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
205 for sweetening treatments wherein an alkali metal
hydroxide or carbonate and an acyclic alcohol are used.
Subclass:
233
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Processes
wherein there is also employed an organic compound is
addition to an alcohol and an alkali metal compound.
Subclass:
234
This subclass is indented under subclass 231. Processes
combined with the treatment of the alkali metal compound
and/or oxygen organic compound employed for desulfurizing to
restore it to the original condition or to condition for
reuse.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se, and see especially subclasses 20+ for a
process of regenerating a catalyst or sorbent.
Subclass:
235
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Processes
combined with the treatment of the alkali metal compound
employed for desulfurization to restore it to the original
condition or to condition for reuse.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se, and see especially subclasses 20+ for a
process of regenerating a catalyst or sorbent.
Subclass:
236
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by use of a nitrogen
containing compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
206 and 207, for sweetening treatments employing nitrogen
containing treating agents.
232 for desulfurization processes wherein alkanol amines are
used in combination with alkali metal compounds.
Subclass:
237
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of an added
organic compound.
Subclass:
238
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Processes
wherein a hydrocarbon is employed.
Subclass:
239
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Processes
wherein a heavy metal soap (heavy metal salts of higher fatty
acid or naphthenic acid) is employed.
Subclass:
240
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Processes
wherein an oxygen containing organic compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 204+ for sweetening processes employing oxygen
containing organic compounds in combination with an alkali
metal hydroxide or carbonate.
subclasses 231+ for desulfurization processes using oxygen
containing organic compounds in combination with an alkali
metal compound.
239 for processes of desulfurization with heavy metal
soaps.
Subclass:
241
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of a free
halogen or a halide of a nonmetal.
(1) Note. Boron halides and sulfur halides are examples of
reagents employed in processes classified in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 219+ for desulfurizing processes wherein a
halogen acid is employed.
Subclass:
242
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of added
oxide of sulfur.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 219+ for desulfurizing processes wherein a
sulfur containing acid is employed.
338 for processes of fractionating mineral oil by extracting
with liquid sulfur dioxide.
Subclass:
243
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by use of a Group VI
metal (Cr, Mo, W or Po) or compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
216 for hydrodesulfurization processes wherein a Group VI
metal or compound thereof is used.
295 for other processes of refining using Group VI metal
compounds.
Subclass:
244
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by use of a Group VIII
metal (Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir or Pt) or compound
thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
217 for hydrodesulfurization methods wherein a Group VIII
metal or compound thereof is used.
295 for other processes of refining wherein Group VIII
compounds are used.
Subclass:
245
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of silicon or
a compound thereof.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example,
desulfurization processes wherein silicon oxides, per se, or
combined as silicates (e.g., clays) are used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
250 for manipulative processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
using unnamed solid contact agents, but which may be
disclosed as being the clay type.
subclasses 299+ for other processes of refining mineral
oils by treating the same with solid contact agents, and
particularly subclass 307 for the use of silicon containing
treating agents, e.g., clay, in such processes.
Subclass:
246
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of a Group IB
metal (Cu, Ag or Au) or compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
296 for other processes of refining wherein Group IB metal
compounds are used.
Subclass:
247
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by the use of a Group IIB
metal (Zn, Cd or Hg) or compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
296 for other processes of refining wherein Group IIB metal
compounds are used.
Subclass:
248
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein mineral oil is desulfurized by use of a Group III
metal (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, Y, a rare earth or actinide series
metal) or compound thereof.
(1) Note. When carriers such as alumina are used with a
metal or oxide thereof as distinct compounds or combined as a
complex compound, e.g., aluminum molybdate, the original
patent is classified with the metal provided for first in the
schedule.
Subclass:
249
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes
wherein the treating agent comprises a Group IV, V, VII metal
(Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Tc, Re, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb or Bi)
or compounds thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
292 for other refining processes employing arsenic, antimony
or bismuth containing agents.
295 for other refining processes wherein Group IV, V or VII
metal compounds are used.
Subclass:
250
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes for
desulfurizing mineral oil by contacting the oil with solid
contact agents.
(1) Note. This subclass is the collecting place for
manipulate techniques of desulfurization with solid
contacting agents claimed broadly and not limited to any
specific type of treating agent provided or above. If the
specific type of treating agent provided for above is set
forth in a claim as well as the manipulative technique, the
patent is classified above with the treating agent and
cross-referenced herein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 146+ for processes of converting mineral oils by
contacting with solids.
subclasses 299+ for other refining processes involving
manipulative techniques of contacting mineral oils with solid
catalysts or adsorbents.
Subclass:
251
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is treated to remove a metal or metal
compound therefrom.
(1) Note. The metals or compounds thereof are contaminants
which may have an effect of poisoning or rendering less
active solid catalyst treating agents, e.g., platinum
catalysts, and removal is necessary to prevent such effects.
(2) Note. Processes classified in this or indented
subclasses are those wherein (1) the claims specify the
removal of metal or metal compound or (2) the disclosure is
limited to the removal of the metal or metal compound. See
(2) Note to subclass 177.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 88+ for processes of removing metal contaminants
from mineral oils combined with subsequent conversion of the
refined oil whereby poisoning of the catalyst is prevented.
Subclass:
252
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Processes
wherein an acid is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
90 for processes of acid refining of mineral oil combined
with subsequent chemical conversion.
98 for processes of chemical conversion of mineral oil
combined with acid refining a product thereof.
subclasses 219+ for processes of desulfurization of mineral
oils with acids.
256 for processes removing gum or gum formers with acids.
subclasses 265+ for other processes of refining of mineral
oils with acids.
Subclass:
253
This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Processes
wherein an added metal or a metal compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 257+ for processes of removing gums or gum
formers using metals or metal compounds.
subclasses 283+ for other refining processes using alkali
or alkaline earth metal compounds.
294 for other refining processes using a free metal as the
treating agent.
295 through 297, for other refining processes wherein metal
compounds are used.
Subclass:
254
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is treated to remove nitrogen
containing materials therefrom.
(1) Note. Processes classified in this subclass are those in
which (1) the claims specify the removal of nitrogen
containing materials or (2) those in which the disclosure is
limited to the removal of such materials. See (2) Note to
subclass 177.
Subclass:
255
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein a mineral oil is treated to remove monoolefinic or
polyolefinic components (gums or gum forming materials)
therefrom.
(1) Note. The olefinic compounds polymerize into gums and
both the resulting gum or the gum former, per se, constitute
an undesirable component of the oil.
(2) Note. Processes classified in this or indented subclass
are those in which (1) the claims specify the removal of gums
or gum formers or (2) the disclosure is limited to the
removal of such materials. See (2) Note to subclass 177.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
507, Earth Boring, Well Treating, and Oil Field Chemistry,
subclass 90 for compositions for preventing the formation of
deposits in conduits carrying petroleum and processes
involving the mere use of such compositions.
Subclass:
256
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Processes
wherein an acid is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
90 for processes of acid refining of mineral oil combined
with a subsequent chemical conversion.
98 for processes of chemical conversion of a mineral oil
combined with acid refining a product thereof.
subclasses 219+ for processes of desulfurization of mineral
oils with acids.
252 for processes of removing metallic contaminants with
acids.
subclasses 265+ for other processes of refining of mineral
oils with acids.
Subclass:
257
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Processes
wherein a metal or a metal compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
253 for processes of removing metal contaminants wherein a
metal or metal compound is employed.
subclasses 283+ for other refining processes wherein an
alkali or alkaline earth metal compound is employed.
294 for other refining processes wherein a free metal is
employed.
295 through 297, for other processes of refining wherein
metal compounds are employed.
Subclass:
258
This subclass is indented under subclass 257. Processes
wherein elemental alkali metal is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
294 for other refining processes using an elemental alkali
metal.
Subclass:
259
This subclass is indented under subclass 257. Processes
wherein an alkali or alkaline earth metal compound is
employed.
(1) Note. The "alkali metals" are lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium, and "alkaline earth
metals" are calcium, barium, strontium and also includes
magnesium.
(2) Note. Natural clays which generally contain some alkali
metal component are not included in this subclass but are
classified with the aluminum or silicon compounds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 260+ for processes of removing gums or gum
formers wherein natural clays or alumina are used as the
treating agents.
subclasses 283+ for general refining processes wherein
alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds are used as the
treating agents.
Subclass:
260
This subclass is indented under subclass 257. Processes
wherein aluminum oxide or a natural caly is employed.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, manipulative
processes of removing gums and gum formers by polymerizing
the olefinic constituents using solid contact agents such as
alumina or natural clays as the catalyst and then removing
the polymer formed from the oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
245 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils using a
silicon containing treating agent.
248 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils using
aluminum or a compound thereof as the treating agent.
250 for other desulfurizing processes wherein solid
contacting agents are used.
297 for other refining processes involving contacting
mineral oil with a solid contact agent (catalyst or
adsorbent).
subclasses 299+ for other refining processes involving
contacting the mineral oil with solid contact agent (catalyst
or adsorbent).
Subclass:
261
This subclass is indented under subclass 260. Processes
wherein the oil is in the vapor state when contacted with the
clay or alumina.
Subclass:
262.1
Halogen contaminant removal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for
removing undesirable halogen containing components from
mineral oils.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein are those in which (a)
the claims specify the removal of halogen containing
materials or (b) the disclosure is limited to the removal of
such materials. See (2) Note to subclass 177.
Subclass:
262.5
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB):
This subclass is indented under subclass 262.1. Process
wherein the contaminant removed is a polychorinated
biphenyl.
Subclass:
263
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for
removing undesirable organic acids or phenolic components
from mineral oils.
(1) Note. Organic acids such as fatty and naphthenic acids
tend to form soaps during refining and these soaps form
undesirable emulsions, hence the necessity for removing the
same from the oil. Also some of these acidic materials tend
to cause the oil to be corrosive unless removed.
(2) Note. Processes classified in this subclass are those in
which (1) the claims specify the removal of organic acid or
phenol components or (2) the disclosure is limited to the
removal of such components.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
47 for processes including a conversion of a mineral oil
combined with some step to prevent corrosion or erosion of
the apparatus employed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, subclasses 113+ for compositions for or
subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting
of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking,
dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking,
smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment of
the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in
Class 208.
Subclass:
264
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is treated with added hydrogen.
(1) Note. The hydrogen may be added as a free gas or a
hydrogen rich material may be used under such conditions as
to generate or liberate hydrogen (hydrogen donor processes).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
89 for processes of refining mineral oil with hydrogen
combined with chemical conversion of the oil.
subclasses 209+ for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
wherein hydrogen is used.
Subclass:
265
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an added acid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
90 for processes of acid refining mineral oil combined with
a subsequent chemical conversion.
98 for processes of chemical conversion of a mineral oil
combined with acid refining a product thereof.
subclasses 219+ for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
with acids.
252 for processes of removing metal contaminants with
acids.
256 for processes of removing gums or gum formers with
acids.
Subclass:
266
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Processes
wherein sulfuric acid is employed.
(1) Note. Sulfuric acid treatment of mineral oils results in
oils of improved odor, color, color stability, stability to
heat and oxidation and resistance to sludge formation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
224 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oil with sulfuric
acid.
Subclass:
267
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes
involving mixing the acid with the mineral oil by some
particular procedure of agitating or fluid rotation which is
recited other than by name only.
Subclass:
268
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes for
preparing highly refined or medicinal oils known as "white"
oils.
(1) Note. The treatment removes organic impurities resulting
in an oil of improved odor and color suitable for
pharmaceutical or medicinal purposes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
263 for processes for the treatment of mineral oil to remove
organic acids or phenolic impurities.
Subclass:
269
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes
wherein mineral oil is separated into two or more fractions
at least one of which is subjected to a sulfuric acid
refining treatment combined with reblending of the mineral
oil fractions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
218 for processes of desulfurization of mineral oils
including separating the oil into fractions at least one of
which is treated to remove sulfur.
272 for processes whereby mineral oil is fractionated and
then at least one fraction is subjected to a sulfuric acid
refining treatment, there being no reblending of the
fractions.
Subclass:
270
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to a plurality of distinct
refining treatments with acid, sulfuric acid being employed
in at least one of the treatments.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
220 for processes including plural stages of
desulfurization, at least one of the treatments being with an
acid.
Subclass:
271
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the sulfuric acid refining.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
221 for processes of acid desulfurizing a mineral oil
combined with a treatment of the oil prior to desulfurizing.
269 for processes of fractionating the oil, sulfuric acid
refining at least one fraction and then reblending the
fractions ("split treatment").
Subclass:
272
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Processes
wherein the mineral oil is subjected to a fractionation prior
to sulfuric acid refining.
(1) Note. The fractionation may be carried out by
distillation, solvent extraction, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
269 for processes including preliminary fractionation
combined with reblending, known as "split feed" treatments.
Subclass:
273
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes
wherein the acid treatment is combined with a subsequent
nonconversion treatment of the sulfuric acid refined oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
222 for processes of acid desulfurizing a mineral oil
combined with the treatment of the desulfurized oil.
Subclass:
274
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Processes
wherein the sulfuric acid refined oil is subsequently treated
with an added organic compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 237+ for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
with organic compounds.
subclasses 290+ for processes of refining mineral oil in
which an added organic material is employed.
Subclass:
275
This subclass is indented under subclass 273. Processes
wherein the sulfuric acid refined oil is subsequently treated
with a solid adsorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
250 for processes, particularly manipulative techniques of
contacting mineral oils with solid adsorbents in a
desulfurization treatment of the oils.
subclasses 299+ for processes, particularly manipulative
techniques of contacting mineral oils with solid contact
treating agents in refining processes.
Subclass:
276
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Processes in
which an added material, other than water, is used along with
the sulfuric acid.
Subclass:
277
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Processes
wherein an added organic compound is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 290+ for processes of refining mineral oil in
which an added organic compound is employed.
Subclass:
278
This subclass is indented under subclass 276. Processes
wherein a solid material, e.g., a carrier for the acid, is
employed.
(1) Note. The added material must remain in the solid state
during the refining operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 299+ for processes of refining mineral oil by
use of solid contact material, generally involving some
manipulative solid-liquid contact procedure.
Subclass:
279
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Processes
wherein a phosphorus containing acid is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
292 for other refining processes wherein phosphorus
containing materials such as phosphoric anhydride are used.
Subclass:
280
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Processes
wherein a halogen containing acid is employed.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
refining mineral oils with hydrofluoric acid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
241 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils wherein
nonmetal halide treating agents are used.
Subclass:
281
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Processes
wherein an hydrochloric acid is employed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
225 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oil with
hydrochloric acid.
Subclass:
282
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Processes
wherein an organic acid is employed.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
treating mineral oils with lower aliphatic acids, naphthenic
acid, salicylic acid, et.
Subclass:
283
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an alkali or alkaline
earth metal compound.
(1) Note. For the purpose of this classification, the alkali
metals are sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, cesium and
francium and the alkaline earth metals are calcium, barium
and strontium and also including magnesium.
(2) Note. Natural clays which generally contain some alkali
metal component are not included in this or indented
subclasses but are classified instead with the aluminum or
silicon containing compounds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 203+ for processes of sweetening using alkali
metal hydroxides and carbonates.
subclasses 226+ for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
with alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds.
259 for processes of removing gums or gum formers with
alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds.
Subclass:
284
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Processes
wherein an alkali metal compound is employed.
Subclass:
285
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the treatment with the alkali metal compound.
Subclass:
286
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Processes
combine with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
subsequent to the treatment with the alkali metal compound.
Subclass:
287
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Processes
wherein a solid on which the alkali metal compound is
supported is employed.
(1) Note. The solid carriers may be clay, alumina, carbon,
etc., and must remain in the solid state during the refining
operation.
Subclass:
288
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Processes in
which an added material, other than water, is combined with
the alkali metal compound.
Subclass:
289
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an added nitrogen
containing compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
206 for processes of sweetening mineral oils with nitrogen
containing compounds in combination with an alkali metal
hydroxide or carbonate.
207 for processes of sweetening mineral oils with nitrogen
containing treating agents.
236 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils with
nitrogen containing treating agents.
Subclass:
290
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an added organic
compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 237+ for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils
with organic compounds.
282 for refining processes wherein organic acids are used.
Subclass:
291
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Processes
wherein an organic compound containing oxygen is employed.
Subclass:
292
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with boron, phosphorus,
arsenic, antimony or bismuth or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
249 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils with a Group
V metal or compound thereof.
279 for processes of refining mineral oils with phosphorus
containing acids.
subclasses 290+ for refining processes wherein organic
compounds of boron, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth
are used.
Subclass:
293
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an added sulfur
containing material.
(1) Note. Metal sulfates and sulfides and the various sulfur
oxides are examples of treating agents used in the processes
classified herein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
242 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils using sulfur
oxides.
Subclass:
294
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with an elemental metal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
253 for processes of removing metal contaminants by
employing elemental metal.
258 for processes of removing gums or gum formers with an
elemental alkali metal.
292 for refining processes wherein elemental arsenic,
antimony or bismuth is used.
Subclass:
295
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with a compound of a metal of
Groups IV, V, VI, VII or VIII.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
216 217, 243, 244, and 249, for processes of desulfurizing
mineral oils using Groups IV, V, VI, VII or VIII metal
compounds.
292 for processes of refining employing arsenic, antimony or
bismuth containing treating agent.
subclasses 299+ for refining processes, particularly those
involving manipulative techniques, of contacting mineral oils
with solid catalysts or adsorbents.
Subclass:
296
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with a compound of a metal of
Groups IB, or IIB, i.e., Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd or Hg.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
246 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils with Group
IB metal compounds.
247 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils with Group
IIB metal compounds.
Subclass:
297
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
wherein mineral oil is treated with a Group III metal
compound, excluding those processes in which the oily such
compound is clay.
(1) Note. Included in Group III metals are Al, Ga, In, Tl,
Sc, Y, rare earth and actinide series metals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
248 for processes of desulfurizing mineral oils using Group
III metal compounds.
Subclass:
298
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
involving contacting mineral oil with liquid treating agents
not provided for above.
(1) Note. Slurries of solids are included herein as liquid
treating agents when handled as a liquid.
(2) Note. This subclass is the collecting place for
manipulative techniques for refining mineral oil with liquid
treating agents claimed broadly, or treating agents not
provided for above. Processes involving some manipulative
technique and also specifying the use of a treating agent
provided for above are cross referenced to this subclass if
necessary.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
339 for solvent fractionation of mineral oils involving some
particular liquid to liquid contacting procedure.
Subclass:
299
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
involving contacting mineral oil with a solid catalyst or
adsorbent not provided for above.
(1) Note. This and indented subclasses are the collecting
places for manipulative techniques for refining mineral oil
with a solid catalyst or adsorbent which is either
unidentified, or is not provided for above. Processes which
involve some manipulative technique and also specify a solid
provided for above are cross referenced to this or indented
subclass if necessary.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 146+ for processes including manipulative
techniques of contacting mineral oils with solid catalysts or
heat carriers during the chemical conversion of the oil.
250 for processes of contacting mineral oil with solids in
the desulfurizing of mineral oils.
298 for mineral oil refining processes involving contacting
the oil with a slurry of solids handled as a liquid.
Subclass:
300
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
wherein a solid treating agent having some structural
characteristic particularly adapting it for refining mineral
oil is employed.
(1) Note. Examples of structural characteristics which are
regarded as peculiar to the use of the solid for refining are
size, shape and degree of porosity.
Subclass:
301
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
prior to the contacting with the solid catalyst or
adsorbent.
Subclass:
302
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
combined with a nonconversion treatment of the mineral oil
subsequent to the contacting of the oil with the solid
catalyst or adsorbent.
Subclass:
303
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to a plurality of distinct
refining treatments, solid catalyst or adsorbent being
employed in each of the treatments.
Subclass:
304
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
wherein the solid catalyst or adsorbent move downwardly in a
contacting chamber.
(1) Note. The solids may flow downwardly as a gravitating
compact bed or as freely falling bodies.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 165+ for mineral oil conversion processes in
which the oil is contacted with a downwardly moving compact
bed of solids.
176 for mineral oil conversion process in which the oil is
contacted with solids moving downwardly other than as a
gravitating compact bed, and other than in suspension.
Subclass:
305
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
combined with a treatment to restore the activity of the
solid catalyst of adsorbent to the original condition or to
condition for reuse.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclasses 670+ for
processes of purifying a liquid by ion exchange or sorption
combined with regenerating the agents used.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or
sorbent, per se, and see especially subclasses 20+ for a
process of regenerating a catalyst or sorbent.
Subclass:
306
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
carried out in the presence of a solid contacting agent which
is either a physical mixture of several solids or a complex
chemical combination of such solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
149 for processes of conversion of mineral oil involving
contacting the oil with a mixture of dissimilar solids.
Subclass:
307
This subclass is indented under subclass 299. Processes
wherein a silicon containing compound or a free carbon
containing material is employed.
Subclass:
308
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes for the separation of mineral oils into hydrocarbon
fractions at least one of which is a mineral oil.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, the
separation of mineral oil components by physical processes or
by treatment with emulsifying agents.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 177+ for processes of removing nonhydrocarbon
impurities, gums or gum forming hydrocarbons from mineral
oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the destruction or containment of
hazardous or toxic waste in the form of fractionated
hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
309
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Processes
wherein an asphaltic fraction is separated from the remaining
portion of the mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 39+ for processes of recovering, making or
treating an asphalt as a product. Note particularly subclass
45 for the recovery of asphalt by extraction. Processes
classified in this subclass (309) are those in which the
object is to obtain a refined mineral oil of reduced asphalt
content and there is no recovery of asphalt as a product.
86 for processes of deasphalting combined with a chemical
conversion of the deasphalted mineral oil.
Subclass:
310
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Processes
wherein a mineral oil or mineral oil containing fluid mixture
is contacted with a solid material which selectively adsorbs
a mineral oil fraction from the mixture.
(1) Note. Processes classified herein may involve the
treatment of a liquid mineral oil in order to selectively
adsorb certain fractions therefrom or the treatment of a
mineral oil vapor containing gaseous mixture to adsorb the
mineral oil vapors therefrom.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
250 for desulfurizing processes wherein solid adsorbents are
used involving solids contacting and mixing procedures.
subclasses 299+ for refining processes wherein solid
adsorbents are used to separate impurities.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, subclasses 90+ for processes
of gas separation involving solid adsorbents. This subclass
(310) provides for processes wherein a mineral oil is
separated from a gas or vapor by use of a solid adsorbent
which also include the recovery of a mineral oil product.
Processes which involve a gas separation classifiable in
Class 95 followed by the recovery of a mineral oil by name
only, e.g., distillation or heating, are classified in Class
95.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, particularly
subclasses 656+ and 660+ for liquid separation or
purification not elsewhere provided for, using solid
sorbents. Processes of fractionating mineral oil by use of
adsorbents is classified in this subclass (310).
Subclass:
311
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Processes in
which mineral oil is mixed with or contacted with another
liquid which will dissolve or is miscible with a portion or
fraction of the oil forming a solution or liquid phase which
is immiscible with another oil fraction not so dissolved.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 8+ for processes of extracting mineral oil from
solid natural sources.
31 and 33+, for processes of recovery or treatment of
paraffin wax involving solvent extracting.
45 for processes of recovery of asphalt, tar, pitch or resin
by solvent extraction.
87 for processes of solvent extracting mineral oil combined
with conversion of the extracted oil.
96 for processes of converting mineral oil combined with
solvent extracting the converted oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 14.52 for apparatus
specialized for the solvent extraction of mineral oils.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, for processes of
separating liquids not otherwise provided for.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 255+
for extracting, leaching, or dissolving apparatus not
otherwise provided for.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropriate subclasses
for processes directed to extracting, leaching or dissolving
therein provided for and subclass 658.5 (Class 423) for
extracting, leaching or dissolving processes not otherwise
provided for.
554, Organic Compounds, subclasses 9-16 for processes of
extraction for recovering fatty oil compounds.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 833+
for processes of recovering particular hydrocarbons by
solvent extraction.
Subclass:
312
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
combined with the mixing of an extract mineral oil fraction
with another mineral oil.
(1) Note. The mineral oil with which the extract fraction is
mixed may be another fraction of the same or different
extraction process or an unextracted mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 14+ for processes of mixing or blending mineral
oil fractions not combined with the extraction process.
Subclass:
313
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein mineral oil is distilled in the presence of a
solvent.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 50+
for a separatory distillation process including adding a
material to alter the relative volatility of the components
of a mixture.
Subclass:
314
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes in
which a mineral oil is subjected to a plurality of successive
extractions, each involving the use of a different
oil-miscible solvent, there being a separation of the extract
phase from the oil between at least two of the extraction
steps.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
321 for mineral oil extraction processes including solvent
recovery or rehabilitation in which a second solvent miscible
with the extraction solvent is employed to effect a
separation of the extracted oil therefrom.
subclasses 323+ for processes in which a mixture of solvent
components is employed in a single extraction zone or where a
solvent modifier is subsequently added to the extraction zone
prior to any phase separation.
Subclass:
315
This subclass is indented under subclass 314. Processes
wherein at least one of the extracted fractions of a later
extraction step is returned to an earlier extraction step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
318 for extraction processes involving recycle of a fraction
thereof which include the use of only one solvent (whether
single or plural stage operation).
Subclass:
316
This subclass is indented under subclass 314. Processes
wherein the solvents used in each extraction contain
essentially the same ingredients but differ from each other
in the proportions thereof.
Subclass:
317
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein mineral oil is subjected to extraction in a plurality
of stages the oil and the solvent employed flowing from stage
to stage in opposite directions.
Subclass:
318
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein a phase or product of an extraction step is returned
to either the same or a previous extraction zone.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
315 for plural stage extraction processes with different
solvents including recycle of a product fraction.
Subclass:
319
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes, (1)
wherein there is a change in the pressure exerted on a single
extraction zone to effect a separation of the phases thereof
or (2) wherein each of several extraction zones is maintained
under different pressure.
Subclass:
320
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein (1) there is maintained a difference of temperature
between different locations in a single extraction zone, or
(2) wherein each of several extraction zones is maintained
under a different temperature.
Subclass:
321
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
combined with a particular treatment to remove or recover the
solvent from a phase of the extraction.
(1) Note. The mere recitation of the step of recovering the
solvent by name only is not sufficient for classification in
this subclass.
(2) Note. This subclass provides for the specific separation
of the mineral oil from the solvent, inferentially, solvent
is also recovered.
Subclass:
322
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein an organic compound is employed as the extracting
solvent medium.
Subclass:
323
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes in
which (1) the solvent initially comprises a mixture of
compound at least one of which is organic, or (2) a plurality
of solvents is added sequentially without any intervening
separation of the phases.
(1) Note. The added component may be an additive which
increases or decreases the solvent power of the primary
solvent and may be added to effect phase separation.
Subclass:
324
This subclass is indented under subclass 323. Processes
wherein an inorganic compound is employed in addition to the
organic component.
Subclass:
325
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein a heterocyclic compound is employed as a solvent.
Subclass:
326
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Processes
wherein the heterocyclic compound contains nitrogen in the
ring.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using pyridine or morpholine as the solvent.
Subclass:
327
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Processes
wherein the heterocyclic compound is furfural or a derivative
thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
325 for solvent fractionation of mineral oil which involve
the use of a furane type heterocyclic compound other than
furfural or derivative thereof.
Subclass:
328
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein a nonoxocarbonylic compound is employed as the
solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using carboxylic acids, salts or amides, not
classified above, as the solvent.
Subclass:
329
This subclass is indented under subclass 328. Processes
wherein the nonoxocarbonylic compound is an ester of a
carboxylic acid.
Subclass:
330
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein a nitrogen containing organic compound is employed as
a solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using nitro compounds or nitriles.
Subclass:
331
This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Processes
wherein the nitrogen containing organic compound includes an
amine group.
(1) Note. This subclass contains for example, extraction
processes using acyclic or carbocyclic amines, guanidines,
oximes and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Subclass:
332
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein an organic compound including an oxo group is
employed as a solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using aldehydes or ketones.
Subclass:
333
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein an organic compound including an oxy group is
employed as a solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using alcohols or alcoholates.
Subclass:
334
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes
wherein the oxy compound is an ether.
Subclass:
335
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes
wherein an aromatic oxy compound is employed.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using phenols or phenolates.
Subclass:
336
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein a halogen containing compound is employed as a
solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, etc.
Subclass:
337
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Processes
wherein a hydrocarbon is employed as a solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, extraction
processes using propane.
Subclass:
338
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
wherein liquid sulfur dioxide is employed as a solvent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
242 for processes for desulfurizing mineral oil in which
sulfur dioxide is employed.
Subclass:
339
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Processes
directed to the particular procedure for contacting a mineral
oil with liquid solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass is the collecting place for
manipulative techniques for solvent fractionation of mineral
oils. Processes involving some manipulative technique and
limited to the use of a solvent provided for above are
cross-referenced to this subclass if necessary.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
298 for processes of refining mineral oil involving some
particular liquid to liquid contacting procedure.
Subclass:
340
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Processes
including recovery of liquid mineral oils, e.g., gasoline,
from natural gases or from uncondensed gas-vapor mixtures
obtained from a mineral oil conversion operation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 95+ and particularly subclasses 100+ for mineral
oil conversion processes combined with the subsequent
separation of the vapor and liquid products.
310 for processes of recovering mineral oils from gas or
vapor involving the use of solid adsorbents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclasses
72+ for apparatus there provided for combined with means to
recover vapors or other substances from gases.
95, Gas Separation: Processes, for processes for separating
gases from mixtures of gases, liquids or solids. This and the
indented subclasses (340+) provide for processes wherein a
mineral oil is separated from a gas or vapor combined with
the recovery of the mineral oil as a product. Processes which
involve a gas separation procedure classifiable in Class 95
followed by the recovery of a mineral oil by name only, e.g.,
reciting only rectification, vacuum pressure or flash
distillation, are classified in Class 95. Processes wherein
the mineral oil recovery step includes any details thereof,
or includes some subsequent treatment of the separated
mineral oil are classified in Class 208.
62, Refrigeration, particularly subclasses 600+, 93+ and 272+
for processes and apparatus for separating vapors from gases
by refrigeration.
261, Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus, appropriate
subclasses, for gas scrubbing apparatus.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclasses 210+ for
purifying or separating gases by a chemical reaction.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, especially
subclasses 331+, 502+, and 709+ for condensation reactions of
hydrocarbon gases to produce oily liquids.
Subclass:
341
This subclass is indented under subclass 340. Processes
wherein a gas mineral oil vapor mixture is contacted with a
liquid (lean absorbent) which takes up or absorbs the mineral
oil vapors therefrom (becoming an enriched or rich absorbent)
combined with a specific step of vaporization to separate the
mineral oil from the rich absorbent.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 347+ for processes of distilling mineral oil.
Subclass:
342
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Processes
wherein the initial gas-vapor mixture is cooled to condense
desired fractions prior to the absorption step.
(1) Note. In the processes classified here, the fractional
condensation prior to absorption is carried out to remove
fractions boiling outside the range of the product desired or
to recover a condensate which may be used as the lean oil in
the absorption stage.
Subclass:
343
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Processes
wherein the lean absorbent is passed in indirect heat
exchange relationship with the rich absorbent.
(1) Note. The heat from the desorbed lean oil is used to
preheat or vaporize the rich oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
353 and 365, for heat exchange processes in the distillation
of mineral oils.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 134 for vaporizing
apparatus having means to preheat the incoming oil by the
heat of the vapors or unvaporized residue of distillation.
Subclass:
344
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Processes
wherein the gas-vapor mixture is subjected to a plurality of
separate absorption treatments.
Subclass:
345
This subclass is indented under subclass 344. Processes
wherein at least one of the absorption steps is under a
pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.
Subclass:
346
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Processes
wherein the absorption is carried out under a pressure
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Subclass:
347
This subclass is indented under subclass 308. Processes
wherein mineral oil mixtures are volatilized for the purpose
of recovering specific fractions from the vapors produced by
condensation.
(1) Note. The material to be distilled is called the
distilland and the products produced by condensation are
called the condensate or distillate. Unvaporized material
left in the still after vaporization has taken place is the
residue.
(2) Note. The absence of the volatilizing or condensing
steps from the process does not exclude the patent from this
and indented subclasses if it is evident or well known that
the process is designed to be used in connection with such
step.
(3) Note. This and indented subclasses (347+) take processes
of distillation of mineral oil, and patents are classified
herein if distillation of mineral oil is the only species
claimed or the only material disclosed. However, if
distillation of a nonmineral oil is also claimed, or
distillation of a nonmineral oil is disclosed with all claims
being generic to both a mineral oil and a nonmineral oil, the
patent is classified in Class 203, Distillation: Processes,
Separatory, and cross-referenced to Class 208.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 41+ for processes of preparing or recovering
asphalts, tars, pitches or resins by distillation.
subclasses 46+ for vaporizing processes wherein the mineral
oils are heated under conditions which chemically convert the
oil forming a modified mineral (e.g., reforming) or to coke.
subclasses 92+ for processes for distillation of mineral
oil combined with the subsequent chemical conversion
thereof.
subclasses 100+ for processes of chemical conversion of
mineral oil combined with subsequent separating mineral oil
vapors and liquid products by procedures including
distillation.
subclasses 184+ for processes of refining or purification
of used mineral oil including distillation treatments.
313 for processes of distilling mineral oil in the presence
of a solvent.
subclasses 341+ for processes of recovering mineral oils
from natural or converted gases by absorption combined with
distillation of the rich absorbent to recover mineral oil.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclasses 98-141 for
apparatus peculiar to the distillation of mineral oil.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for
distillation apparatus not otherwise provided for.
Subclass:
348
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein a nongaseous compound is added to the distilland
prior to or during the distillation.
(1) Note. The additive materials may aid the distillation,
per se, or prevent corrosion of the apparatus, or may be
volatilized during the distillation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
47 for process of converting mineral oil chemically wherein
nongaseous materials are added to the system to prevent
corrosion in the system.
125 through 127, for cracking processes wherein a
nongaseous, noncatalytic compound is added.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 6+, for
a distillation process in which a nongaseous material is
added to the distilland to inhibit corrosion and subclasses
50+ for a distillation process in which the nongaseous
material is added to the distilland to aid the distillation.
Subclass:
349
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the condensate or residue resulting from the
distillation, each constituting a liquid product, is
subjected to a nonvaporization treatment.
(1) Note. The nonvaporization treatment may include a
blending of any desired condensate fraction with other
condensate fractions or with the residue, filtering, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 39+, for
a distillation process including a disparate separation step
subsequent to the distillation step.
Subclass:
350
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
carried out in such a manner that vapor rising from the still
comes into contact with a descending condensed portion of
vapor previously evolved from the still.
(1) Note. In rectification processes the refluxing
condensate scrubs the higher boiling mineral oil constituents
from the vapor stream, and at the same time is itself
stripped of a portion of its content of low boiling mineral
oil constituents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclasses 153+ and 158+ for
distillation apparatus including a fractionating column.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, appropriate
subclass, for a separatory distillation process, and note
particularly, subclass 75, 82, 93, 94, 97, and 98 for a
distillation process in which a separated condensate is
returned to the distillation zone.
Subclass:
351
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein normally noncondensable aliphatic hydrocarbon
fractions having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms are removed from
the system.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
stabilizing gasoline or pressure distillates from a cracking
operation by the rectification treatment.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
342 for fractional condensation treatments of mineral oil
prior to an absorption treatment.
Subclass:
352
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein the distilland is heated under pressure high enough
to prevent ebullition and the heated distilland is then
introduced into a zone of lesser pressure resulting in the
volatilization of at least a portion of the distilland.
(1) Note. In flash vaporization, the distilland is usually
heated at a pressure above atmospheric and released into a
zone having a pressure less than atmospheric.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for flash vaporization processes in nonrectification
distillation processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 88 for a
flash distillation process.
Subclass:
353
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein one component being distilled is heated by indirect
contact with the same or another component of the process.
(1) Note. In the processes classified herein, the heat
exchange is usually between the hot residue and the incoming
distilland.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
343 for processes of recovering mineral oil from gases
including heat exchange between lean and rich absorbents.
365 for heat exchange in nonrectification distillation
processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 134 for apparatus for
distilling mineral oil having means to recover heat from the
vapor or residuum.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 21+
for a distillation process in which material being distilled
is heated by indirect contact with itself or some other
component in the process.
Subclass:
354
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein there are either two or more distinct rectification
zones or at least one rectification zone combined with at
least one nonrectification distillation zone.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 364+ for plural stages of non rectification
distillation processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 71+
for a distillation process including two or more distinct
distillation steps.
Subclass:
355
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Processes
wherein either the vapors, condensate and/or residue from a
later distillation zone is returned to an earlier
distillation zone.
(1) Note. In the processes classified herein, condensate may
be recycled as a diluent or a condensing medium; heated
residue may be recycled to effect reboiling of distilland in
the earlier stage; or vapor may be recycled to assist in
vaporizing and stripping of the lower boiling constituents
from the higher boiling constituents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 75, 78,
82, and 84, for a distillation process including the step of
returning a vapor, condensate and/or residue from a later
distillation zone to an earlier distillation zone.
Subclass:
356
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
carried out in the presence of an added gas or vapor to
effect volatilization of the distilland.
(1) Note. The gas or vapor, for example, may be added prior
to or during vaporization. Steam, carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
methane, fuel gas, and combustion gases are examples of gases
or vapors used in the processes classified herein, and may,
for example, be added to lower the partial pressure of the
volatile constituents permitting vaporization at lower
temperatures.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 128+ for cracking processes wherein vapors are
added to the mineral oil being heated prior to or during the
cracking.
subclasses 362+ for nonrectification distillation processes
carried out in the presence of an added gas or vapor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 126 and 127 for
mineral oil vaporizing apparatus having means to inject gases
or vapors into the vaporizing zone.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 49 for a
convective distillation process and subclasses 76, 79, 83,
85, 92+, and 95+ for a distillation process in which steam is
added.
Subclass:
357
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein the rectification zone is under a pressure greater or
less than atmospheric pressure.
(1) Note. The use of pressures varying from atmospheric
changes the relative volatility of the components of the
distilland which may lower the boiling point of the
respective components of the mixture thereby increasing the
ease of separation of the components of the distilland.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 114 for vaporizers
adapted to distill mineral oil under reduced pressure.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 73+
and 91+ for a distillation process utilizing pressure or
vacuum.
Subclass:
358
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Processes
wherein condensate or residue is returned to the
rectification zone after having been removed therefrom to
assist in the vaporization process.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 98 for a
distillation process including the step of returning a
condensate or a residue to the distillation zone and note
"SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS" and "SEARCH CLASS" thereunder.
Subclass:
359
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the distilland is sprayed into the vaporization
zone.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 128 for vaporizing
apparatus having means to introduce the mineral oil as a
spray into the vaporizing zone.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclass 236 for distillation
apparatus having means to spray the feed.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 90 for a
process of spraying the feed into the distillation zone.
239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, appropriate
subclasses for the spraying device, per se.
Subclass:
360
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the distilland is introduced into the vaporization
zone by spreading it as a thin film over a surface.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 128 for mineral oil
vaporizing apparatus having means to spread the oil as a film
into the vaporizing zone.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclass 236 for distillation
apparatus having means to spread the feed in the form of a
film.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 72 and 89
for a distillation process of spreading the distilland as a
thin film over a surface.
Subclass:
361
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the distilland is heated under pressure high enough
to prevent ebullition and the heated distilland is then
introduced into a zone of lesser pressure resulting in the
volatilization of at least a portion of the distilland.
(1) Note. In flash vaporization, the distilland is usually
heated at a pressure above atmospheric and released into a
zone having a pressure less than atmospheric.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
352 for processes of rectifying mineral oils including flash
vaporization.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 88 for a
separatory distillation process of heating the distilland
under pressure high enough to prevent ebullition and the
distilland is then introduced into a zone of lesser
pressure.
Subclass:
362
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein a gas or vapor is employed to effect volatilization
of the distilland.
(1) Note. The gas or vapor, for example, may be added prior
to or during vaporization. Steam, carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
methane, fuel gas, and combustion gases are examples of gases
or vapors used in the processes classified herein, and may,
for example, be added to lower the partial pressure of the
volatile constituents permitting vaporization at lower
temperatures.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for processes of obtaining tars and pitches by distilling
tars in the presence of hot gases (e.g., coal gases).
subclasses 128+ for cracking processes wherein vapors are
added to the mineral oil being heated prior to or during
cracking.
356 for processes of rectifying mineral oil in the presence
of an added gas or vapor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 126 and 127 for
mineral oil vaporizing apparatus having means to inject gases
or vapors into the vaporizing zone.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 49 for a
convective distillation processes and subclasses 76, 79, 83,
85, 92+, and 95+ for a distillation process in which steam is
added.
Subclass:
363
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Processes
wherein the added vapor is steam.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
348 for mineral oil distillation processes wherein water has
been added and which may be vaporized during distillation.
Subclass:
364
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the vaporization is carried out in a plurality of
separate and distinct zones.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 354+ for processes including a plurality of
vaporization zones, at least one of which is a rectification
zone.
Subclass:
365
This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Processes
wherein the distilland is heated by indirect contact with a
heated product of the distillation from the same or from a
different stage of vaporization.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
343 for processes of recovering mineral oil from gases
including heat exchange between lean and rich absorbents.
353 for rectification processes which include indirect heat
exchange.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 134 for apparatus for
distilling mineral oil having means to recover heat from the
vapor or residuum.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, subclasses 14+
for a thermolytic distillation process wherein the distilland
is heated by indirect contact with a heated product of the
distillation process.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 21+
for a separatory distillation process wherein the distilland
is heated by indirect contact with a heated product of a
distillation step.
Subclass:
366
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the vaporization zone is under a pressure greater or
less than atmospheric pressure.
(1) Note. The use of pressures varying from atmospheric
changes the relative volatility of the components of the
distilland which may lower the boiling point of the
respective components of the mixture thereby increasing the
ease of separation of the components of the distilland.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 114 for vaporizers
adapted for distilling mineral oil under reduced pressure.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclasses 91+, for
a distillation process in which the distillation zone is
under pressure or vacuum.
Subclass:
367
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the distilland is kept in motion as by stirring
during vaporization.
(1) Note. The agitation of the distilland during
vaporization improves the circulation and helps prevent
undesirable deposits from forming.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
48 for chemical conversion processes wherein carbon
accumulations are prevented from forming on the equipment.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, subclass 112 for rotary
mineral oil stills and subclass 123 for mineral oil
vaporizing apparatus having means to circulate or agitate the
oil.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, subclass 31 and
33 for a process of thermolytic distillation in which the
solid distilland is agitated.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclass 175 and 265 for
distillation apparatus having means to agitate the
distilland.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, subclass 20 for a
distillation process in which the distilland is agitated to
inhibit foaming and subclass 89 for a distillation apparatus
in which the distilland film is agitated.
366, Agitating, appropriate subclass, for the agitating
devices.
Subclass:
368
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
wherein the volatiles are condensed by direct heat exchange
with a coolant (there being direct vapor or gas-liquid
contact).
(1) Note. Water or mineral oil condensate may be coolants
used to condense volatiles.
Subclass:
369
This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Processes
involving some noncondensation treatment of the volatiles
evolved during the distillation.
(1) Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of
filtering or heating the volatiles or utilizing them in some
manner in the distillation operation.
Subclass:
370
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes not provided for in any other subclass.
(1) Note. Included herein are miscellaneous treatments of
mineral oils during transportation not provided for in any
other class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, particularly subclass 13 for processes
of improving the flow characteristics of fluids by addition
of material or energy.
507, Earth Boring, Well Treating, and Oil Field Chemistry,
subclass 90 for compositions and processes for preventing
contaminant deposits in petroleum oil conduits.
Subclass:
390
TAR SAND TREATMENT WITH LIQUID:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject
matter in which tar sand is contacted with a liquid material,
ordinarily to dissolve or melt out the tar from the sand.
Subclass:
391
Inorgnic (only) liquid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 390. Subject matter
in which the liquid is inorganic, usually water.
(1) Note. Treatment with a solvent mixture containing any
organic diluent or adjuvant in admixture with water is
classified in subclass 390.
(2) Note. A multistep extraction procedure is classified in
this subclass only when each extraction step uses an
inorganic liquid only.
Subclass:
400
BY TREATMENT OF SOLID MINERAL, E.G., COAL LIQUEFACTION,
ETC.:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process
wherein a liquid oily or tarlike hydrocarbonaceous mixture is
recovered from a solid mineral material feed, such as coal,
diatomite, oil shale, tar sand, etc.
(1) Note. Included herein are processes which may be
considered merely "physical" such as removal of
hydrocarbonaceous liquids from tar sands or shale by melting
as well as digestion, pyrolysis or other chemical conversions
of such solids to obtain mineral oils.
(2) Note. The solid feedstock material may be in a form big
enough to be handled as individual pieces of solids, or may
be in particulate form, so that it is handled as fluent
solids, or may be solid particles slurried in a liquid or
gas.
(3) Note. The designation of the feed by a term which
usually implies a solid, e.g., "coal", "oil shale", "tar
sands", etc., is sufficient basis to classify a patent in
this or an indented subclass; however, it should be noted
that a feedstock referred to as "shale oil", "coal liquids",
etc., is not a solid and is provided for elsewhere in the
class.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 39+ for asphalt treatment including the
treatment of solid natural asphalts found in substantially
pure condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses for
a solid product which is coke or modified coal, especially
subclasses 620+ for a miscellaneous coal-treating process
or a product thereof. A process for producing such a solid
product from coal, whether or not also produced, is also
classified in Class 44 if the process in not suitable for
classification in Class 201. Where a patent has a claim
suitable for placement in Class 44 and another claim for
Class 208, it is placed as as original in Class 44 and
cross-referenced to this class (208).
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, subclasses 197+ for a
fuel gas composition and/or a process for manufacture thereof
not elsewhere provided for. Where a solid mineral material is
treated to recover a solid fuel product, the product is
classified in Class 44 and the process is classified in Class
44 or Class 201, as appropriate, whether or not recoverable
liquid or solid materials are produced. Where a solid mineral
material is treated to produce a liquid hydrocarbon mixture,
the product is classified in this class (208) and the process
also is classified in this class, whether or not a
recoverable fuel gas is also produced. However, a patent
having a Class 48 product claim and a Class 208 process claim
is classified in Class 48 and cross-referenced to Class 208.
62, Refrigeration, subclasses 600+ for the extraction, per
se, of a component from a mixture of gases by liquefaction
and separation.
166, Wells, subclasses 244+ for a process of recovering
fluid materials or hydrocarbons converted to the fluid state
from wells, especially subclasses 256+ for processes
involving in situ combustion, subclasses 272.1+ for processes
involving injection and producing wells and heating the
formation and subclass 302 for miscellaneous processes
involving heating.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate
subclasses for a process wherein a solid carboneaceous
feedstock is subjected to pyrolysis and a solid coke or char
is produced as recoveable product, whether or not a liquid
mineral-oil-lide product is also produced. Where in all the
claims of such a patent any char which is produced by
pyrolysis is burned as fuel in the process etc., the patent
is classified as an original in Class 208 and
cross-referenced to Class 201, where desired.
202, Distillation: Apparatus, subclasses 91+, 96+, 211+, and
217+ for apparatus for the pyrlolytic conversion of solids to
coke where there is no subsequent treatment of the carbon
product to form a mineral oils.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material,
subclass 2 for tunnel recovery of fluid mineral, and
subclasses 3+ for in situ conversion of solid material other
than hydocarbon to fluid for recovery.
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or
Recovery of Products Thereof, appropriate subclass for a
process wherein a organic compound or mixture or organic
compounds is produced by the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide.
A patent claim to a multi-step process where the carbon oxide
which is hydrogenated is produced from a solid mineral is
classified in Class 518 when all of the liquid product
follows the route: Solid to carbon oxide to liquid
hydrocarbon, but is classified in this class (208) when at
least some of the liquid product is not derived from carbon
oxide.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, subclasses 240+
for the production of a mineral-oil-like mixture from wood or
solid nonmineral refuse, other appropriate subclasses for the
production of named specific hydrocarbon compounds, and
subclass 943 for a collection of patents concerning
conversion of coal or char to a specific hydrocarbon
compound.
Subclass:
401
Including a test or measurement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which the process includes a step of testing or measuring
any parameter involved in the procedure.
(1) Note. Merely abiding by a specified parameter, e.g.,
operating at a prescribed temperature range in performing the
process, is not considered measuring or testing.
(2) Note. Included in the subclass are those processes
wherein a step is controlled in response to the result of a
test or measurement.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses, for
certain measuring and testing processes, per se, and the
notes to the main class definition thereof for the locus of
other measuring and testing processes.
Subclass:
402
Using electrical, magnetic or wave energy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
which includes a step of (1) passing an electric current
directly through a feedstock, intermediate, product or other
material used in process or (2) subjecting any material in
the process to an electric or magnetic field or (3), directly
applying radiant energy to the material.
(1) Note. The energy employed must be applied directly to
the material as part of the total process (including
pretreatment or posttreatrment).
(2) Note. Where the electrical energy is not applied
directly to the material, but is used to generate heat energy
that is transferred to the material before, during or after
the operation, see other subclasses of this class.
(3) Note. The wave energy applied to the work may be light,
sonic, ultrasonic, emanations of radioactive material,
infrared rays, ion bombardment, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 155+
for chemical production of a compound or element by
electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field, subclasses
157.15+ for wave energy treatment involving chemical
reaction, subclasses 164+ for chemical treatment of a
compound or element by an electrostatic field or electrical
discharge, subclasses 513+ for electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic separation or purification of a hydrocarbon
oil, and subclasses 559+ for electrostatic separation or
purification of a liquid hydrocarbon.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses
for electrolytic treatment of a mineral oil.
219, Electric Heating, subclasses 600+ for inductive
heating, subclasses 678+ for microwave heating, and
subclasses 764+ for capacitive dielectric heating.
250, Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for general
utilization of ray energy in all forms.
Subclass:
403
Chemical modification of solids before hydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
including a hydrogenation step and a step, upstream of the
hydrogenation, in which a solid feed to the process undergoes
a partial chemical reaction, which does not change the
essential nature of the feed; e.g., coal may be deoxgenated
or desulfurized, but it is not solublized or converted to
coke.
(1) Note. A step of hydrogenation is any chemical conversion
step specified as being performed in the presence of free
hydrogen or a compound specified as being a hydrogen donor.
(2) Note. Mere removal of chemically nonbound water is not
considered to be a chemical modification for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, subclasses 620+ for
chemical modification of coal, per se, without liquefaction.
Subclass:
404
Using molten additive, e.g., heat carrier, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
having a step wherein a heated liquid material is added to a
feedstock, an intermediate or a product of the process, which
material is a solid at normal temperature and pressure.
Subclass:
405
Molten catalyst:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter
wherein the heated liquid material is a reaction promoter or
retarder other than a reactant, a solvent or other dispersing
agent.
Subclass:
406
Halide-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 405. Subject matter
in which the catalyst contains a compound of F, Cl, Br, I or
At.
Subclass:
407
Specified agitation or circulation in gas contact zone:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
including a step o contaction a solid or liquid with a gas,
wherein the circulation pattern of the solid or liquid during
the gas contacting, e.g., countercurrent flow, etc., is
claimed or in which the solid or liquid moves in a particular
way, e.g., horizontally, etc., while being contacted.
(1) Note. A claim that the contact takes place in a contact
apparatus having a particular orientation, for example, a
"horizontal contactor" usually is enough for placement in
this subclass.
Subclass:
408
Gas includes hydrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein a gas containing elemental hydrogen, added to the
process, is present in the gas contact zone.
(1) Note. The presence of hydrogen gas normally produced
during retorting operation is not sufficient fo replacement
of a patent in this subclass.
Subclass:
409
Vertical gas upflow, e.g., fluidization, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
in which the gas moves vertically upward in the contact
zone.
(1) Note. The movement of solid or liquid may be concurrent
with or countercurrent to the movement of the gas.
(2) Note. A mere statement in a claim that fluidization
occurs is sufficient for placement in this subclass.
Subclass:
410
Using solid heat carrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Subject matter
in which a solid material is used to provide heat to the feed
or to an intermediate in the process by direct contact.
(1) Note. The solid material may be catalytic or inert,
insofar as it provides direct contact heat.
(2) Note. The mere burning of a solid material is usually
not sufficient for classification in this subclass unless it
comes into direct contact with the feedstock to be heated.
(3) Note. The heat carrier may comprise solids produced in
the process which are removed from a feedstock treatment zone
and recycled to the same zone, with or without an
intermediate increase in the heat content of the solids.
Subclass:
411
Employing solid heat carrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
in which a solid material is used to provide heat by direct
contact with the feed or and intermediate in the process.
(1) Note. The solid material may be catalytic or inert,
insofar as it provides direct contact heat.
(2) Note. The mere burning of a solid material is usually
not sufficient for classification in this subclass unless it
comes into direct contact with the feedstock to be heated.
Subclass:
412
Plural hydrogenation steps:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which a feedstock is subjected to more that one
hydrogenation treatment during the process.
(1) Note. The plurality of the steps may be characterized by
a completely desparate nature of the steps, e.g., one step
being a treatment with gaseous hydrogen, another being a
hydrogen, another being a hydrogen donor treatment, or the
difference in the steps may be a mere claimed change in
hydrogenation condition, e.g., a change in temperature,
pressure, concentration of reactants, etc.
(2) Note. Both hydrogenation must be applied to a material
which is taken off as a product of the process, whether one
or both hydrogenations are applied to only the product
fraction, the entire feedstock or any product stream
therebetween.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
416 for a process wherein a recycle stream is hydrogenated.
Subclass:
413
Solid catalyst in at least one step:
This subclass is indented under subclass 412. Subject matter
in which the claimed hydrogenation conditions of at least one
step include the presence of a solid material disclosed as
being a catalyst.
Subclass:
414
With hydrogen production from water:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
having a step wherein hydrogen contained in water is
converted to free hydrogen.
(1) Note. The water may be in any form, e.g., steam, water
of hydration, etc.
(2) Note. Often the water is contacted at an elevated
temperature with CO or the coke or char formed by pyrolysis
of part or all of the solid feedstock.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
48, Gas: Heating and Illuminating, subclasses 204+ for a
process of making a so-called "water gas" mixture.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 647.7 for a
process, per se, of making elemental hydrogen.
Subclass:
415
Including contact of feed with liquid produced in the
process, i.e., recycle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein material derived from the solid feed is withdrawn
from a later stage of the process and contacted, at an
earlier stage of the process, with the solid feed to the
process or with other feed-derived material.
Subclass:
416
With discrete hydrogenation of recycle stream:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter
in which the material removed from the process stream for
recycle is hydrogenated, apart form the main process stream.
Subclass:
417
Recycle of bottoms (resid):
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter
in which a distillation is performed upon an intermediate
mixture in the process, and the nonvaporized portion from the
distillation operation is recycled.
Subclass:
418
Including contact with hydrogen gas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter
wherein hydrogen gas, pure or in admixture with other gases
is present in the reactor during or after the contaction with
the recycle stream.
Subclass:
419
Using specifically added catalyst during hydrogenation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which the process conditions for hydrogenation include the
presence of a material claimed as a catalyst, added to the
hydrogenation zone from a source other than the solid feed
material.
(1) Note. The presence in the hydrogenation zone of
feed-stock derived material such as sand from tar sand, char
from pyrolysis, etc., does not indicate classification in
this subclass, even when such material is described as having
catalytic activity.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
405 for a process which uses a molten catalyst.
Subclass:
420
Dissolved or suspended-thermally-decomposable catalyst,
component or precursor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 419. Subject matter
in which the catalyst, a component thereof, or a precursor
thereof is dissolved in the reaction mixture or in which the
reaction mixture contains in suspension a catalyst component
or catalyst precursor which will decompose under the elevated
temperature conditions of the reaction.
Subclass:
421
Containing Group VI transition metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 419. Subject matter
in which the catalyst contains one or more of chromium,
molybdenum or tungsten in free or combined form.
Subclass:
422
And Group VIII metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 421. Subject matter
in which the catalyst contains one or more of cobalt, iron or
nickel, or a platinum group metal, in free or combined form,
in addition to the Group VI transition metal.
Subclass:
423
Containing Group VIII metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 419. Subject matter
in which the catalyst contains one or more of cobalt, iron or
nickel, or a platinum group metal (Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, or
Os), in free or combined form.
Subclass:
424
Specified procedure to improve separation of solids from
liquid product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which a procedure, more than mere "separation" is claimed
for removal of solids from the liquid product of the
process.
Subclass:
425
Including centrifugation, filtering, flotation or vibration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Subject matter
wherein the specified procedure includes the use of
centrifugal force, shaking, or the attachment of gas bubbles
to a solid, or the passage of liquid through a septum which
holds back solids of a certain size.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for a process which involves the use of sonic or
supersonic vibrations.
Subclass:
426
Including agglomeration, comminution or size-classification
of solids:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein a step segregates solids in the stream into different
locations, based upon difference in size, causes solid
particles to join to provide larger-size particles, or breaks
particles into smaller-size particles.
(1) Note. The step may take place before, during or after
the chemical or physical processing of the solid feedstock.
Subclass:
427
Including burning of feed or product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
in which the solid feed or a portion thereof, or a portion of
the product, is combusted with oxygen or oxygen-containing
material for any purpose.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, subclass 428
for a process of cooling solids by mere contact with a gas,
that is, a quenching process, per se.
166, Wells, subclasses 256+ for a method of underground
combustion of carbonaceous materials.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material,
subclasses 3+ for a method of in situ conversion of a solid
material to a fluid.
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or
Recovery of Products Thereof, appropriate subclass for a
generalized hydrogenative conversion of a carbon oxide to a
hydrocarbon mixture.
Subclass:
428
Including contact with extraneous additive other than
hydrogen, e.g. solvent, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
wherein the feed material, an intermediate material, or a
product mixture is contacted with a substance, other than
hydrogen, brought in from outside the process.
(1) Note. The substance may be disclosed as a catalyst, a
solvent, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
415 for a process having a step of liquid recycle.
Subclass:
429
Distinct addition zones:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
in which additive comes into contact with feedstock in a
plurality of distinct contact zones.
(1) Note. The same additive may be employed in each
contacting zone.
(2) Note. An extraction which occurs in a contacting zone
may extract or dissolve desired hydrocarbon fractions or may
be a mere washing or leaching of inorganic components, etc.
Subclass:
430
Contact with an additive, followed by chemical conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein a chemical conversion step is performed after a feed
or intermediate is contacted with an additive, e.g., mixing
followed by conversion, extraction followed by conversion of
extract, etc.
(1) Note. Examples of Chemical conversions are cracking,
coking, etc.
(2) Note. The chemical conversion may take place in the same
chamber to which the additive is added, provided that the
conversion is downstream of the contacting step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
427 for a process which includes combustion of feed or
product.
Subclass:
431
Specified hydrogen-donor solvent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
including contact with a solvent compound or mixture of
compounds which can be oxidized by contact with the
hydrogenatable feed or intermediate.
(1) Note. It is not necessary that the solvent material be
expressly claimed as a hydrogen donor solvent as long as it
is understood to provide a hydrogenation function.
Subclass:
432
With specified circulation procedure in contact zone:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein a specified agitation or circulation pattern,
maintained by a fluid within a single contact zone, is
claimed, or in which the location of streams associated with
the contact zone are defined to establish a specific
circulation pattern, e.g., use of a rotating kiln, etc.
Subclass:
433
Simultaneous treatment with gaseous additive and liquid
solvent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein a normally liquid solvent and a normally gaseous
additive come into direct contact with the feed or
intermediate material in a single zone.
(1) Note. "Normal" conditions are usually based upon normal
operating conditions of the process involved. When such
process conditions are not stipulated (i.e., temperature,
pressure) normal conditions are taken to be at standard
conditions (i.e., 25 deg. C, 1 atom pressure).
(2) Note. The gas may be hydrogen-containing gas.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
418 for a process wherein a feed-stock is contacted with
hydrogen and a solvent produced in the process and recycled
from a late stage, in the same zone or different zones.
Subclass:
434
Additive is petroleum or fraction from petroleum refining:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein crude or refined mineral oil from an outside source
is mixed with the solid feed to the process or with an
intermediate or product derived from the solid feed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 415+ for contact of the feed with a fraction
from its own refining.
Subclass:
435
Additive is specified catalyst or liquid solvent or
dispersant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
in which the additive is claimed to be a catalyst for a
chemical reaction or a liquid which is claimed to dissolve or
disperse at least one other material in the process.
CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS
Subclass:
950
PROCESSING OF FISCHER-TROPSCH CRUDE:
Collection of documents drawn to chemical conversion,
fractionation, refining, etc., of hydrocarbonaceous
feedstocks produced by the hydrogenation of carbon oxides.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or
Recovery of Products Thereof, subclasses 900+ for
hydrogenation of carbon oxides, per se, especially subclasses
723+ for such process combined with a further treatment.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate
subclasses for the production of a specific hydrocarbon from
a Fischer-Tropsch crude feedstock.
Subclass:
951
SOLID FEED TREATMENT WITH A GAS OTHER THAN AIR, HYDROGEN OR
STEAM:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Collection of
patents in which a solid carbonaceous material feedstock of
the type of ... is treated with a gas or gaseous mixture
containing other than air hydrogen or steam, e.g., H2S, CO,
CH4, etc., alone or admixed with each other or another gas.
Subclass:
952
SOLID FEED TREATMENT UNDER SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS:
Collection of patents in which a solid hydrocarbonaceous
mineral of the type of subclasses 390+ or 400+ is treated to
remove mineral oil therefrom, or to convert solid materials
therein to mineral oil-like mixture by the use, in any step
of the treatment, of a treating gas in its supercritical
stated. The treating agent may be a liquid, solid or gas at
normal conditions, but the treatment conditions must include
temperature near the critical temperature of the extractant.
Under such conditions, the gaseous agent can not be liquified
at any pressure, although the fluid density may be increased
significantly by applying sufficient pressure. The agent need
not necessarily be a solvent for the hydrocarbonaceous
materials at normal conditions. The treatment may be designed
to produce any sort of chemical, physical or physico-chemical
result.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000