LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Class 205 is an integral part of Class 204. It incorporates all the definitions and rules as to subject matter of Class 204.
Class 205 is an integral part of Class 204 (placed at the top of the schedule) and follows the schedule hierarchy, retaining all pertinent definitions and class lines of Class 204.

ELECTROLYSIS INVOLVING ACTINIDE SERIES ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
(AT. NO. 89+) (PRODUCT, PROCESS, COMPOSITION, AND METHOD OF PREPARING COMPOSITION):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the processes involve the electrolysis of, or upon, an actinide element or compound thereof.
(1) Note. The product of the electrolytic process may be an element or compound other than an actinide series element or compound.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, 393 for the chemical production of free actinide series metal.
148, Metal Treatment, subclass 132 for processes involving heat treatment of the actinide series metal.
420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, 2 for the chemical production of actinide base alloys.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 3 and 249+ for nonelectrolytic processes of forming actinide series elements or compounds.
534, Organic Compounds -- Part of the Class 532-570 Series, 11 for nonelectrolytic processes of forming organic compounds of actinide series elements.

Plutonium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein the actinide series element is plutonium or a compound thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, 396 for the production of free plutonium metal.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 251 for nonelectrolytic processes of forming plutonium compound.

Thorium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein the actinide series element is thorium or a compound thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, 394 for the production of free thorium metal.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 252 for nonelectrolytic processes of forming thorium compound.

Uranium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein the actinide series element is uranium or a compound thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, 398 for the production of free uranium metal.
420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, subclass 3 for the chemical production of uranium base alloys.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 253 for nonelectrolytic processes of forming uranium compound.

Utilizing fused bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic process is carried out in an electrolytic medium consisting of a substance or combination or mixture of substances which are heated above ordinary, normal room temperature during a process in order to bring the substance or substances to a fluid or liquid condition (e.g., a molten bath, etc.).

Involving electrolytic coating, etching, or polishing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the process includes an electrolytic coating or etching or polishing step.

Uranium containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein a uranium containing compound is produced.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 253 for nonelectrolytic processes of preparing uranium compound.

Product produced by electrolysis involving electrolytic marking, battery electrode active material forming, electroforming or electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a product is made by the process of electrolytic marking, utilizing electrolysis to form battery electrode active material, electroforming or electrolytic coating with the following exception: products which form two or more contiguous metallic layers (see Class 428).

Superconductor preparation involving electrolytic marking, electroforming or electrolytic coating, or composition therefor:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein an article described as a superconductor is prepared utilizing electrolytic marking, electroforming, or electrolytic coating.

Electrolytic marking or composition therefor:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for the development of successive marks, letters, designs and the like, upon a surface or within the body of a carrier, wherein electrical impulses from an
electrode are employed to create by electrolysis, at selected areas, different colors, shades, or shapes resulting in the desired symbol (e.g., electroprinting, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass also includes compositions, not elsewhere provided for, particularly adapted to carry out the processes herein included.
(2) Note. It is the general rule of classification to classify a process of preparing a composition along with the composition. In these circumstances where only a process of preparing a composition is claimed and there is no claim to a composition, the claims would be classified identically as if there were a composition claimed.
(3) Note. The symbols must consist of a series successively formed, otherwise the process will be found in this class, subclass 118 and indented subclasses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
178, Telegraphy, subclass 62 for chemical or electrical methods of recording messages transmitted by current impulses other than by electrolysis and apparatus for carrying out such processes including those involving electrolysis.
346, Recorders, appropriate subclasses for apparatus involving similar processes and peculiarly adapted to record the movements of instruments, machines, and the like.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, 296 for processes and apparatus specialized for formation of optical facsimiles wherein the image is developed by electrolysis or other electrical modes or by chemical changes.
386, Television Signal Processing for Dynamic Recording or Reproducing, subclass 127 for television recording having thermoplastic record.

Utilizing inorganic color forming material other than carbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter wherein an inorganic color-forming material other than carbon is utilized.
(1) Note. Where the mark is produced by reaction or complex formation between an organic compound and an inorganic material electrolytically released (e.g., iodine, etc.) the subject matter is placed here.

Utilizing organic color-forming material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter wherein an organic color-forming material is utilized.

Heterocyclic color-forming material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the organic color-forming material contains a heterocyclic ring.

Hydroxyl or carboxyl group-containing color- forming material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the organic color-forming material contains a hydroxyl (OH) or carboxyl (COOH) group.

Utilizing electrolysis to form battery electrode active material or composition therefor:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein battery electrode active material is formed or deposited utilizing electrolysis and compositions used for such electrolysis.

Organic active material other than organic metal salt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material is organic and not an organic metal salt.

Group IA metal-containing active material (e.g., Li, Na, K, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains a metal from group IA of the Periodic Table of Elements (e.g., Li, Na, K, etc.) as an essential constituent.

Nickel-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains nickel as an essential constituent.

Cadmium-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Subject matter wherein the active material also contains cadmium as an essential ingredient.

Cadmium-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains cadmium as an essential constituent.

Lead-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains lead as an essential constituent.

Zinc-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains zinc as an essential constituent.

Silver-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains silver as an essential constituent.

Iron- or tin-containing active material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Subject matter wherein the active material contains iron or tin as an essential constituent.

Electroforming or composition therefor:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving the reproduction or formation of objects by electrodeposition in which the deposit does not remain with the base upon which deposition is made and compositions therefor.
(1) Note. Subsequent process steps of separation from the base, backing up the deposit and conventional steps such as washing, drying and the like are included here when in combination with the electrodeposition step or steps.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 471 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or forming of an object and subclasses 192.1+ for processes of forming objects by sputtering.

Recording device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein recordings or records and record matrices or molds are produced (e.g., sound recordings, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes, within the class definition, for shaping or moulding plastic materials.
In particular, see 106 pertaining to forming sound grooves in records.

Printing plate or electrotype:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein printing plates or electrotypes are produced.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
68 for processes of reproducing to form dies and molds useful in the preparation of records.
72 for processes sometimes referred to as electrotyping, which result in the production of decorative plaques or lettered plates not used in printing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
101, Printing, subclass 401.1 and indented subclasses for processes in general for making printing members.

Mold, mask, or masterform:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein molds, masks, or masterforms are produced.

Mirror or reflector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein mirrors or reflectors are produced.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
116 for processes for the preparation of mirror and reflectors wherein the metal coat remains on the deposition base.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 838 for processes of making mirrors and reflectors not provided for in a particular process class.

Ornamental article:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein ornamental articles are produced.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
69 and 70, for the preparation of printing plates, molds, or masterforms to be used in the formation of decorative designs on other objects.
120 for the preparation of designs on a base wherein the electrolytic coat remains on the base when finished.

Roll, ring, or hollow body:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein rolls, rings, or hollow bodies are produced.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
76 for processes wherein rings or rolls are formed, stripped and cut to make sheets or strips.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, for diverse manufacturing and metal working processes in general for producing hollow articles, see especially 1.2, 435, 454, 455.1, 463, 888+, 889.72+, 890.03+, 890.06, 890.08, 890.12+, 890.14+, 895+, and 899.1.
492, Roll or Roller, for a roll, per se, not elsewhere provided for, and see the notes thereunder.

Powder, flakes, or colloidal particles:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein the objects formed are powder, flakes, or colloidal particles.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions,
dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Perforated or foraminous article:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein the objects formed are perforated or foraminous.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
150 for the formation of permanent coats on predominantly single metal or alloy perforated or foraminous substrates.
161 for the formation of permanent coats on predominantly nonmetal perforated or foraminous substrates.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 596 for metallic stock material having an aperture or cut.

Sheet, web, wire, or filament:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein the object produced is a sheet, web, wire, or filament.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
74 for the production of films by electroforming with subsequent reduction to flakes, etc., subclass 75 for production of perforated or foraminous sheets or webs, and subclasses 138 and 152+ for formation of permanent coats on sheets, webs, wires, or filaments.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclass 150 and 151 for laminating processes combined with a Class 204 coating step.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 544 for stock material which is all metal or has adjacent metal components, especially subclasses 606+ for foils and filaments smaller than 6 mils.

Of indeterminate length:
This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Subject matter wherein the sheets, webs, wires, or filaments formed are of indeterminate length.
(1) Note. Generally this subclass, as distinguished from the preceding one, includes processes in which the article is produced continuously; however, it is not restricted to such but includes all processes resulting in the formation of such articles of no defined length.

Electrical product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein the product produced is described as having utility as an electrical element.

Optical element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Subject matter wherein the product produced is described as having utility as an optical element.

Electrolytic coating (process, composition and method of preparing composition):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process directed to the formation or deposition by an electrolytic action of a permanent coating material or materials upon a base, electrolyte compositions therefor and methods of making said electrolyte compositions.
(1) Note. It is intended by the phrase "permanent coating" to include those coatings which remain part of the finished article as distinguished from those coatings which are stripped from a base as provided for in subclass 67, and indented subclasses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 471 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or forming of an object and subclasses 192.12+ for glow discharge sputter deposition (e.g., cathode sputtering, etc.).

Involving measuring, analyzing, or testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the process includes a step of measuring, analyzing, or testing.

Controlling coating process in response to measured or detected parameter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating process is controlled in response to a measured or detected parameter thereof or of a characteristic of the electrolytic coating formed.

Parameter is current, current density, or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter wherein the parameter measured or detected is the current, current density, or voltage of the electrolytic coating process.

Parameter is thickness, weight, or composition of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter wherein the characteristic measured, analyzed, or tested is the thickness, weight, or composition of the electrolytic coating.

Displacement or replacement coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a coating is formed on a substrate by the phenomenon usually known as displacement or replacement plating wherein a more active metal part of the surface of an object is dissolved and replaced by a less active metal coating derived from a bath composition.

Employing internal battery action during coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electric current is self-generated and without the use of an external power source.

Simultaneous deplating and plating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a coating is electrolytically deposited or formed on an article while simultaneously electrolytically removing a coating therefrom.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include periodic reversal electroplating wherein plating and deplating occur sequentially.

Utilizing subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure during coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating process is performed under a subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure which means a pressure other than the normal atmospheric pressure in the surrounding atmosphere.

Utilizing magnet or magnetic field during coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a magnet or magnetic field is used during the electrolytic coating process.

Ferromagnetic material deposited:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter wherein a ferromagnetic material is electrolytically deposited under the influence of a magnetic field.

Utilizing electromagnetic wave energy during coating (e.g., visible light, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic action is supplemented by the application of electromagnetic wave energy.

Energy produced by laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter wherein the electromagnetic wave energy is provided by a laser.

Contacting coating as it forms with solid member or material other than electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the coating is simultaneously contacted by solid material or a solid member other than an electrode as it is formed (e.g., simultaneous electroplating and honing, simultaneous electroplating and burnishing, etc.).

Utilizing mist prevention:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein misting of the electrolyte is prevented by, for example, the use of chemical additives or by physical means
(e.g., foaming means, particles floating on the bath, etc.).

Coating has specified thickness variation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating is carried out in such a manner that the coating is deliberately nonuniform in thickness.

Controlling current distribution within bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic process is carried out with means present or with control thereof such that a desired current distribution is maintained on the article being coated.

Shaped counterelectrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein a shaped counterelectrode is used to control the current distribution on the article being coated (e.g., a counterelectrode matching the profile of the article being coated, etc.).

Treating process fluid by means other than agitation or heating or cooling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein fluids used in the process (e.g., electrolytes, rinse water, effluents, etc.) are physically, electrically, or chemically treated (e.g., recovery of chemicals, purification, effluent discharge, etc.).

Purifying electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte is purified by removing or
inactivating contaminants or interferents therefrom (e.g., dummying, ion exchange, precipitation, filtering, activated carbon treatment, complexation, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, for processes of chemical or physical purification of liquids in general.

Treating rinse solution (e.g., rinse water, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the process fluid treated is a rinse solution (e.g., recovery and reuse of rinse water, recovery of plating chemicals from rinse water, etc.).

Regenerating or maintaining electrolyte (e.g., self-regulating bath, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte ingredients are regenerated or maintained to optimum condition (e.g., self-regulating bath, recirculation of electrolyte through metal pieces to supply metal ions for plating, etc.).

Depositing predominantly single metal or alloy coating on single metal or alloy using specified waveform other than pure DC:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a predominantly single metal or alloy coating is deposited on single metal or alloy utilizing an electric current which is not pure DC (e.g., stepped voltage, etc.).

Reversing current or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Subject matter wherein the specified waveform is a reversing current or voltage which has a positive and negative component (e.g., periodic reversed current, superimposed AC on DC, etc.).

Nonreversing pulsed current or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Subject matter wherein the specified waveform repetitively changes from one current or voltage level to another (e.g., pulses of current separated by periods of no current flow, etc.).

Depositing predominantly single metal or alloy coating on nonmetal using specified waveform other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC (e.g., single metal or alloy coating within or above pores of anodic oxide layer, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the current or voltage used is other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC (e.g., periodic reversed current, pulsed current, superimposed AC on DC, etc.) and wherein a predominantly single metal or alloy is deposited on nonmetal (e.g., copper on anodic oxide, etc.).
(1) Note. A metal is defined as an electropositive chemical element characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, conductivity of heat and electricity, which can replace the hydrogen of an acid and forms bases with the hydroxyl radical.

Forming nonmetal coating using specified waveform other than pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC (e.g., anodic oxide coating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electric current is not pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC (e.g., stepped voltage, etc.) and where the coating formed is predominantly a nonmetal (e.g., anodic oxide, chromate, Si, phosphate, Se, etc.).
(1) Note. The terminology "nonmetal" is treated as excluding alloys and elemental metal.

Reversing current or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter
wherein the specified waveform is a reversing current or voltage which has a positive and negative component (e.g., periodic reversed current, superimposed AC on DC, etc.).

Nonreversing pulsed current or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter wherein the specified waveform repetitively changes from one current or voltage level to another (e.g., pulses of current separated by periods of no current flow, etc.) and wherein the pulses contain no reversed pulses.

Coating contains embedded solid material (e.g., particles, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein solid material becomes embedded in the coating as a distinct phase and the solid material is supplied by solid material in the electrolyte or solid material sprinkled or placed upon a substrate and embedded in the coating as it forms.

Abrasive article produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter wherein the article produced has abrasive utility (e.g., substrate coated with a nickel layer containing embedded silicon carbide particles or diamond particles, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
51, Abrasive Tool Making Process, Material, or Composition, for other methods of preparing an abrasive tool.

Coating is dendritic or nodular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the coating process is performed to achieve a dendritic or nodular coating (e.g., nodular copper, etc.).

Coating is discontinuous single metal or alloy layer (e.g., islands, porous layer, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the coating process is performed to achieve a metal layer which has a plurality of discontinuities therein (e.g., microporous layer, islands, etc.).

Coating is microcracked:
This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Subject matter wherein the discontinuous coating is described as microcracked (e.g., microcracked chromium, etc.).

Uniting two separate solid materials:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating is used to unite distinct articles or parts of an article one to another.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, 592 for miscellaneous process of manufacture, assembly and disassembly; subclasses 424, 458+, 460, and 527.1+ for processes of coating combined with assembly and/or metal working steps.
228, Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for the process of uniting surfaces by a metallurgical bond.

Repairing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating is used to restore a previously worn or degraded coating (e.g., worn bearing surfaces, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, 402.01 and 402.18 and the notes thereto for other processes of repair.

Mirror or reflector produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein mirrors and reflectors are produced by electrolytic coating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, 838 for processes of making mirrors not provided for in a particular process class.
427, Coating Processes, 162 for processes of making optical elements by coating means other than electrodeposition or Class 204 coating process.

Utilizing brush or absorbent applicator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a brush or absorbent applicator is utilized to apply electrolyte to the substrate and in which the brush or absorbent application comprises a counterelectrode.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
93 for subject matter wherein a coating is contacted as it forms with a solid member or material other than an electrode.

Coating selected area:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a coating is formed on at least one restricted or selected area of the substrate, the restricted or selected area or areas including less than the total surface area of the substrate.
(1) Note. Coating the entire substrate followed by removing selected areas of the coating are not herein included.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 for electrolytic marking.
221 for subject matter wherein a selected area of an
electrolytic or nonelectrolytic coating is treated after it is formed.

Depositing ferromagnetic coating or coating ferromagnetic substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein the coating that is deposited is ferromagnetic or the substrate onto which the coating is deposited is ferromagnetic.

Design or ornamental article produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter directed to the preparation of designs and ornamental articles wherein decorative effects are produced by restricting the coatings to selected areas.

Predominantly nonmetal electrolytic coating (e.g., anodic oxide, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. Subject matter wherein the coating is predominantly comprised of nonmetal material such as, for example, an oxide formed by anodizing.

Specified product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter for the production of a product which is specified and which has a disclosed or claimed function wherein the coating of a selected area of a substrate either transforms the substrate into the specified product or simply serves to deposit material on a substrate which before coating was already identifiable as the specified product.

Product is semiconductor or includes semiconductor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter wherein the specified product is a semiconductor or includes a semiconductor as part of the product.
(1) Note. "Semiconductor" is a generic term for (a) a substance or material whose electronic conductivity at ordinary temperature is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator and whose conductivity is capable of being modified by the addition of a dopant, (b) an electronic device the main functioning parts are made from semiconductor materials.
(2) Note. This subclass and subclasses indented hereunder include processes of electrolytic coating, per se, on or with a semiconductor material and combinations of electrolytic coating with an additional step or steps which are preparatory treatments that adapt the material for electrolytic coating or which perfect the electrolytic coating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Processes, for (a) combined processes and (b) certain unit operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.

Predominantly nonmetal electrolytic coating (e.g., anodic oxide, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the coating is predominantly comprised of nonmetal material such as, for example, an oxide formed by anodizing.

Product is circuit board or printed circuit:
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter wherein the specified product is a circuit board or printed circuit.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, 829 for processes of conductor or circuit manufacturing on a flat or curved insulated substrate (e.g., printed circuit, etc.).
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, 250 for structures in which a conductor is formed on or attached to a panel or sheet-like insulating body so as to make a preformed panel circuit arrangement (e.g., printed circuit, etc.)
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a single or plural layer stock material product which involves no more structure than a base having a conductive layer coated thereon or impregnated therein, see especially 411.1 for a nonstructural composite product characterized solely by the composition of the layers, subclass 601 for metallic stock having a discontinuous surface component, e.g., printed circuit, and subclass 901 (a cross-reference art collection) for a printed circuit device.

Electroless coating from bath containing metal ions and reducing agent prior to electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Subject matter wherein prior to electrolytic coating a coating is deposited by electroless (i.e., autocatalytic) coating from a bath containing metal ions and a reducing agent.

Product is printing member:
This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter for the preparation of the printing surface of a sheet, plate, roll, or other member employed in printing by electrolytically forming a coating on a selected area of the surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
101, Printing, subclass 401.1 and indented subclasses.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, subclasses 300-310 for processes of making a printing plate utilizing radiation imagery chemistry.

Simultaneous or sequential coating of a plurality of separate articles:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein a selected area of each of a plurality of separate articles which may be the same as or different from each other are simultaneously or sequentially coated.
(1) Note. The separate articles may be joined together to
expedite the coating process.

Selectively coating moving substrate of indeterminate length (e.g., strip, wire, fiber, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein the substrate moves past the location(s) where coating occurs and is characterized by having a length which is indeterminate.

Completely coating one side of strip:
This subclass is indented under subclass 129. Subject matter wherein one side of a strip is completely coated.

Internal coating (e.g., coating inside of cylinder, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein the substrate has both internal and external surfaces and a coating is applied to an internal surface.

Moving counterelectrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter wherein a moving counterelectrode is utilized.

Directing electrolyte to selected area (e.g., jet plating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte is directed to the selected area to be plated.
(1) Note. Processes wherein the electrolyte is merely confined over a selected area of the substrate are not included herein.

Partially submerging substrate in bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein during coating the substrate is only partially submerged in the electrolyte bath.

Utilizing specified mask material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein a mask made of specified material is utilized in coating a selected area of the substrate.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclass 904 for etching resist compositions.

Utilizing means other than mask:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter wherein a selected area of the substrate is coated without the use of a mask.

Coating moving substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the substrate is moved during coating.
(1) Note. Mere insertion of the substrate into or withdrawal from the electrolyte bath is not considered to be movement for the purposes of this subclass.

Indeterminate length (e.g., strip, wire, fiber, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein the substrate moves past the location(s) where coating occurs and is characterized by having a length which
is indeterminate
(1) Note. Unless otherwise specified, a substrate in the form of a strip, wire or fiber of indeterminate length is considered to be a moving substrate.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material in the form of a composite or plural component web or sheet and not elsewhere provided for. See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in Class 428, for further discussion of this topic.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter wherein elemental aluminum is the major or predominant constituent of the substrate.

Tin-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter wherein the coating contains tin in either free or combined form.

Zinc-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter wherein the coating contains zinc in either free or combined form.

Chromium-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter wherein the coating contains chromium in either free or combined form.

Rotary (e.g., barrel plating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein the article or articles being coated undergo rotary motion or wherein the container or holder supporting the article or articles undergoes rotary motion during coating.

Utilizing fluidized bed (e.g., coating particles, flakes, granules, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein a fluidized bed is utilized for coating substrate which, for example, may be in the form of particles, flakes, or granules.

Simultaneous or sequential coating of a plurality of separate articles:
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein a plurality of separate articles which may be the same as or different from each other are simultaneously or sequentially coated.
(1) Note. The separate articles may be joined together to expedite the coating process.

Reciprocating substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 137. Subject matter wherein the substrate is moved back and forth during coating.

Applying current to substrate without mechanical contact (e.g., liquid contact, bipolar electrode, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein electric current is applied to the substrate without mechanically contacting the substrate with a solid current-carrying member.

Agitating or moving electrolyte during coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte is agitated or moved during coating.

Coating predominantly single metal or alloy substrate of specified shape:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the substrate is predominantly comprised of a single metal or alloy and in which the shape or configuration of the substrate is specified.

Perforated, foraminous, or permeable substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter wherein the substrate is perforated, foraminous, or permeable.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 131 and 596+ for a stock material product in which a component includes apertures. See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in Class 428, for further discussion of this topic.
442, Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.), 1 for a knitted or open mesh fabric.

Cylinder, roll, or hollow article:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter wherein the substrate is in the form of a cylinder, roll, or hollow article.

Sheet, plate, or foil:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter wherein the substrate is in the form of a sheet, plate, or foil.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
150 and 161, for sheets of perforated, foraminous or permeable structure.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclass 150 and 151 for laminating processes combined with a Class 204 or Class 205 coating step.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material product in the form of a composite or plural component web or sheet and not elsewhere provided for. See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in Class 428, for further discussion of this topic.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter wherein elemental aluminum is the major or predominant constituent of the substrate.

Tin-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter wherein the coating contains tin in either free or combined form.

Zinc-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter wherein the coating contains zinc in either free or combined form.

Chromium-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Subject matter wherein the coating contains chromium in either free or combined form.

Coating predominantly semiconductor substrate (e.g., silicon, compound semiconductor, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is a semiconductor.
(1) Note. See subclass 123, (1) Note, for the definition of a semiconductor.
(2) Note. This subclass includes processes of electrolytic coating, per se, on a semiconductor material and combinations of electrolytic coating with an additional step or steps which are preparatory treatments that adapt the material for electrolytic coating or which perfect the electrolytic coating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Processes, for (a) combined processes and (b) certain unit operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.

Coating a substrate predominantly comprised of nonconductive material to which conductive material or material which can be converted into conductive material has been added (e.g., nonconductive polymer substrate containing carbon or copper oxide particles, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the substrate predominantly comprises a mixture of a first material the electrical conductivity of which is insufficient to allow it to carry adequate current to be directly electroplated and a second material which is electrically conductive or can be treated to make it electrically conductive.
(1) Note. The substrate may be a homogeneous mixture of the first and second material or the second material may be present only at or near the surface of the substrate.
(2) Note. Coating with a conductive material is excluded and placed below, see subclasses 163 and 165-169.

Coating predominantly nonmetal substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is a nonmetal.

Fabric substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein the substrate is in the form of a fabric.
(1) Note. For coating of metallic wire cloth, see this class, subclass 150.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 175, 190, 193, and 196+ for a stock material product embodying mechanically interengaged strands and strand portions (e.g., weave, knit, etc.). See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in Class 428, for further discussion of this topic.
442, Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.), 59 for a coated or impregnated fabric.

Perforated, foraminous, or permeable substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein the substrate is perforated, foraminous, or permeable.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 131 and 596+ for a stock material product in which a component includes apertures. See also Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, in Class 428, for further discussion of this topic.
442, Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.), 1 for a knitted or open mesh fabric.

Ceramic or glass substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is a ceramic or glass.

Conductive material applied to substrate by painting, spraying, or immersion (e.g., electroless plating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 162. Subject matter wherein conductive material is applied to the substrate by painting, spraying, or immersion before the substrate is electrolytically coated.

Synthetic resin substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is a synthetic resin.

Conductive material applied to substrate by vacuum or vapor deposition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter wherein conductive material is applied to the substrate by vacuum or vapor deposition before the substrate is electrolytically coated.

Conductive material applied to substrate by painting, spraying, or immersion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter wherein conductive material is applied to the substrate by painting, spraying, or immersion before the substrate is electrolytically coated.

Conductive material applied to substrate by plating from bath
containing metal ions and reducing agent (e.g., electroless plating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Subject matter wherein conductive material is applied to the substrate by plating from a bath containing metal ions and a reducing agent before the substrate is electrolytically coated.

Resin contains etchable filler:
This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin contains a filler material which may be at least partially removed by etching.

Conductive material is copper or nickel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 167. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the conductive material is copper or nickel.

Forming multiple superposed electrolytic coatings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a plurality of distinct superposed electrolytic coatings are formed on a substrate.
(1) Note. A single coat, layer, or film built up of a series of substantially identical coatings, one superimposed or added to the other or others, is not placed here but may be found in the appropriate subclass dependent upon the composition of the layer or coat formed. For example, a process of coating copper on a rotating surface that is repeatedly immersed in the electrolyte and withdrawn will be found in subclass 143 even though a great number of thin films join together to form one distinct coat.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for stock material or articles having adjacent metal layers.

At least one anodic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein one or more of the coatings consists essentially of an anodic coating or in which the anodic composition is an essential constituent.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 628 for composite metallic stock material having an additional nonmetal component which is a compound of an adjacent metal.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 171. Subject matter wherein the substrate coated is predominantly aluminum (e.g., pure aluminum or an alloy in which the predominant ingredient is aluminum, etc.).

Electrolytically depositing material only within or above pores of anodic coating (e.g., electrolytic coloring, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 172. Subject matter wherein material is electrolytically deposited only within or above the pores of a porous anodic coating (e.g., electrolytically depositing pigment material in the pores, etc.).

Multiple anodic coatings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter wherein multiple anodic coatings are formed.

Multiple anodic coatings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 171. Subject matter wherein multiple anodic coatings are formed.

At least one alloy coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein one of the coatings consists essentially of an alloy (e.g. brass, bronze, etc.).
(1) Note. The coating must be alloy as deposited form the bath.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
228 for subject matter wherein the coating forms an alloy as a result of a heat treatment.

At least one predominantly zinc metal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein one of the coatings is predominantly zinc.

At least one chromium-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein one of the coatings contains chromium in the free metal or combined state (e.g., chromium, chromate, chromium oxide, etc.).

Multiple chromium-containing coatings:
This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Subject matter wherein more than one of the coatings contain chromium in the free metal or combined state.

At least one predominantly nickel metal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Subject matter wherein one of the coatings is predominantly nickel metal (e.g., Cu-Ni-Cr, etc.).

At least one predominantly nickel metal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein at least one of the coatings is predominantly nickel metal.

At least one predominantly copper metal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Subject matter wherein at least one of the coatings is predominantly copper metal.

Forming nonelectrolytic coating before depositing predominantly single metal or alloy electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a permanent coating is formed by a nonelectrolytic coating process before a predominantly single metal or alloy coating is deposited by an electrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. For this subclass and those indented hereunder a permanent coating is considered to comprise any material deposited on the substrate that remains as part of the finished article.

Nonelectrolytic coating or coatings all contain single metal or alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 183. Subject matter wherein the nonelectrolytic coating or each one of multiple superposed nonelectrolytic coatings at least partially comprises a single metal or alloy.

Nonelectrolytic coating from zincate or stannate bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Subject matter wherein a zincate or stannate bath is utilized to form a
nonelectrolytic coating.

Nonelectrolytic coating by vacuum or vapor deposition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Subject matter wherein a nonelectrolytic coating is formed by vacuum or vapor deposition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
165 for processes of applying conductive material to a synthetic resin substrate by vacuum or vapor deposition before depositing electrolytic coating.

Nonelectrolytic coating by plating from bath containing metal ions and reducing agent (e.g., electroless plating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Subject matter wherein a nonelectrolytic coating is formed by plating from a bath containing metal ions and a reducing agent.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
167 for processes of applying conductive material to a synthetic resin substrate by plating from a bath containing metal ions and reducing agent before depositing electrolytic coating.

Forming nonelectrolytic coating before forming nonmetal electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a permanent coating is formed by a nonelectrolytic coating process before a nonmetal coating is formed by an electrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. For this subclass and those indented hereunder a permanent coating is considered to comprise any material deposited on the substrate that remains as part of the finished article.

Predominantly titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, or tantalum nonelectrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the nonelectrolytic coating is elemental titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, or tantalum.

Predominantly aluminum nonelectrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 188. Subject matter wherein elemental aluminum is the major or predominant constituent of the nonelectrolytic coating.

Forming nonelectrolytic coating after depositing predominantly single metal or alloy electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a permanent coating is formed by a nonelectrolytic coating process after a predominantly single metal or alloy coating is deposited by an electrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. For this subclass and those indented hereunder a permanent coating is considered to comprise any material deposited on the substrate that remains as part of the finished article.

Nonelectrolytic coating by vacuum or vapor deposition of a predominantly single metal or alloy coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter wherein a predominantly single metal or alloy nonelectrolytic coating is formed by vacuum or vapor deposition.

Nonelectrolytic coating by immersion in bath of molten metal to form predominantly single metal or alloy coating (e.g., hot dipping, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter wherein a predominantly single metal or alloy nonelectrolytic coating is formed by immersion in a bath of molten metal.

Nonelectrolytic coating is predominantly nonmetal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of a nonelectrolytic coating is a nonmetal.

Nonelectrolytic coating is ceramic, glass, or vitreous enamel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of a nonelectrolytic coating is a ceramic, a glass, or a vitreous enamel.

Nonelectrolytic coating is predominantly organic material (e.g., paint, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Subject matter wherein an organic material is the major or predominant constituent of a nonelectrolytic coating.

Nonelectrolytic coating is phosphorus- or chromium-containing (e.g., phosphate, chromate, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of a nonelectrolytic coating is a phosphorus-containing or chromium-containing material.

Forming nonelectrolytic coating after forming nonmetal electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a permanent coating is formed by a nonelectrolytic coating process after a nonmetal coating is formed by an electrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. For this subclass and those indented hereunder a permanent coating is considered to comprise any material deposited on the substrate that remains as part of the finished article.

Electrolytic coating is oxygen-containing (e.g., chromate, silicate, oxide formed by anodizing, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 198. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic coating is an oxygen-containing material.

Predominantly titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, or tantalum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is elemental titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, or tantalum.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Subject matter wherein elemental aluminum is the major or predominant constituent of the substrate.

Nonelectrolytic coloring (including nonelectrolytic coloring and sealing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 201. Subject matter wherein color is imparted to the substrate by the deposition of material by a nonelectrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. Processes which include both nonelectrolytic coloring and sealing are included herein.

Sealing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 201. Subject matter wherein the oxide-containing coating on the aluminum substrate is sealed by the incorporation of material into the oxide-containing coating by a nonelectrolytic coating process.
(1) Note. Sealing by subjecting the substrate to an aqueous environment at an elevated temperature is included herein.

Sealing agent includes organic constituent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Subject matter wherein the nonelectrolytic coating process utilizes a sealing agent which includes an organic constituent.

Treating substrate prior to coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein one or more preliminary preparatory treatments of the substrate to be coated are performed.
(1) Note. For this subclass, and those indented hereunder a substrate is considered to be the object to be coated prior to the execution of any positively recited coating step.
(2) Note. Processes which include the formation of a temporary coating which is completely removed prior to the formation of a permanent coating are included herein.
(3) Note. The preliminary preparatory treatments of the substrate do not result in the deposition of material that remains as part of the finished article.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
640 for electrolytic erosion of a workpiece to change the shape or surface thereof (e.g., etching, polishing, etc.).
687 for other electrolytic material treatment, especially subclasses 705+ for electrolytic removal of foreign material from a metal or metal alloy (e.g., cleaning, etc.), per se.

Contacting substrate with solid member or material (e.g.,
polishing, rolling, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Subject matter wherein the substrate is contacted with a solid member or material prior to coating.

Heating substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Subject matter wherein the substrate is heated prior to coating.
(1) Note. The substrate may be heated prior to, simultaneous with or subsequent to the contact with the solid member or material.

Blasting substrate with particulate material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Subject matter wherein the substrate is impacted with particulate material prior to coating.

Heating substrate other than by contact with liquid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Subject matter wherein the substrate is heated prior to coating by a method which utilizes means other than contacting with a liquid.
(1) Note. Processes which include cooling the substrate subsequent to heating but prior to coating are included herein.

Treating substrate with liquid other than tap water (e.g., for removing foreign material, etching, activating, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Subject matter wherein the substrate is treated with a liquid other than tap water prior to coating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for methods of
cleaning in general.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, for etching processes.

Liquid is nonaqueous (e.g., hydrocarbon solvent, fused bath, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein the liquid with which the substrate is treated does not contain water.

Predominantly titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, tantalum, molybdenum, or tungsten substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is elemental titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, tantalum, molybdenum, or tungsten.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein elemental aluminum is the major or predominant constituent of the substrate.

Graining or roughening chemically or electrolytically:
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter wherein the substrate is either chemically or electrolytically grained or roughened.

Predominantly copper, zinc, or tin substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is copper, zinc, or tin.

Predominantly cobalt or nickel substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the substrate is cobalt or nickel.

Predominantly iron or steel substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein elemental iron is the major or predominant constituent of the substrate.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
712 for electrolytic removal of nonelemental foreign material from a ferrous metal (e.g., cleaning a ferrous metal, etc.), per se.

Steel containing chromium or nickel (e.g., stainless steel, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 217. Subject matter wherein the substrate is predominantly iron which contains elemental chromium or nickel.

Electrolytic treatment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Subject matter wherein the substrate is treated electrolytically prior to coating.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
704 for electrolytic treatment of a metal or metal alloy, in general.

Treating electrolytic or nonelectrolytic coating after it is
formed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein an electrolytic or a nonelectrolytic coating is treated subsequent to its formation to produce a modification of or change in character of the coating as distinguished from subsequent treatment of the object on which the coating is placed.
(1) Note. If a nonelectrolytic coating is treated, a step of electrolytic coating must precede the step of forming the nonelectrolytic coating or follow the treatment step.

Selected area:
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter wherein only a restricted selected area of the coating is treated, the restricted or selected area including less than the total surface area of the coating.

Contacting with solid member or material (e.g., buffing, burnishing, polishing, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter wherein the coating is contacted with a solid member or material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, 90.01 for burnishing in general.

Etching of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter wherein the coating is etched.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
221 for process in which only a restricted or selected area of the coating is etched.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, for methods of etching glass, per se. See the SEARCH CLASS notes thereunder.

Heating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter wherein the coating is heated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
148, Metal Treatment, particularly subclass 518 for processes of treating a metal substrate in the solid or semi-solid state by a heating or cooling treatment to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of the metal. See Class 148, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for the line to Class 204.
(1) Note. Class 205 will take electrocoating processes that result in a metal layer formed or in metal being electrocoated by another material and combinations of electrocoating with other chemical treating operations that (a) involve preparatory treatment of metal substrates including heat-treatment which if claimed alone would be proper for Class 148 and (b) post-treatment solely of the electrocoated layer including heat-treatment which if claimed alone would be proper for Class 148. However, if the subsequent treatment modifies the original substrate or a combination of the original substrate and the electrocoated layer, placement will go elsewhere, including Class 148, if the other criteria for Class 148 are met.
(2) Note. Interdiffusion of the electrocoated layer occurring during the coating operation or during the post-treatment operation is proper for Class 205 if limited to the interfacial region between the coating and the substrate, as a perfecting of the bond between the coating and the substrate. If the electrocoated layer is completely melted in the post-treatment operation to perfect the bonding of the coating, this is proper for Class 205. If multiple electrocoated regions are inter diffused to the extent of completely alloying with the loss of coating layer identity, but not substrate identity, this is proper for Class 205. However, if the coating is completely interdiffused into a metal substrate to completely alloy the substrate, leaving no identifying layer on the substrate, placement goes to Class 148.

Tin-containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Subject matter
wherein the coating contains tin.

Coating is fused (e.g., reflowing, flow brightening, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 225. Subject matter wherein sufficient heat is applied to cause the tin-containing coating to melt.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 941 (a cross-reference art collection) for material produced by solid state alloying, e.g., diffusion, to the disappearance of an original layer.

Single metal or alloy coating on single metal or alloy substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Subject matter wherein the coating or each one of multiple superposed coatings is predominantly comprised of a single metal or alloy and the substrate is also predominantly comprised of a single metal or alloy.

Coating is at least partially diffused or forms alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter wherein sufficient heat is applied to at least partially diffuse coating material into an adjacent coating material, the substrate or both, or to cause the formation of an alloy of coating material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 941 (a cross-reference art collection) for material produced by solid state alloying, e.g., diffusion, to the disappearance of an original layer.

Predominantly nonmetal electrolytic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 220. Subject matter wherein the major or predominant constituent of the coating is a nonmetal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
203 for subject matter wherein an oxide-containing coating on an aluminum substrate is sealed.

Utilizing fused bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein a nonaqueous electrolyte bath which is a substance or combination or mixture of substances which is heated above ordinary normal room temperature during the electrolysis in order to bring it to a fluid or liquid condition is utilized.
(1) Note. These processes are usually performed at high temperatures.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
354 for processes of electrolytic synthesis from fused bath.

Reactive coating (e.g., by diffusion, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein a coating is formed by the reaction of a constituent of the substrate being coated with a constituent of the fused bath (e.g., boron diffuses into and reacts with iron of a steel substrate to form an iron-boride layer, etc.).

Depositing predominantly alloy coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein the coating is predominantly an alloy.
(1) Note. The coating must be an alloy as deposited from the bath.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
228 for subject matter wherein the coating forms an alloy as
the result of a heat treatment.

Depositing aluminum coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein the coating consists essentially of aluminum.

Utilizing nonaqueous bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein an electrolyte bath containing no water is employed in the electrolytic coating process (e.g., a hydrocarbon solvent bath, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to take water-free baths using solvents such as alcohol, amines, ethers, etc.

Coating is predominantly organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the coating consists of a material which is predominantly organic (e.g., polymer coating, etc.).

Depositing predominantly alloy coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the coating is predominantly an alloy.
(1) Note. The coating must be an alloy as deposited from the bath.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
228 for subject matter wherein the coating forms an alloy as the result of heat treatment.

Depositing aluminum coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the coating consists essentially of aluminum.

Depositing predominantly alloy coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter wherein the coating is predominantly an alloy.
(1) Note. The coating must be an alloy as deposited from the bath.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
228 for subject matter wherein the coating forms an alloy as the result of a heat treatment.

Copper-containing alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains metallic copper (i.e., copper in the free uncombined state) as one of the essential constituents.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
291 for processes of electrolytically coating with copper.

Including zinc (e.g., brass, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein the copper-containing alloy also contains metallic zinc as one of the essential constituents.

Including tin (e.g., bronze, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein the copper-containing alloy also contains metallic tin as one of the essential constituents.

Including noble metal (e.g., gold-copper-cadmium alloy, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 239. Subject matter wherein the copper-containing alloy also contains a noble metal (i.e., Au, Ag, and Platinum group metal) as an essential constituent.

Chromium is predominant constituent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains metallic chromium as the major or predominant constituent (e.g., 40% Cr - 30% Fe - 30% Ni etc.).

Zinc is predominant constituent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains metallic zinc as the predominant or major constituent (e.g., 70% Zn - 30% Cd, etc.).

Including iron group metal (i.e., Fe, Co, or Ni):
This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter wherein the zinc alloy also contains metallic iron group metal or metals as essential constituent(s) (e.g., 70% Zn - 30% Fe, 50% Zn - 20%Fe - 30% Co, etc.).

Nickel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the iron group metal is or wherein the iron group metals include nickel (e.g., 70% Zn - 20%Ni - 10% Co, etc.).

Gold is predominant constituent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains gold as the predominant or major constituent (e.g., 60% Au - 40% Ag, etc.).

Utilizing sulfite-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of sulfite as an essential ingredient.

Utilizing phosphonic or phosphinic acid or derivative-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of phosphonic acid or phosphinic acid or a derivative thereof (e.g., sodium phosphonate, ethylene diamine tetraphosphonic acid, etc.).

Including iron group metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter wherein the alloy includes an iron group metal (i.e., Fe, Ni, or Co) as an essential constituent.

Including arsenic, indium, or thallium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains arsenic indium or thallium as an essential constituent.

Tin, lead, or germanium is predominant constituent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein tin, lead, or germanium is the major or predominant
alloy constituent.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound as an essential ingredient (e.g., peptone, glue, etc.).

Organic sulfoxy-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a sulfoxy group(sulfur bonded to at least one oxygen) (e.g., benzyl sulfonic acid, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, etc.).

Group VIII metal is predominant constituent (i.e., Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, or Os):
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein a group VIII metal (i.e., Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, or Os) is the major or predominant constituent in the alloy.

Utilizing specified anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Subject matter wherein a specific anode is used in the process (e.g., Ni-Co alloy anode, platinum anode, etc.).

Platinum group metal-containing alloy (i.e., contains Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, or Os):
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains a platinum group metal (i.e., Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, or Os) as an essential constituent.

Phosphorus-containing alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains phosphorus as an essential ingredient.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound as an essential ingredient.

Organic sulfoxy-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 259. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a sulfoxy group (e.g., butyne sulfonic acid, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, etc.).

Depositing predominantly single metal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter for coating predominantly with a single metallic element (e.g., indium, etc.).

Group VIIB transition metal (i.e., Mn, Tc, or Re):
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of manganese, technetium, or rhenium.
(1) Note. Technetium is also known by the names eka-manganese and masurium.

Silver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of silver.

Platinum group metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of a platinum group metal (i.e., Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, or Os).

Palladium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 264. Subject matter wherein the single platinum group metal consists essentially of palladium.

Gold:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of gold.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound as an essential ingredient.

Inorganic cyanide-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of inorganic cyanide (e.g., sodium cyanide, sodium gold cyanide, etc.).

Cobalt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of cobalt.

Iron:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of iron.

Nickel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of nickel.

Utilizing specified anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein a specified anode (e.g., particular alloy, defined structure, etc.) is used.

Utilizing sulfamate-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains sulfamic ions.

Utilizing organic sulfoxy compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound having a sulfoxy group (e.g., naphthalene sulfonic acid, etc.).

And acetylenic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 274. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound which has an acetylenic bond (i.e., -CC-) (e.g., 1,4-dihydroxy-2 butyne, etc.).

And polyether-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 274. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains a polyether compound (e.g., having (C[subscrpt]x[end subscrpt]H[subscrpt]2x[end subscrpt]0)[subscrpt]y[end subscrpt] groups wherein "y" is an integer greater than 1, etc.).

And nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing
This subclass is indented under subclass 274. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound having a nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring.

Utilizing oxygen-heterocyclic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound having an oxygen containing heterocyclic ring (e.g., coumarin, etc.).

Utilizing nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound having a nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring.

Utilizing organic carbonyl compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 271. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound having a carbonyl group (e.g., acetic acid, ketone, aldehyde, etc.).

Cadmium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of cadmium.

Utilizing inorganic cyanide-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of inorganic cyanide (e.g., sodium cyanide, potassium cadmium cyanide, etc.).

Chromium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of chromium.

Utilizing specified anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Subject matter wherein a specified anode (e.g., particular alloy special structure, etc.) is used.

Colored chromium coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Subject matter wherein the chromium deposit is described as colored (e.g., black, yellow, blue, iridescent, etc.).

Utilizing inorganic fluorine-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of inorganic fluorine (e.g., sodium fluoride, etc.).

Utilizing trivalent chromium-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Subject matter wherein the chromium is present in the bath at least partially in the trivalent state.

Thiocyanate-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 287. Subject matter wherein the trivalent chromium containing bath also contains a source of thiocyanic ions (i.e., -SCN).

Organic carboxyl compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 287. Subject matter wherein the trivalent chromium-containing bath also contains an organic compound having a carboxyl group (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, etc.).

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 283. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound.

Copper:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of copper.

Utilizing specified anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter wherein a specified anode (e.g., particular alloy, defined structure, etc.) is used.

Utilizing inorganic cyanide-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of inorganic cyanide ion (e.g., sodium cyanide, potassium copper cyanide, etc.).

Selenium or tellurium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains selenium or tellurium as a constituent thereof (e.g., sodium selenide, tellurium sulfate, etc.).

Utilizing alkaline bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath has a pH of over 7.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound.

Nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 296. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a nitrogen containing
heterocyclic ring.

And organic sulfur compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound having sulfur as a constituent thereof (e.g., sulfonic acid, etc.).

Lead:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of lead.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
597 for electrolytic synthesis of lead from an aqueous bath.

Tin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of tin.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
610 for electrolytic synthesis of tin from an aqueous bath.

Utilizing alkaline bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath has a pH of over 7.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound.

Organic carbonyl compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a carbonyl group as a constituent thereof (e.g., carboxylic acid, ketone, etc.).

Aldehyde-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 303. Subject matter wherein the organic compound is an aldehyde or contains an aldehyde group (e.g., formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, etc.).

Zinc:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of zinc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
602 for electrolytic synthesis of zinc from an aqueous bath.

Utilizing inorganic cyanide-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains a source of inorganic cyanide (e.g., sodium cyanide, potassium zinc cyanide, etc.).

Nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 306. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound having a nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring.

Organic carbonyl compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 306. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound having a carbonyl group as a constituent thereof (e.g., carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, etc.).

Utilizing alkaline bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath has a pH of over 7.

Nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 309. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound having a nitrogen-heterocyclic ring as a constituent thereof.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound.

Nitrogen-heterocyclic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a nitrogen-heterocyclic ring as a constituent thereof.

Organic sulfur compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains sulfur as a constituent
thereof (e.g., sulfonic acid, etc.).

Organic carbonyl compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a carbonyl group.

Antimony:
This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Subject matter wherein the single metal consists essentially of antimony.

Forming nonmetal coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Subject matter for the electrolytic production of coatings which contain nonmetal material which has been electrolytically produced (e.g., anodic oxide, etc.).
(1) Note. Certain nonmetallics may variously be semiconductive. Examples of such include (but are not limited to) selenium, tellurium, silicon carbide, diamond, copper oxide, etc. However, without positive recitation that a nonmetallic material is semiconductive, placement is proper hereunder.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
123 for electrolytic coating a selected area on a semiconductor substrate.
157 for electrolytic coating of a semiconductor substrate.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for (a) combined processes and (b) certain unit operations of manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.

Coating is predominantly organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal material is predominantly organic.

Phosphorus-containing coating (e.g., phosphate, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal containing coating comprises phosphorus as an essential constituent thereof.

Chromium-containing coating (e.g., chromate, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal containing coating comprises chromium as an essential constituent thereof.

Predominantly iron or steel substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal coating is formed on an article having an iron or steel surface.

Predominantly magnesium substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal coating is formed on an article having a surface of magnesium or an alloy having magnesium as the predominant constituent thereof.

Predominantly titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, or tantalum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal coating is formed on an article having a surface of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium (columbium), hafnium, or vanadium or an alloy having one of these metals as the predominant constituent thereof.

Predominantly aluminum substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal coating is formed on an article having a surface of aluminum or an alloy having aluminum as the predominant constituent thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 25.03 for processes for the production of barrier layer electrolytic type devices and subclasses 25.41+ for processes for the production of electric condensers.
252, Compositions, subclass 62.2 for electrolytes for electrolytic condensers or rectifiers.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 500 for electrolytic condensers or rectifiers.

Anodizing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 323. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal coating is formed by anodizing (e.g., anodic oxide, etc.).

Specified alloy substrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the additional metals alloyed with the aluminum substrate are identified.

Utilizing alkaline bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the anodizing takes place in an electrolyte bath having a pH of over 7.

Utilizing chromium-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the anodizing takes place in an electrolyte bath comprising chromium dissolved therein as an essential constituent.

Utilizing sulfuric acid-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein the anodizing takes place in an electrolyte bath having sulfuric acid as an essential ingredient.

Organic compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 328. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath also contains an organic compound as an essential constituent thereof (e.g., pyridine, etc.).

Organic carboxyl compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a carboxyl radical or a salt thereof (e.g., -COOH, -COONa, etc.) as a constituent thereof.

Organic sulfoxy compound-containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Subject matter wherein the organic compound contains a sulfoxy group (e.g., sulfonic acid, saccharin, etc.) as a constituent thereof.

Utilizing organic compound-containing bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter
wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic compound (e.g., acetic acid, sulfonic acid, etc.) as an essential constituent thereof.

Oxide-containing coating (e.g., lead dioxide, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 316. Subject matter wherein the nonmetal containing coating contains an oxide (e.g., peroxide, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
465 for electrolytic synthesis of peroxides form an aqueous bath.

ELECTROLYTIC SYNTHESIS (PROCESS, COMPOSITION, AND METHOD OF PREPARING COMPOSITION):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for the preparation of chemical compounds or of elements by means of electrolytic action.
(1) Note. These may be produced either by breaking them down from complex forms to simpler ones or by building up complex forms from simpler ones.
(2) Note. Branching processes for the synthesis of compounds or elements, one branch of which falls within the class definition and one branch of which is excluded thereby and which is provided for elsewhere, are classified in the outside class and cross-referenced here.
(3) Note. Processes of synthesis wherein the products of electrolysis are merely admixed within or outside the cell to produce the desired material are included, here, when claimed in combination with the electrolysis. For example, a metal salt solution may be prepared in the anodic zone of a cell by electrolytic solution of a metal anode, while in the cathodic zone of the same or another cell an alkali hydroxide may be formed. Mixing the two solutions together to produce a metal hydroxide outside the cell would not be a subsequent step sufficient to take the process outside the class.
(4) Note. Combination processes including precedent steps for the preparation of the material for the electrolytic synthesis step, in which one or more of the precedent steps may result in the preparation of a desired product elsewhere classifiable if claimed alone, are included here and cross-referenced to the outside class. For example, if in a
process including the electrolytic preparation of a free metal, the leach solution is treated with a precipitating agent in order to remove one or more of the constituents as insoluble salts or as free metals in precedent operations, thus constituting preparation of the leach solution for electrolytic separation, the process is classified in this class even though crystallization, filtering, or other conventional separation steps for the salt or metal is claimed and such product is considered a valuable by-product of the process.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
687 for the purification of definite chemical compounds by electrolysis which does not include a synthesis of the desired compound. However, when a substance is electrochemically reconstituted, the process is considered electrochemical synthesis. For example, impure oxygen is fed to the cathode of a cell and pure oxygen is recovered at the anode.

Involving measuring, analyzing, or testing during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein the process includes a step of measuring, analyzing, or testing during synthesis.

Utilizing fused bath (e.g., eliminating anode effect in a fused bath, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter wherein a nonaqueous electrolyte bath which is a solid substance or combination or mixture of substances which is heated above ordinary normal room temperature during synthesis in order to bring it to a fluid or liquid condition is utilized.
(1) Note. These processes are usually performed at high temperatures.
(2) Note. Anode effect is the condition where a high net voltage drop occurs between the electrodes of the electrolytic cell and, consequently, cell efficiency decreases.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
354 for processes of electrolytic synthesis from a fused bath.

Current, current density, or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter wherein the current, current density, or voltage of the electrolytic synthesis process is measured, analyzed, or tested during synthesis.

Utilizing subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein the synthesis process is performed under a pressure other than the normal pressure in the surrounding atmosphere.

Utilizing magnet or magnetic field during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein a magnet or magnetic field is used during synthesis.

Utilizing electromagnetic wave energy during synthesis (e.g., visible light, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic action is supplemented by the application of electromagnetic wave energy.
(1) Note. The term "electromagnetic waves" as employed herein includes, for example, x-rays and gamma rays; ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light rays; and short electric and radio waves. Energy which produces merely a thermal effect or heat waves, per se, is excluded.

Utilizing AC or specified wave form other than pure DC:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter
wherein the synthesis process utilizes alternating current or an electric current which is not pure DC (e.g., stepped voltage, nonreversing pulsed current or voltage, etc.)

Reversing nonpulsed current or voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 341. Subject matter wherein the specified wave form is a reversing nonpulsed current or voltage which has a positive and negative component (e.g., periodic reversed current, superimposed AC on DC, etc.)

Involving fuel cell:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein an electrolytic synthesis cell is combined with a fuel cell or is converted from a fuel cell to a synthesis cell.
(1) Note. A fuel cell is a device used to produce an electrical current wherein at least one reactant is fed to the cell.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process, appropriate subclasses for the various parts or operation of the fuel cell, especially subclasses 12-46.

Utilizing bipolar membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein at least one membrane of the bipolar type (i.e., a membrane having anionic properties on one side and cationic properties on the other) is utilized during synthesis.

Utilizing plural distinct electrolytic cells where the cells are separate containers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter
wherein a plurality of separate and distinct electrolytic containers not having a common wall are utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. This does not include multiple anodes and cathodes utilized in the same container (e.g., filter press cells, etc.)

Including decomposing or purifying cell:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter wherein at least one of the containers is utilized for breaking down the bath, electrolyte, effluent, or product, or for removing undesired constituent electrolytically.

Identical plural distinct cells:
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter wherein a plurality of identical distinct containers not having a common wall are utilized during synthesis.

Utilizing fluidized bed or particulate electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein a fluidized bed or particulate electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 280 for the fluidized bed electrode or particulate electrode structure or composition.

Recycling electrolytic product produced during synthesis back to the production cell:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein at least a portion of the product produced during synthesis is sent back to the cell where the product was produced.

Treating electrode, diaphragm, or membrane during synthesis (e.g., corrosion prevention, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode, diaphragm, or membrane is treated during synthesis.
(1) Note. Specific treatment can include electrode polarity reversal, forming coatings on an electrode in situ during synthesis, feeding an oxidizing or reducing gas to an electrode, etc.

Treating electrolyte or bath without removal from cell other than agitating, moving, regenerating, replenishing, or replacing consumed material during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte or bath is treated during synthesis other than agitating, moving, regenerating, replenishing, or replacing consumed material.
(1) Note. Specific treatment can include applying energy impulses, varying current density, adding a catalyst to the electrolyte or bath during synthesis, etc.
(2) Note. A bath is the fluid used for electrolytic processes in a cell including the electrolyte.

Utilizing emulsion, dispersion, or suspension electrolyte system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein an emulsion, dispersion, or suspension is utilized as the electrolyte or bath.
(1) Note. An emulsion is a fluid consisting of a microscopically heterogeneous mixture of two normally immiscible liquid phases, in which one liquid forms minute droplets suspended in the other liquid.
(2) Note. A dispersion is a fluid consisting of individual extremely fine particles of solids, which are usually of colloidal size, suspended therein.
(3) Note. A suspension is a fluid consisting of finely
divided colloidal particles, too small to settle, but kept in motion by Brownian movement, floating therein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Utilizing electrolyte system having two or more separate immiscible layers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein an electrolyte system having two or more separate, immiscible layers are utilized.
(1) Note. Immiscible is used to describe liquids that will not mix; a liquid that dissolves a solute from a solution with which it does not mix.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Utilizing fused bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein the electrolytic synthesis is carried out in an electrolytic medium consisting of a substance or combination or mixture of substances which is heated above normal room temperature during synthesis in order to bring it to a fluid or liquid condition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
230 for coating by electrolysis in a fused bath.
413 for processes of electrolytic synthesis from an aqueous electrolyte bath containing a portion or a pool of molten material (e.g., source material, etc.).

Organic compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein organic compounds are produced by synthesis.
(1) Note. "Organic" denotes all compounds having carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together or (b) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen or (c) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, isothiocyanic acid, cyanogen halides, cyanamide, fulminic acid, and metal carbides are excluded from being organic compounds.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
413 for processes of preparing organic compounds from an aqueous bath or bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 355. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains halogen.

Inorganic compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein inorganic compounds are produced by synthesis.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet the definition of "organic" as elaborated in the (1) Note of subclass 355.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
464 for processes of preparing inorganic compounds from an aqueous bath or bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Silicon, boron, or phosphorus containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains silicon, boron, or phosphorus.

Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains halogen.

Nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains nitrogen.
(1) Note. The cyanides, hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, dicyandiamide, isothiocyanic acid, fulminic acid, and metal nitrides are included herein; also included is ammonia and inorganic ammonia derivatives.

Sulfur containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains sulfur.

Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains oxygen.

Alloy produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein alloys are produced.
(1) Note. A substance which is recited as an impurity is not considered to be a positive constituent.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
557 for processes of preparing alloys from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Silicon or aluminum containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains silicon or aluminum (e.g., silicon or aluminum in a free or uncombined state, etc.) as one of the constituents.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
372 for processes of preparing aluminum from a fused bath by synthesis.

Iron, cobalt, or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains iron, cobalt, or nickel as one of the constituents.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
370 for processes of preparing iron, cobalt, or nickel from a fused bath by synthesis.
587 for a process of preparing iron and cobalt from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
594 for a process of preparing nickel from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Lead, zinc, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Subject matter wherein the alloy contains elemental lead, zinc, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium as one of the constituents.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
369 for processes of preparing lead or zinc from a fused bath by synthesis.
397 for processes of preparing zirconium or hafnium from a fused bath by synthesis.
398 for processes of preparing titanium from a fused bath by synthesis.
597 for processes of preparing lead from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
602 for processes of preparing zinc from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Single metal produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein single metals are produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
230 for processes of electrolytically coating with a single metal from a fused bath.
234 for processes of electrolytically coating with a single metal from an nonaqueous bath.
261 for processes of electrolytically coating with a single metal from an aqueous bath.
560 for processes of preparing single metals from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Rare earth metal (At. No. 21, 39, or 57-71):
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is a rare earth metal (i.e., scandium, yittrium, or lanthanides).

Lead, zinc, or cadmium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is lead, zinc, or cadmium.

Iron, cobalt, nickel, or manganese:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is iron, cobalt, nickel, or manganese.

Vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten (V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, or W):
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or wolfram (tungsten).

Aluminum:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein aluminum is the single metal produced.

And elemental alkali or alkaline earth metal, magnesium, beryllium, or nonmetal element other than halogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter
wherein elemental alkali or alkaline earth metal, magnesium, beryllium, or a nonmetal element other than halogen is produced (e.g., sodium, magnesium, sulfur, etc.).

Utilizing specified current distributing means or method other than wire connecting means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein specified current distributing means or methods other than wire connection means are utilized (e.g., specified bus or current collector or distributor means arrangement, reduced current at the edge of the cell, etc.)
(1) Note. This subclass does not include a mere current supply.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 228 for electrolytic cells with current control means.

Utilizing specified distance between cathode and anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specified distance between the anode and cathode is utilized.
(1) Note. The distance (or range) must be specified numerically.

Agitating or moving electrolyte or bath during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte or bath is agitated or moved during synthesis.

Utilizing membrane or diaphragm between electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a membrane or diaphragm between electrodes is utilized to separate the electrodes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 251 for liquid electrode diaphragm-type cells, subclasses 282 and 283 for electrodes with diaphragms, and subclasses 295 and 296 for diaphragm elements and their compositions.

Utilizing spacer between electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. wherein one or more spacers are utilized between electrodes.
(1) Note. The spacers do not pass ions, gases, electrolyte, or bath material therethrough as membranes or diaphragms. The spacers are utilized, for example, to maintain a constant distance between electrodes of the same polarity or as supports for the electrodes, etc.

Utilizing nonmetal cell lining other than inorganic carbon or graphite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a nonmetal cell lining other than inorganic carbon or graphite is utilized (e.g., ceramic, cermet, metal borides, nitrides, etc.).

Utilizing specified electrode other than consumable electrode (e.g., cylindrical, tapered, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode shape or structure other than a consumable electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for electrodes utilized in carrying out the processes herein provided for and combinations of such electrodes with other elements not provided for in any foregoing subclasses and subclasses 243+ for cells utilized in carrying out the processes.

Inclined electrode (not horizontal or vertical):
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes utilized during synthesis is inclined or not horizontal or vertical.

Liquid electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes utilized during synthesis is a liquid (e.g., liquid mercury, aluminum, sodium, etc.).

Bipolar electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes utilized during synthesis is a bipolar-type electrode (i.e., a planar electrode wherein one surface serves as an anode and the other surface serves as a cathode).

Coated electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes is coated or laminated and utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for the process directed to the formation or deposition by an electrolytic action of a permanent coating material or materials upon a base, electrolyte compositions therefor, and methods of making said electrolyte compositions.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 290.01-290.15 for coated or laminated electrodes.

Specified electrode composition other than consumable inorganic carbon or graphite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 380. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes utilized during synthesis has been specified other than a consumable inorganic carbon or graphite containing electrode.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for a specified electrode composition.

Nonconsumable electrode having inorganic carbon or graphite and a nonmetal containing material (e.g., cermet, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes is a nonconsumable electrode composed of inorganic carbon or graphite and a nonmetal containing material (e.g., metal boride, carbide, sulfide, oxide, nitride or cermet, etc.).

Nonmetal containing (e.g., metal oxide, carbide, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes contains a nonmetal (e.g., metal boride, carbide, sulfide, oxide, nitride or cermet, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 290.01-290.15 for laminated or coated electrodes.

Utilizing coated or treating electrode connecting or positioning means (e.g., coating, cooling, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein an electrode connecting or positioning means which is coated or treated is utilized during synthesis (e.g., utilizing cooling fluid through connecting or positioning means, etc.).

Specific replenishing, replacing, or feeding of consumable electrode material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specific method of replenishing, replacing, or feeding of consumable electrode material is performed during synthesis.
(1) Note. Self-baking or Soderberg or prebaked electrodes are included.
(2) Note. This subclass includes, for example, utilizing spent potliner as electrode material, electrode support manipulation or feeding methods or means of joining new electrodes to old, replacing worn or consumed electrode stubs, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 294 for the composition of the carbonaceous electrodes.

Involving specific process startup other than mere turn on:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specific process startup other than mere turn on is utilized.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, initially raising the temperature, conditioning or treating the electrode at startup, etc.

Collecting or controlling fumes or gases produced during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein the fumes or gases produced during synthesis are collected or controlled.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, utilizing a collection hood, a vacuum, purifying generated gases, etc.

Utilizing specific method or means to feed or replenish
electrolyte or bath material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specific method or means to feed or replenish electrolyte or bath material is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, utilizing specifically placed feeding pipe or conduit, utilizing a dam, a movable piston in a conduit, etc.

Purifying or treating electrolyte or bath prior to or after synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte or bath is purified or treated prior to or after synthesis.

Bath contains fluorine or bromine containing compound other than cryolite (NA[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]AlF[subscrpt]6[end subscrpt]):
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a bath containing fluorine or bromine containing compounds other than cryolite (Na[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]AlF[subscrpt]6[end subscrpt]) is utilized during synthesis (e.g., potassium, sodium, lithium fluorides or borides, etc.).
(1) Note. This also excludes the mixture of aluminum fluoride and sodium fluoride.

Fluorine or bromine containing compound contains alkaline earth metal, beryllium, or magnesium (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Be, or Mg):
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter wherein the fluorine or bromine containing compound contains calcium, strontium, barium, radium, beryllium, or magnesium.

Utilizing specified process step to maintain bath temperature:
This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter wherein a specified process step is utilized to maintain bath temperature.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, recycling heated air or gas during the process, utilizing a flammable liquid, utilizing a heater, etc..

Titanium, zirconium, or hafnium (Ti, Zr, or Hf):
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium.

Titanium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 397. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is titanium.

Utilizing specified electrode structure or anode alloy composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode shape or structure or a specific anode alloy is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure and composition.

Utilizing diaphragm or barrier between anode and cathode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or barrier between the anode and cathode is utilized.

Bath contains metal oxide or fluorine containing compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter wherein the fused electrolyte bath for producing titanium contains a metal oxide (e.g., titanium oxide, etc.) or a fluorine containing compound (e.g., potassium fluoride, etc.).

Alkaline earth metal, beryllium, or magnesium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is calcium, strontium, barium, radium, beryllium, or magnesium.

Beryllium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is beryllium.

Magnesium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is magnesium.

Bath contains alkali metal or fluorine containing compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter wherein the fused electrolyte bath contains an alkali metal or fluorine containing compound (e.g., sodium chloride or magnesium fluoride, etc.).

Alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr):
This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is an alkali metal (i.e., Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr).

Lithium, sodium, or potassium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 406. Subject matter wherein the alkali metal is lithium, sodium, or potassium.

Sodium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter wherein the alkali metal is sodium.

Bath contains halide other than sodium chloride:
This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Subject matter wherein the fused electrolyte bath contains a halide other than or in addition to sodium chloride (e.g., calcium chloride, sodium fluoride, etc.).

Silicon, boron, or phosphorus produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein elemental silicon, boron, or phosphorus is produced.

Halogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Subject matter wherein elemental halogen (i.e., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) is produced.

Heating or cooling electrolyte or bath in production cell during synthesis except in fused bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter
wherein the electrolyte or bath is heated or cooled in the cell in which synthesis is taking place except in a fused or molten bath.

Preparing organic compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein organic compound is produced from an aqueous bath or other bath.
(1) Note. See subclass 355, (1) Note, for the definition of "organic compound."

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
316 for processes of forming a nonmetal coating which is predominantly organic material.
354 for processes of preparing organic compounds from a fused bath.

By polymerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound is a polymer produced by a reaction in which two or more molecules of the same or different substance (monomer or reactant) combine to form a single compound (polymer).
(1) Note. A polymer requires two or more repeating units or moieties derived from monomers or reactants.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
522, Synthetic Resins and Natural Rubbers-Part of the Class 520 Series, for processes of preparing a solid polymer utilizing wave energy.

By dimerization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter wherein the polymer produced is a dimer (a polymer of two molecules of the same substance) formed by a electrochemical coupling process.
(1) Note. The term "coupling" as employed herein refers to the joining together of two molecules of the same compound and does not include the coupling of two different compounds.

Nitrogen containing dimer produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter wherein the dimer produced contains nitrogen.

Adiponitrile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Subject matter wherein the dimer produced is adiponitrile (i.e., NC(CH[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt])[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt]CN, dimer of acrylonitrile).

Carbonyl or hydroxy containing dimer produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Subject matter wherein the dimer contains a carbonyl (>C=O) or hydroxyl (-OH) group (e.g., pinacols, dimethyl sebacate, etc.).

From ring containing reactant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter wherein the polymer is produced from a reactant (monomer) which contains a ring structure (e.g., benzene ring, pyridine, etc.).

Silicon, boron, or phosphorus containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains silicon, boron, or phosphorus.

Carbohydrate or derivative containing compound produced (e.g., streptomycin, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is a carbohydrate or derivative (e.g., streptomycin, ribose, etc.).
(1) Note. See Class 536, subclass 1.1, for the definition of "carbohydrate or derivative."

Heterocyclic compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains a hetero(cyclic) ring system having carbon and least one hetero atom of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, selenium, or tellurium as ring members.

Nitrogen containing hetero ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein the hetero ring system contains a nitrogen atom as a ring member.

Polycyclo ring system having the hetero ring as one of the cyclos:
This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter wherein the hetero ring system is a polycyclo ring system (i.e., a fused or bridged ring system) having the hetero ring as one of the cyclos in the ring system.

Diverse hetero atoms in the polycyclo ring system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Subject matter wherein the polycyclo ring system contains at least two different hetero atoms as ring members.

The hetero ring is six-membered:
This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing hetero ring has six ring members.

Oxygen containing hetero ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter wherein the hetero ring system contains an oxygen atom as a ring member.

The hetero ring is three-membered:
This subclass is indented under subclass 427. Subject matter wherein the oxygen containing hetero ring has three ring members.

Cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene ring system containing compound produced (e.g., steroids, etc.)
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains a cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene ring nucleus.

By fluorination of organic compound other than hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound is fluorinated during synthesis with the exception of hydrocarbons or halocarbons.
(1) Note. The organic compound which is fluorinated during synthesis may contain fluorine.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
460 for processes of preparing fluorine containing hydrocarbons.

Nitrogen containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains nitrogen.

Nitrogen bonded to nitrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein two nitrogens of the organic compound are bonded directly to each other (e.g., azo compounds, hydrazide, etc.).

Carbon triple bonded to nitrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen is triple bonded to carbon (-C=N).

Carboxamide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing compound is an amide (-C-N) of a carboxylic acid.

-COO- group containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing compound contains a -C-O group (e.g., carbamate, amino acid, etc.).

Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing compound also contains oxygen.

Hydroxy containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 436. Subject matter wherein the oxygen containing compound contains a hydroxyl group (-OH).

Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing compound contains a ring or ring system in which all ring members are carbons.

Carbonate or peroxy compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is a carbonate (-O-C-O- containing) or a peroxide (-O-O- containing).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
427 for processes of preparing a cyclic carbonate from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Carboxylic acid or derivative produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is a carboxylic acid (-COOH containing) or functional derivative (including carboxylic acid ester, nonhetero anhydride, salt, and acyl halide).

Carboxylic acid ester produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter wherein the compound produced is a carboxylic acid ester (-C-O-C containing).

Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative produced contains a ring or ring system in which all ring members are carbons.

Carbonyl or hydroxy group containing other than as part of the carboxylic acid or derivative:
This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Subject matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative produced contains a carbonyl group (C=O) or a hydroxyl group (-OH) which is other than as part of a -C-OH or derivative group.

Sulfur containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains sulfur.

Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 444. Subject matter wherein the sulfur containing compound also contains oxygen.

Ketone produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is ketone (-C-C-C containing).

By electrolytic oxidation only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Subject matter wherein the ketone is produced by an electrolytic oxidation process only.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 for processes of preparing ketone involving an electrolytic or chemical reduction process step.

Aldehyde produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is aldehyde (-C-H containing).

By electrolytic oxidation only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 448. Subject matter wherein the aldehyde is produced by an electrolytic oxidation process only.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
448 for processes of preparing aldehyde involving an electrolytic or chemical reduction process step.

Alcohol or alcoholate produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced is an alcohol or alcholate (C-OM wherein M is a metal) (e.g., sodium methylate CH[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]ONa, etc.).

Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the alcohol or alcoholate produced contains halogen.

By electrolytic oxidation only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the alcohol or alcoholate is produced by an electrolytic oxidation process only.

Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the alcohol or alcoholate produced contains a ring or ring system in which all ring members are carbons.

Four or more hydroxy groups:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter wherein the alcohol or alcoholate produced contains four or more hydroxyl groups (e.g., sorbitol, etc.).

Oxygen containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains oxygen (e.g., ethyl ether, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
427 for processes of preparing a cyclic ether or a cyclic acetal from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 455. Subject matter wherein the oxygen containing compound produced contains a ring or ring system in which all the ring members are carbons.

Metal containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. wherein the organic compound produced contains a metal (elements of atomic number 3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-84 or 87).

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 457. Subject matter wherein the metal is lead.

Halogen containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. Subject matter wherein the organic compound produced contains halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine).

Fluorine containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing compound produced contains fluorine.

Acyclic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 459. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing compound contains no ring system (e.g., methyl chloride, etc.).

Hydrocarbon produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 413. wherein the
organic compound produced consists of carbon and hydrogen only.

Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. wherein the hydrocarbon compound produced contains a ring or ring system in which all the ring members are carbons.

Preparing inorganic compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein inorganic compounds are produced from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
(1) Note. See subclass 357, (1) Note, for the definition of "inorganic compound."

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
357 for processes of preparing inorganic compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.

Peroxy compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein a peroxy compound is produced during synthesis.
(1) Note. A peroxy compound contains the O-O or O[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] group in which two oxygen atoms are singly linked.
(2) Note. This subclass does not contain quadrivalent metal dioxides (i.e., MnO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt], PbO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt], etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333 for processes of electrolytically coating with peroxides.

Hydrogen peroxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 465. Subject matter wherein hydrogen peroxide is produced during synthesis.

Utilizing mercury or amalgam electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Subject matter wherein a mercury or amalgam electrode is utilized during synthesis.

Utilizing inorganic carbon containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode containing inorganic carbon is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 294 for specified inorganic carbon electrode compositions.

Boron containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 465. Subject matter wherein a boron containing peroxy is produced during synthesis.

Phosphorus containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 465. Subject matter wherein a phosphorus containing peroxy is produced during synthesis.

Sulfur containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 465. Subject matter
wherein a sulfur containing peroxy is produced during synthesis.

Utilizing specified electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Subject matter wherein an electrode of specified structure or composition is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Perhalogen acid or salt thereof produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced is a perhalogen acid or salt thereof (e.g., periodic acid, etc.).

Perchlorate or perchloric acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 473. Subject matter wherein the perhalogen acid or salt thereof produced is a perchlorate (e.g., sodium perchlorate NaClO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt], etc.) or perchloric acid (HClO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt]).

Permanganate produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced is a permanganate (e.g., sodium permanganate NaMnO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt], etc.).

Potassium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 475. Subject matter wherein the permanganate or permanganic produced contains potassium.

Metal containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein the inorganic compound produced contains a metal (elements of atomic number 3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-84 or 87).

Carbon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains carbon.

Cyanide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Subject matter wherein the carbon containing compound produced is a cyanide in which the carbon is bound to nitrogen by a triple bond (e.g., potassium ferricyamide K[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]Fe (CN)[subscrpt]6[end subscrpt] etc.).

Carbonate or bicarbonate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 478. Subject matter wherein the carbon containing compound produced is a carbonate (CO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing) or a bicarbonate (HCO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
465 for processes of preparing a percarbonate or peroxycarbonate from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter wherein the carbonate or bicarbonate produced contains lead.

Alkali metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Subject matter wherein the carbonate or bicarbonate produced contains an alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr).

Chromium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains chromium.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
178 for processes of forming multiple superposed electrolytic coatings wherein at least one of the coatings contains chromium.
243 for processes of depositing predominantly alloy coating having chromium as the predominate constituent.
283 for processes of depositing predominantly chromium coating.

Chromate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter wherein the chromium containing compound produced is chromate (CrO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt] containing).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
199 for processes of forming nonelectrolytic coating after forming electrolytic coating where the electrolytic coating contains chromate.
319 for processes of forming a nonmetal coating which contains chromate.

Alkali metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Subject matter wherein the chromate produced contains an alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr).

Chromic acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 483. Subject matter wherein the chromium containing compound is chromic acid (H[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]CrO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt]).

Utilizing specified electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode structure or composition is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for specified electrode structure and composition.

Phosphorus containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains phosphorus.

Phosphate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 488. Subject matter wherein the phosphorus containing compound produced is a phosphate (PO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt] containing).

Alkali or alkaline earth metal, beryllium, or magnesium containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Subject matter wherein the phosphate produced contains an alkali or alkaline earth metal, beryllium, or magnesium (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or Ra).

Nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains nitrogen (e.g., nitrosodisulfonate, etc.).

Nitrite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 491. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing metal compound is a nitrite (NO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] containing).

Nitrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 491. Subject matter wherein the nitrogen containing metal compound is a nitrate (NO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing).

Sulfur containing (e.g., sulfide, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains sulfur (e.g., sodium sulfide, etc.).

Sulfite, bisulfite, or dithionite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 494. Subject matter
wherein the sulfur containing compound produced is a sulfite (SO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing), a bisulfite (HSO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing), or a dithionite (S[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]O[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt] containing).
(1) Note. Dithionite may be termed hydrosulfite or hyposulfite in the patents.

Sulfate or bisulfate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 494. Subject matter wherein the sulfur containing compound produced is a sulfate (SO4 containing) or a bisulfate (HSO4 containing).

Group VIII metal, lead, or copper containing (Fe, Co, Ni, Rn, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Pb, or Cu):
This subclass is indented under subclass 496. Subject matter wherein the sulfate produced contains a group VIII metal or lead or copper.

Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein the metal containing compound produced contains halogen (i.e., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine).

Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing compound produced contains oxygen (e.g., potassium bromate, etc.).

Hypochlorite or chlorite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Subject matter wherein the oxygen containing compound produced is a hypochlorite (ClO containing) or chlorite (ClO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] containing).

Utilizing tubular or coated electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Subject matter wherein a tubular or coated electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 280-294 for electrodes utilized in carrying out the processes herein provided for and subclasses 290.01-290.15 for laminated or coated electrodes.

Chlorate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Subject matter wherein the oxygen containing compound produced is a chlorate (ClO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt] containing).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
474 for processes of preparing perchlorate or perchloric acid from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Alkali metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Subject matter wherein the chlorate produced contains an alkali metal.

Utilizing graphite or inorganic carbon containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 503. Subject matter wherein a graphite or inorganic carbon electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 294 for carbon containing electrode.

Utilizing coated electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 503. Subject matter wherein a coated electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 290.01-290.15 for laminated or coated electrodes.

Germanium, tin, or lead (containing Ge, Sn, or Pb):
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing compound produced contains germanium, tin, or lead.

Copper, silver, or gold containing (Cu, Ag, or Au):
This subclass is indented under subclass 498. Subject matter wherein the halogen containing compound produced contains copper, silver, or gold.

Hydroxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. wherein a metallic hydroxide is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
316 for processes of applying a hydroxide coating to a substrate electrolytically.

Group VIII metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Subject matter wherein a group VIII metal hydroxide is produced.

Alkali metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 508. Subject matter wherein the metal hydroxide produced contains an alkali metal.

Utilizing bipolar electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject wherein at least one bipolar-type electrode is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. See subclass 383 for the definition of "bipolar electrode."

Potassium hydroxide produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter wherein potassium hydroxide is produced.

Utilizing filter press cell configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter wherein a filter press-type cell is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. A filter press-type cell is a cell containing at least one alternating anode unit and cathode unit having a membrane or diaphragm disposed therebetween and means to compress the units and membranes or diaphragms together where the compression means can be springs, bolts, clamps, etc.

Utilizing cell having three or more compartments or units:
This subclass is indented under subclass 512. Subject matter wherein a cell having three or more compartments or units is utilized during synthesis (e.g., a buffer compartment, etc.).

Including gas compartment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 514. Subject matter wherein at least one of the cell compartments or units contains gas.

And elemental halogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 510. Subject matter wherein a halogen is also produced in the elemental state during synthesis (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

Utilizing structurally defined diaphragm or membrane or diaphragm or membrane other than nonstructurally defined single layer cation exchange membrane having single-type cation exchange groups (e.g., anion exchange membrane, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane having a specified composition or configuration other than a nonstructurally defined single layer cation exchange membrane having single-type cation exchange groups is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. Anion exchange groups include, for example, quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary pyridinium groups, sulfonium bases, primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups, pyridine groups, imino groups, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 45 for selective diffusion of gases through a substantially solid barrier using a solid electrolyte membrane (SEM) which functions without electrodes and without externally applied voltage. These membranes are used where the partial pressure of the gas to be diffused through the membrane on the permeate side is lower than that on the feed side. Electrodeless solid electrolyte membrane
cells are operated by maintaining a pressure on the feed side such that a positive driving force for ion transport can be achieved in the absence of an externally applied voltage and power source. Class 204 takes the use of a SEM situated between two electrodes positioned to apply external voltage across the membrane. These are used where the partial pressure of the gas is to be diffused through the permeate side. Molecules on the feed electrochemically dissociated into ions are transported across the matrix of the membrane by the applied voltage and recombined to form molecules on the anode.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 295 and 296 for a specified membrane or diaphragm composition.

Asbestos containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane containing asbestos is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 295 for a specified membrane or diaphragm containing asbestos.

And polymer containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Subject matter wherein the asbestos containing membrane or diaphragm also includes a polymer constituent.

Membrane having two or more different ion exchange groups in a single layer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a membrane containing two or more different ion exchange groups are utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. This subclass can include a mixture of cationic exchange groups (e.g., carboxylic, sulfonic, and phosphoric groups; cationic and anionic groups; etc.).

Multilayered membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a membrane having more than one layer is utilized during synthesis.

Roughened membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a membrane having at least one surface thereof roughened is utilized during synthesis.

Diaphragm or membrane having a specified porosity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane having a specified porosity is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include a diaphragm or membrane which broadly states that it is porous without giving a specific pore size or range.

Diaphragm or membrane having nonelectrode layer bonded thereto or embedded therein:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane having a nonelectrode layer bonded thereto or embedded therein is utilized during synthesis.

Electrode bonded diaphragm or membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 517. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane having at least one electrode bonded thereto is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 282
and 283 for the structure and composition of electrodes bonded to a membrane or diaphragm.

Utilizing specified electrode (e.g., rod, cylinder, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Subject matter wherein at least one specified electrode structure or composition is utilized during synthesis.

Mercury or amalgam cathode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Subject matter wherein a mercury or amalgam cathode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
529 for treating the amalgamated mercury cathode with water or other agent to generate the hydroxide when combined with the electrolytic synthesis step of producing the amalgam even though no electrolytic action is claimed for the amalgamated mercury treatment step.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 180 for the mere treatment of mercury amalgam which may be prepared electrolytically unless an internal or external current is impressed to facilitate the action by electrolysis.

Specified anode composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 527. Subject matter wherein an anode of specified composition is utilized during synthesis.

Purifying the cathode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 527. Subject matter wherein the mercury or amalgam cathode is purified.
(1) Note. This subclass includes treating the amalgamated mercury cathode with water or other agent to generate the hydroxide when combined with the electrolytic synthesis step of producing the amalgam even though no electrolytic action is claimed for the amalgamated mercury treatment step.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, subclass 180 for the mere treatment of mercury amalgam which may be prepared electrolytically unless an internal or external current is impressed to facilitate the action by electrolysis.

Concentrically arranged electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Subject matter wherein two or more electrodes arranged concentrically one within the other are utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 272 for concentrically arranged electrodes.

Foraminous or perforated (e.g., mesh, screen, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Subject matter wherein at least one of the electrodes which is foraminous or perforated is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 284 for foraminous or perforated electrodes.

Laminated or coated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 526. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode which is laminated or coated is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for processes of applying a coating electrolytically.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 284 for foraminous or perforated electrodes.
427, Coating Processes, 58 for processes of producing electrical products by a coating operation.

Polymer or graphite or inorganic carbon containing coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 532. Subject matter wherein an electrode having at least one polymer or graphite or inorganic carbon containing coating is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
517 for a process of preparing a hydroxide and halogen wherein a coated or laminated membrane or diaphragm is used.

Raney metal containing coating (e.g., Ni-Al alloy, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 532. Subject matter wherein the electrode has at least one Raney metal containing coating.
(1) Note. Raney metal is an alloy of any two or more metals having the property of forming a catalytically active porous surface upon the leaching of an inactive soluble component metal (sacrificial metal) from the alloy, usually by a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, to leave an active metal. Some specific Raney metals are, for example, Raney silver and Raney Cobalt. This subclass includes both the alloy or the active catalyst produced by dissolving out the sacrificial metal.

Valve metal containing electrode substrate (i.e., Ta, Nb, Hf, Zr, Ti, V, W, Be, or Al):
This subclass is indented under subclass 532. Subject matter wherein the electrode substrate contains a valve metal.
(1) Note. For purposes of this subclass, a valve metal is a metal which forms an electrically insulating, corrosion-resistant oxide film upon exposure to acidic
materials under anodic conditions. The valve metals are also referred to as the film-forming metals.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 290.01-290.15 for laminated or coated electrodes, especially subclasses 290.12-290.13 for a two-layer electrode containing a refractory metal.

Treating electrolyte or bath material prior to synthesis other than heating, cooling, or replacing consumed material during synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte or bath material is treated prior to synthesis other than by heating, cooling, or replacing material consumed during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
351 for treating the electrolyte or bath without removal from the cell other than regenerating, replenishing, or replacing consumed material during synthesis.

Controlling electrolyte flow other than by flow through a diaphragm or membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Subject matter wherein the flow of electrolyte is controlled during the synthesis other than by flow through a diaphragm or membrane (e.g., utilizing baffles, conduits, differences in solution densities, specific electrolyte feed rate, entrained gas in solution, etc.).

Oxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein a metallic oxide is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
333 for processes of applying an oxide coating to a substrate electrolytically.

Manganese containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter wherein a manganese oxide is produced during synthesis.

And elemental zinc or elemental manganese produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 539. Subject matter wherein elemental zinc or elemental manganese is also produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
262 for processes of electrolytically coating with manganese from an aqueous bath.
305 for processes of electrolytically coating with zinc from an aqueous bath.
369 for the processes of preparing metallic zinc from a fused bath by synthesis.
370 for the processes of preparing metallic manganese from a fused bath by synthesis.
602 for the processes of preparing metallic zinc from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Utilizing specified electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 539. Subject matter wherein at least one specified electrode is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. This subclass includes specified composition and/or configuration.

Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum containing (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, or Ta):
This subclass is indented under subclass 541. Subject matter
wherein the electrode contains titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum.

Group VIII metal containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter wherein a group VIII metal containing oxide is produced during synthesis (e.g., an oxide of Fe, Ni, or Co.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
269 for processes of electrolytically coating with cobalt from an aqueous bath.
270 for processes of electrolytically coating with iron from an aqueous bath.
271 for processes of electrolytically coating with nickel from an aqueous bath.
370 for processes of preparing iron, cobalt, or nickel from a fused bath by synthesis.
587 for processes of preparing iron or cobalt from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
594 for processes of preparing nickel from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Germanium, tin or lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter wherein germanium, tin, or lead containing oxide is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
299 for processes of electrolytically coating with lead from an aqueous bath.
300 for processes of electrolytically coating with tin from an aqueous bath.
369 for processes of preparing lead from a fused bath by synthesis.
597 for processes of preparing lead from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
610 for processes of preparing tin form an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, or mercury containing (Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg):
This subclass is indented under subclass 538. Subject matter wherein copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, or mercury containing oxide is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
263 for processed of electrolytically coating with silver from an aqueous bath.
266 for processes of electrolytically coating with gold from an aqueous bath.
281 for processes of electrolytically coating with cadmium from an aqueous bath.
291 for processes of electrolytically coating with copper from an aqueous bath.
305 for processes of electrolytically coating with zinc from an aqueous bath.
369 for processes of preparing zinc or cadmium from a fused bath by synthesis.
562 for processes of preparing mercury from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
571 for processes of preparing silver or gold from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
574 for processes of preparing copper from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
602 for processes of preparing zinc from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Hydrate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein a metallic hydrate is produced during synthesis.
(1) Note. A hydrate is a substance containing water combined in the molecular form.

Germanium, tin, or lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein a compound containing germanium, tin, or lead is produced during synthesis (e.g., lead borate, sodium stannate, etc.).

Iron, cobalt, or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 477. Subject matter wherein a compound containing iron, cobalt, or nickel is produced during synthesis (e.g., potassium ferrate, etc.).

Silicon, boron, or phosphorus containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein an inorganic compound containing silicon, boron, or phosphorus is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 for processes of preparing inorganic silicon, boron, or phosphorus compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
420 for processes of preparing organic silicon, boron, or phosphorus containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
477 for processes of preparing metal containing silicon or boron compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
488 for processes of preparing metal containing phosphorus compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Phosphine:
This subclass is indented under subclass 549. Subject matter wherein the compound produced is phosphine (PH[subscrpt]3[end
subscrpt]).
(1) Note. The aqueous electrolyte bath utilized herein may contain a portion or a pool of molten phosphorus.

Nitrogen containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein a compound containing nitrogen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
491 for processes of producing metal containing nitrogen compounds by synthesis.
617 for processes of producing elemental nitrogen by synthesis.

Ammonia:
This subclass is indented under subclass 551. Subject matter wherein the compound produced is ammonia.

Nitric acid or oxide of nitrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 551. Subject matter wherein the compound produced is nitric acid or an oxide of nitrogen.

Sulfur containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein a compound containing sulfur is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for processes of preparing inorganic sulfur containing compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
444 for processes of preparing organic sulfur containing compounds from an aqueous bath or bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
494 for processes of preparing metal containing sulfur compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
617 for processes of preparing elemental sulfur from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Carbon containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein an inorganic compound containing carbon is produced by synthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for processes of preparing metal containing inorganic carbon compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Halogen containing compound produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 464. Subject matter wherein a compound containing halogen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
356 for processes of preparing organic halogen containing compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
359 for processes of preparing inorganic halogen containing compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
411 for processes of preparing elemental halogen from a fused bath by synthesis.
459 for processes of preparing organic halogen containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
498 for processes of preparing metal containing halogen compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
618 for processes of preparing elemental halogen from an
aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Preparing alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein an alloy is produced during synthesis utilizing an aqueous bath or other bath.
(1) Note. See Class 420, Glossary, for the definition of "alloy."

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
238 for processes of depositing a predominantly alloy coating from an aqueous bath.
363 for processes of preparing an alloy from a fused bath.

Amalgam produced (e.g., utilizing mercury or amalgam electrode during synthesis, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 557. Subject matter wherein the alloy produced is an amalgam (alloy of mercury with another metal) which may be synthesized by alloying a metal with a mercury or amalgam cathode.

Precious metal containing (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Ag, or Au):
This subclass is indented under subclass 558. Subject matter wherein the amalgam produced contains a precious metal (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir,Pt, Ag, or Au).

Preparing single metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein a single metal (free metal or elemental metal) is produced from an aqueous bath or other bath.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
261 for processes of depositing a predominantly single metal coating from an aqueous bath.
367 for processes of preparing a single metal from a fused bath.

Utilizing bipolar electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the electrode utilized during synthesis is a bipolar-type electrode which is a planar electrode wherein one surface serves as an anode and the other surface serves as a cathode.

Mercury produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is mercury.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
559 for processes of preparing an alloy of mercury (amalgam) from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Arsenic, antimony, or bismuth produced (As, Sb, or Bi):
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is arsenic, antimony, or bismuth.

Gallium, germanium, indium, vanadium, or molybdenum produced (Ga, Ge, In, V, or Mo):
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is gallium, germanium, indium, vanadium, or molybdenum.

Precious metal produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is a precious metal (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Ag, or Au).

Utilizing specified electrode other than consumable precious metal containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode structure or composition is utilized other than a precious metal containing electrode which is used up during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Alloy electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 566. Subject matter wherein the specified electrode is an alloy electrode.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 293 for an electrode composed of a particular alloy.

Leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter wherein a source material (raw material) containing the precious metal is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing nitrogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 568. Subject matter wherein a nitrogen containing material (e.g., nitric acid, sodium cyanide, etc.) is used in the leaching, dissolving, or
extracting process (e.g., cyaniding leach, etc.).

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 568. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material (e.g., hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, etc.) is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process (i.e., halogenating leach).

Silver or gold:
This subclass is indented under subclass 565. Subject matter wherein the precious metal is silver or gold.

Chromium produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is chromium.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
283 for processes of depositing a chromium coating from an aqueous bath.

Manganese produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is manganese.

Copper produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is copper.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
291 for processes of depositing a copper coating from an aqueous bath.

Utilizing specified electrode other than consumable copper containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 574. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode structure or composition is utilized other than a copper containing electrode which is used up during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Specified anode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 575. Subject matter wherein the specified electrode is an anode.

Elemental carbon containing (e.g., graphite, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 576. Subject matter wherein the specified anode contains carbon in a free state (e.g., graphite, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 294 for a carbon containing electrode composition.

Lead containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 576. Subject matter wherein the specified anode contains lead.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 291 for an electrode made of a specified composition.

Iron, cobalt, or nickel containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 576. Subject matter wherein the specified anode contains iron, cobalt, or nickel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 291 for an electrode made of a specified composition.

Leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 574. Subject matter wherein a source material (raw material) containing the copper is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Subject matter wherein an organic material (e.g., oximes, diketones, etc.) is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process (i.e., halogenating leach).

Utilizing sulfur containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 580. Subject matter wherein a sulfur containing material (e.g., sulfuric acid, etc.) is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting
process (e.g., sulfating leach, etc.).

Recycling electrolyte or bath material back to production cell after synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 583. Subject matter wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte or bath material is sent back to the electrolytic cell where copper was produced after synthesis.

Bath contains organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 574. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic material.

Purifying or treating electrolyte or bath prior to or after synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 574. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte or bath is purified or treated prior to or after electrolytic synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
351 for processes of treating electrolyte or bath without removal from cell other than regenerating, replacing, or replenishing consumed material during synthesis.

Iron, cobalt, or nickel produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Specified anode other than consumable iron, cobalt, or nickel containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 587. Subject matter wherein a specified anode structure or composition is utilized other than an iron, cobalt, or nickel containing electrode which is used up during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 587. Subject matter wherein a source material (raw material) containing the iron group metal (Fe, Co, or Ni) is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 589. Subject matter wherein an organic material is used for any purpose in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 589. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Of iron:
This subclass is indented under subclass 591. Subject matter wherein a source material containing iron is subjected to leaching, dissolving, or extracting with a halogen containing material (halogenating leach).

Of iron:
This subclass is indented under subclass 589. Subject matter wherein a source material containing iron is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Nickel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 587. Subject matter wherein the iron group metal produced is nickel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
271 for processes of depositing a nickel coating from an aqueous bath.

Bath contains organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 594. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic material.

Bath pH below 5:
This subclass is indented under subclass 594. Subject matter wherein the PH of the electrolyte bath is less than 5.0.

Lead produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is lead.

Utilizing specified electrode other than consumable lead containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 597. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode structure or composition is
utilized other than a lead containing electrode which is used up during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 597. Subject matter wherein a source material (raw material) containing lead is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 599. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Bath contains organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 597. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains an organic material.

Zinc produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is zinc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
305 for processes of depositing zinc from an aqueous bath.

Utilizing specified electrode other than consumable zinc containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 602. Subject matter wherein a specified electrode structure or composition is utilized other than a zinc containing electrode which is used up during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 602. Subject matter wherein a source material containing zinc is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 604. Subject matter wherein an organic material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 604. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Utilizing sulfur containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 604. Subject matter wherein a sulfur containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process (e.g., sulfating leach, etc.).

Removing iron or iron containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 607. Subject matter wherein iron or iron containing material is removed in the process.
(1) Note. Included herein is the removal of iron or iron containing material derived from the source or raw material which is used for the production of zinc.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
357 for processes of preparing an iron containing inorganic compound from a fused bath.
370 for processes of preparing iron from a fused bath.
548 for processes of preparing iron containing inorganic compound from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.
587 for processes of preparing iron from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Bath contains silver, strontium, or organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 602. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains silver, strontium, or organic material.

Tin produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Subject matter wherein the single metal produced is tin.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
300 for processes of depositing a tin coating from an aqueous bath.

Leaching, dissolving or extracting prior to synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 610. Subject matter wherein a source material (raw material) containing tin is subjected to a process of leaching, dissolving, or extracting
prior to electrolytic synthesis.

Utilizing halogen containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 611. Subject matter wherein a halogen containing material is used in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process.

Utilizing sulfur containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 611. Subject matter wherein a sulfur containing material is used for any purpose in the leaching, dissolving, or extracting process (e.g., sulfating leach, etc.).

Bath contains silicon or organic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 610. Subject matter wherein the electrolyte bath contains silicon or organic material.

Preparing nonmetal element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 334. Subject matter wherein a nonmetallic element is produced during synthesis.

Utilizing bipolar electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein at least one bipolar electrode is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. See subclass 383 (Class 205) for the definition of "bipolar electrode."

Sulfur or nitrogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein elemental sulfur or nitrogen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
360 for processes of preparing inorganic nitrogen containing compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
361 for processes of preparing inorganic sulfur containing compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
431 for processes of preparing organic nitrogen containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
444 for processes of preparing organic sulfur containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other a fused bath by synthesis.
491 for processes of preparing meal containing nitrogen compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
494 for processes of preparing metal containing sulfur compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
551 for processes or preparing inorganic, nonmetal containing nitrogen compound from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
554 for processes of preparing inorganic, nonmetal containing sulfur compound from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Halogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein elemental halogen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
356 for processes of preparing organic halogen containing compounds from a fused bath.
359 for processes of preparing inorganic halogen compounds from a fused bath by synthesis.
411 for processes of preparing elemental halogen from a fused bath by synthesis.
459 for processes of preparing organic halogen containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
498 for processes of preparing metal containing halogen compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
556 for processes of preparing inorganic halogen containing compounds from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Fluorine, bromine, or iodine produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Subject matter wherein elemental fluorine, bromine, or iodine is produced during synthesis.

Chlorine and hydrogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Subject matter wherein both elemental chlorine and hydrogen are produced during synthesis.

Utilizing specified metal or alloy cathode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 620. Subject matter wherein a specified metal or alloy cathode is utilized during synthesis.

Utilizing specified electrode other than graphite or inorganic carbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Subject matter wherein at least one specified electrode structure or composition other than graphite or inorganic carbon is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Mercury or amalgam cathode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Subject matter wherein a mercury or amalgam cathode is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. Amalgam is an alloy of a metal with mercury. See Class 420, Glossary, for the definition of "alloy."

Diaphragm or membrane bonded electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Subject matter wherein a diaphragm or membrane bonded to at least one electrode or wherein at least one electrode bonded to a diaphragm or membrane is utilized during synthesis.
(1) Note. The membrane or diaphragm must be a separately made preform bonded to the electrode.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 282 and 283 for the structure and composition of electrodes and membranes or diaphragms bonded together.

Coated electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode which is coated is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for processes of applying a coating electrolytically.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 290.01-290.15 for laminated or coated electrodes.
427, Coating Processes, 58 for processes of producing electrical products by a coating operation.

Ozone produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein ozone (O[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]) is produced during synthesis.

Deuterium or tritium produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein deuterium or tritium (D[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] or H[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]) is produced during synthesis.

Oxygen and hydrogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein both elemental oxygen and hydrogen are produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
633 for processes of preparing elemental oxygen from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.
637 for processes of preparing hydrogen from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath by synthesis.

Utilizing inorganic solid electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 628. Subject matter wherein an inorganic solid electrolyte is utilized during synthesis (e.g., ceramic, metallic, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 295 for specified electrolyte composition.

Utilizing specified electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 628. Subject matter wherein at least one specified electrode structure or composition is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Specified single metal or alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Subject matter wherein at least one specified single metal or alloy electrode is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 292 and 293 for specified electrode single metal or alloy compositions, respectively.

Group VIII metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 631. wherein the electrode containing a group VIII metal (e.g., Fe, Ni, or Co) or alloy is utilized during synthesis.

Oxygen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein elemental oxygen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
628 for processes of preparing oxygen and hydrogen from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Utilizing inorganic solid electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 633. Subject matter wherein an inorganic solid electrolyte is utilized during synthesis (e.g., ceramic, metallic, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 295 for specified electrolyte composition.

Utilizing nonmetal containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 633. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode containing a nonmetal is utilized during synthesis (e.g., metal boride, carbide, oxide, nitride, cermet, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 291 and 294 for specified nonmetal electrode compositions.

Utilizing group VIII metal alloy electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 633. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode containing a group VIII metal alloy (e.g., Fe, Ni, Co alloy) is utilized during synthesis.

Hydrogen produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 615. Subject matter wherein elemental hydrogen is produced during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
510 for processes of preparing alkali metal hydroxide and hydrogen from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.
620 for processes of preparing hydrogen and chlorine from an aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.
628 for processes of preparing oxygen and hydrogen from an
aqueous bath or a bath other than a fused bath.

Utilizing specified electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 637. Subject matter wherein at least one specified electrode structure or composition is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
280 for an electrode of specified structure or composition.

Specified single metal or alloy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 638. Subject matter wherein at least one electrode containing a single metal or alloy is utilized during synthesis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 292 and 293 for specified metal or alloy electrode compositions.

Electrolytic erosion of a workpiece for shape or surface change (e.g., etching, polishing, etc.) (process and electrolyte composition):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the chemical change occurs as a result of an electrolytic current between a tool electrode and a workpiece electrode and involves removing material from the workpiece in order to change the shape or surface configuration thereof, including electrolyte compositions for use therein.
(1) Note. For this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder, some of the terms in the schedule and definitions are found at the end of this subclass definition.
(2) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder include the electrolyte technology employed in electrolytic erosion processes. The regeneration, per se, of such electrolytes is classified in subclass 673 and the electrolyte compositions are classified in subclasses 674+.
(3) Note. The products of electrolytic erosion processes are excluded from this and the subclasses indented hereunder as a specific exception to the general rule of Class 204; see section (B) of the class definition.
(4) Note. Processes included in this and the indented subclasses are those in which the net result is stripping or removal of material to change the shape or surface configuration of a workpiece. Processes of electrolytic erosion combined with electrolytic deposition of a desired product are found in the above appropriate subclasses. However, if electrolytic coating is followed by electrolysis to entirely remove the electrolytically coated layer, no net coating has taken place, and no desired product has been synthesized (other than an electrolytically eroded or treated article); therefore placing the process in this subclass or the subclasses indented hereunder when such erosion or treatment has resulted in a change of shape or surface configuration of the base article (workpiece) and in subclasses 687+ in other cases.
(5) Note. This subclass (640) is the locus for patents directed to manufacturing or repairing of tools used in an electrolytic erosion process; such manufacturing or repairing not being provided for in any of the above subclasses in this class. The manufacturing or repairing of these tools by electrolytic erosion and the manufacturing or repairing of these tools combined with their use in electrolytic erosion are properly classified in the subclasses indented hereunder when provided for in these subclasses.
(6) Note. Although this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder are intended to provide for electrolytic polishing (electropolishing as defined above), other processes which do not clearly or necessarily involve electrolytic erosion (e.g., "brightening," forming a surface "luster," etc.) may only be classified herein if such operations are clearly electrolytic and are the result of a shape or surface change of a workpiece. Otherwise, such operations are assumed to be mere cleaning or removal of a surface coating (e.g., metal oxide, sulfide, scale, etc.), the electrolytic variety of which is provided for below, under subclasses 687+, electrolytic material treatment. "Burnishing" is generally mere mechanical compacting, smoothing, or rubbing of material to produce a shiny or lustrous surface thereon, unless clearly indicated otherwise.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 for electrolytic marking (e.g., electroprinting, etc.) involving electrolytic erosion.
70 for a process of making a die by electroforming in which the die may or may not be used as a tool for electrolytic erosion.
80 for a process where a polished surface is produced by electrolytic coating.
205 for electrolytic erosion followed by electrolytic coating.
220 for electrolytic coating followed by electrolytic erosion of the coating to remove only a portion thereof.
687 for electrolytic erosion performed upon solid coherent objects for purposes other than a change in the shape or surface configuration of the workpiece.
705 for electrolytic metal treatment in which brightening results from a cleaning action only. Processes in which electrolytic polishing is preceded by an electrolytic cleaning action are found in subclasses 660+.
717 for a process in which an entire layer of elemental material is removed from a metallic substrate by electrolytic erosion, the material removed not being limited to a portion of the workpiece surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, 89.5 and 90.01+ for processes and apparatus for producing a smooth surface by burnishing (e.g., by rubbing with a smooth surface of greater hardness than the workpiece, etc.).
51, Abrasive Toolmaking Process, Material, or Composition, for processes, materials, or compositions used to make tools employed in changing the shape or surface configuration of an object by grinding or other mechanical material removal without also employing electrolytic erosion.
76, Metal Tools and Implements, Making, appropriate subclasses for special machines, processes, blanks, and dies for making tools, in particular, 107.1 for blanks and processes of making dies.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus in general for cleaning or assuring contact of a solid material with a treating liquid.
148, Metal Treatment, appropriate subclasses for the treatment (e.g., tempering, ageing, etc.) of solid or semisolid metal to modify or maintain internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of the metal which may or may not be combined with a Class 205 procedure (e.g., carburizing or nitriding of solid metal combined with electrolytic erosion, etc.). Processes of electrolytic removal of metal by erosion combined with a broadly claimed heat treatment are properly classified in Class 205, 640.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, for processes of chemical etching or erosion which do not employ an electrolytic current, but may involve an electrical discharge.
219, Electric Heating, especially 68, for processes of electrical erosion which do not employ an electrolyte or involve an added chemical reagent (e.g., spark gap erosion, etc.).
252, Compositions, especially subclass 62.2 for electrolytes specialized or designed for an electrical device used merely as an electrical component (e.g., rectifier, condenser, etc.) and subclasses 79.1+ for etching compositions which, although not intended for use in electrolysis, may be identical in composition to such electrolytes.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclass 612 for a composite metallic stock material having a microscopic interfacial wave or roughness.
451, Abrading, appropriate subclasses for apparatus, processes, and compositions for changing the shape or surface configuration of an object by grinding or other mechanical material removal, without electrolytic erosion.
483, Tool Changing, for a process or apparatus involving electrolytic erosion in which changing a tool electrode using a tool transfer means and a tool support or storage means is the sole significantly recited feature.
ELECTROPOLISHING
The electrolytic erosion of solid surfaces to produce bright or mirrorlike surfaces. The effect usually results from a selective electrolytic erosion of the high points of a base material surface to thus reduce surface irregularities.
ELEMENT
An electrode, a workpiece, a tool, or an electrolyte.
TOOL
A solid (including a gel) coherent object which cooperates with a workpiece and an electrolyte, either mechanically or electrically, to remove some of the material from the workpiece. Thus, for example, a tool may be an electrode, a grinding wheel, an insulating spacer, etc.
WORKPIECE
A solid coherent object which serves as an electrode and is subjected to electrolytic erosion, some of which is removed during the process and some of which remains as a product. The workpiece may be a layer of one material supported by another material.

With control responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which the material removal is regulated by detecting a characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process and by implementing an action in the process based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process and to implement an action in the process based upon the detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a positive action made by a control means because of the detected characteristic or change therein.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
645 for electrolytic erosion with measuring, testing, or sensing; but without involving control responsive to a sensed condition.
646 for electrolytic erosion with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control; but without control responsive to sensed condition.
652 for electrolytic erosion in which the tool-workpiece gap size is either specified or maintained constant; without using (1) control responsive to a sensed condition, (2) measuring, testing, or sensing, or (3) programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
775 for electrolytic methods of analysis or testing, per se. See the (1) note in subclass 775.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se. See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values may be derived from the electrical properties determined.

To adjust voltage across or size of tool-workpiece gap:
This subclass is indented under subclass 641. Process in which the detected characteristic or change therein is used (a) to establish proper gap or spacing between a tool and a workpiece, (b) to adjust or keep this gap or spacing constant, or (c) to vary the voltage across this gap or spacing.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder are not intended to provide for mere process shutdown in response to a sensed condition unless the shutdown is clearly accompanied by or is the result of an interruption in the gap voltage. Subclasses 641 and 644 provide for mere process shutdown in response to a sensed condition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
652 for electrolytic erosion in which the tool-workpiece gap size is either specified or maintained constant without using (1) control responsive to a sensed condition, (2) measuring, testing, or sensing, or (3) programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.

In response to sensed voltage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 642. Process in which the gap voltage or size or a change in the gap voltage or size are adjusted or controlled in response to a detected voltage or change therein.
(1) Note. The detected voltage may either be the gap voltage or any other process voltage.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
644 for electrolytic erosion in which a sensed voltage or current is used to control the process without being used to adjust the voltage across or size of the tool-workpiece gap.

In response to sensed voltage or current:
This subclass is indented under subclass 641. Process in which a detected voltage or current or a change in a detected voltage or current is used to control the process.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
643 for electrolytic erosion in which a sensed voltage is used to adjust the voltage across or size of the tool-workpiece gap.

With measuring, testing, or sensing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process which includes measuring, detecting, or testing of a characteristic, condition, or property of the process or an element used in the process.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
641 for electrolytic erosion which is controlled in response to a sensed condition.
775 for electrolytic methods of analysis or testing, per se. See the (1) Note in subclass 775.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se. See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values may be derived from the electrical properties determined.

With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process which is not directly responsive to a sensed condition, but involves (a) storing coded instructions or other data which is used to regulate the process, (b) repetitively regulating a sequence of process steps, or (c) regulating the process according to preset timing sequences (e.g., limiting various process steps to predetermined durations of time, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder are not intended to include the use of alternating current (AC), per se, or the use of direct current (DC) pulses which are not clearly repetitive (i.e., with multiple complete cycles) or predetermined.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
641 for electrolytic erosion with control responsive to a sensed condition.
652 for electrolytic erosion in which the tool-workpiece gap is either specified or maintained constant; but without using programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.

Including nonelectrolytic erosion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process which includes both electrolytic and nonelectrolytic removal of material from the workpiece.
(1) Note. The nonelectrolytic erosion may be carried out either simultaneously with the electrolytic erosion or as a separate step.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
661 for electrolytic erosion with preliminary nonelectrolytic cleaning or shaping of the workpiece; but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
662 for electrolytic erosion with mechanical abrasion or grinding, in general.
709 for electrolytic cleaning involving moving contact of a solid member with a workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 280-294 for electrode structure and compositions used in electrolysis, including those also having a non-electrolytic action. See the Class 204 definition for an elaboration of the class line with chemical etching, especially the Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class and the References to Other Classes, Lines Between Classes sections.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, appropriate subclasses for a combination process of Class 205 electrolytic erosion followed by a Class 216 chemical etching step.

Using diverse-type tool electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process which employs two or more different types of tool electrodes (e.g.,
moving and stationary tools, layered composite and pure metal tools, etc.).

Eroding workpiece to match nonplanar surface shape of tool electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process in which the workpiece is eroded to match the surface shape of a tool electrode having a nonplanar machining surface (e.g., a tool electrode having a concave surface is used to erode a workpiece until it possesses a convex shape with the same radius of curvature as that of the tool surface, etc.).

Cleaning, recycling, or reusing electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process in which the electrolyte is purified by removing unwanted material (e.g., by filtering, etc.), recycled, or reused.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
673 for the regeneration, per se, of an electrolyte used in electrolytic erosion.

Moving tool or workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 646. Process in which the tool, workpiece, or both are moved during erosion of the workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
654 for electrolytic erosion in which a moving tool electrode is used with gap maintenance or a defined tool-workpiece gap.
663 for electrolytic erosion using a rotating tool or workpiece with mechanical abrasion or grinding; but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
686 for electrolytic erosion, in general, using a moving tool electrode.

Gap maintenance or defined tool-workpiece gap:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which a method is recited for keeping a gap or spacing between the tool and workpiece essentially constant or in which this gap or spacing is mathematically specified.
(1) Note. The spacing may be maintained by the presence of a solid, insulating, nonabrasive material (e.g., stencil, mask, etc.) between the tool and workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
642 for electrolytic erosion in which a sensed condition is used to adjust the voltage across or size of the tool-workpiece gap.
662 for electrolytic erosion in which the spacing may be maintained somewhat constant by the presence of abrasive particles between the tool and workpiece, but in which the use of such particles is not intended to maintain such spacing constant.
666 for electrolytic erosion in which a stencil or mask is attached to the workpiece, but is not used to maintain the spacing between the tool and workpiece.

Using tool electrode with two or more holes for passage of electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 652. Process in which the tool electrode is provided with two or more perforations in the working surface thereof, usually to allow electrolyte to be supplied to or removed from the workpiece.

Moving tool electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 652. Process in which the tool electrode is moved during erosion of the workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
651 for electrolytic erosion using a moving tool or workpiece with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
663 for electrolytic erosion using a rotating tool or workpiece with mechanical abrasion or grinding.
686 for electrolytic erosion, in general, using a moving tool electrode.

With irradiation or illumination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which electromagnetic waves (e.g., ultraviolet light, gamma rays, etc.) or corpuscular radiation (e.g., stream of alpha particles, electron beam, etc.) are applied to an element during the erosion.

Eroding workpiece of nonuniform internal electrical characteristics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which the workpiece has electrical characteristics which vary within its interior (e.g., doped semiconductor with n and p regions, etc.), so that erosion proceeds at differing rates on one or more localized areas or portions thereof, usually to confine the erosion to desired locations.
(1) Note. The electrical nonuniformity need not be "normal," and may be brought about by processing (e.g., by short-circuiting, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
666 for electrolytic erosion in which the workpiece has a distinguishable surface layer called a mask, usually having different electrical characteristics than the workpiece itself.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for chemical etching of a semiconductive substrate utilizing a p-n junction as an etch stop.

Internal battery action:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process conducted without an external source of electrolytic current;
usually the electrolytic current is derived from an internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic action, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
706 for an electrolytic metal cleaning process which employs internal battery action, but does not result in a change of the shape or surface configuration thereof.

Simple alternating current:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which electric current passing through the electrolyte (usually between the tool and workpiece) can be represented by a smooth sine wave having equal amplitude above and below a straight line ordinate at zero current (e.g., pure alternating current, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
711 for an electrolytic metal cleaning process which employs simple alternating current.

Plural separate currents or voltages applied:
This subclass is indented under subclass 658. Process which employs separate currents or voltages differing in magnitude, character, or type (e.g., simultaneous AC and DC, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
646 for electrolytic erosion with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.

Preliminary cleaning or shaping of workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process which includes a step of removing foreign matter from the workpiece or altering the form of the workpiece before at least one step of electrolytic erosion on the same workpiece.
(1) Note. Plural steps of electrolytic erosion for shape or surface change of the same workpiece are included in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder.
(2) Note. Mere coating of the workpiece is not considered shaping.

Nonelectrolytic (e.g., mechanical grinding, milling, machining, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Process in which at least one step of preliminary cleaning or shaping is nonelectrolytic (e.g., mechanical grinding, milling, machining, etc.).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
647 for electrolytic erosion combined with nonelectrolytic erosion and programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
662 for electrolytic erosion with simultaneous or subsequent mechanical abrasion or grinding.
709 for electrolytic cleaning involving moving contact of a solid member with a workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 212 for electrolytic apparatus having a rotary electrode and subclasses 280+ for electrode structure and compositions used in electrolytic apparatus, including those also having a nonelectrolytic action.

With mechanical abrasion or grinding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which a solid makes moving contact with the workpiece to scrape or rub material from a surface of the workpiece.
(1) Note. The abrasive solid may be attached to a tool or may be loose.
(2) Note. The abrasion or grinding may occur simultaneously with or subsequent to electrolytic erosion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
647 for electrolytic erosion combined with nonelectrolytic erosion and programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
652 for electrolytic erosion in which solid nonabrasive particles are used to maintain a tool-workpiece gap.
661 for electrolytic erosion with preliminary nonelectrolytic cleaning or shaping of the workpiece.
709 for electrolytic cleaning involving moving contact of a solid member with a workpiece.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 280 for electrode structure and compositions used in electrolytic apparatus, including those having an abrading action.

Rotating tool or workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 662. Process in which the tool or workpiece is rotated about an axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
651 for electrolytic erosion with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control using a moving tool or workpiece.
654 for electrolytic erosion in which a moving tool electrode is used with gap maintenance or a defined tool-workpiece gap.
686 for other processes of electrolytic erosion using a moving tool electrode.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, 212 for electrolytic apparatus having a rotary electrode.

Sharpening or point making:
This subclass is indented under subclass 640. Process in which the workpiece is given a tapered end or side configuration by electrolytic erosion resulting in a sharp or pointed workpiece or portion thereof.