U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
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Class 204
CHEMISTRY: ELECTRICAL AND WAVE ENERGY
Class Definition:
STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere:
A. Processes (1) involving the use of electrolysis (as
provided for in Class 205); (2) of preparing or purifying
compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought
about by electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field; (3)
of treating materials involving chemical reaction brought
about by wave energy; (4) of preparing or purifying compounds
or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by an
electrostatic field or electrical discharge; (5) involving
the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; (6) of
treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using
electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b) to separate
or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c) using a
magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere
separation or purification of the liquid ; (7) involving
coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering; and
(8) involving coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge.
(See Subclass References to the Current Class, below.)
B. Products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A).
For exceptions, see Lines With Other Classes and Wtihin This
Class, Exceptions, below.
C. Apparatus for carrying out the processes set forth under
(A) except the apparatus used to carry out the wave energy
treatment processes provided for in Class 204; such apparatus
is provided for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes,
below. )
D. Electrolyte compositions specialized for use in
electrolytic processes or methods of preparing the
compositions.
(1) Note. A list of superiority of several composition
classes appears elsewhere. See Lines With Other Classes
below.
(2) Note. Although the processes described above in (A),
items (6), (7), and (8), do not involve strictly chemical
changes, they are in some respects closely related to other
portions of the class and so have been included here.
(3) Note. Processes involving purely thermal actions of
electrical phenomena or wave energy are not included in this
class.
(4) Note. Class 204 provides for the combination of
electrical and wave energy processes as described in (A)
above with subsequent: (1) conventional treatments such as
filtering, distilling, washing, and other methods of
separating or concentrating products from the previous Class
204 operation or (2) mere admixing of products from the
previous Class 204 operation to form a desired end product.
Where a subsequent step significantly modifies a composition,
product, or article made by the previous Class 204 operation,
the combined process is generally provided for elsewhere and
is cross-referenced in Class 204, where necessary.
(5) Note. The combination of an electrical or wave energy
operation as described in (A) above with a preceding method,
such as treatment of material to prepare it for the
electrical or wave energy operation, is provided for in Class
204. When a method preparatory to a Class 204 operation is
claimed, per se, and is not provided for elsewhere, it may be
classified in Class 204.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
For apparatus for carrying out the wave energy treatment
processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+, see
Class 250, Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 492.1+,
and Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly
subclasses 186+; the apparatus used to carry out the
processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 155+; such
apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus
and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or
Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186.01+; the apparatus
used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204,
subclasses 164; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422,
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing particularly subclasses 186.04+;
and the section References to Other Classes, herein, the
entry to Class 118 for apparatus provided for in Class 118.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set
forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection
COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarachical
ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
EXCEPTIONS
This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere
products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A) in
Class Definition, above, with the following exceptions: (1)
products which comprise two or more contiguous metallic
layers; (2) products of processes classifiable in Class 204,
subclasses 157.15+ and 450+, and Class 205, subclasses 640+.
These products are properly classified in the appropriate
product or stock material class (e.g., 260, 423, 428, etc.).
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 204 AND CLASS 75
Combinations of metallurgical process steps falling within
the definition of Class 75 and electrical or wave energy
steps falling under the definition of Class 204 are
classified in Class 204, when the metallurgical process steps
are preparatory to the electrical or wave energy steps, and
are placed in Class 75 when the electrical or wave energy
methods are preparatory to the metallurgical process steps.
The above applies even when such preparatory steps result in
a desired by-product. Class 75, subclasses 228+, provides for
a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an
element claimed only in terms of the metal composition from
which it is made). The order of superiority among various
metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of
manufacture involving them is as follows:
1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.
2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions
for treatment of solid metal.
3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes,
Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 300, 301, and 303+, gaseous, liquid, or solid
treating compositions for liquid metal or charges, and
subclass 302, welding rods defined by composition.
4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes,
Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 228+, consolidated metal powder compositions, and
subclasses 255+, loose metal particulate mixtures.
5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, alloys or
metallic compositions claimed as products.
6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287,
and 500-714, in class schedule order, certain processes of
treating solid or semisolid metal by modifying or maintaining
internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or
chemical properties of metal, processes of reactive coating
of metal, or processes of chemical heat-removing (e.g.,
flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However, if metal
casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved,
there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as
described in References To Other Classes in the Class 148
definition.
7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+, p-n type
barrier layer stock material, and subclasses 400+, stock.
8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes,
Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 331+, processes of making solid particulate alloys
directly from liquid metal, and subclasses 343+, processes of
producing or purifying alloys in powder form.
9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes,
Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67, electrothermic, electromagnetic,
or electrostatic processes of making alloys.
10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of
manufacture.
11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes,
Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder
Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,
subclasses 330+, processes of making metal, treating liquid
metals and liquid alloys, and consolidating metalliferous
material.
12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
processes.
13.Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.
14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+,
processes of operating metallurgical apparatus.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 156, 204, 205, AND 216
In general, a class 156 operation (e.g., chemical etching of
an electrical function semiconductor substrate, etc.)
performed on a composition, product, or article made by a
Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously etched
by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic
material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a
significant modification of the composition, product, or
article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the
combination of a Class 204 process followed by a Class 156
procedure in Class 156. However, the combination of a Class
204 electrolytic coating step followed by a Class 156
operation (other than a laminating process as described
above) performed (1) to allow at least a portion of the
electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly
modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be
an electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting
step for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the
combination in Class 204. The significant modification of
only the electrolytic coating allows for mere incidental
alterations to other portions of a coated article such as the
substrate, provided that such changes are clearly
unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic
coating which may also progress into the substrate in some
areas to allow complete penetration through all desired other
areas of the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 156,
subclasses 625.1+, provide for the original classification of
chemically etching an electrical function semiconductive
precursor, substrate, or device when the claims are
alternative (claims to a Class 156 etching process and claims
to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim
is present and no species is specifically claimed). When,
however, a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both
Class 156 etching and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter)
and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed,
and there is no specific claim to a Class 156 etching
process, the original classification is in Class 204 or Class
205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed into Class 156
etching based on the generic claim. Other combinations of
Class 204 step(s) with Class 156 step(s) will follow the
general class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s)
with those from other classes as stated at the beginning of
Class 204. Also, see the search class note to Class 216 in
this section, since Class 216 is an integral part of Class
156.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 216, 156, 204, AND 205
Chemical etching performed on a composition, product, or
article made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article
previously etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified
by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered to
provide a significant modification of the composition,
product, or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore
placing the combination of a Class 204 process followed by
Class 216 chemical etching in Class 216. However, the
combination of a Class 205 electrolytic coating step followed
by Class 216 chemical etching performed (1) to allow at least
a portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to
only significantly modify the electrolytic coating, per se,
is considered to be an electrolytic coating process followed
by a mere perfecting step for the electrolytic coating;
therefore placing the combination in Class 205. The
significant modification of only the electrolytic coating
allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions of a
coated article such as the substrate, provided that such
changes are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching
through an electrolytic coating which may also progress into
the substrate in some areas to allow complete penetration
through all desired other areas of the electrolytic coating,
etc.). Class 216 also provides for the original
classification when the claims are alternative (claims to a
Class 216 process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic
etching, or when a generic claim is present and no species is
specifically claimed). When, however, a generic claim is
present (disclosure includes both Class 216 and Class 204 or
Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class 205
species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific
claim to a Class 216 etching process, the original
classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory
cross-reference is placed into Class 216 based on the generic
claim. Other combinations of Class 204 step(s) with Class
216 step(s) will follow the general class line for the
combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from other
classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see
the search class note to Class 156 in this section, since
Class 216 is an integral part of Class 156.
LINE BETWEEN CLASS 250 AND CLASS 204
Note the difference between the scope of "radiant energy" as
set out for Class 250 and "wave energy" as defined in Class
204, subclass 157.15.
LINE BETWEEN CLASSES 260, 204, AND 520
See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (1) a
chemical process, in general and for preparation and
treatment of carbon compounds or a product formed by such a
process; (2) the combination of a Class 204 operation with a
subsequent significant chemical process provided for in Class
260 when the subsequent Class 260 process modifies a product
of the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound;
and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204
process and another branch falls within the class definition
of Class 260. The combination of a Class 260 process and a
subsequent Class 204 operation is classified in Class 204.
The foregoing applies even when the preparatory process or
operation results in a desired by-product. Also, see the
search class note to Class 520 in References to Other
Classes, since Class 520 is an integral part of Class 260.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 424, 204, AND 514
See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating
Compositions, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating
composition which may be made by a Class 204 process;
especially subclasses 1.11+ for a radionuclide or intended
radionuclide containing, adjuvant or carrier, intermediate,
or preparatory composition. Also, see the search class note
to Class 514 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below, since
Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 520, 522, AND 204
See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of
the Class 520 Series, appropriate classes, especially Class
522, subclasses 1+, for a composition to be polymerized by
wave energy wherein said composition contains a
rate-affecting material; or a synthetic resin composition to
be modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains
a rate-affecting material; or a process of preparing or
treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy. Any process
step involving electrolysis, electric current,
electro-osmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic field,
electrical discharge, or magnetic field and also involving
the treating of a synthetic resin or natural rubber is proper
in Class 204 if a wave energy step is involved in any part of
the process. The combination of a Class 520 chemical process
not involving the use of wave energy with a Class 204
operation is classified (1) in Class 204 when the Class 520
nonwave energy process is preparatory to the Class 204
operation and (2) in Class 520 when the Class 204 operation
is preparatory to the Class 520 nonwave energy process. A
branching process in which the claims are alternative to
producing or treating a polymer by a Class 204 process or by
a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use of wave
energy is classified in Class 520. See Class 204, subclass
157.15, for a further elaboration of the line between Class
204 and Class 520, subclasses 1+.
LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 585, 204, AND 260
The line between Class 585 and Class 204 is analogous to that
between Class 260 and Class 204. See the search class note to
Class 260 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for preparing or purifying compounds or elements
involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or
wave energy in a magnetic field.
157.15 for treating materials involving chemical reaction
brought about by wave energy.
164 for preparing or purifying compounds or elements
involving chemical reaction brought about by an electrostatic
field or electrical discharge.
192.1 for processes involving coating, forming, or etching
by the use of sputtering.
192.38 for processes involving coating by the use of vacuum
arc discharge.
450 for processes involving the use of electrophoresis or
electro-osmosis.
554 for treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the
liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b)
to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or
(c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than
mere separation or purification of the liquid.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, for bleaching or dyeing,
fluid treatment, and chemical modification of textiles and
fibers using electrical, radiant, or wave energy; without
involving electrolysis (electrolytic treatment of organic
fibrous material is provided for in Class 205, 689 ).
47, Plant Husbandry, subclass 1.3 for processes and
apparatus for culture of plants by using electricity.
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use
Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for (1) general production of
metals, (2) electrothermal processes of preparing metals and
alloys, and (3) branching processes in which one branch
comprises a process falling within the definition of Class
204 and which contains at least one other branch falling
within Class 75. See Lines With Other Classes, above, for
further discussion of the line between Class 75 and Class
204.
101, Printing, appropriate subclasses for electrotype molds,
matrices, or other printing members which may be produced by
electrolytic coating, electroforming, or cathode sputtering
methods. For processes of their production by such methods,
see Class 204, appropriate subclasses.
118, Coating Apparatus, for a general coating apparatus which
does not involve the use of electrolysis, electrophoresis,
electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering. Class 204 provides
for apparatus having means for combined coating operations in
which at least one coated layer is applied by electrolysis,
electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering.
However, Class 118 provides for coating apparatus which also
has means to subsequently cure (considered to be a mere
perfecting step) the coating using electrical or wave
energy.
128, Surgery, for electrical or wave energy treatment of the
living human body and apparatus specialized therefor.
131, Tobacco, subclass 294, 295, and 299 for processes of
treating tobacco with electrical or radiant energy.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, 1 for
processes of cleaning solids by the application of electric,
wave, ray or radiant energy to the work, other than broadly
recited radiant heat energy.
148, Metal Treatment, particularly subclass 518 for
processes of treating solid or semisolid metal to modify or
maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., micro
structure) or chemical properties of metal combined with a
Class 204 procedure. Class 148 takes the combination, whether
the Class 148 operation precedes or is subsequent to the
Class 204 procedure. Also, see Class 148, subclasses 240+
for the location of processes of reactive coating of metal
wherein an externally applied agent combines with the metal
substrate to form a coating thereon which contains an element
from the metal substrate. Combinations that involve reactive
coating as defined in Class 148, subclasses 240+, and a Class
204 coating operation are proper in Class 204. Combinations
of a Class 148 reactive coating, a Class 204 coating
operation, and an etching operation that occurs while the
electrocoated layer still exists are in Class 204. However,
combinations of carburizing or nitriding of metal, as defined
in Class 148, subclasses 206+, with a Class 204 operation are
proper for Class 148.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
625.1 for a process of chemically etching an electrical
function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device and
subclasses 60+ for surface bonding and/or assembly therefor,
particularly subclasses 150+ for a laminating process
combined with at least one Class 204 step of
electrodeposition (i.e., by electrolysis, electrophoresis,
electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering). See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, for discussion of the
lines between Classes 156, 204, 205, and 216.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for processes of
treatment and preparation of mineral oils employing mere
electrical thermal effects.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for
electrical or wave energy classification, separation, or
assortment of solids, particularly 127.1 for electrostatic
processes and apparatus, subclasses 179+ for electrical
amalgamation processes and apparatus, and subclasses 212 and
213+ for magnetic separating processes and apparatus.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, 600 for purification
or separation of a liquid which may include a Class 204-type
step of making an agent used in the process. A process of
treating the liquid directly by a Class 204 step to purify or
separate it will be placed in Class 204 whether or not
combined with a physical separation step classifiable in
Class 210, subclasses 767+. Class 210 will take the
combination of a 210 process, other than mere separation (as
provided for in subclasses 767+), with a Class 204 operation.
However, a Class 204 process (e.g., synthesis) preceded by a
Class 210 step which is ancillary to the process will be
placed in Class 204.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes, for a chemical etching
process, in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class for a discussion of the lines between Class 216,
156, 204, and 205.
250, Radiant Energy, for radiant energy processes and
apparatus, particularly 281 for ionic separation or analysis
of materials utilizing the mass to electric charge ratio of
particles. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class
for a discussion of the lines between Class 250 and Class
204.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for a chemical process,
in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 260, 204,
and 520.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived therefrom; especially 323 for testing
of underground formations by electrolytic methods (e.g.,
testing an oil well bore for water strata, etc.), subclasses
425+ for testing of an electrolyte to determine electrical
properties thereof, and other appropriate subclasses for
electrical testing processes or apparatus which is combined
with a significant electrical testing circuit or is unrelated
to the subject matter of Class 204.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 230 for
ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses 500+ for
electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a purpose other
than to produce a desired chemical change.
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces, for electric
furnaces and methods of using them, in general, especially 60
for electric arc furnaces and methods of using them in which
an electric arc is used as a heating means and the reactions
performed are a result of the mere thermal effects of the
electric arc.
420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, appropriate subclasses
for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e.,
an element claimed only in terms of the alloy or metallic
composition from which it is made) and for processes of
producing an alloy or metallic composition. See the class
definition of Class 420 for a description of the class line
between Class 75 and Class 420. Also, see the search class
note to Class 75 in this section for the order of superiority
among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods
of manufacture involving them.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) a chemical
process of producing an inorganic compound or nonmetallic
element, in general; (2) the combination of a Class 204
operation with a subsequent chemical process provided for in
Class 423 when the Class 423 process modifies a product of
the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound or
element, and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a
Class 204 process and another branch falls within the
definition of Class 423. The combination of a Class 423
process with a subsequent Class 204 operation which modifies
a product of the Class 423 process is classified in Class
204. In processes where a useful by-product is formed, the
patent is classified according to the primary product
ultimately produced.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for
a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition. See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the a
discussion of the lines between Classes 424, 204, and 514.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and
Products, especially subclass 234, 235, 236, and 237+ for
processes of preparing, preserving, and treating food
involving the use of electrical or wave energy, including
electrolysis.
427, Coating Processes, for general coating processes. Class
204 provides for processes involving combined coating
operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by a
Class 204 coating operation. However, a Class 427 coating
step followed by curing (considered to be a mere perfecting
step) of the 427 coating using electrical or wave energy is
proper for Class 427.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate
subclasses for a stock material product not elsewhere
provided for in the form of a single or plural layer web or
sheet. Also, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class in the class definition of Class 428 for an elaboration
of the class line between Class 204 and Class 428.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or
apparatus specialized for the production of electrical
current as a result of a chemical reaction or change of state
(e.g., from a liquid to a gas, etc.).
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for a
process or apparatus involving measuring or testing by
electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart, but in
combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable
microorganism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a
process or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy
treatment of a microorganism or an enzyme when the treatment
is solely disclosed for use with a viable micro-organism or a
catalytically active enzyme.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for a
qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis including (1) a
step of electrochemistry followed by at least one step of
another chemical reaction not involving electrochemistry or
(2) a process which is alternatively chemical or
electrochemical.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or
Process of Making, especially subclass 5 for the use of
electrical, magnetic, or wave energy in making a catalyst,
solid sorbent, or support therefor.
505, Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process, 300 for processes of producing high temperature
(T[subscrpt]c[end subscrpt] > 30 K) superconductors,
particularly subclass 411 for sputter etching, subclass 472
for electrolytic or electrophoretic coating, or subclasses
475+ for sputter coating.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, as
an integral part of Class 424, for a drug, bio-affecting, or
body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204
process, especially 167 for a composition including
activated or irradiated ergosterol. Also, see the search
class note to Class 424, since Class 514 is an integral part
of Class 424.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter
relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions,
dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or
wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading);
subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at
least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to
use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting
colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or
systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or
inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art; when without involving electrolysis.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the Class
520 Series, appropriate classes. See Lines With Other
Classes and Within This Classs for a discussion of the lines
between Class 520, 204, and 522.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for a process of
synthesizing or purifying a hydrocarbon compound. See Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of
the lines between Classes 585, 204, and 260, and also see the
search class note to Class 260 in this section.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, for
destruction of containment of hazardous or toxic waste by
using electrical wave energy, especially subclass 204 for
electrolytic or electrodialytic degradation or containment.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications subclasses 266-274 for chemical process
control or monitoring systems in combination with a data
processing system or calculating computer.
GLOSSARY:
ACYCLIC
For the purposes of this class, "acyclic" refers to an
organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic,
nitrocyclic, or carbocyclic nucleus.
ALKALI-FORMING METAL
A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the
alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),
rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline
earth metals (calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and
radium (Ra)), and magnesium (Mg) (included due to its
similarity in properties to the alkaline earth metals).
DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)
A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms can
either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong
to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the
exemplary lists of terms provided below); except that for the
purposes of this class, "organic" is considered to be too
broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a
carbon atom. An exemplary list of terms used to describe
compositions to be regarded as DCC's is as follows: alcohol,
alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon black,
carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty
acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate,
peroxide, peroxy-, proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An
exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions not to
be regarded as DCC's is as follows: amphoteric, anionic,
antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor,
crystalline, curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric,
dispersant, drier, electrophoretic, emulsifier, fibrous,
filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant,
hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis
acid or base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal
containing, mineral, numerically described without
designating a chemical atom or a limited select group of
elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic,
particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer,
preservative, solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active
agent, surfactant, wax, Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc.
These lists are not intended to be exhaustive.
ELECTROLYSIS
A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric
current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte
and resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation,
reduction, etc.) (other than that brought about by the mere
heating effect of the electric current) at one or more of the
electrodes (e.g., electrolytic coating or etching, etc.) or
at another location in contact with the electrolyte as a
direct result of the electric current passing therethrough
(e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such chemical
change being the process objective and not merely as a means
of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte (as
is the case in "electrophoresis" as defined in subclass 450
of this class).
ELECTROLYTE
A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel
containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic
current (usually an ionic compound is dissolved in solution
or melted into a fused state to provide an electrically
conductive medium).
ESTER-TYPE WAX
A "wax" which is essentially an ester in chemical structure,
(e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).
FAT, FATTY OIL
A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally
occurring mixtures thereof.
FATTY STILL RESIDUES
Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of
fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine
pitch, etc.).
HIGHER FATTY ACID
A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at
least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g.,
stearic acid, etc.).
INTERNAL BATTERY
A device or means which generates an electrical current by
chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without
the need for an external source of electrical current.
ORGANIC COMPOUND
A chemical compound limited by the definition of a "carbon
compound" found under the class definition in Class 260,
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
PERMANENT COATING
A coating which remains as part of a finished article as
distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed
or stripped from a base or substrate.
PLATINUM METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir),
osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium
(Re).
PRECIOUS METAL
A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au),
platinum metals, and silver (Ag).
SYNTHESIS
For purposes of this class, "synthesis" includes the
production of a desired element or compound by breaking down
from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up
of complex forms from simpler ones.
WAVE ENERGY
For the purposes of this class, "wave energy" includes
radiation as well as wave energy transmitted by various
mediums and embraces electromagnetic wave energy or
radiation, sonic and supersonic waves, neutron, proton,
deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
-2
Processes and products:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes falling and the products necessarily resulting
therefrom where not provided for elsewhere.
Subclass:
155
Chemical processes which have for their purpose the
preparation of compounds or elements through chemical
reaction brought about by the agency of electrical or wave
energy in which the reaction is carried out within a magnetic
field; except electrolytic processes, provided for above, and
those brought about through mere heating effect of electrical
or wave energy. For example, the conversion of the surface
of a polymeric material to produce a film thereon. This
includes both the synthetic production of compounds or
elements and, likewise, the chemical modification or chemical
purification of compounds or elements, making use of
electrical or wave energy to effect the chemical changes in
such processes. The processes falling within these
subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production of
compounds, elements by chemical reactions, but not those
wherein a material or composition is treated, such as a
metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather and the like, and
in which a chemical change may be brought about.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
118, Coating Apparatus, for coating apparatus.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 186 for apparatus
having means for initiating or perfecting chemical reaction
using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular radiation
and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or
perfect a process using shock or sound wave.
427, Coating Processes, 457 for processes of coating in
general involving a magnetic base or coating.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the use of electrical energy and
magnetic force in the destruction of hazardous or toxic
waste.
Subclass:
156
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes in
which the chemical reaction is carried out within a magnetic
field including electrical discharges. The discharges may be
produced by the same means as that which creates the magnetic
field, such as an electromagnetic field of such character as
produces discharges, or an additional electrical discharge
field may be imposed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 186.03 for
the corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
157.15
Processes of treating materials by wave energy:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter involving chemical reactions brought about by
wave energy.
(1) Note. Subclasses 157.15+ provides for the following
subject matter: (a) provides for preparing a compound or
element, involving a chemical reaction induced by wave
energy; said chemical reaction resulting in either (1) an
element or chemical compound (2) a purified product (wherein
the chemical reaction has assisted in the removal of a
contaminant) or (3) an element (wherein the chemical reaction
consists of decomposing a compound to produce the elemental
form). (b) provides for any process of treating waste or
unwanted material involving a chemical reaction induced by
wave energy where there is no intent to recover a specified
desired product. (c) provides for effecting optical
rotation, i.e., d, 1 optical rotation for effecting a change
in isomeric forms, e.g., cis to trans isomers by wave energy,
etc. (d) provides for producing a photochromic material by
using wave energy. (e) provides for effecting a chemical
reaction by wave energy where the product produced is a
composition not disclosed as having a desired use. Materials
which are compositions to begin with such as tobacco, foods,
etc., are not proper for this area unless a final desired
product is isolated which is a compound or element. (f)
provides for the degradation of a chemical compound or
polymer by wave energy to produce a chemical compound or
element.
(2) Note. The utilization of wave energy to effect a color
change is presumed to be a chemical reaction for purposes of
this class unless otherwise stated in the specification.
(3) Note. The utilization of wave energy to increase the
viscosity of a chemical compound is considered to be a
chemical reaction for purposes of this class unless otherwise
stated in the specification. Also included herein is a
process of removing an embrittlement causing material from a
metallic substance to reduce the embrittlement condition of
metal.
(4) Note. The term "wave energy" includes radiation as well
as wave energies transmitted by various mediums and embraces
electromagnetic waves or radiations, sonic supersonic,
ultrasonic waves, neutrons, protons, deutron and other
corpuscular radiations.
(5) Note. The term "electromagnetic waves'' as employed in
the (4) Note above includes, e.g., X-ray and gamma-ray,
ultraviolet, infra red, and visible light rays, and short
electric and radio waves. Energy including wave energy
processes which produces merely a thermal effect or heat
waves, per se, even if a chemical reaction is induced is
excluded under the provisions of the class definitions, see
CLASS DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, and GLOSSARY
in the main class definition.
(6) Note. Classification of documents into this area is on
the basis of the wave energy step providing the final desired
product and not necessarily on the first wave energy step
recited if that product is not the ultimate desired product
of the claim. An example of such a situation would be a wave
energy step of preparing a nitrogen heterocyclic compound
followed by a wave energy step of cleaving the heterocyclic
ring whereby the final product is devoid of a heterocyclic
ring but still contains a nitrogen atom. Classification in
157.81 rather than in 157.71 would be proper.
(7) Note. In those subclasses which are identified in the
classification schedule as "using," i.e., 157.22, 157.41,
157.42, 157.43, 157.44, 157.61, 157.62, 157.63 original
placement has been on either specifically claimed subject
matter or solely disclosed subject matter. Claims which are
alternative but which specifically recite the subject matter
of the above subclasses are considered as being claimed. An
example of such a situation would be a claim reciting
alternatively the use of a laser of X-ray to produce a
desired nitrogen compound. Classification as an original in
157.61 would be proper. The rule to be followed is that if
the claim does not meet the parameter of the "solely
disclosed or claimed rule" it is classified below on some
other aspect of the claim.
(8) Note. This area does not provide for products of a wave
energy procedure nor does it provide for compositions or
compounds which are to be exposed to wave energy. Patents
with claims drawn to a process of preparing a compound in the
presence of wave energy and the compound, per se, are
originally classified in the appropriate product class (260,
etc.). See Class 252, Compositions, in particular subclass
188.31 for compositions which are to be exposed to wave
energy so as to produce a desired compound or element.
(9) Note. Processes of growing crystals, dissolving
compounds, altering friability of particles, changing the
structure in a crystal lattice or converting a substance into
an amorphous state (e.g., Cg to Cd) are considered to be
physical processes and thus are excluded from this class
unless stated to be chemical reactions by the patentee.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry:
Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or Recovery of
Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds -- Part of the
Class 532 - 570 Series, AND 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Compounds, for (1) processes for purifying an organic
compound wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy
is involved and (2) for processes with subsequent chemical
process steps when such latter steps modify the product of
the wave energy method to produce a different compound and
(3) organic products prepared in the presence of wave energy.
A process of preparing an organic compound by a chemical
reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or
exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with the
nonwave energy step, i.e., 518, 530 - 570 or Class 585 and
cross-reference to Class 204.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate
subclasses for electric lamps and electric space discharge
devices such as ultraviolet light generators, and cathode-ray
tubes. See especially subclass 112 for lamps and discharge
devices having an envelope made of a material which will
transmit invisible radiations and subclasses 364+ for
cathode-ray tubes.
376, Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and
Elements, appropriate subclasses, especially 323 for a
chemical reaction carried out in a reactor.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, 119 for X-ray
sources, etc.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 186 for apparatus
for carrying out the radiant energy chemical processes of
this subclass, subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to
initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave, and
subclasses 1+ for radiant or wave energy methods in general
for preserving, disinfecting, and sterilizing.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for (1) processes of
purifying an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element
wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is
involved (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process
steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave
energy method to produce a nonmetallic element or different
inorganic compound and (3) inorganic products prepared in the
presence of wave energy. A process of preparing an inorganic
compound or free nonmetallic element by a chemical reaction
which reaction is generic so as to include or exclude a Class
204 wave energy step is classified with nonwave energy step,
i.e., Class 423 and cross-reference to Class 204.
427, Coating Processes, for general coating processes;
especially 457 for direct application of electrical,
magnetic, wave, or particulate energy (without effecting a
chemical reaction) as part of a coating process (including
pre- or post-treatment). Class 204 provides for processes
involving combined coating operations in which at least one
coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation.
However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing
(considered to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating
using electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for radiation
sensitive compositions and elements and for processes of
exposing said compositions or elements to wave energy in an
imagewise exposure technique.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 173.1
for electrical or wave energy treatment of micro-organisms or
enzymes.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, in particular Class
522, for processes of preparing or treating a solid polymer
utilizing wave energy and compositions to be polymerized or
modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains a
rate affecting material. Class 520, 1 also provides for
products which are the result of a chemical modification
utilizing wave energy. Class 204 is superior to Class 520,
subclasses 1+ therefore a patent claiming in the alternative
a process of preparing an organic compound and a synthetic
resin in the presence of wave energy is classified for
original in purposes in Class 204 and cross-reference into
Class 520. In the situation where an alternative claim is
presented as well as a specific claim to the synthetic is
synthetic resin species and there is no specific claims to
nonresin species, e.g., the organic compound, etc., the same
rule of original patent placement applies. Any step
involving electrolysis, an electric, current electroosmosis,
electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge or
magnetic field and also involving a synthetic resin or
natural rubber will be proper in Class 204 even when a wave
energy step is involved in any part of the process.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the use of wave energy in the
destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
Subclass:
157.2
Isotope separation or enrichment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter involving chemical processes which separate isotopic
species from materials containing differing isotopes; or the
enrichment of a material in a particular isotope; or the
production of an isotopic species; all of said processes
brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Examples of patents in this subclass are (a)
processes for increasing the concentration of deuterium
relative to hydrogen in a fluorhydrocarbon; and (b)
processes of producing C[supscrpt]13[end supscrpt] by
decomposing C[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]H[subscrpt]6[end
subscrpt], said C[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt]H[subscrpt]6[end
subscrpt] containing C[supscrpt]12[end supscrpt] and
C[supscrpt]13[end supscrpt] by irradiating C[subscrpt]3[end
subscrpt]H[subscrpt]6[end subscrpt].
(2) Note. "Enrichment of an isotopic species" refers to
increasing the isotope concentration by an exchange process
to a level greater than that existing before the exchange.
Subclass:
157.21
Inorganic product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2. Subject
matter wherein the produce produced is inorganic in nature.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound for purposes of this
subclass denotes those compounds which do not meet the
definition of organic which is compounds having carbon
therein and which are further characterized by the presence
in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b)
one atom of carbon bonded to at least least one atom of
hydrogen or halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon bonded to at
least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with
the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid,
cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal
carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
900 through 914 for art collections pertaiving to subclasses
157.15 through 158.21.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use
Therein, Consolidated Powder Metal Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, 122.5 for radioactive alloys or
metallic compositions.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 2 for process for
chemically treating a mixture to obtain a radioactive
inorganic isotope and subclasses 249+ for a radioactive
inorganic compound, nonmetallic element or isotope, per se.
Subclass:
157.22
Using laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.21. Subject
matter wherein the separation or enrichment is wherein the
separation or enrichment is claimed or solely disclosed as
being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated
emissions of radiation, i.e., laser.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
processs, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to
the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must
be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process
in the claim need not to be limited to the provided specific
process if the claim specifically recites the process of this
subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
Subclass:
157.3
Removing a component from normally gaseous mixture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter in which an initial normally gaseous or vaporous
mixture is treated by wave energy so as to remove therefrom
by a chemical reaction or change to a different chemical form
at least one of the components therein, resulting in a
heterogeneous composition.
(1) Note. When the recovery of a definite chemical compound
or element as a product is claimed, original classification
of the patent is in subclass 157.4 or 157.6. However, where
the claim does not include the step of separating the
modified component, the patent is classified here even though
the disclosed intent is to ultimately effect separation of
the component.
(2) Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous. It may
contain entrained solids or liquids. It must however be
handled and distributed as a gas and must be in this form at
the onset of the treatment.
(3) Note. Methods of purifying a gaseous composition so as
to perfect said remaining composition for a particular art
use are classified with the art use.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for
processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or separating a
constituent therefrom where no chemical reaction is involved
in the separation or purification, per se.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 210 for processes of
purifying a gaseous mixture or separating constituent
therefrom involving a chemical reaction where the claim does
not include the step of separating the modified component and
the appropriate compound subclasses 249 - 658 when the claim
does include such step.
Subclass:
157.4
Process of preparing desired inorganic material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter wherein an element of inorganic compound is produced
by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet
the definition of "organic" as elaborated in subclass 157.6.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158.2 for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by
removing impurities therefrom using wave energy.
Subclass:
157.41
Using laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by
stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158.2 for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by
employing a laser to decompose the organic or inorganic
contaminant.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to
the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must
be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process
in the claim specifically recited the process of this
subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
Subclass:
157.42
Using sonic of ultrasonic energy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is either claimed or
solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10
cycles per second.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy or
"ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the stated
limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic energy. In order for a
wave energy process to be classified herein as an original,
there must be a claim to the noted process or the total
disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific
process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be
limited to the provided specific process if the claim
specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes
not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some
other aspect.
Subclass:
157.43
Using microwave energy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced or effected by a wave having a
wavelength between 30,000 nanometers and 1X109 nanometers and
which is usually generated by radio frequency power tubes
from high-voltage direct current.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "microwave energy" are
presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be
classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e. microwave energy. In order for a wave energy
process to be classified herein as an original, there must be
a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the
patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave
energy process in the claim need not be limited to the
provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
Subclass:
157.44
Using ionizing radiation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing
radiation.
(1) Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are
X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast
neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission
fragments and the like or high speed accelerated electrons
(including electron bombardment).
(2) Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be
obtained from various sources. The following is a list of
such possible sources, e.g., including natural radioactive
materials, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as
radium and its compounds; from nuclear fission by-products of
processes in which atomic power is generated, these
by-products including elements having atomic numbers 30 to
63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to neutron
radiation, such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24,
manganese-56, gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from
operating nuclear reactors including spent fuel elements.
The charged particles may be brought to high energy levels by
acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes, Van de Graff
generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons,
synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators.
Suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained as beta
radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as
C[supscrpt]14[end supscrpt], P[supscrpt]32[end supscrpt],
Sr[supscrpt]90[end supscrpt] and tritium. High energy X-ray
machines are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments of
metal targets, such as gold or tungsten, with high energy
electrons.
(3) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave
energy process to be classified herein as an original, there
must be claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in
the patent must be directed to the specific process. The
wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the
provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
Subclass:
157.45
Boron, phosphorous or silicon containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the wave energy process of the product
contains at least one boron, phosphorus or silicon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of glass and clay
analogues are included herein.
Subclass:
157.46
Nitrogen containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy process
contains at least one nitrogen atom.
Subclass:
157.47
Carbon containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy process
contains at least one carbon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of carbon black are
included herein.
Subclass:
157.48
Halogen containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy process
contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, Chlorine, iodine,
bromine and astatine.
Subclass:
157.49
Sulfur containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy contains at
least one sulfur atom.
Subclass:
157.5
Oxygen containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy process
contains at least one oxygen atom.
(1) Note. A process for generating oxygen radicals (02)
would be classified herein.
Subclass:
157.51
Metal oxide or hydrate thereof:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.5. Subject
matter wherein the product is a binary compound containing
only a metal atom and oxygen, or a hydrate form thereof.
(1) Note. Metal is limited to those elements of atomic
number 3-4, 11-13, 19-33, 37-51, 55-70, 72-84 or 87 and
higher.
Subclass:
157.52
Hydrogen containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4. Subject
matter wherein the product of said wave energy process
contains at least one hydrogen atom.
Subclass:
157.6
Process or preparing desired organic product containing at
least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter wherein a specific organic compound is produced by a
chemical reaction brought about by wave energy and wherein
said organic compound contains at least one atom other than
carbon and hydrogen.
(1) Note. "Organic" denotes all compounds having carbon
therein and which are further characterized by the presence
in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b)
one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or
halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon to at least one atom of
nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that
hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide,
cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal carbides are
excluded as being organic compounds.
(2) Note. Isomerization processes (for example, a change in
orientation from a cis to trans form) which are induced by
wave energy are classified herein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
157.15 for production of an acyclic hydrocarbon and 158.14
for production of a cyclic hyderocarbon.
158.21 for processes of purifying an organic substance by
removing impurities therefrom and using wave energy.
Subclass:
157.61
Using laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by
stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to
be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to
the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must
be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process
in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific
process if the claim specifically recites the process of this
subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are
classified below on some other aspect.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158.21 for processes of purifying an organic substance by
photolyzing impurities therefrom by use of a laser.
Subclass:
157.62
Using sonic or ultrasonic energy:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of
imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10
cycles per second.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy or
"ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the stated
limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic. In order for a wave
energy process to be classified herein as an original, there
must be a claim to the noted process of the total disclosure
in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The
wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the
provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
Subclass:
157.63
Using ionizing radiation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely
disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing
radiation.
(1) Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are
X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast
neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission
fragments and the like, or high speed accelerated electrons
(including electron bombardment).
(2) Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be
obtained from various sources. The following is a list of
such possible sources, e.g., including natural radioactive
materials, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as
radium and its compounds; from nuclear fission by-products
including elements having atomic numbers 30 to 63; from
materials made radioactive by exposure to neutron radiation
such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56.
gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear
reactors including particles maybe brought to high energy
levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes,Van
de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons,
synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators suitable
accelerated electrons may also be obtained as beta radiation
from radioactive isotopes, such as C[supscrpt]14[end
supscrpt], P[supscrpt]32[end supscrpt], Sr[supscrpt]90[end
supscrpt] and tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a
source of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets,
such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy
process, i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave
energy process to be classified herein as an original, there
must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure
in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The
wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the
provided specific process if the claim specifically recites
the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or
solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158.21 for processes of purifying an organic compound by
removing impurities therefrom by wave energy wherein said
wave energy induces a reaction to occur only amongst the
considered material.
Subclass:
157.64
Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous or silicon containing product
produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject
matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains at least one nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon
atom.
Subclass:
157.65
Carbocyclic ring containing product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.63. Subject
matter wherein the product produced from said reaction
contains a ring composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Subclass:
157.67
Vitamin product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is a
vitamin or modified product thereof.
(1) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) processes of treating an activatable material to
impart an antirachitic (vitamin D) property thereto by
exposing the same to wave energy; (b) processes of producing
or increasing vitamin D in ergosterol by the use of wave
energy; (c) processes for the isomerization of cis-vitamin A
compound or derivative thereof into the translomer by the use
of wave energy.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
166 for preparation or treatment of vitamins involving the
use of an electrostatic field or electrical discharge.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
424, and 524, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating
Compositions, appropriate subclass, based on the structure of
the vitamin and especially Class 514, 167 for a vitamin D
composition which may be produced by wave energy.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and
Products, 72, 248+ and 311 for food products, containing
vitamins and processes involving the same.
Subclass:
157.68
Carbohydrate or protein product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is
either a protein or carbohydrate or modified product
thereof.
(1) Note. Included herein as proteins are gelatin and
collagen. Included herein as carbohydrates are sugars,
cellulose, and starch.
(2) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) a process of producing saccharose from
formaldehyde by use of wave energy; (b) a process of
releasing fragments of peptides from a polypeptide by use of
photolysis.
(3) Note. The scope of the terms protein and carbohydrate
is defined in Class 530, subclass 350 and Class 536,
subclasses 1.11+ respectively.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
522, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 87-89
for processes of chemically reacting a carbohydrate or
protein with an ethylenic reactant by wave energy and
modified products thereof.
Subclass:
157.69
Heterocyclic product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process is an
organic compound wherein one or more carbon atoms are
covalently bonded in a ring system with at least one hetero
atom of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, selenium or tellurium and
there are no other different atoms in the ring.
Subclass:
157.7
Hetero sulfur containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.69. Subject
matter wherein there is at least one sulfur atom in the
hetero ring system.
Subclass:
157.71
Hetero nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.69. Subject
matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom in the
hetero ring system.
Subclass:
157.72
Hetero nitrogen ring contains at least two hetero atoms:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.71. Subject
matter wherein there is at least one nitrogen atom and at
least one other atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, selenium
or tellurium in the same hetero ring.
Subclass:
157.73
Phosphorous product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains at least one phosphorus atom.
Subclass:
157.74
Silicon product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains at least one silicon atom.
Subclass:
157.75
Heavy metal product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains a metal having a specific gravity greater than four,
including arsenic.
Subclass:
157.76
Sulfur product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the product of the wave energy process
contains at least one sulfur atom.
Subclass:
157.77
Nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76. Subject
matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at
least one nitrogen atom.
Subclass:
157.78
Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76. Subject
matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at
least one oxygen atom.
Subclass:
157.79
Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.78. Subject
matter wherein the sulfur and oxygen product produced also
contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Patents with claims drawn to processes of
preparing sulfonyl halides or acid halides are included
herein.
(2) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine and astatine.
Subclass:
157.8
Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.76. Subject
matter wherein the sulfur product produced also contains at
least atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
or astatine.
Subclass:
157.81
Nitrogen product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the produce of the wave energy contains at
least one nitrogen atom.
Subclass:
157.82
Oxygen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81. Subject
matter wherein the product nitrogen produced also contains at
least one oxygen atom, e.g., isocyanate, etc.
Subclass:
157.83
Nitroso or oxime containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.82. Subject
matter wherein the oxygen atom is part of a C=N.OH or C-N=O
group.
Subclass:
157.84
Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.83. Subject
matter wherein the C=N-OH or C-N=O product contains at least
one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, iodine,
bromine and astatine.
Subclass:
157.85
Carbon triple bonded to nitrogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81. Subject
matter wherein the nitrogen product produced contains a least
one -C=N group.
Subclass:
157.86
Halogen containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.81. Subject
matter wherein the nitrogen product produced contains at
least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, iodine,
bromine and astatine.
Subclass:
157.87
Carboxylic acid or derivative product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the organic product which is the result of a
wave energy process is a carboxylic acid or derivative.
(1) Note. A carboxylic acid for purposes of this subclass
denotes:
A compound containing the structure A. --OH
A carboxylic acid derivative for this subclass is limited to
ester, nonhetero anhydride, salt, and acyl halide.
A carboxylic acid anhydride denotes:
A compound containing the acyclic structure
B. --O-
A carboxylic acid ester denotes:
A compound containing the structure
C. --O-C
wherein the carbon atom single bonded to the oxygen atom of
the
--O- group is not double bonded to oxygen, selenium, or
tellurium.
An acid hacioe denotes:
A compound containing the structure
D. --hal
The salt of a carboxylic acid denotes:
A compound containing the structure
E. --
wherein X is a metal
Subclass:
157.88
Oxygen other than as part of a carboxylic acid or derivative
moiety:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject
matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative contains an
oxygen atom which is other than as part of a-O or derivative
group.
Subclass:
157.89
Atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.87. Subject
matter wherein the carboxylic acid or derivative contains an
atom other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.
Subclass:
157.9
Alcohol product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process
is an alcohol.
(1) Note. Alcohol denotes a C-OH group wherein the carbon
atom bound to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group cannot be
double bonded to oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
Subclass:
157.91
Fused or bridged ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.9. Subject
matter wherein the alcohol contains a fused- or bridged-ring
system.
(1) Note. A fused- or bridged-ring system for this subclass
denotes a ring system having at least two rings which (a)
share with each other two adjacent ring atoms, or (b) share
with each other three or more ring atoms and wherein each
ring having shared atoms is a carbocyclic ring.
Subclass:
157.92
Ether product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process
is a ether.
(1) Note. An ether for purposes of this subclass denotes an
organic compound having the general structure-C-O-C- wherein
the carbons bound to the linking oxygen atom cannot be double
bonded to oxygen, selenium, or tellurium.
Subclass:
157.93
Aldehyde or ketone product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process
is an aldehyde or ketone.
(1) Note. An aldehyde for purposes of this subclass denotes
an organic compound containing the structure
R--H
(2) Note. A ketone for purposes of this subclass denotes an
organic compound having the general structure
R--R
Subclass:
157.94
Halogen product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6. Subject
matter wherein the organic product of a wave energy process
contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine bromine,
iodine and astatine.
Subclass:
157.95
Carbon and halogen only in product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject
matter wherein the halogen product produced is composed
solely of carbon and halogen atoms.
Subclass:
157.96
Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.95. Subject
matter wherein the carbon and halogen product contains at
least one ring composed solely of carbon atoms, e.g. aryl,
etc.
Subclass:
157.97
Aryl ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.96. Subject
matter wherein at least one ring is aryl.
Subclass:
157.98
Unsaturated product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject
matter wherein the halogen containing product produced
contains an unsaturated group.
(1) Note. The term "unsaturated" includes benzene ring
containing compounds.
Subclass:
157.99
Unsaturation in aryl ring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.98. Subject
matter wherein the unsaturated group is part of an aryl
ring.
Subclass:
158.1
Carbocyclic ring containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject
matter wherein the halogen containing product produced
contains a ring composed solely of carbon atoms.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158.1 for a product containing an aryl ring.
Subclass:
158.11
Two or more diverse halogen atoms containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject
matter wherein the halogens containing product produced
contains at least two diverse halogen atoms.
Subclass:
158.12
Four or more carbon atoms containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.94. Subject
matter wherein the halogen product produced contains at least
four carbon atoms.
Subclass:
158.14
At least one carbocyclic ring and only carbon and hydrogen
atoms in product produced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter wherein an organic compound is produced which contains
a ring composed solely of carbon atoms and wherein the
molecule consists solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Subclass:
158.2
Processes of purifying materials:
This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15. Subject
matter involving processes which cause the separation or
purification of materials through chemical reactions brought
about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Examples of patents proper for this subclass
include: (a) processes of removing phosgene impurity in BC13
by the use of laser radiation said radiation disassociating
COC12 into disassociated products; (b) processes of
subjecting propylene oxide containing volatile by-product
chlorine-containing impurities to ionization radiation to
remove said impurities; (c) processes of removing
phenanthrene from crude anthracene by use of wave energy.
(2) Note. Methods of purifying a composition by wave energy
so as perfect said composition for a particular art use are
classified with the appropriate art use, e.g., Class 426 if a
food, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
157.4 and 158.14, for processes of synthesizing a desired
compound by the use of wave energy.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for processes of
purifying an inorganic compound or element wherein no
chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved.
Subclass:
158.21
Organic material purified:
This subclass is indented under subclass 158.2. Subject
matter wherein the desired material is an organic compound.
(1) Note. See subclass 157.6 for a definition of the term
"organic compound".
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 518, Chemistry:
Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or Recovery of
Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds -- Part of the
Class 532 - 570 Series, and 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Compounds, for processes of purifying an organic compound by
chemical reaction induced by other than wave energy.
Subclass:
164
Chemical processes which have for their purpose the
preparation of compounds or elements through chemical
reactions brought about by the agency of electrical energy
within an electrostatic field or a field within which
electrical discharging takes place. For example, the
conversion of the surface of a polymeric material to produce
a film thereon. This group includes both the synthetic
production of compounds or elements and, likewise the
chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds
or elements, making use of electrical energy to effect the
chemical changes in such processes. The processes falling
within this group of subclasses are those whose purpose is
for the production of compounds or elements by chemical
reaction, but not those wherein a material or composition is
treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather
and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought
about. This group of subclasses likewise includes processes
wherein one or both of the reactants are subjected to an
electrostatic field or electrical discharge for the purpose
of activation and the desired reaction is effected by mere
mixing while such reactant or reactants are in the activated
condition. This usually consists of a step of ionization
followed immediately by mixture with another ionized or
unionized substance, the reaction following as a matter of
course due to the condition of the mixed reactants.
(1) Note. For chemical processes brought about in a zone
wherein both a magnetic field and discharging occurs, see
this class, subclass 156.
(2) Note. For electric charge generating or conducting
apparatus (ionizing devices) see Class 361, Electricity:
Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 230+.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 186.04 for
corresponding apparatus.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
appropriate subclasses for the use of electrostatic field or
electrical discharges in the destruction of hazardous or
toxic waste.
Subclass:
165
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of organic compounds.
(1) Note. For electrostatic field or electrical discharge
processes of producing carbon, see this class, subclass 173.
Subclass:
166
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
directed to the production of vitamins.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 157.67.
(2) Note. See Class 426, Food or Edible Material:
Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 72+, 248
and 311 for food products containing vitamins.
(3) Note. See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body
Treating Compositions, appropriate subclass for a composition
containing a vitamin and for treating or curing a disease of
the body.
Subclass:
167
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
directed to the production and treatment of fats, fatty oils,
ester-type waxes, fatty still residues or higher fatty
acids.
Subclass:
168
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes
directed to the production and treatment of hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
169
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Processes
directed to the production of halogenated or oxidized
hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
170
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Processes
directed to the production of gaseous hydrocarbons.
(1) Note. This group of patents is intended to include
processes for the production of heating and illuminating
gaseous mixtures comprising hydrocarbons when use is made of
an electrostatic field or electrical discharge for their
preparation. However, those processes are not here included
which employ an electrostatic field or electrical discharge
as merely one of a series of treatments of hydrocarbons to
produce such gases unless the other treatments are in nature
of preparatory steps for the electrostatic field or
electrical discharge step and are integrally associated
therewith.
Subclass:
171
This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Processes
directed to the production of acetylene.
Subclass:
172
This subclass is indented under subclass 168. Processes
directed to the cracking of hydrocarbon oils.
(1) Note. See this class, subclasses 170 and 171 for
cracking processes resulting in the production of gaseous
hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
173
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of carbon.
(1) Note. Carbon may be incidentally produced in the
processes classified in this class, subclass 165 and indented
subclasses.
(2) Note. See 423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 445+ for nonelectrolytic processes of forming
carbon.
Subclass:
174
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of inorganic sulfur-oxygen
compounds.
Subclass:
175
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of hydrogen peroxide.
Subclass:
176
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of ozone.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 186.07 for
corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
177
This subclass is indented under subclass 164. Processes
directed to the production of inorganic nitrogen compounds.
Subclass:
178
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes
where the field employed comprises an electrical arc
discharge.
Subclass:
179
This subclass is indented under subclass 178. Processes
directed to the production of nitrogen oxides.
(1) Note. This group of patents includes the recovery of
the oxides even though this be accomplished by absorption in
water or aqueous solutions with the change to the
corresponding acid or salt. For example, processes which
merely in addition to the arc synthesis of nitrogen oxides
include absorption of the oxide (1) in water to form nitric,
nitrous or other acid, or (2) in a alkaline solutions to form
nitrites, nitrates and the like, are here included.
Subclass:
192.1
Coating, forming or etching by sputtering:
Processes for coating, forming or etching within a vacuum
environment involving bombarding a solid or liquid target
material with atomic particles (e.g., ions) to cause some
target material to be ejected (i.e., sputtered) by momentum
transfer.
(1) Note. Solid or liquid material being bombarded is
generally referred to as the target material.
(2) Note. Material removed from the target may be used to
deposit a coating on a workpiece, to etch a workpiece or to
form a product, e.g., particles, flakes, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
298.01 for corresponding apparatus.
471 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions 67 for electroforming
or a composition therefor and subclasses 80+ for electrolytic
coating.
Subclass:
192.11
Ion beam sputter deposition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes
for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or
substrate), to coat or form, wherein a beam of ions generated
by an ions source remote from the target is employed to
sputter material from the target.
Subclass:
192.12
Glow discharge sputter deposition (e.g., cathode sputtering,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes
for the deposition of target material onto a surface (or
substrate) wherein material is sputtered from the target in
the presence of a glow discharge, e.g., cathode sputtering,
etc.
Subclass:
192.13
Measuring or testing (e.g., of operating parameters, property
of articles, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes
wherein at least one characteristic of the process or the
product produced is measured or tested.
Subclass:
192.14
Coating inorganic material onto polymeric material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes
wherein inorganic coating material is deposited onto a
polymeric material.
Subclass:
192.15
Specified deposition material or use:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.12. Processes
wherein the target or deposition material has a designated
chemical composition or the function of the product is
specified.
(1) Note. A designated chemical composition (DCC) is a
composition wherein at least one chemical atom is identified.
for a more comprehensive definition of DCC, see DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS, under the main definitions of this class.
Subclass:
192.16
Wear or abrasion resistant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the function of the coating is to enhance the wear or
abrasion resistance of the product.
Subclass:
192.17
Electrical contact material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material functions as an electrical contact or
electrode.
Subclass:
192.18
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Process
wherein the material exhibits piezoelectric properties (e.g.,
conversion of applied voltage to physical motion).
(1) Note. This subclass includes ferroelectic materials,
i.e., wherein the coating is characterized by spontaneous
electric polarization the direction of which can be altered
by an electric field. These materials are dielectric analogs
of ferromagnetic materials.
Subclass:
192.2
Ferromagnetic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material exhibits ferromagnetic properties (e.g.,
hysteresis, etc.).
Subclass:
192.21
Resistor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the deposition material is characterized by a
specified electrical resistivity and is adapted to function
as a resistor in an electrical circuit.
Subclass:
192.22
Insulator or dielectric:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material is characterized by low electrical
conductivity.
Subclass:
192.23
Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.22. Processes
wherein the material comprises silicon.
Subclass:
192.24
Superconductor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material is characterized by an almost complete
disappearance of electrical resistance at low temperatures.
Subclass:
192.25
Semiconductor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material is a semiconductor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for (a)
combined processes and (b) certain unit operations of
manufacturing a semiconductive substrate or device.
Subclass:
192.26
Optical or photoactive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein the material is chosen on the basis of its optical
properties or wherein a property of the material is altered
in the presence of light (e.g., photoconductive, etc.).
Subclass:
192.27
Reflective:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes
wherein the function of the material is to reflect at least a
part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated glass for
architectural applications).
Subclass:
192.28
Absorptive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes
wherein the function of the material is to absorb at least
part of the spectrum of visible light (e.g., coated panels
for collecting solar energy).
Subclass:
192.29
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.26. Processes
wherein the material is electrically conductive and
transparent to light.
Subclass:
192.3
With sputter etching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.15. Processes
wherein a sputter etching step is included in the process in
addition to the sputter deposition step.
Subclass:
192.32
Sputter etching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.1. Processes
for removing materials from a substrate wherein the substrate
is subjected to bombardment by atomic particles (e.g., ions)
and the activation energy is supplied at least in part by
momentum transfer.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, 707 for
processes of vapor phase chemical etching of a semiconductive
substrate utilizing irradiation of electromagnetic or wave
energy and, particularly, subclasses 710+ for such chemical
etching processes wherein the irradiation produces a plasma
or glow discharge.
Subclass:
192.33
Measuring or treating (e.g., operating parameters, end point
determination etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes
wherein at least one characteristic of the etching process or
the substrate being etched is measured or tested, e.g.,
operating parameters, and point determination, etc.
Subclass:
192.34
Ion beam etching (e.g., ion milling, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes
wherein a beam of ions generated by an ion source remote from
the substrate is employed to sputter material from the
substrate.
Subclass:
192.35
Etching specified materials:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.32. Processes
wherein the material being etched comprises a designated
chemical composition (DCC).
Subclass:
192.36
Organic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.35. Processes
wherein the material being etched is organic material.
Subclass:
192.37
Silicon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192.35. Processes
wherein the material being etched is organic material.
Subclass:
192.38
Vacuum arc discharged coating:
Processes for the deposition of a coating onto a substrate
within a vacuum environment by the action of an arc discharge
between an anode and a cathode wherein the source of material
to be deposited forms or is associated with the cathode.
(1) Note. The process is generally characterized by one or
more cathode spots which move across the surface of the
source and vaporize the coating materials.
Subclass:
193
Apparatus specialized for carrying out any of the processes
of this class and not provided for in subclasses indented
hereunder.
Subclass:
194
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Apparatus for performing electrolytic operations coming.
Subclass:
196.01
Object protection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
having means for utilizing an electrolytic current or
potential (a) to prevent corrosion, scale formation, or other
objectionable action in or on a solid object or (b) to
neutralize, correct, or reverse corrosion, scale formation,
or other objectionable action that occurs when a solid object
is in normal use.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to include apparatus for
electrolytic treatment of fluids (e.g., so that the fluids do
not cause or accelerate electrolytic action during subsequent
use, etc.). Apparatus of this type is classified in another
appropriate subclass or subclasses of this class based on the
apparatus structure or character.
(2) Note. Combinations of electrolytic object protection
means as defined in this subclass with diverse art devices
(i.e., per se means classifiable in another class) are
provided for in this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder when no more of the diverse art device is specified
than is necessary to provide a setting or locus for the
object protection means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for chemical preparation of a desired chemical compound
or element by using electrical or wave energy in a magnetic
field (other than (1) electrolysis as provided for in Class
205 or (2) preparation in which a chemical reaction is
brought about by the mere heating effect of the electrical or
wave energy), including object protection.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for
photoelectric batteries.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 724 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object.
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
subclass 95 for electrical systems having means to prevent
electrolysis as a result of the operation of such systems.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 230 for
ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses 500+ for
electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a purpose other
than to (1) produce a desired chemical change or (2) protect
an object by use of an electrolytic current or potential.
392, Electric Resistance Heating Devices, subclass 457 for a
line connected tank type liquid heater with an immersion
heating element and with means protecting against galvanic
corrosion where (1) the protecting means is nonelectrolytic
in nature or (2) there is more of the heater specified than
is necessary to provide a setting or locus for the protection
means.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or
apparatus specialized for generation or production of an
electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or
change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
Subclass:
196.02
With control means responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
including means for detecting an apparatus or process
characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e.,
regulating) operation of the apparatus or process based on
the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or change therein and to implement an action
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action implemented by a control
means as a result of the detected characteristic or change
therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.06 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
measuring, testing, or sensing means but without control
means responsive to a sensed condition.
228.1 for other electrolytic apparatus with current,
voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed
condition.
230.2 for electrolytic apparatus with other current,
voltage, or power control means.
400 for an apparatus which performs electrolytic analysis or
testing, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 725 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object with control responsive to a sensed condition.
323, Electricity, Power Supply, or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for systems controlling current and/or
voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values
are derived from the electrical properties determined.
Subclass:
196.03
And programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus
also having control means for (a) storing coded instructions
or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus,
(b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps
performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various
operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or
to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches,
etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.05 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but
without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
229.2 for other electrolytic apparatus with current,
voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed
condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means.
229.4 for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control
means responsive to a sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 728 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass
729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or
metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed
condition.
Subclass:
196.04
Internal battery:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.02. Apparatus
having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply
integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an
internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.07 for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means but
without control means responsive to a sensed condition and
without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means.
196.1 for other internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus.
248 for other internal battery electrolytic cells.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for
photoelectric batteries.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 730 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object by internal battery action.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or
apparatus specialized for generation or production of an
electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or
change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
Subclass:
196.05
With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or
other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus, (b)
repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps
performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various
operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or
to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches,
etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for control means
directly responsive to a sensed condition but includes a
control means which maintains an operating condition,
predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.03 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
229.2 for other electrolytic apparatus with current,
voltage, or power control means responsive to a sensed
condition and with programmed, cyclic, or time responsive
control means.
229.4 for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive current, voltage, or power control
means but without current, voltage, or power control means
responsive to a sensed condition.
230.2 for electrolytic apparatus with other current,
voltage, or power control means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 728 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control and subclass
729 for an electrolytic process of protecting a metal or
metal alloy object with programmed, cyclic, or time
responsive control but without control responsive to a sensed
condition.
Subclass:
196.06
With measuring, testing, or sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having measuring, detecting, or testing means for a
characteristic, condition, or property of the apparatus or an
element associated with the apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.02 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition.
229.8 for other electrolytic apparatus with means for
measuring, testing, or sensing current, voltage, or power.
400 for electrolytic analysis or testing apparatus, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 775 for a process of
electrolytic analysis or testing, per se.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even if nonelectrical values
are derived from the electrical properties determined.
Subclass:
196.07
Internal battery:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.06. Apparatus
having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply
integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an
internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.04 for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition
but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means.
196.1 for other internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus.
248 for other internal battery electrolytic cells.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for
photoelectric batteries.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 730 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object by internal battery action.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or
apparatus specialized for generation or production of an
electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or
change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
Subclass:
196.08
With gas or vapor removing or treating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having means for exhausting, separating, or otherwise
treating a gas or vapor.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for means
suited to minimize or alter an effect of the gas or vapor on
the apparatus. The removing or treating means may be as
simple as a vent on top of a closed vessel to allow
dispersion of an unwanted gas or vapor into a surrounding
atmosphere. However, the removing or treating means may be
equipped to perform a chemical reaction to combine gaseous
hydrogen and oxygen (generated during electrolysis) into
water (vapor or liquid) by contact with a suitable catalyst.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
232 for other electrolytic cells with electrolyte treatment
means.
245 255+, 257+, 263+, 269+, and 275+ for other electrolytic
cells with feeding and/or withdrawal means, including
addition or removal of a gas or vapor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, as the residual class for gas
separation apparatus. See the Class 96 definition for an
elaboration of class lines with other classes providing for
gas separation apparatus.
Subclass:
196.09
Plural cells used or protected:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having two or more distinct cell units for object protection
or means for protecting two or more distinct cell units.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
244 253+, and 267+ for other electrolytic apparatus with
plural cells.
Subclass:
196.1
Internal battery:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having an internal power supply (i.e., a power supply
integral with the apparatus).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for electrolytic object
protection apparatus in which current is derived from an
internal chemical reaction (e.g., galvanic cell, protection
apparatus with a sacrificial anode, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.04 for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed condition
but without programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means.
196.07 for internal battery electrolytic object protection
apparatus with measuring, testing, or sensing means.
248 for other internal battery electrolytic cells.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric batteries and subclasses 243+ for
photoelectric batteries.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 730 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object by internal battery action.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product, and Process, for an electrolyte, process, or
apparatus specialized for generation or production of an
electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or
change in physical state (e.g., from liquid to gas, etc.).
Subclass:
196.11
Resistor or impedance in series between anode and object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having an element or device which imposes a specified or
expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is
positioned in series between a positive electrode and the
protected object.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed
disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance
in series between an anode and the protected object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.26 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a resistor or impedance in series between the object and a
power supply but without internal battery means.
Subclass:
196.12
With fluid filter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having a foraminous or porous mass to trap one or more
constituents while allowing remaining fluid to pass
therethrough.
(1) Note. A fluid filter for this subclass may also be
electrically charged (i.e., as an electrode) to
preferentially attract one or more fluid constituents,
provided that entrapment (e.g., physical removal, etc.) also
occurs at the filter.
Subclass:
196.13
With bypass means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having means for redirecting fluid flow.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for internal battery
object protection apparatus with a bypass valve which
facilitates removal or replacement of a positive electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.14 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a moving anode.
196.15 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with an inlet or outlet means but
without a bypass valve.
196.28 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a rotating electrode but without internal battery means.
Subclass:
196.14
Anode moving relative to object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having means for changing position or orientation of a
positive electrode with respect to the object (e.g., loosely
stacked anode elements vibrating during electrolytic
protection of a fixed object, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.13 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a bypass means.
196.17 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid
support.
196.28 for other electrolytic object protection apparatus
with a rotating electrode.
Subclass:
196.15
With fluid inlet or outlet means used or protected:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having at least one inlet or outlet or means for protecting
an object having at least one inlet or outlet (e.g., object
is a fluid heat exchanger or object protection means is a
simple fluid pipe which may or may not be connected to a tank
or vessel, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for an object protection means
having a perforated anode unless the apparatus encloses at
least a portion of the object and thereby forms inlet or
outlet means for a fluid. The terms "inlet" and "outlet"
find their meaning when applied to one or more openings in an
apparatus which surrounds or contains an internal space (for
holding or passing a gaseous or liquid medium) as would be
the case with a vessel or pipe.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.13 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a bypass valve.
Subclass:
196.16
Dielectric coating, casing, or section:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.15. Apparatus
having an electrically insulating coating, casing, or section
(e.g., solid dielectric joins conductor or electrode sections
into a rigid unit or provides a protective barrier against
corrosion, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.19 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with an insulator coating, covering, or
shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support but
without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
196.32 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a rigid anode held by a rigid support, at least one of which
is provided with a threaded coupling having insulated threads
but without providing inlet or outlet means for a fluid.
Subclass:
196.17
Rigid anode with rigid support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having at least one stiff and relatively unyielding positive
electrode held in place by another means which is also stiff
and unyielding in order to hold flexing of the positive
electrode to a minimum (e.g., rigid magnesium anode block
bolted directly to a steel ship hull to protect the hull from
excessive corrosion in sea water, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.14 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a moving anode.
196.3 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a
rigid anode held by a rigid support but without internal
battery means.
Subclass:
196.18
More than half of anode is or has coating, covering, or
shield:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.17. Apparatus
having a positive electrode serving as or provided with a
coated layer, a surrounding mass, or a protective solid
barrier in which either (1) more than half of the positive
electrode is coated, covered, or shielded or (2) more than
half the positive electrode functions as a coating, covering,
or shield (e.g., particulate anode covered or shielded by a
perforated support housing or canister, anode comprises a
strong steel core which is encapsulated by a magnesium
coating, etc.).
Subclass:
196.19
Dielectric coating, covering, or shield:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.18. Apparatus
having an electrically insulating coating, covering, or
shield
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.16 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a fluid inlet or outlet means used
or protected and having a dielectric coating, casing, or
section.
196.32 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a rigid anode held by a rigid support and having a threaded
coupling with dielectric threads but without internal battery
means.
Subclass:
196.2
Flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having a positive electrode constructed of or supported by a
flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., multiple anode sections
mounted along a hanging chain for support, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.33 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support but without
internal battery means.
Subclass:
196.21
Earth grounded object or protection means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
which is or protects an object which is electrically grounded
to earth, positioned underground, or at least partly
submerged in ground water (e.g., protection means is standing
on ground outside, object is subsurface pipeline, object is a
ship hull in an ocean, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.36 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus which
is earth grounded or is used to protect an earth grounded
object but without internal battery means.
Subclass:
196.22
Copper and zinc electrically coupled or alloyed into one or
more electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having one or more electrodes containing copper (Cu) and zinc
(Zn) either incorporated into one or more alloys or as
electrically coupled free metals or one or more alloys
thereof such that at least one electrical contact exists
between elemental copper and zinc, alloys thereof, or an
alloy of copper and zinc which is in electrical contact with
another metal or alloy (e.g., brass in electrical contact
with iron, copper in electrical contact with zinc, etc.).
Subclass:
196.23
Anode contains aluminum:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Apparatus
having a positive electrode containing aluminum (Al) (e.g.,
aluminum free metal or aluminum containing alloy, etc.).
Subclass:
196.24
And magnesium:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus
having the positive electrode also containing magnesium (Mg)
(e.g., magnesium free metal or magnesium containing alloy,
etc.).
Subclass:
196.25
And zinc:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.23. Apparatus
having the positive electrode also containing zinc (Zn)
(e.g., zinc free metal or zinc containing alloy, etc.).
Subclass:
196.26
Resistor or impedance in series between power supply and
object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having an element or device which imposes a specified or
expressly stated opposition to electrolytic current and is
positioned in series between a power supply and the protected
object.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the claimed
disclosure must specify inclusion of a resistor or impedance
in series between a power source and the protected object.
The resistor or impedance may be located inside a "power
supply" box as long as it is positioned in a series power
circuit and limits electrolytic current.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.11 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a resistor or impedance in series
between an anode and the object.
Subclass:
196.27
Alternative energy supply (e.g., solar panel, thermoelectric
or piezoelectric power supply, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having a power supply for electrolytic current other than an
electric battery (wet or dry cell), an electrolytic fuel
cell, or an electric dynamo or generator turned by heated
fluid from a boiler fired by fossil fuel (e.g., solar panel,
thermoelectric or piezoelectric power supply, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an
electrolytic object protection apparatus in which
electrolytic current is supplied (at least in part) by an
energy conversion device other than those commonly used in
this art. Placement in this subclass is limited to cases in
which an alternative energy supply is clearly specified in
the claimed disclosure.
Subclass:
196.28
Rotating electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having means to turn an electrode, including the object or a
portion thereof, through at least one complete revolution
(360 o) during electrolytic object protection.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.14 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with an anode moving relative to
object.
196.3 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with a
rigid anode held by a rigid support.
Subclass:
196.29
Magnetic mounting means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
held or supported (e.g., on the object, etc.), at least in
part, by magnetic force.
Subclass:
196.3
Rigid anode with rigid support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having a stiff and relatively unyielding positive electrode
held in place by a means which is also stiff and unyielding
in order to hold flexing of the positive electrode to a
minimum (e.g., rigid anode block held by an insulated spacer
and insulated bolts to a steel ship hull (connected to a
power supply as a cathode) to protect the hull from excessive
corrosion in sea water, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.17 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a rigid anode held by a rigid
support.
196.28 for an electrolytic object protection apparatus with
a rotating electrode.
Subclass:
196.31
Threaded coupling for rigid anode or rigid support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.3. Apparatus
in which the positive electrode or support therefor has a
threaded coupling (e.g., to allow relatively easy removal or
installation of the rigid anode or its rigid support, etc.).
Subclass:
196.32
Dielectric thread:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.31. Apparatus
having at least a portion of a threaded surface on the
coupling composed of or coated by an electrical insulator.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.16 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a dielectric coating, casing, or
section and with an inlet or outlet means for fluid.
196.19 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus with a dielectric coating, covering, or
shield on or around a rigid anode held by a rigid support.
Subclass:
196.33
Flexible cable, chain, or wire anode or support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having a positive electrode constructed of or supported by a
flexible cable, chain, or wire (e.g., an anode section
mounted at the end of a hanging cable for support, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.2 for an internal battery electrolyctic object
protection apparatus with a flexible cable, chain, or wire
amode or support.
Subclass:
196.34
Plural anode sections on single cable, chain, or wire:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.33. Apparatus
having a unitary cable, chain, or wire to link and support
two or more positive electrode sections to each other (e.g.,
multiple anode sections mounted for support along a hanging
chain, etc.).
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the
subclass indented hereunder, multiple sections of cable,
chain, or wire joined end-to-end are considered to function
as a single unit.
Subclass:
196.35
Helically wound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.34. Apparatus
having the cable, chain, or wire wound as a helix or spiral
(e.g., cable anode attached in a spiral shape around metal
pipe to protect the pipe from corrosion, two wires supporting
plural attached anode sections are helically wound around a
movable rod suspended down into sea water from dock to
protect the dock from corrosion, etc.).
Subclass:
196.36
Earth grounded object or protection means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
which is or protects an object which is electrically
grounded, positioned underground, or at least partly
submerged in water (e.g., object is standing on ground
outside, object is a ship hull in an ocean, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.21 for an internal battery electrolytic object
protection apparatus which is earth grounded or is used to
protect an earth grounded object.
Subclass:
196.37
Vessel protected (e.g., steam boiler, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having means to protect a container (as the object) for solid
or fluid material (e.g., steam boiler, etc.).
Subclass:
196.38
Anode contains precious metal or free carbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.01. Apparatus
having a positive electrode containing a precious metal or
free carbon (C).
(1) See section II. GLOSSARY in the class definition of this
class for a list of precious metals.
Subclass:
198
Electrolytic apparatus in which means are provided for
conveying in the electrolytic bath the article, material or
work being treated, such work acting as one of the
electrodes.
Subclass:
199
This subclass is indented under subclass 198. Conveyors
which give the articles a rotary movement through the bath.
Subclass:
200
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary
conveyors with means to give the electrode base a treatment
preliminary or subsequent to the electrolysis.
(1) Note. For endless conveying means combined with base
treatment means, see this class, subclasses 203 and 204.
Subclass:
201
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Rotary
conveyors specialized to convey articles in a loose condition
within the electrolytic bath, that is, the articles are not
fixed to a support while being treated.
Subclass:
202
This subclass is indented under subclass 198. Apparatus in
which the conveyor is of the endless type.
Subclass:
203
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Apparatus with
additional means to treat the base before or after the
electrolytic action.
(1) Note. For rotary conveying means combined with base
treatment means, see this class, subclass 200.
Subclass:
204
This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Apparatus in
which is included control means for the current supplied to
the electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation
of apparatus included or combined with said device.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include a mere current
supply.
Subclass:
205
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Apparatus in
which a means is included for the control of current supplied
to the electrolytic device or to a device included or
combined therewith.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 204.
Subclass:
206
Electrolytic apparatus in which the electrode is moved in the
form of a strip or filament of continuous or indefinite
length.
Subclass:
207
This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus
which additional means to treat the base before or after the
electrolytic action.
Subclass:
208
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Apparatus
wherein stripping means or means to assist stripping are
included.
Subclass:
209
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Apparatus
wherein means for mechanically working the base are
included.
Subclass:
210
This subclass is indented under subclass 207. Apparatus
wherein a means for heat treating the base is included.
Subclass:
211
This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus
including means to control the current supplied to the
electrolytic device or to a device included or combined
therewith.
Subclass:
212
Electrolytic apparatus which is adapted to give the electrode
a rotary motion of more than 180 degrees.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 199 and indented
subclasses, for rotary work conveyors.
Subclass:
213
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Apparatus
falling in which the means to give the rotary motion is a
barrel or other rotary receptacle.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
451, Abrading, 85 for a sandblast machine having a tumbling
barrel and subclasses 326+ for an abrading machine which
involves a tumbling device.
Subclass:
214
This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in
which means are provided to swing or tilt the axis of the
barrel or other rotary receptacle, usually to assist charging
or discharging.
Subclass:
215
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Apparatus in
which the base is given an additional treatment before or
after the electrolytic action.
Subclass:
216
This subclass is indented under subclass 215. Apparatus
wherein stripping means are included.
Subclass:
217
This subclass is indented under subclass 215. Apparatus in
which means are included to give the base a mechanical
working.
Subclass:
218
This subclass is indented under subclass 212. Apparatus
including control means for the current supplied to the
electrolytic device or electrical control for operation of
apparatus included or combined with said device.
Subclass:
219
Electrolytic apparatus which includes means to move a liquid
electrode.
(1) Note. For other cells with liquid electrodes, see this
class, subclasses 250 and 251.
Subclass:
220
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Apparatus
including means to recirculate the liquid electrode.
Subclass:
221
This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Apparatus
including means to oscillate, reciprocate or agitate the
liquid electrode.
Subclass:
222
Electrolytic apparatus which provides means to oscillate,
reciprocate or agitate the electrodes.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 221 for liquid
electrodes having means to oscillate, reciprocate or agitate
the electrodes.
Subclass:
223
This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Apparatus
including control means for the current supplied to the
electrolytic device, or electrical control for operation of
apparatus included or combined with said device.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
Subclass:
224
Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided to localize
the areas to which electrolysis is applied.
(1) Note. This group of patents include portable coating
electrodes, cells and half-cells specialized for localized
application of the electrolytic coat; however, the subclass
is not limited thereto but includes stationary devices in
which the electrode or electrodes alone are moved to localize
electrolytic action.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 271.
Subclass:
225
Electrolytic apparatus wherein means are provided whereby an
electrode may be fed to and/or withdrawn from the zone of
electrolytic action and not falling within the subclasses
above.
Subclass:
226
This subclass is indented under subclass 225. Apparatus in
which the base is given an additional treatment before or
after the electrolytic action.
Subclass:
227
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
including an electrolytic cell and means to treat the base
before or after the electrolytic action.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 200, 203, 204,
207-210, 215-217, and 226.
Subclass:
228.1
With current, voltage, or power control means responsive to
sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
having means for detecting an apparatus or process
characteristic or a change therein and for controlling (i.e.,
regulating) current, voltage, or power based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder, a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or change therein and to implement an action
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action implemented by a control
means as a result of the detected characteristic or change
therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.02 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition.
204 205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with
movable electrode means and with means to control
electrolytic current.
602 607, and 628, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
apparatus with control means responsive to a sensed
condition.
661 for apparatus for electrical (including simultaneous
electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of a
liquid or magnetic treatment of a liquid (other than
separation) with control means responsive to a sensed
condition.
400 for apparatus for electrolytic analysis or testing, per
se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also (3) Note in the class definition of class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 82 for an
electrolytic coating process which involves controlling the
process in response to a measured or detected parameter,
subclasses 641+ for an electrolytic erosion process with
control responsive to a sensed condition, and subclasses 725+
and 743 for an electrolytic material treatment process with
control responsive to a sensed condition.
323, Electricity, Power Supply, or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for systems controlling current and/or
voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, for measuring and
testing per se, to determine electrical properties by
electrical means even if nonelectrical values are derived
from the electrical properties determined.
Subclass:
228.2
Fluid level sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing level of a fluid.
Subclass:
228.3
Fluid flow sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing flow of a fluid.
Subclass:
228.4
Fluid pressure sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing pressure of a fluid.
Subclass:
228.5
Gaseous fluid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.4. Apparatus
having means for sensing pressure of a gas or vapor.
Subclass:
228.6
Electrolyte property sensing means (e.g., temperature,
concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing an electrolyte property (e.g.,
temperature, concentration, pH, conductivity, etc.).
Subclass:
228.7
Workpiece property sensing means (e.g., mass, coating
thickness, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing a workpiece property (e.g., mass,
coating thickness, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 84 for an
electrolytic coating process which involves controlling the
process in response to a measured or detected value for
thickness, weight, or composition of the coating.
Subclass:
228.8
Workpiece presence, position, or movement sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having means for sensing presence, position, or movement of a
workpiece.
Subclass:
228.9
Having auxiliary electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
having another electrode in addition to at least one working
electrode and at least one counter electrode.
Subclass:
229.1
Reference electrode as or with auxiliary electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.9. Apparatus
having a reference electrode as or in addition to the
auxiliary electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3
electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a
reference electrode. Also included is a combination of a
working electrode, two counter electrodes, an auxiliary
electrode, and two reference electrodes.
Subclass:
229.2
And programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 228.1. Apparatus
also having control means for (a) storing coded instructions
or other data used to regulate operation of the apparatus,
(b) repetitively regulating a sequence of operational steps
performed in or by the apparatus, or (c) causing various
operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or
to last for predetermined durations (e.g., timer switches,
etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass includes control means directly
responsive to a sensed condition combined with control means
which maintains an operating condition, predetermines
apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.03 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
196.05 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means but
without control means responsive to a sensed condition.
204 205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with
movable electrode means and with means to control
electrolytic current.
229.4 for other electrolytic apparatus with programmed,
cyclic, or time responsive control means but without control
means responsive to a sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 728 for an
electrolytic process of protecting a metal or metal alloy
object with control responsive to a sensed voltage and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control.
Subclass:
229.3
For controlling waveform supplied to working electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.2. Apparatus
having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working
electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control amplitude, frequency, or phase of the waveform.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 102 for electrolytic
coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure
DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic coating
processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC or 60
Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other
than pure DC.
Subclass:
229.4
With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive current, voltage,
or power control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
having control means for (a) storing coded instructions or
other data used to control current, voltage, or power during
operation of the apparatus, (b) repetitively regulating
current, voltage, or power during operation of the apparatus,
or (c) controlling current, voltage, or power according to
preset timing sequences or to last for predetermined
durations (e.g., timer switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for current,
voltage, or power control means directly responsive to a
sensed condition but includes a current, voltage, or power
control means which maintains an operating condition,
predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.05 for electrolytic object protection apparatus with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
204 205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with
movable electrode means and with means to control
electrolytic current.
229.2 for electrolytic apparatus with current, voltage, or
power control means responsive to a sensed condition and with
programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means.
230.2 for electrolytic apparatus with other current,
voltage, or power control means.
Subclass:
229.5
For controlling waveform supplied to working electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus
having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means adapted to control a waveform supplied to a working
electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 102 for electrolytic
coating processes using a specified waveform other than pure
DC, subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic coating
processes using a specified waveform other than pure DC or 60
Hz sine wave AC, and subclasses 341+ for electrolytic
synthesis processes using AC or a specified waveform other
than pure DC.
Subclass:
229.6
For simultaneously reversing polarity of working and counter
electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus
having the programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control
means adapted to simultaneously reverse polarity of working
and counter electrodes.
Subclass:
229.7
Having specified circuit details:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.4. Apparatus
having more than a nominal recitation of circuitry for the
programmed, cyclic or time responsive control means.
Subclass:
229.8
With means for measuring, testing, or sensing current,
voltage, or power:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
having means for measuring, testing or sensing current,
voltage, or power during electrolysis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
400 for apparatus utilizing electrolytic action for analysis
or testing where the testing device is claimed, per se.
556 for processes for electrical or magnetic separation or
purification of liquid which involve measuring, testing, or
sensing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 81 for electrolytic
coating processes which involve measuring, analyzing, or
testing; subclasses 335+ for electrolytic synthesis processes
which involve measuring, analyzing, or testing; and subclass
645 for electrolytic erosion processes which involve
measuring, testing or sensing.
Subclass:
229.9
Having auxiliary electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.8. Apparatus
having another electrode in addition to at least one working
electrode and at least one counter electrode.
Subclass:
230.1
Reference electrode as or with auxiliary electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 229.9. Apparatus
having a reference electrode as or in addition to the
auxiliary electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes an apparatus having only 3
electrodes in which the auxiliary electrode serves as a
reference electrode. Also included is a combination of a
working electrode, two counter electrodes, an auxiliary
electrode, and two reference electrodes.
Subclass:
230.2
With current, voltage, or power control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
having means for controlling current, voltage, or power.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
204 205, 211, 218, and 223, for electrolytic apparatus with
movable electrode means and with means to control
electrolytic current.
Subclass:
230.3
Mechanical:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having a mechanical device for controlling current, voltage,
or power.
Subclass:
230.4
For inhibiting short circuits:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having current, voltage, or power control means adapted to
prevent short circuits.
Subclass:
230.5
Switch or connector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having switching or connecting means for controlling current,
voltage, or power.
Subclass:
230.6
For controlling waveform:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having current, voltage, or power control means adapted to
control a waveform applied to an electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass includes apparatus adapted to
control waveform amplitude, frequency, or phase.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 102 for electrolytic
coating processes in which a specified waveform other than
pure DC is used; subclasses 105 and 106+ for electrolytic
coating processes in which a specified waveform other than
pure DC or 60 Hz sine wave AC is used; and subclasses 341+
for electrolytic synthesis processes in which AC or a
specified waveform other than pure DC is used.
Subclass:
230.7
Having auxiliary electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having at least one electrode in addition to at least one
working electrode and at least one counter electrode.
Subclass:
230.8
Having specified circuit details:
This subclass is indented under subclass 230.2. Apparatus
having more than a nominal recitation of the current,
voltage, or power control means.
Subclass:
232
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus
including an electrolytic cell and additional means to
provide for chemical or physical treatment of the electrolyte
outside the cell.
Subclass:
233
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
leacher, dissolver or extractor.
Subclass:
234
This subclass is indented under subclass 233. Apparatus
including means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 237 and
indented subclasses.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating
the electrolyte or material therein, see this class,
subclasses 261 and 273.
Subclass:
235
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
filter.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclasses 238 and 240.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see
this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
Subclass:
236
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclasses 239 and 241.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling
means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
Subclass:
237
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes
means to recirculate the electrolyte.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 234 and indented
subclasses.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells with means for agitating
the electrolyte or material therein, see this class,
subclasses 261 and 273.
Subclass:
238
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
filter.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 235.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 240.
(3) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see
this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
Subclass:
239
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 236.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 241.
(3) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling
means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
Subclass:
240
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
filter.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 235 and 238.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having filter means, see
this class, subclasses 249, 264 and 276.
Subclass:
241
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Apparatus in
which the additional electrolyte treatment means includes a
heater or cooler.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 236 and 239.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells having heating or cooling
means, see this class, subclasses 262 and 274.
Subclass:
242
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Electrolytic
cells falling specialized to carry out any of the processes
of this class.
(1) Note. For electrolytic cells for the production of or
generation of electricity, see Class 429, Chemistry:
Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process.
(2) Note. For electrolytic cells not constructed for use in
carrying out the processes of this class and not falling
within the class definition of Class 429, Chemistry:
Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process
and Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 425+, may be found in Class 361, Electricity:
Electrical Systems and Devices, wherein electrical systems
and devices are provided, see subclasses 500+.
Subclass:
243.1
Fused bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Apparatus
having as an electrolyte a substance or mixture of material
which normally exists in a solid or non-fluid physical state
at normal room temperature (e.g., nonaqueous mixture, etc.)
and in which the electrolyte is heated during electrolysis to
an elevated temperature at which the electrolyte will change
physical state to become fluid (e.g., molten salt, etc.)
(1) Note. Special materials designed for high temperature
application are usually required in this type of apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 47, 211,
230+, 336, 354+, and 713 for electrolytic processes which
specifically address the use of a fused bath electrolyte.
Subclass:
244
This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Electrolytic
cells consisting of two or more distinct cell units.
(1) Note. For other plural unit cells, see this class,
subclasses 253 and 267 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
245
This subclass is indented under subclass 243. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed to or withdraw material
from the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding and withdrawal
means, see this class, subclasses 255-258, 263, 269, and 275
and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
246
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed gaseous material to the
cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas feeding means, see this
class, subclasses 256, 258, 265, 270, and 277.
Subclass:
247
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to withdraw a gas from the cell
chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas withdrawing means see
this class, subclasses 256, 258, 266, 270, and 278.
Subclass:
247.1
With magnetic field effect compensating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus
having means to counteract or compensate for an undesired
magnetic field.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
244 for a fused bath electrolytic apparatus with means to
compensate for effect of a magnetic field between plural
electrolytic cells.
Subclass:
247.2
With means for cleaning electrode element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus
having means for removing foreign material from an electrode
element (e.g., anode stud, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
225 for an electrolytic cell with electrode feeding or
withdrawal means for a movable electrode.
Subclass:
247.3
Refractory hard material (RHM) containing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus
having at least one electrode element containing a material
which (a) poses significant resistance to corrosion or wear
at high temperatures, (b) provides a surface which is
wettable by most molten metals, and (c) conducts electrical
current (e.g., electrode containing a boride, carbide, or
nitride of niobium, titanium, or zirconium, etc.).
Subclass:
247.4
With cell lining or coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 243.1. Apparatus
having an electrolytic cell with a laminated or coated
layer.
(1) Note. The lining or coating provided for in this
subclass and in the indented subclass may be as simple as a
metal outer shell surrounding an electrolytic cell vessel.
Also included is an electrolytic cell with thermal insulation
to hinder heat transfer through a wall of the cell or with a
sealing layer to preserve integrity of a wall of the cell
against leakage of fused bath electrolyte.
Subclass:
247.5
Thermal effect compensating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 247.4. Apparatus
having a means to permit deformation of the lining with
changes in cell dimensions as a result of differences in
temperature (e.g., inner lining is equipped with thermal
expansion joints, etc.).
Subclass:
248
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells in which the current supply is provided by means of an
internal battery.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
196.04 196.07, and 196.1+ for object promotion apparatus
including electrolysis by internal battery action.
Subclass:
249
This subclass is indented under subclass 248. Electrolytic
cells including a filter or a loose electrode material which
may be in the form of a filter bed.
Subclass:
250
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells in which one of the electrodes of the cell is a
liquid.
(1) Note. For cells with moving liquid electrodes see this
class, subclass 219 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
251
This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Electrolytic
cells in which the electrodes are separated by a diaphragm.
(1) Note. For other diaphragm-type cells, see this class,
subclass 252 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
252
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells in which the electrodes are separated by a diaphragm.
(1) Note. For liquid electrode diaphragm type cells, see
this class, subclass 251.
(2) Note. For electrodes with diaphragms, see this class,
subclasses 282 and 283.
(3) Note. For diaphragm elements, see this class, subclasses
295 and 296.
Subclass:
253
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells consisting of two or more distinct units.
(1) Note. For other plural unit cells, see this class,
subclasses 244 and 267 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
254
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Electrolytic
cells in which at least one of the units contains an
electrode of the bi-polar type, i.e., one wherein an
electrode bears one polarity with respect to a second
electrode and a different polarity with respect to a third
electrode.
(1) Note. For other bi-polar electrode cells, see this
class, subclass 268.
Subclass:
255
This subclass is indented under subclass 254. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed to or withdraw material
from the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding or withdrawal means,
see this class, subclasses 245, 257, 263, 269, and 275 and
indented subclasses.
Subclass:
256
This subclass is indented under subclass 255. Electrolytic
cells in which the material feed or withdrawn is a gas.
(1) Note. For other cells equipped with gas feeding or
withdrawal means, see this class, subclasses 246, 247, 258,
265, 266, 270, 277, and 278.
Subclass:
257
This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed or withdraw material from
the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding or withdrawal means,
see this class, subclasses 245, 255, 263, 269, and 275 and
indented subclasses.
Subclass:
258
This subclass is indented under subclass 257. Electrolytic
cells in which the material fed or withdrawn is a gas.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas feeding or withdrawal
means, see this class, subclasses 246, 247, 256, 265, 266,
270, 277, and 278.
Subclass:
259
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells in which at least one of the electrodes is in the form
of a basket, or of a porous or foraminous container
surrounding the other electrode or electrodes.
Subclass:
260
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells in which two or more of the electrodes are arranged
concentrically one within the other.
(1) Note. For other cells with concentrically arranged
electrodes, see this class, subclass 272.
(2) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 259.
Subclass:
261
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells provided with an agitator for the electrolyte or the
material being treated.
(1) Note. For other cells provided with agitating means, see
this class, subclass 273.
(2) Note. See this class, subclass 221, 222 and 223, for
means for agitating the electrodes.
Subclass:
262
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells provided with a heating or cooling means.
(1) Note. For other cells with heating or cooling means, see
this class, subclass 274.
(2) Note. See this class, subclasses 236, 239 and 241 for a
heater or cooler for treatment of the electrolyte outside the
cell.
Subclass:
263
This subclass is indented under subclass 252. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed or withdraw material from
the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding or withdrawal means,
see this class, subclasses 245, 255, 257, 269, and 275 and
indented subclasses.
Subclass:
264
This subclass is indented under subclass 263. Electrolytic
cells including a filter as part of the cell.
(1) Note. For cells with filters, see also this class,
subclasses 249 and 276.
(2) Note. See this class, subclasses 235, 238 and 240, for
filters for the treatment of the electrolyte outside the
cell.
Subclass:
265
This subclass is indented under subclass 263. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed a gaseous material to the
cell chamber.
(1) Note. For gas feeding means for cells, see also this
class, subclasses 246, 256, 258, 270, and 277.
Subclass:
266
This subclass is indented under subclass 263. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to withdraw a gas from the cell
chamber.
(1) Note. For gas withdrawal means for cells, see also this
class, subclasses 247, 256, 258, 270, and 278.
Subclass:
267
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells consisting of two or more distinct units.
(1) Note. For plural cells, see also this class, subclasses
244 and 253 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
268
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Electrolytic
cells in which at least one of the units contains an
electrode of the bi-polar type, i.e., one wherein an
electrode bears one polarity with respect to a second
electrode and a different polarity with respect to a third
electrode.
(1) Note. For bi-polar electrode type diaphragm cells, see
this class, subclass 254 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
269
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Electrolytic
cells in which means are provided to feed to and/or withdraw
material from the cell chamber.
(1) Note. For other cells with feeding or withdrawal means,
see this class, subclasses 245, 255, 257, 263, and 275 and
their indented subclasses.
Subclass:
270
This subclass is indented under subclass 269. Electrolytic
cells in which material fed or withdrawn is a gas.
(1) Note. For other cells with gas feeding or withdrawal
means, see this class, subclasses 246, 247, 256, 258, 265,
266, 277, and 278.
Subclass:
271
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells which are peculiarly designed so as to be portable.
(1) Note. Compare with this class, subclass 224.
Subclass:
272
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells in which two or more of the electrodes are arranged
concentrically one within the other.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 260.
Subclass:
273
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells provided with an agitator for the electrolyte or the
material being treated.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 261.
(2) Note. For means for agitating electrodes, see this
class, subclasses 221, 222 and 223.
Subclass:
274
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells provided with means for heating and/or cooling.
(1) Note. For diaphragm-type cells with heating or cooling
means, see this class, subclass 262.
(2) Note. See this class, subclasses 236, 239 and 241, for a
heater or cooler for treatment of the electrolyte outside the
cell.
(3) Note. For fused bath cells with heating means, see this
class, subclass 243 and indented subclasses.
Subclass:
275.1
With feeding and/or withdrawal means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 242. Electrolytic
cells having means to feed and/or withdraw material from the
cell chamber.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
225 and 226, for electrolytic cells with movable electrode
means, and with electrode feeding or withdrawal means.
245-247, 255-258, 263-266, 269, and 270 for other
electrolytic cells with feeding and/or withdrawal means for
other material.
FOR930 for foreign patents/non-patent literature
corresponding to the subject matter of this subclass.
Subclass:
276
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Electrolytic
cells provided with a filter.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 249 and 264.
(2) Note. See this class, subclasses 235, 238 and 240, for
filters for treatment of the electrolyte outside the cell.
Subclass:
277
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to feed a gas to the cell chamber.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 246, 256, 258,
265, and 270.
Subclass:
278
This subclass is indented under subclass 275. Electrolytic
cells provided with means to withdraw a gas from the cell
chamber.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclasses 247, 256, 258,
266, and 270.
Subclass:
278.5
Parallel plate type electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 275.1.
Electrolytic cells having at least two plate type electrodes
arranged in parallel fashion.
(1) Note. This subclass is also intended to provide for bent
or curved plate electrodes positioned in parallel
relationship.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
672 and 673, for electrical separation apparatus with
parallel plate type electrodes.
Subclass:
279
Elements specialized for carrying out any of the electrolytic
processes provided for in this class which are not provided
for in outside classes or below.
Subclass:
280
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus
consisting of electrodes useful for carrying out the
processes herein provided for and combinations of such
electrodes with other elements not provided for in any
foregoing group of patents.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
400 through 435, for testing electrodes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 327 for
self-baking electrodes such as, for example, the Soederberg
electrodes, which are not limited to use in electrolysis, but
can be used, for example, in arc furnaces.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, for the lines
determining the classification of electrodes and "nominal"
electrodes.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product and Process, 40 for fuel cell catalytic electrodes,
and 209+ for electrodes specialized for that class.
Subclass:
281
Electrodes, generally known as electroforming molds or strip
plates, constructed or modified to facilitate formation of
temporary coatings thereon and from which the coating or
deposit is to be stripped or otherwise removed.
Subclass:
282
Electrodes claimed in combination with electrolytic
diaphragms.
(1) Note. For diaphragms, per se, see this class, subclasses
295 and 296.
Subclass:
283
This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Electrode
combinations in which the electrode is perforated or
foraminous. Such perforated or foraminous electrodes may
operate as supports or containers for the work or material
being subjected to electrolytic action.
(1) Note. For other work supports or containers, see this
class, subclasses 285 and 287.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 596 for
apertured metallic stock material.
Subclass:
284
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrodes
which are perforated or foraminous.
(1) Note. Search this class, subclass 283 for perforated or
foraminous electrodes combined with diaphragms.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 596 for
apertured metallic stock material.
Subclass:
285
This subclass is indented under subclass 284. Electrodes
constructed so as to constitute holders for the material or
article being subjected to electrolytic treatment.
(1) Note. See this class, subclasses 283 and 287 for other
electrodes with work supports or containers.
Subclass:
286.1
With electrode supporting means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrode
having electrode supporting means (e.g., electrode with hook
or frame to hold the electrode within an electrolytic cell
chamber, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198-226, for movable electrode means, including supports.
227-278, for electrolytic cells with electrode supporting
means.
297.01-297.16, for electrode supports or work holders, per
se.
FOR931 for foreign patents/non-patent literature
corresponding to the subject matter of this subclass and its
indents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
269, Work Holders, for other supports and work holders, per
se, having diverse utility, and see the class definition
thereof for other related subject matter.
Subclass:
287
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Electrodes in
which the support is in the form of a container holding the
work or material treated wherein the container does not act
as an electrode.
(1) Note. See this class, subclasses 283 and 285, for other
electrodes with work supports or containers.
Subclass:
288
This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Electrodes
wherein the active portion of the electrode comprises two or
more lateral extensions.
Subclass:
288.1
And dielectric gasket or spacer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus
also having an electrically insulating gasket or spacer
(e.g., fluid seal between electrode and support, etc.).
(1) Note. The dielectric gasket or spacer may help support
an electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.01-290.15, for an electrode laminated or coated with a
dielectric layer but without a supporting means.
Subclass:
288.2
And additional electrical conductor of diverse material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus
also having an additional electrical conductor of different
chemical composition.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for apparatus with an
auxiliary electrical conductor of different chemical
composition (e.g., to enhance distribution or flow of
electrolytic current during treatment, etc.). This additional
conductor may also serve as a physical support means for an
electrode or workpiece which conducts electrolytic current
(e.g., hanging steel electrode with a copper contact arm
overhanging a copper support and current carrier, etc.), or
it may be a rivet or wire added to a workpiece (e.g., plural
copper wires pass through a lead workpiece to provide better
electrical contact with surrounding electrolyte during
electrolytic coating, etc.).
Subclass:
288.3
Including resilient means (e.g., spring, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus
including a resilient means (e.g., coil tension spring, metal
spring clip, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
297.09 for an adjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
297.1 for a nonadjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
297.14 for an electrode support or work holder including a
resilient means.
Subclass:
288.4
Including threaded connector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus
including a threaded attachment or holding means (e.g., thumb
screw, nut and bolt, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
297.13 for a workpiece rack including a threaded connector.
297.15 for an electrode support or work holder including a
threaded connector.
Subclass:
288.5
Having wedge or tapered tightening means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 288.4. Apparatus
having a wedge or tapered tightening means (e.g, cone shaped
insert inside a corresponding matching opening to allow
tightening of a physical or electrical connection by drawing
or pushing the cone into the opening to provide better
contact, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass provides for a connector with
tapered threads.
Subclass:
288.6
Hook or loop:
This subclass is indented under subclass 286.1. Apparatus
having a hook or loop (e.g., electrode having a hook or loop
to allow suspension in dangling fashion from an engaged
horizontal rod, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
297.16 for an electrode support or work holder having a hook
or loop.
Subclass:
289
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrodes
wherein the active portion of the electrode comprises two or
more lateral extensions.
(1) Note. Search also this class, subclass 288.
Subclass:
290.01
Laminated or coated (i.e., composite having two or more
layers):
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrode
having a first laminated or coated layer attached to a second
layer (i.e, composite having 2 or more layers).
(1) Note. The chemical components provided for in the
subclasses indented under this subclass may be present in any
amount and found in any or all of the layers in an overall
composite electrode unless specified otherwise.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
281 for a coated or laminated electroforming mold or strip
plate.
FOR932 and FOR 933, for foreign patents/non-patent
literature corresponding to the subject matter of this
subclass and its indents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
427, Coating Processes, subclasses 58-126.6 for processes
of producing electrical products by a coating operation.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses
375-396 for a coated or structurally defined rod, strand,
filament, or fiber and subclasses 411.1-704 and 615-686 for
nonmetallic and metallic composites, respectively, defined in
terms of the composition of their components.
Subclass:
290.02
Actinide series element (i.e., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm,
Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, or Lr) or compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing an actinide series element (i.e., actinium (Ac),
thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np),
plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk),
californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium
(Md), nobelium (No), or lawrencium (Lr)) or a compound
thereof.
Subclass:
290.03
Having three or more layers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
having a total of three or more layers.
(1) Note. The chemical components provided for in the
subclasses indented under this subclass may be present in any
amount and found in any or all of the layers in an overall
composite electrode unless specified otherwise.
Subclass:
290.04
Rare earth metal (i.e., Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) or compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.03. Electrode
containing a rare earth metal (i.e., scandium (Sc), yttrium
(Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr),
neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium
(Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium
(Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), or lutetium
(Lu)) or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.1 for a two layer electrode containing a rare earth
metal or compound thereof.
Subclass:
290.05
Organic compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.03. Electrode
containing an organic compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.11 for a two layer electrode containing an organic
compound.
Subclass:
290.06
And noble metal (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Ag, or Au) or
compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.05. Electrode
also containing a noble metal (i.e, ruthenium (Ru), rhodium
(Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum
(Pt), silver (Ag), or gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.08 and 290.09, for an inorganic three or more layer
electrode containing a noble metal or compound thereof.
290.14 for an inorganic two layer electrode containing a
noble metal or compound thereof.
Subclass:
290.07
And free carbon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.05. Electrode
also containing free carbon (C).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.15 for an inorganic two layer electrode containing free
carbon.
Subclass:
290.08
Noble metal (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Ag, or Au) or
compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.03. Electrode
containing a noble metal (i.e, ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh),
palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt),
silver (Ag), or gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.06 for a three or more layer electrode containing both
an organic compound and a noble metal or compound thereof.
290.14 for an inorganic two layer electrode containing a
noble metal or compound thereof.
Subclass:
290.09
Plural metal oxides containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.08. Electrode
containing two or more metal oxide compounds (e.g.,
RuO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] and TiO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]
mixed in a composite layer on Cr-doped Ti layer with Ti
substrate, IrO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] coated on Ta
intermediate layer with TiO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]
substrate, etc.).
Subclass:
290.1
Rare earth metal (i.e., Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) or compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing a rare earth metal (i.e., scandium (Sc), yttrium
(Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr),
neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium
(Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium
(Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), or lutetium
(Lu)) or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.04 for a three or more layer electrode containing a rare
earth metal or compound thereof.
Subclass:
290.11
Organic compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing an organic compound.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.05 and 290.07, for a three or more layer electrode
containing an organic compound.
Subclass:
290.12
Refractory metal (i.e., Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb or Cb, Mo, Hf, Ta,
or W) or compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing a refractory metal (i.e., titanium (Ti), vanadium
(V), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) or columbium
(Cb), molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), or
tungsten (wolfram) (W)) or a compound thereof.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the subclass
indented hereunder, refractory metals will be assumed to
include "valve metals" and "film-forming metals" unless
specified otherwise.
Subclass:
290.13
Surface layer contains electrolytically exposed refractory
metal or compound:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.12. Electrode
having a surface layer containing refractory metal or a
compound thereof directly exposed to an electrolytic
environment.
Subclass:
290.14
Noble metal (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Ag, or Au) or
compound containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing a noble metal (i.e., ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh),
palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt),
silver (Ag), or gold (Au)) or a compound thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.06 for a three or more layer electrode containing an
organic compound and a noble metal or compound thereof.
290.08 and 290.09, for an inorganic three or more layer
electrode containing a noble metal or compound thereof.
Subclass:
290.15
Free carbon containing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 290.01. Electrode
containing free carbon (C).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
290.07 for a three or more layer electrode containing an
organic compound and free carbon.
Subclass:
292
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Electrode
compositions in which a metal in the free or uncombined state
comprises one of the essential ingredients of the
composition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, 544 for stock
materials, e.g., of indefinite length, which are all metal or
have adjacent metal components.
Subclass:
291
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Electrodes in
which are defined merely by the composition of which they are
composed.
(1) Note. In the event any specific structure is included
together with a special composition, the patent is placed in
the appropriate structure subclass above (or if the structure
is not provided for specifically, in subclass 280, and
cross-referenced here).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, 500 for compositions specialized for use
as electrodes and electrode devices defined solely in terms
of the composition of which they are composed which
electrodes are useful in electric lamps and electric space
discharge devices, and as welding electrodes and furnace
electrodes.
Subclass:
293
This subclass is indented under subclass 292. Electrodes in
which an alloy comprises an essential ingredient of the
composition. Steel or other metal containing alloys or
carbon, silicon and other nonmetallic elements are here
included as metallic alloys.
Subclass:
294
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Electrodes in
which carbon comprises one of the essential ingredients.
(1) Note. For carbon metal alloys, steel and the like, see
this class, subclass 293.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use
Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclass 244 for a composition
having a continuous phase of free metal made by consolidating
metal particles and containing a carbide compound of more
than one metal.
Subclass:
295
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus in
which the element is a diaphragm constructed for the
performance of any of the electrolytic processes of this
class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 500.21 (2)
Note for the lines between this class (204) and other classes
with respect to membranes defined by composition.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus,
Product and Process, 248 for diaphragms specialized for
batteries.
Subclass:
296
This subclass is indented under subclass 295. Electrolytic
diaphragms comprising as an essential part thereof an organic
member, compound or composition.
Subclass:
297.01
Electrode support or work holder:
This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus in
which the element is an electrode support or a work holder
specialized for use in an electrolytic apparatus of this
class.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
285 and 286.1-288.6, for electrodes combined with supporting
means.
FOR934-FOR936, for foreign patents/non-patent literature
corresponding to the subject matter of this subclass and its
indents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
269, Work Holders, for other supports and work holders, per
se having diverse utility and see the class definition
thereof for other related subject matter.
Subclass:
297.02
Magnetic support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having magnetic support means for an electrode or a
workpiece.
Subclass:
297.03
Vacuum support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having vacuum (i.e., to create suction) support means for an
electrode or a workpiece.
Subclass:
297.04
Float or buoyant support:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having a float or buoyant support means for an electrode or a
workpiece.
Subclass:
297.05
Mask for workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having a mask to partially cover and allow selective
treatment of only a portion of a workpiece.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for an
apparatus having a workpiece mask regardless of whether the
mask (a) constitutes part of an electrode support or work
holder, or (b) is a separate feature of the apparatus not
used as an electrode support or work holder.
Subclass:
297.06
Workpiece rack:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having a framework, stand, or grating on or in which
workpiece articles can be held for treatment (e.g., porous
wire basket, overhead bar holding suspended frame and
attached workpiece, etc.).
(1) Note. Although a workpiece rack is often equipped to
support plural workpieces, this is not a requirement for
inclusion in this and the indented subclasses.
Subclass:
297.07
Adjustable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus
having means specifically designed to allow adjustment of the
workpiece articles or the workpiece rack (e.g., means for
altering workpiece position or orientation, slide bar, lever,
bolt in slot, etc.).
(1) Note. An adjustable workpiece rack allows adaptation to
accommodate different workpiece dimensions or repositioning
of a workpiece (e.g., for better contact with an electrolyte
to ensure formation of a uniform electrolytic coating,
etc.).
Subclass:
297.08
Mechanized:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.07. Apparatus
having machine operated means to move or adjust the workpiece
articles or the workpiece rack (e.g., pneumatic piston,
robotic arm, electric motor, etc.).
Subclass:
297.09
Including resilient means (e.g., spring, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.07. Apparatus
including a resilient means (e.g., coil tension spring, metal
spring clip, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.3 for electrodes combined with supporting means
including a resilient means.
297.1 for a nonadjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
297.14 for an electrode support or work holder including a
resilient means.
Subclass:
297.1
Including resilient means (e.g., spring, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus
including a resilient means (e.g., coil tension spring, metal
spring clip, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.3 for electrodes combined with supporting means
including a resilient means.
297.09 for an adjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
297.14 for an electrode support or work holder other than a
workpiece rack including a resilient means.
Subclass:
297.11
Porous enclosure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus
having porous means to surround, protect, or retain a
workpiece for treatment (e.g., wire basket, perforated bowl,
strainer, cage, perforated support housing or canister,
etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to include a porous
enclosure capable of enclosing more than half of a
workpiece.
(2) Note. The porous enclosure of this subclass may (a) be
part of a supporting mechanism for a workpiece, or (b) it may
enclose a workpiece without supporting it.
Subclass:
297.12
Grid or grating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus
having a foraminous plate or screen to hold a workpiece while
allowing it to protrude or extend beyond the plate or
screen.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to include a porous
support which allows half or more than half of a workpiece to
be exposed outside the grid or grating support means during
treatment.
Subclass:
297.13
Including threaded connector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.06. Apparatus
including a threaded attachment or holding means (e.g., thumb
screw, nut and bolt, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.4 and 288.5, for electrodes combined with supporting
means including a threaded connector.
297.15 for an electrode support or work holder other than a
workpiece rack including a threaded connector.
Subclass:
297.14
Including resilient means (e.g., spring, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
including a resilient means (e.g., coil tension spring, metal
spring clip, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.3 for electrodes combined with supporting means
including a resilient means.
297.09 for an adjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
297.1 for a nonadjustable workpiece rack including a
resilient means.
Subclass:
297.15
Including threaded connector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
including a threaded attachment or holding means (e.g., thumb
screw, nut and bolt, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.4 and 288.5, for electrodes combined with supporting
means including a threaded connector.
297.13 for a workpiece rack including a threaded connector.
Subclass:
297.16
Hook or loop:
This subclass is indented under subclass 297.01. Apparatus
having a hook or loop (e.g., workpiece having a hook or loop
to allow suspension in dangling fashion from an engaged
horizontal rod, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
288.6 for electrodes combined with supporting means having a
hook or loop.
Subclass:
298.01
Coating, forming or etching by sputtering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus
specialized for coating, forming, or etching by sputtering
within a vacuum environment (i.e., under reduced pressure)
involving bombarding a solid or liquid target with atomic
particles to cause target material to be ejected therefrom by
momentum transfer.
Subclass:
298.02
Coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.01. Apparatus
including means for the deposition of a coating material on a
workpiece (i.e., substrate).
(1) Note. The coating material is usually comprised of
material ejected from the target.
Subclass:
298.03
Measuring, analyzing or testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including means for measuring, analyzing or testing at least
one process parameter or product characteristic.
Subclass:
298.04
Ion beam sputter deposition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
wherein a beam of ions generated by a separate ion source
remote from the target is employed to sputter material from
the target so that a coating of target material is deposited
on a workpiece.
Subclass:
298.05
Ion plating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
additionally including means for ionizing at least a portion
of the evaporated coated material and for applying a
potential to the workpiece, whereby the workpiece is
simultaneously subjected to electrostatically aided
deposition and sputter etching due to ionic bombardment.
(1) Note. In ion plating apparatus the workpiece serves as
a target which is sputter etched.
(2) Note. The potential applied to the workpiece is usually
negative.
Subclass:
298.06
Triode, tetrode, auxiliary electrode or biased workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including electrode means (e.g., thermionic filament, screen
grid, auxiliary electrode, etc.) in addition to an anode and
a cathode, or including workpiece biasing means.
Subclass:
298.07
Specified gas feed or withdrawal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant specified means for feeding or
withdrawing reactive or inert gases from the coating
chamber.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which gas feed or withdrawal means
are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
Subclass:
298.08
Specified power supply or matching network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant specified power supply means or
matching network means.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which power supply means or matching
network means are merely nominally specified are not included
herein.
Subclass:
298.09
Specified cooling or heating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant specified means for cooling or heating
of an electrode or work holder.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which cooling or heating means are
merely nominally specified are not included herein.
Subclass:
298.11
Specified mask, shield or shutter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant specified means for masking, shielding
or shuttering of electrodes or workpieces.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which masking, shielding or
shuttering means are merely nominally specified are not
included herein.
Subclass:
298.12
Specified target particulars:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
wherein a significant target feature or particular target
construction is specified.
(1) Note. The target usually forms a part of or is
associated with a cathode electrode.
Subclass:
298.13
Target composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.12. Apparatus
wherein the composition of the target is specified.
Subclass:
298.14
Specified anode particulars:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
wherein a significant anode feature or particular anode
construction is specified.
Subclass:
298.15
Specified work holder:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant specified means for holding a
workpiece.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which work holder means are merely
nominally specified are not included herein.
Subclass:
298.16
Magnetically enhanced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including significant means for magnetic enhancement of
target sputtering, plasma shaping or confinement, or control
of deposition parameters or deposit characteristics.
(1) Note. The means for magnetic enhancement may be either
inside or outside the chamber utilized in creating the
vacuum.
(2) Note. Apparatus in which magnetic means are merely
nominally specified are not included herein.
Subclass:
298.17
Flux passes through target surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.16. Apparatus
including means to allow the flux to pass through a target
surface.
Subclass:
298.18
Focusing target (e.g., conical target, plural inclined
targets, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus
including a magnetically enhanced sputtering target surface
of conical or other particle flux focusing geometry.
Subclass:
298.19
Planar magnetron:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus
including a magnetically enhanced generally flat planar
sputtering target surface wherein lines of magnetic flux
emerge from and return to the flat planar sputtering target
surface.
Subclass:
298.2
Moving magnetic field or target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.19. Apparatus
including means for mechanically moving or electrically
shifting the magnetic enhancement means or lines of magnetic
flux, or the sputtering surface, relative to each other.
Subclass:
298.21
Cylindrical or curved magnetron target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.17. Apparatus
including a magnetically enhanced curved sputtering target
surface which may be of cylindrical geometry.
(1) Note. Cylindrical Sputtering targets may be solid or
hollow and, if hollow, sputtering may be from either the
inside or outside surface.
Subclass:
298.22
Moving magnetic field or target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.21. Apparatus
including means for mechanically moving or electrically
shifting the magnetic enhancement means or lines of magnetic
flux, or the sputtering surface, relative to each other.
Subclass:
298.23
Moving workpiece or target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.02. Apparatus
including means for moving the target or workpiece relative
to each other.
Subclass:
298.24
Indeterminate length moving workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including means for moving an elongated workpiece of
indeterminate length.
Subclass:
298.25
Multi-chamber (e.g., including air lock, load/unload chamber,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including a plurality of distinct chambers or subchambers
(e.g., air lock, loading or unloading chamber, plural diverse
treatment chambers, etc.) and means for moving at least one
workpiece through the plurality of chambers or subchambers.
Subclass:
298.26
Plural diverse treatment stations, zones, or coating material
source within single chamber:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including plural diverse treatment stations or zones (e.g.,
plural sputter coating stations, sputter coating and etching
stations, or sputter coating and other pre-treatment or
post-treatment stations, etc.) within a single chamber and
means for moving at least one workpiece through the plurality
of stations or zones.
Subclass:
298.27
Plural modes of movement (e.g., planetary, epicyclic, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including means for moving the target or workpiece in plural
modes (e.g., directions), such as planetary or epicyclic
motion.
Subclass:
298.28
Rotational movement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including means for rotating the target or workpiece.
Subclass:
298.29
Oscillatory movement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.23. Apparatus
including means for oscillating the target or workpiece.
Subclass:
298.31
Etching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.01. Apparatus
including means for the removal of material from a workpiece
(i.e., substrate) by subjecting it to bombardment by atomic
particles (e.g., ions), whereby the activation energy of
material removal is supplied at least in part by momentum
transfer.
Subclass:
298.32
Measuring, analyzing or testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including means for measuring, analyzing or testing at least
one process parameter or product characteristic (e.g.,
end-point determination, etc.).
Subclass:
298.33
Specified gas feed or withdrawal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including significant specified means for feeding or
withdrawing reactive or inert gases from the etching
chamber.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which gas feed or withdrawal means
are merely nominally specified are not included herein.
Subclass:
298.34
Auxiliary electrode, bias means or specified power supply:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including electrode means in addition to an anode and cathode
(e.g., auxiliary electrode, etc.), workpiece biasing means,
or significant specified power supply means.
Subclass:
298.35
Multi-chamber, load/unload means or moving workpiece:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including a plurality of distinct chambers or subchambers,
means for loading or unloading a workpiece, or means for
moving a workpiece.
Subclass:
298.36
Beam or directed flux etching (e.g., ion beam, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including means for sputter etching or ion milling a
workpiece utilizing a beam of ions or directed flux generated
from a separate ion source.
Subclass:
298.37
Magnetically enhanced:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including means for magnetic enhancement of workpiece
sputtering, plasma shaping or confinement, or control of
etching parameters.
Subclass:
298.38
Microwave excitation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including means for generating plasma by excitation from a
source of microwaves.
Subclass:
298.39
Plural parallel plates (e.g., desmearing reactor, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 298.31. Apparatus
including a plurality of spaced apart, parallel electrode
plates or workpiece holders (e.g., desmearing reactor,
etc.).
Subclass:
298.41
Vacuum arc discharge coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus for
coating a workpiece within a vacuum environment by the action
of an arc discharge between an anode and a cathode wherein
the source of coating material forms or is associated with
the cathode.
(1) Note. The apparatus generally includes means for
generating and moving one or more cathode spots across the
surface of the coating source thereby vaporizing the coating
material.
Subclass:
400
Analysis and testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 194. Apparatus for
utilizing electrolytic action for analysis or testing where
the testing device is claimed, per se.
(1) Note. Combinations of electrochemical testing devices
with the systems in which they may be employed will be placed
with the combination class and cross-referenced here, if
necessary.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclasses include
reference or testing electrodes, cells or half cells, either,
per se, or in nominal combination with a broadly recited test
circuit.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 62.2 for the composition of
electrolytes for electrical condensers and recitifiers, some
of which electrolytes are useful for analysis and testing.
257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors,
Solid-State Diodes), 414 for such devices used as sensors
(e.g., chemical sensors).
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 323 for the
testing of underground formations by electrolytic methods as,
for example, the testing of an oil well bore for water
strata, and subclasses 425+ for the subject matter of this
subclass in combination with significant electrical testing
circuits.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 50 for analytical
chemical apparatus including means for carrying out
nonelectrochemical analysis and for apparatus for carrying
out a combined chemical and electrochemical procedure.
Subclass:
401
Fault testing of sensor or component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
including means for detecting the nonoperative condition of
the electrochemical testing device or apparatus associated
with it.
Subclass:
402
Regeneration or activation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which includes means for restoring the function of a spent or
contaminated sensor part, or means for activating an
electrochemical sensor for the performance of a test.
Subclass:
403
Biological, e.g., microbe, enzyme, antigen, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which includes a biological material, or is adapted to
measure electrolytically some property of a biological
material.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for the use
in an electrolytic measurement of a micro-organism, enzyme,
antigen or antibody when such process is not provided for in
another superior class.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
128, Surgery, for apparatus used in the inspection and
treatment of diseases of the bodies of men and animals which
apparatus is provided with means for connection with the
living body.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for an
apparatus for separately measuring or testing an electrical
or wave energy property, which property exists in combination
with a system wherein (a) a microorganism is cultured or
present or (b) an enzyme functions catalytically (e.g., a
fermentor in combination with a pH electrode).
Subclass:
404
Corrosion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus for
electrolytically testing the corrosion resistance of
materials or the effect of corrosive or corrosion inhibiting
materials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, particularly subclass 61.2 and
104 for methods of physical determination of corrosive
properties.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 53 for
apparatus for chemically investigating corrosion resistance
or power.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclass 6 for processes of chemically testing corrosion
resistance or power.
Subclass:
405
Titration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which is designed for or combined with means for conducting
an electrolytic titration.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 50 for
integrated analyzers which may include nominal electrode
structure in a titration device.
Subclass:
406
With significant electrical circuitry or nominal computer
device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which the measuring electrode is operable connected to a
claimed arrangement of electrical elements or is claimed as
connected to a computer.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for documents
which claim an electrochemical sensor in combination with a
circuit other than a mere recital of a current or potential
measuring means, i.e., claim language like "analysis means
for measuring an electrical potential developed" is not
provided for here.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 266-274 for chemical process
control or monitoring systems in combination with a data
processing system or calculating computer
Subclass:
407
With significant display or analytical device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which the electrical signal produced by the measuring
electrode is claimed as driving a device which produces a
visible or audible signal or an analytical device.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for display
devices of claimed structure, i.e., with indicating scales,
particular arrangements of display lights, etc., and is not
intended to provide for a nominal display means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus for testing an electrical property
or condition even though the results of the test may be used
to indicate some other physical or chemical property or
condition.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 50 for
analyzers or structured indicators for quantitative or
qualitative chemical analysis.
Subclass:
408
With means for temperature or pressure compensation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
including means for compensating for the physical or
electrical effects of temperature or pressure on the
apparatus.
(1) Note. The compensation may be a separate measurement of
temperature or pressure which is used to produce a signal
representing the effect of temperature or pressure or may be
in the physical design of the measuring electrode or
associated apparatus.
Subclass:
409
With means providing specified flow-condition or flow-path:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which is designed to provide a particular flow-path through
or around an electrode surface or to promote a particular
type of flow over the electrode surface.
(1) Note. This and the indented subclass are intended to
provide for apparatus in which the fluid to be analyzed flows
in a labyrinthine manner, or a series of treatment stations
or apparatus claimed or disclosed as providing a particular
flow state at the electrode surface, e.g., laminar flow,
turbulent flow, etc.
Subclass:
410
Solid electrolyte means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Apparatus
which incorporates a solid electrolyte.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
421 for apparatus incorporating one or two electrodes with a
solid electrolyte.
Subclass:
411
Three or more electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 409. Apparatus
which contains an arrangement of three or more electrodes.
Subclass:
412
Three or more electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which there are three or more electrodes.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for
arrangements of several physically identical electrolytic
cells.
Subclass:
413
Liquid electrodes, e.g., Hg, Na, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which at least one electrode is a liquid.
(1) Note. The electrodes included herein are typically
liquid metals particularly sodium or mercury.
Subclass:
414
Gel electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which the electrolyte is a gel.
(1) Note. A gel is a colloidal solution of a liquid in a
solid. Typically the gels herein are hydrogels, i.e., a
solid colloidal solution in water.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, 315.01 for gel compositions, per se.
Subclass:
415
Selectively permeable membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which a constituent of the fluid being treated diffuses
through a material which acts as a barrier to other
constituents of the fluid permitting only the selected
constituent to contract the electrode surface.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
416 for electrodes which are themselves selective as to
ionic species.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 644 for
processes of use of selectively permeable membranes.
Subclass:
416
Ion-sensitive electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which incorporates means which permit only desired ionic
species to participate in the electrochemical reaction in a
sensing electrode.
(1) Note. Ion-sensitive membranes include: (a) compressed
bodies of inorganic salts; (b) monocrystals of such salts;
(c) fine powders of such salts embedded in a resin or glass;
(d) porous bodies with an adsorbed solution of an
ion-exchanger solution.
Subclass:
417
Liquid ion-exchanger:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Apparatus in
which the ion-exchange medium is a liquid.
Subclass:
418
Organic membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Apparatus in
which the ion-selective membrane is organic.
(1) Note. Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon
which are further characterized by the presence of two carbon
atoms bonded together or one atom of carbon bonded to at
least one atom of hydrogen or halogen or one atom of carbon
bonded to one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond.
(2) Note. Typically the patents herein include a resin
matrix plus an ion exchange material, e.g., an organic metal
salt, metal salt or metal ion, etc.
Subclass:
419
Inorganic membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Apparatus in
which the ion-selective membrane is inorganic.
Subclass:
420
Glass ion-selective membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 419. Apparatus in
which the inorganic ion-selective membrane is glass.
Subclass:
421
Solid electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which incorporates a solid electrolyte.
Subclass:
422
Liquid sample sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 421. Apparatus
which is adapted to be used for the analysis or testing of a
liquid sample.
(1) Note. Liquid includes molten metals.
Subclass:
423
With fugitive protective element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Apparatus in
which part of the sensor is designed to protect the remainder
from environmental damage and having served this function is
designed to decompose leaving the sensor element in contact
with the liquid sample.
(1) Note. The subject matter of this subclass includes a
cap or plug of resinous or resin containing material which is
melted by the liquid sample.
Subclass:
424
Gas sample sensor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 421. Apparatus in
which the primary component of the sample is gaseous.
(1) Note. This subclass includes solid electrolyte gas
sensors in which the partial pressure of the reference gas is
provided by a solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
422 for apparatus sensing dissolved gas in a liquid sample.
Subclass:
425
With impressed current means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Apparatus in
which a current is impressed on the sensor by means other
than interaction with the sample or reference material.
(1) Note. The impressed current can be for the electrolytic
generation of a reference gas.
Subclass:
426
Planar electrode surface:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Apparatus in
which the sensing element is generally flat.
(1) Note. This subclass includes electrodes in which the
sensing element is a flat disk.
Subclass:
427
With gas reference material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 424. Apparatus
having a solid electrolyte with electrode films attached to
the sides which are in turn in contact with a gas sample and
a reference gas.
(1) Note. Oxygen sensor for control of air/fuel ratio in
internal combustion engines are included herein.
(2) Note. The reference gas is usually provided by an
opening to admit atmospheric air.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
424 for gas sensors in which the reference material is a
solid material which produces the particle pressure as a
reference standard.
Subclass:
428
With protective element:
This subclass is indented under subclass 427. Apparatus in
which part of the sensor assembly to shield the remainder
from the deleterious chemical or physical effects of the
sample or atmospheric gas.
(1) Note. The protective element is typically a screen or
perforate or slotted solid member but may also be an ablative
material.
(2) Note. This subclass includes protective elements for
the sensor, e.g., caps for the sensor end, as well as
protective elements at the reference end, e.g., filters in
the reference gas entryway, etc.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
425 for fugitive protective elements for solid electrolyte
containing sensors.
Subclass:
429
Protective element is a layer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Apparatus in
which the protective element is an adherent layer on the
surface of the sensor assembly.
(1) Note. This subclass would include a layer of material
impregnated with a getter for catalyst poisons.
Subclass:
430
Moisture absorbing electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in
which the electrolyte of the sensor absorbs water.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 75 for moisture
determination by electrical or thermal conductivity.
236, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, subclass
44 for control of the humidity of an area and subclass 44
for use of an electrically conductive element.
338, Electrical Resistors, 34, for moisture absorbing
resistors.
Subclass:
431
Gas sensing electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
which detects the presence quantity or identity of a gas.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for trace gas detectors,
detecting for example, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide or hydrogen sulfide by means of a liquid electrolyte
since solid electrolytes are provided for above.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
421 particularly 424 for a solid electrolyte electrode for
gas analysis.
Subclass:
432
With gas diffusion electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in
which a gas diffuses through part of an electrode.
Subclass:
433
Measuring carbon content or pH:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus for
the measurement of the quality of carbon in a fluid or for
the measurement of the hydrogen ion content of a fluid.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for apparatus for
monitoring the carbon content of liquid sodium reactor
coolant.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
423 for apparatus utilizing a solid electrolyte and a
fugitive protective element of analysis of liquid metal
compositions.
Subclass:
434
Involving plating, coating or stripping:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
including means for electrolytically applying or removing a
layer of material in the performance of a test or analysis.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for anodic stripping
voltametric apparatus in which a minute amount of material is
tested for by electrochemically depositing and subsequently
stripping a material on an electrode.
(2) Note. Further examples of the subject matter included
herein is apparatus for trace metal detection, coating
thickness determination, analytical electroplating and test
plating.
Subclass:
435
Standard reference electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus
including means for producing a precise and reproducible
reference potential.
(1) Note. As no attempt has been made to cross-reference
all apparatus in which a reference cell is present, if such a
cell is claimed in combination with features provided for in
a preceding subclass a search of that subclass is generally
indicated.
Subclass:
450
Electrophoresis or electro-osmosis processes and electrolyte
compositions therefor when not provided for elsewhere:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter drawn to (a) processes involving (1) the
travel, transport, or relative movement of one or more
particles or components in a conducting liquid or fluent
material, other than a gas, under a net unidirectional
electric stress or (2) the movement of a liquid inside the
capillary spaces of a solid (e.g., membrane, etc.) under the
influence of an electric field or (b) electrolyte
compositions specialized for use in a process under (a) when
not provided for elsewhere.
(1) Note. For the purpose of Class 204, "electrophoresis"
is restricted to situations where the liquid or fluent
material is electrically conductive and wherein there is at
least one electrolytic phenomenon (e.g., electrode gas
formation, etc.) inherently or otherwise taking place
simultaneously with electromigration of the particles or
components.
(2) Note. In electrophoresis, the moved particles or
components usually are electrically charged.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
554 for electrical separation or purification of liquid not
involving electrolysis, electrophoresis, or electro-osmosis.
600 for corresponding electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses
for electrolytic processes.
340, Communications: Electrical, for various types of
electrical communications systems and methods not provided
for in other classes.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 344 for
processes of testing the change in refractive index of a
fluid in an electrophoresis cell and the apparatus therefor
and subclasses 128+ for refraction testing processes and
apparatus therefor.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, for data
processing for presentation to printer, and facsimile
system.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
for optical elements and systems not provided for in other
classes.
399, Electrophotography, for electrophotos:graphic processes
and apparatus.
Subclass:
451
Capillary electrophoresis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process
involving electromigration of particles or components in a
conducting liquid or fluent material inside a tube with an
inside diameter less than 1 mm.
(1) Note. For classification in this subclass and the
subclasses indented hereunder, use of a "capillary" or very
small tube of undisclosed inside diameter is presumed to be
small enough.
Subclass:
452
With detailed detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process which
includes the use of a detection system recited in more detail
than mere nominal mention.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for the
mere use of plotters or other recording devices unless
combined with at least one detailed detector element or
device.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
461 for gel electrophoresis with analysis or detailed
detection, but without using a capillary.
Subclass:
453
With injection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process in
which material to be treated or tested is injected into the
capillary, usually by electro-osmotic bulk flow.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
454 for capillary electrophoresis with adjustment or
alteration of electro-osmotic bulk flow.
Subclass:
454
With adjustment or alteration of electro-osmotic bulk flow:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process which
provides for adjustment or alteration of continuous phase
buffer liquid movement within the capillary.
(1) Note. Reduction or reversal of electro-osmotic bulk
flow with respect to the direction of electrophoretic
movement of suspended particles or components is used to
enhance separation therebetween.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
453 for capillary electrophoresis with injection by
electro-osmotic bulk flow of material to be treated or
tested.
Subclass:
455
Using gel-filled capillary:
This subclass is indented under subclass 451. Process in
which the inside of the capillary tube is filled with a
jellylike colloidal solution of liquid in a solid (usually
organic).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for the
use of a capillary filled with an inorganic solid (e.g.,
silica gel, etc.) which is not present as a jellylike
colloidal solution of a liquid in the inorganic solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
456 for gel electrophoresis without using a capillary.
Subclass:
456
Gel electrophoresis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which particles or components migrate in an electric field
within a continuous medium of a jellylike colloidal solution
of liquid in a solid (usually organic).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for the use of a
continuous medium of an inorganic solid (e.g., silica gel,
etc.) which is not present as a jellylike colloidal solution
of a liquid in the inorganic solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
455 for organic gel electrophoresis using a capillary filled
with an organic gel.
Subclass:
457
With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which
involves (a) storing coded instructions or other data which
are used to regulate the process, (b) repetitively regulating
a sequence of process steps, or (c) regulating the process
according to preset timing sequences (e.g., limiting various
process steps to predetermined durations of time, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
includes any control which maintains an operating condition,
predetermines apparatus operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
is not intended to provide for the mere use of alternating
current (AC), per se.
Subclass:
458
Plural rapid changes in direction of electric field (at least
1000 times total and at more than 1/sec) (e.g., pulsed field,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 457. Process in
which the electric field changes direction more than 1000
times in rapid succession (more than one change per second),
usually using more than 2 electrodes with synchronized timing
of voltage spikes or peaks.
Subclass:
459
Isoelectric focusing (i.e., using pH variation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process in
which a differential pH gradient is established in the medium
to affect the migration of individual particles or components
based on their different isoelectric points (the different pH
values at which the net charge on each particle or component
is neutral).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
548 for isoelectric focusing without using a gel.
Subclass:
461
With analysis or detailed detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which
includes analysis or the use of a detection system recited in
more detail than mere nominal mention.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for the
mere use of plotters or other recording devices unless
combined with at least one detailed detector element or
device or when clearly used in a process of analysis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
452 for capillary electrophoresis with detailed detection.
Subclass:
462
With posttreatment of gel to purify or recover a desired
component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process in
which the gel is subsequently treated to purify or recover a
desired component.
Subclass:
463
Destaining:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Process in
which the posttreatment involves removal of a colored
component, usually present as an undesired impurity which
masks the desired separation of components.
Subclass:
464
Blotting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 462. Process in
which one or more desired separated components are
transferred from the gel to an adjacent receiving medium
(e.g., membrane, sorbent, another gel, etc.).
(1) Note. The transfer may be assisted by an external force
(e.g., hydraulic pressure, electric field, etc.).
Subclass:
465
Preparation in unitary apparatus (e.g., preparative, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process which
is conducted to yield a separated product in final form
(e.g., ready for analysis, etc.) using a single piece of
apparatus, usually precluding the need for subsequent
treatment or transfer of separated species.
(1) Note. The preparative nature of gel electrophoresis or
an apparatus used therein must be specifically recited for
placement in this subclass.
Subclass:
466
Using slab gel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Process in
which the gel is planar in form (e.g., as a rectangular
sheet, etc.).
Subclass:
467
Vertical or inclined:
This subclass is indented under subclass 466. Process in
which the slab is in an upright position or is tipped up
during use (e.g., vertical slab, etc.).
Subclass:
468
Electrolyte composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Subject matter
drawn to (a) electrolyte compositions or (b) processes of gel
electrophoresis using an electrolyte of specified
composition.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for the
use of merely an "aqueous" buffer solution electrolyte unless
further detail of the electrolyte composition is recited.
Subclass:
469
Gel composition (other than simple agarose or
polyacrylamide):
This subclass is indented under subclass 456. Subject matter
drawn to (a) gel compositions (other than simple agarose or
polyacrylamide) or (b) processes of gel electrophoresis using
a gel of specified composition (other than simple agarose or
polyacrylamide).
(1) Note. The gel may contain a combination of agarose or
polyacrylamide with another specified component but must not
be comprised of only agarose or polyacrylamide as the only
specified components.
Subclass:
470
Including manufacture or preparation (e.g., molding,
gelation, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 469. Subject matter
which includes one or more steps of gel manufacture or
preparation (e.g., molding, gelation, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
521 for electrophoretic or electro-osmostic ion selective
barrier separation combined with manufacture or pretreatment
of the barrier.
Subclass:
471
Coating or forming of object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process
directed to the coating of a substrate or the formation of an
object by electrophoresis or electro-osmosis.
(1) Note. Electrophoretic forming processes are defined
herein as an electrophoretic coating process wherein the
coated layer is subsequently removed from the coated
substrate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
192.1 for processes of coating or forming by sputtering.
622 for corresponding apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, especially subclass 444
for a nonelectrolytic process of bleaching, dyeing, or fluid
treatment of textiles or fibers utilizing electric, magnetic,
or wave energy; or a product thereof.
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses
for certain bath compositions used in electrophoretic coating
procedures and the notes thereto for the line between Class
106 and other classes providing for coating compositions.
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 67 for electroforming
and subclasses 80+ for electrolytic coating.
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes, especially 22 for processes of shaping and
treating provided for in this class (264) without involving
electrical or wave energy to effect a chemical reaction, per
se, and without involving electrophoresis.
427, Coating Processes, 457 for coating processes utilizing
electrical energy to deposit particles out of a liquid by
other than electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for coated
products in general, especially subclass 547 for a metallic
stock material having metal particles and a composition or
density gradient or differential porosity.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or
Product, 32 for a process of applying a coating of particles
from an insulating suspending liquid by applying an electric
field in combination with imagewise exposure to radiation,
including compositions used in and products produced by such
a process; and subclass 52 for "electrolysis imaging" or
"photoconductography."
Subclass:
472
With control responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which the coating or forming is regulated by detecting a
characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process
and by implementing an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process
and to implement an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a
positive action made by a control means because of the
detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
480 for electrophoretic coating or forming of an object
involving regeneration or replenishment of the coating bath
but without control directly responsive to a sensed
condition.
519 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation with control responsive to sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
473
Temperature sensed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Process in
which a detected temperature or a change in a detected
temperature is used to control the process.
Subclass:
474
Current sensed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 472. Process in
which a detected current or a change in a detected current is
used to control the process.
Subclass:
475
Rubber or vulcanizable gum used to coat or form:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process
directed to the coating or formation of objects with (a) a
natural or synthetic elastic polymer commonly known as rubber
(e.g., caoutchouc, neoprene, etc.) or (b) a gum which may be
vulcanized (cross-linked) (e.g., by reaction with sulphur at
an elevated temperature, etc.) from a tacky, plastic mixture
to an elastic or rigid product.
Subclass:
476
Sheet, web, wire, or filament of indeterminate length formed
or coated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 475. Process
directed to the coating or formation of sheets, webs, wire,
or filaments of indeterminate length.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate
subclasses for a stock material product in the form of a
composite or plural component web or sheet which is not
provided for elsewhere. See also Lines With Other Classes, in
Class 428.
Subclass:
477
Alternating current:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which alternating electrical current is used.
Subclass:
478
With irradiation or illumination (e.g., for curing, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which electromagnetic waves (e.g., ultraviolet light, gamma
rays, etc.) or corpuscular radiation (e.g., stream of alpha
particles, electron beam, etc.) is applied to the substrate
or to a coated layer (e.g., for curing, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
487 491, 493+, 500+, 507, and 509, for electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
479
Coating interior of object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which a coating is formed on the interior of an object.
Subclass:
480
With regeneration or replenishment of coating bath (e.g.,
ultrafiltration, ion exchange, measurement followed by
addition of concentrated reagent, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process which
includes purification or rejuvenation (e.g., using
ultrafiltration, ion exchange, etc.) or concentration
adjustment of the coating bath (e.g., measurement followed by
addition of concentrated reagent, etc.).
(1) Note. The type of measurement followed by replenishment
for concentration adjustment which is provided for in this
subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder does not
include any adjustment which is controlled in direct response
to a sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
472 for electrophoretic coating or forming of an object with
control that is responsive to a sensed condition.
Subclass:
481
Using ion exchange material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Process in
which ion exchange material is used to regenerate or
replenish the coating bath.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
524 and 536, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation in which an ion exchange
material is also employed.
Subclass:
482
Using filter or membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 480. Process in
which a filter or membrane is used to regenerate the coating
bath.
Subclass:
483
Forming of object:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process
directed to the formation of an object.
(1) Note. Electrophoretic forming processes are defined
herein as electrophoretic coating processes wherein the
coated layer is subsequently removed from the substrate, thus
forming an object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes, especially 22 for processes of shaping and
treating provided for in this class (264) without involving
electrical or wave energy to effect a chemical reaction, per
se, and without involving electrophoresis.
Subclass:
484
Plural coating operations:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process
directed to the coating of a substrate with at least two
layers and wherein at least one of the layers is applied
electrophoretically or electro-osmotically.
(1) Note. A single step coating process wherein a
previously coated object that is being coated (e.g., single
step coating of an electrostatically sprayed object, etc.) is
not considered to encompass plural coating operations for
this subclass or the subclasses indented hereunder.
Subclass:
485
Using mask:
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Process in
which a mask is used to shield selected areas of the
substrate during coating.
Subclass:
486
Including nonelectrophoretic coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 484. Process which
employs at least one nonelectrophoretic coating step (e.g.,
impregnation, electrostatic spraying, etc.).
Subclass:
487
With heat treatment of a coated layer (e.g., curing,
sintering, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 486. Process in
which at least one of the coated layers is heated to effect a
desired change therein (e.g., curing, sintering, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
491 493+, 500+, 507, and 509, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
488
Organic (e.g., curing thermoset resin, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 487. Process in
which the heat treated layer contains organic material.
Subclass:
489
Using bath having designated chemical composition (DCC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process which
specifically identifies a coating bath used in the coating
process as containing a designated chemical composition
(DCC).
(1) Note. A designated chemical composition is a
composition wherein at least one chemical atom is identified.
For a more comprehensive definition of designated chemical
composition (including exceptions and examples), see
DEFINITION OF TERMS under the main definition of this class.
Subclass:
490
Resultant coating is solely inorganic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in
which the resultant coating contains no organic material.
(1) Note. The coating bath composition may include organic
material as long as the resultant coating is limited to
inorganic material.
Subclass:
491
With heat treatment of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 490. Process in
which the coating is heated to effect a desired change
therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
487 493+, 500+, 507, and 509, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
492
Anodic processes only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Processes in
which the bath composition is specifically directed to use in
anodic processes only (i.e., anionic compositions).
(1) Note. Processes involving compositions which are
suitable for both anodic and cathodic processes are excluded
from this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder.
Subclass:
493
With heat treatment of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in
which the coating is heated to effect a desired change
therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
487 491, 500+, 507, and 509, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
494
And washing, rinsing, or drying of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 493. Process in
which the coating is also washed, rinsed, or dried, usually
before heat treatment.
Subclass:
495
With pretreatment of substrate or bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in
which either the substrate or the coating bath is treated to
prepare for the coating process.
(1) Note. Placement in this subclass requires positive
recitation of one or more pretreatment steps and does not
provide for the mere use of a substrate or bath composition
which was previously made by an unrecited method.
(2) Note. Pretreatment appropriate for this subclass
includes: coating of individual particles which are
subsequently electrophoretically coated onto a substrate,
chemical reaction to prepare a bath for electrophoresis, and
prewetting of a substrate to enhance bonding of an
electrophoretic coating. This subclass is not intended to
provide for mere mixing of a coating bath unless combined
with clear recitation of a treatment to chemically or
otherwise alter the bath to promote subsequent coating of at
least a part thereof onto a substrate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
510 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
processes with pretreatment of the substrate.
Subclass:
496
Bath contains shading or coloring agent (e.g., pigment,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains a white, black, or
colored material which imparts a shade or color to the bath
or to the resultant coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
503 for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing a shading or coloring
agent and an epoxy or epoxide.
508 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
processes using a bath having a DCC and containing a shading
or coloring agent, metal oxide, free metal, or free carbon.
Subclass:
497
Bath contains surface active agent (e.g., soap or detergent,
wetting or emulsifying agent, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains a surface active
agent (e.g., soap or detergent, wetting or emulsifying agent,
etc.).
Subclass:
498
Bath contains carboxyl group:
This subclass is indented under subclass 492. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains an organic compound
having a carboxyl group (C=O)-OH.
Subclass:
499
Cathodic processes only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in
which the bath composition is specifically directed to use in
cathodic processes only (i.e., cationic compositions).
(1) Note. Processes involving compositions which are
suitable for both anodic and cathodic processes are excluded
from this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder.
Subclass:
500
With heat treatment of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Process in
which the coating is heated to effect a desired change
therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
487 491, 493+, 507, and 509, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
501
Bath contains epoxy or epoxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains an oxirane or any
other compound with an -O- bridge attached to two different
carbon atoms which are also united in some other way, either
directly or indirectly (e.g., epoxy resin, cyclic ether,
etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
502 for other cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating processes using a bath containing an epoxy or an
epoxide.
Subclass:
502
Bath contains epoxy or epoxide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains an oxirane or any
other compound with an -O- bridge attached to two different
carbon atoms which are also united in some other way, either
directly or indirectly (e.g., epoxy resin, cyclic ether,
etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
501 for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing an epoxy or an
epoxide combined with heat treatment of the coating.
Subclass:
503
And shading or coloring agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Process in
which the bath used for coating also contains a white, black,
or colored material which imparts a shade or color to the
bath or to the resultant coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
496 for an anodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
process using a bath containing a shading or coloring agent.
508 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
processes using a bath having a DCC and containing a shading
or coloring agent, metal oxide, free metal, or free carbon.
Subclass:
504
And separate crosslinking or curing agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 502. Process in
which the bath used for coating also contains a separate
compound or element intended to enhance crosslinking or
curing of the coating.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass and the
subclass indented hereunder, the presence of a separate
crosslinking or curing agent (i.e., not chemically bound to a
composition to be coated) must be positively recited.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
506 for other cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating processes using a bath containing a separate
crosslinking or curing agent.
Subclass:
505
Isocyanate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 504. Process in
which the crosslinking or curing agent is an isocyanate.
Subclass:
506
Bath contains separate crosslinking or curing agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 499. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains a separate compound
or element intended to enhance crosslinking or curing of the
coating.
(1) Note. For the purposes of this subclass, the presence
of a separate crosslinking or curing agent (i.e., not
chemically bound to a composition to be coated) must be
positively recited.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
504 for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing both an epoxy or an
epoxide and a separate crosslinking or curing agent.
Subclass:
507
With posttreatment of coating (e.g., heat treatment, washing,
drying, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in
which the coating is subsequently treated (e.g., heat
treatment, washing, drying, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
487 491, 493+, 500+, and 509, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
508
Bath contains shading or coloring agent, metal oxide, free
metal, or free carbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 489. Process in
which the bath used for coating contains a metal oxide, free
metal, free carbon, or a white, black, or colored material
which imparts a shade or color to the bath or resultant
coating (e.g., pigment, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
496 for an anodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
process using a bath containing a shading or coloring agent.
503 for a cathodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
coating process using a bath containing a shading or coloring
agent and an epoxy or epoxide.
Subclass:
509
With heat treatment of coating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which the coating is heated to effect a desired change
therein (e.g., firing, baking, sintering, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
478 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming process with use of radiation energy.
487 491, 493+, 500+, and 507, for other electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating processes with heat treatment of a
coated layer.
Subclass:
510
With pretreatment of substrate (e.g., cleaning, wetting,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which the substrate is treated to prepare it for coating
(e.g., cleaning, wetting, etc.).
(1) Note. Placement in this subclass requires positive
recitation of one or more pretreatment steps and does not
provide for the mere use of a substrate which was previously
made or treated by an unrecited method.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
495 for an anodic electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating
process with pretreatment of the substrate or bath.
Subclass:
511
Using liquid jet:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which a stream of liquid containing a composition for
electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating (e.g., of
suspended particles, etc.) is directed onto the substrate
during coating.
Subclass:
512
Continuous movement of substrate through bath:
This subclass is indented under subclass 471. Process in
which the substrate is continuously transported in, through,
and out of the bath; with an electrophoretic or
electro-osmotic coating being applied to the substrate while
it is moving through the bath.
(1) Note. The substrate does not need to be of
indeterminate length, provided that it is kept in motion
through the bath while being coated.
Subclass:
513
Hydrocarbon oil separated or purified:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process
directed to the separation or purification of hydrocarbon
oil.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
559 for electrical separation or purification of a liquid
hydrocarbon (including hydrocarbon oil) not involving
electrolysis, electrophoresis, or electro-osmosis.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 696 for
electrolytic material treatment of hydrocarbon oil.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for processes of
treatment and preparation of mineral oils employing mere
electrical thermal effects.
Subclass:
514
Aqueous system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 513. Process in
which the hydrocarbon oil is in an aqueous system.
Subclass:
515
Inorganic siliceous or calcareous material prepared,
separated, or treated (e.g., clay, earth, concrete, asbestos,
glass, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process
involving preparation, separation, or treatment of a material
containing silica or calcium (e.g., clay, earth, concrete,
asbestos, glass, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclasses for drying and gas or vapor contacting of solids,
in general, especially subclass 1 for processes and
apparatus involving the subjection of solids to electrical
energy; but not involving electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis.
Subclass:
516
Barrier separation (e.g., using membrane, filter paper,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Process in
which a barrier (e.g., membrane, filter paper, etc.) is used
to separate some ions or particles from other ions or
particles by allowing some ions or particles to pass through
the barrier while the others are retained at or stopped from
passing through the barrier.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for the mere use of a perforated
electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
518 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation of other materials.
Subclass:
517
Ion selective:
This subclass is indented under subclass 516. Process in
which the barrier distinguishes between ions of different
charges to effect separation.
(1) Note. Methods which distinguish between ions having
different levels of positive or negative charge are included
here as well as those distinguishing between positive and
negative charges.
(2) Note. Use of ion exchange membranes to effect
separation is included in this group.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
520 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation of other materials.
Subclass:
518
Barrier separation (e.g., using membrane, filter paper,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which a barrier (e.g., membrane, filter paper, etc.) is used
to separate some ions or particles from other ions or
particles by allowing some ions or particles to pass through
the barrier while the others are retained at or stopped from
passing through the barrier.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for the mere use of a
perforated electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
516 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation of inorganic siliceous or calcareous material.
627 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
519
With control responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in
which the barrier separation is regulated by detecting a
characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process
and by implementing an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process
and to implement an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a
positive action made by a control means because of the
detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
472 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming with control responsive to sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
520
Ion selective:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in
which the barrier distinguishes between ions of different
charges to effect separation.
(1) Note. Methods which distinguish between ions having
different levels of positive or negative charge are included
here as well as those distinguishing between positive and
negative charges.
(2) Note. Use of permiselective membranes or ion exchange
materials to effect separation is included in this group.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
517 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation of inorganic siliceous or calcareous
material.
Subclass:
521
Combined with manufacture or pretreatment of barrier:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process which
includes one or more steps of manufacture or pretreatment of
the barrier.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
470 for gel electrophoresis or gel composition therefor
combined with manufacture or preparation of the gel.
Subclass:
522
Using both anion and cation selective membranes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which at least one membrane selectively passes ions with a
positive charge and at least one other membrane selectively
passes ions with a negative charge.
Subclass:
523
Alternating anion and cation selective membranes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process in
which at least 3 anion and cation selective membranes are
employed in an alternating sequential array (e.g., 2 anion
selective membranes separated by a cation selective membrane,
etc.).
Subclass:
524
And using ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles, etc.)
is also used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
481 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming with regeneration or replenishment of the coating
bath using ion exchange material.
536 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation combined with the use of ion exchange
material, but not using both anion and cation selective
membranes.
542 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation processes combined with a diverse-type
separation.
Subclass:
525
With prevention of scale buildup or fouling of membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which action is taken to prevent accumulation of scale or
fouling substances on a membrane or other internal components
of a chamber used during separation.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for mere
recycling of process fluid unless specifically recited to
prevent scale buildup or fouling of a membrane.
Subclass:
526
Gas or vapor treated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which a gas or vapor is treated.
Subclass:
527
Biological material prepared, recovered, or treated (e.g.,
urine, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which biological material is prepared, recovered, or treated
(e.g., urine, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for
electro-osmotic barrier separation involving preparation,
recovery, or treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon dioxide,
etc.) which may be metabolized or may be the result of a
metabolic process unless the fluid is specifically disclosed
in connection with a metabolic or biological process or
organism.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
540 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation of biological material.
543 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic nonion selective
barrier separation of biological material.
Subclass:
528
Regeneration of liquid electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which a desired liquid electrolyte solution is rejuvenated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
480 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming with regeneration or replenishment of the coating
bath.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Processes, Composition, or
Product Thereof, especially 398 for regeneration of image
processing compositions (e.g., regeneration of photos:graphic
solutions, etc.).
Subclass:
529
Metal or metal salt recovered or removed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which a metal or metal salt is recovered or removed.
Subclass:
530
Organic material prepared, recovered, or treated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which organic material is prepared, recovered, or treated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
541 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation of organic material.
544 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic nonion selective
barrier separation of organic material.
Subclass:
531
Acid prepared, recovered, or treated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 523. Process in
which an acid is intentionally prepared, recovered, or
treated.
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for the
mere use of an acid unless it is also intentionally separated
by electrophoresis or electro-osmosis using alternating anion
and cation selective membranes.
Subclass:
532
And using nonion selective membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process which
also uses at least one membrane which does not exhibit ion
selectivity.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
535 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation which also uses a nonion selective
membrane, but does not employ both anion and cation selective
membranes.
Subclass:
533
And using ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process in
which ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles, etc.)
is also used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
481 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming with regeneration or replenishment of the coating
bath using ion exchange material.
524 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation using alternating anion and cation
selective membranes combined with the use of ion exchange
material.
536 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation combined with the use of ion exchange
material, but without using both anion and cation selective
membranes.
542 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation processes combined with a diverse-type
separation.
Subclass:
534
And using bipolar membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 522. Process in
which a membrane having anionic properties on one side and
cationic properties on the other is used in combination with
both anion and cation selective membranes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
537 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation using a bipolar membrane, but not using
both anion and cation selective membranes.
Subclass:
535
And using nonion selective membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process which
also uses at least one membrane which does not exhibit ion
selectivity.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
532 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation which uses a nonion selective membrane,
but also employs both anion and cation selective membranes.
Subclass:
536
And using ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which ion exchange material (e.g., suspended particles, etc.)
is also used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
481 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming with regeneration or replenishment of the coating
bath using ion exchange material.
524 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation using alternating anion and cation
selective membranes combined with the use of ion exchange
material.
542 for other electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation processes combined with a diverse-type
separation.
Subclass:
537
Using bipolar membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which a membrane having anionic properties on one side and
cationic properties on the other is used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
534 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation using a bipolar membrane combined with
both anion and cation selective membranes.
Subclass:
538
Water splitting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 537. Process in
which water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.
Subclass:
539
Using anion selective membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which at least one anion selective membrane is used.
Subclass:
540
Biological material prepared, recovered, or treated (e.g.,
urine, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which biological material is prepared, recovered, or treated
(e.g., urine, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for
electro-osmotic barrier separation involving preparation,
recovery, or treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon dioxide,
etc.) which may be metabolized or may be the result of a
metabolic process unless the fluid is specifically disclosed
in connection with a metabolic or biological process or
organism.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
527 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation of biological material using alternating
anion and cation selective membranes.
543 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic nonion selective
barrier separation of biological material.
Subclass:
541
Organic material prepared, recovered, or treated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 520. Process in
which organic material is prepared, recovered, or treated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
530 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation of organic material using alternating
anion and cation selective membranes.
544 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic nonion selective
barrier separation of organic material.
Subclass:
542
Combined with diverse-type separation (e.g., electro-osmotic
barrier separation combined with centrifugal separation,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process which
is combined with a separation which employs neither an
electrical force (or stress) nor a separation barrier.
(1) Note. The combined diverse separations may be conducted
simultaneously.
Subclass:
543
Biological material prepared, recovered, or treated (e.g.,
urine, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in
which biological material is prepared, recovered, or treated
(e.g., urine, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass does not provide for
electro-osmotic barrier separation involving preparation,
recovery, or treatment of a fluid (e.g., air, carbon dioxide,
etc.) which may be metabolized or may be the result of a
metabolic process unless the fluid is specifically disclosed
in connection with a metabolic or biological process or
organism.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
527 and 540, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation of biological material.
Subclass:
544
Organic material prepared, recovered, or treated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 518. Process in
which organic material is prepared, recovered, or treated.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
530 and 541, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion
selective barrier separation of organic material.
541 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic ion selective
barrier separation of organic material.
Subclass:
545
With use of nonelectrical field or force to separate (e.g.,
magnetic, centrifugal, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which a material is separated by electrophoresis or
electro-osmosis combined with a nonelectrical field or force
(e.g., magnetic, centrifugal, etc.).
(1) Note. The two combined separations may be conducted
simultaneously.
Subclass:
546
Absorbent strip electrophoresis (e.g., using cellulose
acetate, paper strip, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which a separation by the differential migration of ions or
particles takes place on a sheet or strip of absorbent
material (e.g., using cellulose acetate, paper strip, etc.).
(1) Note. Use of the term "paper" broadly in a method of
this type is considered proper for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
641 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
547
Dielectrophoresis (i.e., using nonuniform electric field):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which a nonuniform electric field is used to separate
particles or ions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
643 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
548
Isoelectric focusing (i.e., using pH variation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process in
which a differential pH gradient is established in the medium
to affect the migration of individual particles or components
based on their different isoelectric points (the different pH
values at which the net charge on each particle or component
is neutral).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
459 for isoelectric focusing in gel electrophoresis.
644 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
549
Isotachophoresis (i.e., displacement electrophoresis) or
measurement of ion or particle mobility:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process which
involves different ion or particle mobilities (e.g., ions or
particles having the same charge and given the same initial
velocity are separated based on their differing net
mobilities, etc.) or which merely involves measuring of ion
or particle mobility.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
645 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
550
Ionophoresis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process which
involves the separation or removal of ions from solution by
electrophoresis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
516 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation of inorganic siliceous or calcareous material.
518 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separation of other materials.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
604, Surgery, 20 for an iontophoresis process or apparatus
used to introduce ionic medication through unbroken skin
under the influence of a direct electric current.
Subclass:
551
Solid sorption or desorption:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process which
involves electrophoretic or electro-osmotic solid sorption or
desorption.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclasses for cleaning and contacting solids with liquid
without involving a chemical reaction brought about by
electrical or wave energy, especially subclass 1 for a Class
134 process including application of electrical, radiant, or
wave energy to the work (material under treatment).
252, Compositions, subclass 194 for compositions used to
absorb, bind, remove, or release water.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor, Product or
Process of Making, 20 for other methods, in general, of
regenerating or rehabilitating a solid sorbent, per se;
subclasses 60+ for zeolite compositions and processes of
making zeolite compositions; and subclasses 400+ for other
solid sorbent compositions and methods of making solid
sorbent compositions.
Subclass:
553
Bulk separation of solids and liquids (e.g., dewatering
solids, clarifying water, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Process which
involves nonanalytical, large scale separation of solids and
liquids (e.g., dewatering solids, clarifying water, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
648 for corresponding apparatus.
Subclass:
554
Electrical (including simultaneous electrical and magnetic)
separation or purification of liquid or magnetic treatment of
liquid (other than separation):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Process involving (a) electrical (including simultaneous
electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of a
liquid or (b) magnetic treatment, per se, when some effect
other than mere separation is desired or produced.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder primarily provide for electrostatic separation of a
liquid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for processes of producing a compound or element by
chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy
in a magnetic field, except processes involving electrolysis
or in which chemical reaction is brought about by the mere
heating effect of electrical or wave energy.
450 for electrophoresis or electro-osmosis processes.
660 for corresponding apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, 2 and 57+ for electric field
separation of gaseous mixtures (including degasifying of
liquid) without involving chemical reaction to convert one or
more constituents to other compounds; but simultaneous or
sequential combinations of electrical degasification of a
liquid with other electrical separation of a liquid are
provided for in Class 205 when electrolysis is involved or in
Class 204 when electrolysis is not involved (this remains
true for placement of such combined processes regardless of
whether a chemical reaction is or is not involved).
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and
Methods of Preparing the Compositions, for electrolytic
processes.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for processes of
purifying mineral oils (including removing water) without
using electrical or wave energy (other than mere electrical
heating which is provided for in Class 208) and as long as
more than mere physical separation (provided for in Class
210, 767 ) is involved. Also, see the line notes above and
below drawn to Classes 205 and 210 for other loci providing
for processes of treating emulsions or dispersions. And see
Class 516 for discussion of the placement of colloid systems
(e.g., emuision, dispersion, gels) in the US Patent
Classification System.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 748 for
general purification or separation of a liquid, especially
water or waste water, utilizing electrical or wave energy
(except the type provided for in Classes 204 or 205, unless
(1) the Class 204 or Class 205 process is merely used to
produce a reagent employed in a process otherwise provided
for in Class 210 above subclasses 767+ (e.g., electrolytic
production of free chlorine in salt water which is employed
to sterilize the salt water under treatment, etc.) or (2) the
204 or 205 type process includes at least one separate step
provided for in Class 210 above subclasses 767+ and except
for general disinfecting, preserving, deodorizing, or
sterilizing (as provided for in Class 422, subclasses 1+) of
a medium other than liquid water or waste water (e.g., Class
210, subclass 748, provides for the use of ultraviolet light
to sterilize, and therefor purify, liquid water, etc.)); and
appropriate other subclasses for breaking or coalescing of
oil/water emulsions which may involve the use of a magnetic
field, but without using an electric field. Also, see the
line notes above drawn to Classes 205 and 208 for other loci
providing for processes of treating emulsions or dispersions.
And see Class 516 for discussion of the placement of colloid
systems (e.g., emulsion, dispersion, gels) in the US Patent
Classification System.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 1 for general
disinfecting, preserving, deodorizing or sterilizing,
especially subclasses 20, 21, and 22+ for disinfecting,
preserving, or sterilizing using electrical or wave energy in
a way not provided for in another class (e.g., electrostatic
sterilizing (involving a chemical reaction) of a gas, etc.).
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for a
process or apparatus involving measuring or testing by
electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart, but in
combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable
micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a
process or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy
treatment of a micro-organism or an enzyme when the treatment
is solely disclosed for use with a viable micro-organism or a
catalytically active enzyme.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter
relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions,
dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or
wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading);
subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at
least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to
use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting
colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or
systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or
inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically
superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed
art; when without using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
555
With control responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process in
which the separation or purification is regulated by
detecting a characteristic or a change in a characteristic of
the process and by implementing an action in the process
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. In this subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder a single means may be used both to detect a
characteristic or a change in a characteristic of the process
and to implement an action in the process based upon the
detected characteristic or change therein. There must be a
positive action made by a control means because of the
detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
556 for electrical separation or purification of liquid with
measuring, testing, or sensing; but without control
responsive to sensed condition.
661 for corresponding apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
556
With measuring, testing, or sensing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process which
includes measuring, detecting, or testing a characteristic,
condition, or property of the process or an element used in
the process.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
555 for electrical separation or purification of liquid with
control responsive to sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
557
Using magnetic field:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process in
which magnetic lines of force are used to separate a
constituent, to aid the separation of a constituent from a
liquid, or to treat a liquid without resulting in separation
or purification.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for (a) simultaneous
electrical and magnetic separation processes and (b) magnetic
treatment, per se, when some effect other than mere
separation is desired or produced.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for processes of producing compounds or elements by
chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy
in a magnetic field; except processes involving electrolysis
or in which chemical reaction is brought about by the mere
heating effect of electrical or wave energy.
664 for corresponding apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
95, Gas Separation: Processes, subclass 27 and 28 for
magnetic separation of gaseous mixtures without involving
chemical reaction to convert one or more constituents to
other compounds.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, subclass 695 for
magnetic separation of a liquid, per se, or combined with a
separate step of electrical separation.
Subclass:
558
With simultaneous use of liquid-liquid extraction solvent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process
characterized by the presence of a liquid-liquid solvent
capable of removing a liquid constituent from a liquid
mixture by preferential dissolution or miscibility of the
liquid constituent into the liquid-liquid solvent.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to include processes
using such a liquid-liquid solvent for any purpose, even if
there is no disclosure of actual transfer of a liquid
constituent from the liquid mixture into the liquid-liquid
solvent.
(2) Note. The liquid-liquid solvent extraction and
electrical separation or purification must occur
simultaneously. See the search class note to Class 210
below.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, 634 for
liquid-liquid solvent extraction, per se, or combined with a
separate step of electrical treatment.
Subclass:
559
Predominantly hydrocarbon:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process in
which the liquid to be separated or purified is predominantly
made up of one or more chemical compounds containing only
atoms of carbon and hydrogen such that the total hydrocarbon
content is greater than that of any single nonhydrocarbon
constituent in the liquid (e.g., separating or purifying a
liquid mixture containing 20% hexane, 20% octane, 30% water,
25% acetone, and 5% ethanol, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
513 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic separation or
purification of hydrocarbon oil.
Subclass:
560
Removing solids:
This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process in
which solid material is removed from the liquid under
treatment.
(1) Note. Very small single cell biological entities (e.g.,
bacteria, etc.) are not considered to be solid material for
the purposes of this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
571 for electrical separation or purification to remove
solids from other liquids.
Subclass:
561
With addition of agent to facilitate removal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Process in
which a material is added to the liquid under treatment to
clearly aid removal of solids therefrom.
(1) Note. The addition of an agent for this subclass is
more restricted than the mere use of a modifying agent in
resolving an emulsion or dispersion as provided for in
subclasses 567+.
Subclass:
562
Using cohesive filter or solid packing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 560. Process in
which a cohesive filter medium or bed of solid packing
elements is used to remove the solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
572 for electrical separation or purification of other
liquids using a cohesive filter or solid packing.
Subclass:
563
Resolving emulsion or dispersion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 559. Process which
involves breaking an emulsion or dispersion by agglomerating
or accreting suspended constituents.
(1) Note. The emulsion or dispersion may either be
initially present or formed during a previous process step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
573 for electrical separation or purification of other
liquids by resolving an emulsion or dispersion.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
564
Using interrupted or pulsed direct current field:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Process in
which the emulsion or dispersion is resolved using an
electric field produced by a direct current which is
periodically interrupted or pulsed.
(1) Note. An interrupted or pulsed direct current field is
often used to reduce short circuiting by inhibiting the
alignment of conducting constituents in the emulsion or
dispersion between opposing electrodes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
565
Using modified alternating current (other than standard 50 Hz
or 60 Hz sine wave) field:
This subclass is indented under subclass 564. Process in
which the emulsion or dispersion is resolved using an
electric field produced by a modified alternating current
with a frequency or wave form other than that of standard 50
Hz or 60 Hz sine wave alternating current (e.g., other than
standard pure or simple alternating current, etc.).
(1) Note. A modified alternating current field is often
used to reduce short circuiting by inhibiting the alignment
of conducting constituents in the emulsion or dispersion
between opposing electrodes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
567
Using modifying agent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 563. Process in
which a gaseous, liquid, or solid material is used to change
the physical or electrical characteristics of the emulsion or
dispersion.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are intended to be interpreted broadly, including
processes in which the modifying agent may be used merely as
a carrier for one or more system constituents.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
568
Gas or vapor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 567. Process in
which the modifying agent is a gas or vapor.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
569
Dielectric liquid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 567. Process in
which the modifying agent is a nonconducting or insulating
liquid (e.g., hydrocarbon oil, etc.).
(1) Note. The terms "dielectric," "nonconducting,"
"insulating," or their equivalents used in connection with an
added modifying agent are sufficient for placement in this
subclass. If the dielectric functionality of such an added
modifying agent is in doubt, placement is proper for the
broad subclass, 567.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
570
Water:
This subclass is indented under subclass 567. Process in
which the modifying agent consists of substantially pure
water (i.e., containing only mere incidental impurities).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
571
Removing solids:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process in
which solid material is removed from the liquid under
treatment.
(1) Note. Very small, single-cell, biological entities
(e.g., bacteria, etc.) are not considered to be solid
material for the purposes of this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
560 for electrical separation or purification to remove
solids from liquid hydrocarbons.
Subclass:
572
Using cohesive filter or solid packing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 571. Process in
which a cohesive filter medium or bed of solid packing
elements is used to remove the solids.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
562 for electrical separation or purification of liquid
hydrocarbons using a cohesive filter or solid packing.
Subclass:
573
Resolving emulsion or dispersion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 554. Process which
involves breaking an emulsion or dispersion by agglomerating
or accreting suspended constituents.
(1) Note. The emulsion or dispersion may either be
initially present or formed during a previous process step.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
563 for electrical separation or purification of liquid
hydrocarbons by resolving an emulsion or dispersion.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or
Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination
compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid
systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion
inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke
suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision
in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, when without
using electrical or wave energy.
Subclass:
600
Electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus:
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus used
to conduct processes involving (a) the travel, transport, or
relative movement of one or more particles or components in a
conducting liquid or fluent material, other than a gas, under
a net unidirectional electric stress or (b) the movement of a
liquid inside the capillary spaces of a solid (e.g.,
membrane, etc.) under the influence of an electric field.
(1) Note. For the purpose of Class 204, "electrophoresis"
is restricted to situations where the liquid or fluent
material is electrically conductive and wherein there is at
least one electrolytic phenomenon (e.g., electrode gas
formation, etc.) inherently or otherwise taking place
simultaneously with the electromigration of particles.
(2) Note. "Electrophoretic display devices" or other
systems which employ an electrostatic field or a dielectric
suspending liquid or fluent material for particles undergoing
motion are more properly classified in the appropriate
electrical class (e.g., 355, 358, 359, etc.).
(3) Note. In electrophoresis, the moved particles usually
are electrically charged.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
194 for electrolytic apparatus.
450 for corresponding processes of electrophoresis or
electro-osmosis.
660 for electrical apparatus used to separate or purify
liquids.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses for
subject matter relating to electrical communications which is
not provided for elsewhere.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 344 for
processes and apparatus for testing the change in the
refractive index of a fluid in an electrophoresis cell and
subclasses 128+ for other refraction testing processes and
apparatus therefor.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, for data
processing for presentation to printer, and facsimile
system.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
appropriate subclasses for optical elements and systems not
provided for elsewhere.
399, Electrophotography, 9 for diagnostics, subclasses 38+
for controls, subclasses 130+ for image formation, subclasses
168+ for charging, subclasses 177+ for exposure, subclasses
222+ for development, subclasses 297+ for transfer,
subclasses 320+ for fixing, subclasses 343+ for cleaning, and
subclasses 361+ for document handling.
Subclass:
601
Capillary electrophoresis type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having a tube with an inside diameter less than 1 mm in which
particles or components migrate in an electric field through
a conducting liquid or fluent material.
(1) Note. For classification in this subclass and the
subclasses indented hereunder, a "capillary" or very small
tube of undisclosed inside diameter is presumed to be small
enough.
Subclass:
602
With control means responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Apparatus in
which means are provided to detect an apparatus or process
characteristic or change therein and to control or regulate
operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. A single means may be used both to detect an
apparatus or process characteristic or a change in a
characteristic and to implement an action in the process
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action made by a control means
because of the detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
607 for gel electrophoresis-type apparatus with control
means responsive to sensed condition.
628 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus using a
barrier separator with control means responsive to sensed
condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
323, Electricity Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
603
With detailed detection system (e.g., including a light
source and a camera, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Apparatus
which provides for a detection system recited in more detail
than merely nominal mention (e.g., including a light source
and a camera, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely having a plotter or a recording device
without including at least one detailed detector element or
device.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
612 for gel electrophoresis-type apparatus with a detailed
detection system.
Subclass:
604
With injector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Apparatus
having means to inject material to be tested or treated into
the capillary, usually by electro-osmotic bulk flow.
Subclass:
605
Gel filled:
This subclass is indented under subclass 601. Apparatus in
which the inner bore of the capillary is filled with a
jellylike colloidal solution of liquid in a solid (usually
organic).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for a
capillary filled with an inorganic solid (e.g., silica gel,
etc.) which is not present as a jellylike colloidal solution
of a liquid in the solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
606 for gel electrophoresis-type apparatus without a
capillary.
Subclass:
606
Gel electrophoresis type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus in
which particles or components migrate in an electric field
within a continuous medium of a jellylike colloidal solution
of liquid in a solid (usually organic).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for a continuous medium
of an inorganic solid (e.g., silica gel, etc.) which is not
present as a jellylike colloidal solution of a liquid in the
solid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
605 for gel electrophoresis-type apparatus using a capillary
filled with organic gel.
Subclass:
607
With control means responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus in
which means are provided to detect an apparatus or process
characteristic or change therein and to control or regulate
operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. A single means may be used both to detect an
apparatus or process characteristic or a change in a
characteristic and to implement an action in the process
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action made by a control means
because of the detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
602 for capillary electrophoresis-type apparatus with
control means responsive to sensed condition.
628 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus using a
barrier separator with control means responsive to sensed
condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
608
With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus
which is provided with control means for (a) storing coded
instructions or other data which is used to regulate
operation of the treating apparatus, (b) repetitively
regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by
the treating apparatus, or (c) causing various system
operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or
to last for predetermined durations of time (e.g., timer
switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
includes any control means which maintain an operating
condition, predetermine apparatus operation, or regulate
repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are not intended to provide for apparatus merely using
alternating current (AC), per se.
Subclass:
609
Plural rapid changes in direction of electric field (at least
1,000 times total and at more than 1/sec) (e.g., pulsed
field, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 608. Apparatus in
which the electric field changes direction more than 1,000
times in rapid succession (more than 1 change per second),
usually using more than 2 electrodes with synchronized timing
of voltage spikes or peaks.
Subclass:
610
Isoelectric focusing (i.e., using pH variation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus in
which a pH gradient is established in the medium to affect
the migration of different particles or components based on
their isoelectric points (the point having a pH at which the
net charge on the particle or component is neutral).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
644 for nongel-type isoelectric focusing apparatus.
Subclass:
612
With detailed detection system (e.g., including a light
source and a camera, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus
which provides for a detection system recited in more detail
than merely nominal mention (e.g., including a light source
and a camera, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely having a plotter or a recording device
without including at least one detailed detector element or
device.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
603 for capillary electrophoresis-type apparatus with a
detailed detection system.
Subclass:
613
With means for post treatment of gel to purify or recover a
desired component:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus
having means to subsequently purify or recover a desired
component from the gel.
Subclass:
614
Blotter (e.g., membrane, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 613. Apparatus
having means to transfer one or more components from the gel
to an adjacent receiving medium (e.g., membrane, etc.).
(1) Note. The transfer may be assisted by an external force
(e.g., hydraulic pressure, electric field, etc.).
Subclass:
615
Unitary preparation apparatus (e.g., preparative means,
etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus
comprised of a single unit designed to yield a product in
final form (e.g., for analyzing results, etc.), precluding
the need for additional means to subsequently treat or
transfer separated species.
(1) Note. The preparative nature of gel electrophoresis or
an apparatus used therein must be specifically recited for
placement in this subclass.
Subclass:
616
Slab gel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 606. Apparatus in
which the gel is planar in form (e.g., rectangular sheet,
etc.).
Subclass:
617
Curved:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Apparatus in
which the slab gel is in the form of an arc (including
annular slabs).
Subclass:
618
Vertical or inclined:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Apparatus in
which the slab gel is in an upright position or is tipped up
during use (e.g., vertical slab, etc.).
Subclass:
619
With gel shaping or molding means (e.g., comb, ribbed insert,
gel injectors, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 618. Apparatus
provided with means to form or cast the gel, usually prior to
use in gel electrophoresis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
620 for slab gel electrophoresis-type apparatus with a gel
shaping or molding means in which the gel slab is not
positioned vertically or inclined during use.
Subclass:
620
With gel shaping or molding means (e.g., comb, ribbed insert,
gel injectors, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Apparatus
provided with means to form or cast the gel, usually prior to
use in gel electrophoresis.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
619 for vertical or inclined slab gel electrophoresis-type
apparatus with a gel shaping or molding means.
Subclass:
621
With liquid heat exchange means to cool gel slab during
electrophoresis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 616. Apparatus
having means to transfer heat during electrophoresis from the
gel slab to a cooling liquid.
Subclass:
622
Coating or forming means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having means to coat a substrate or form an object by
electrophoresis or electro-osmosis.
(1) Note. An electrophoretic forming apparatus is defined
herein as an electrophoretic coating apparatus also having
means to subsequently remove the coated layer from the coated
substrate.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
194 for electrolytic coating or forming apparatus.
298.01 for sputter coating or forming apparatus.
471 for corresponding processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus used to dry solids by other than
electrolysis, electrical, or wave energy.
118, Coating Apparatus, 620 for apparatus for applying a
coating electrostatically, where the medium is not
electroconductive.
399, Electrophotography, for electrophotos:graphic
apparatus.
Subclass:
623
With moving or movable electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Apparatus in
which an electrode is either moving or movable.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198 through 226, for electrolytic apparatus with movable
electrode means.
629 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separator with a moving or movable electrode.
649 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic bulk separator
for solids and liquids with a moving or movable electrode.
650 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus with a
moving or movable electrode, in general.
668 for electrical apparatus used to separate or purify
liquid equipped with a moving or movable electrode.
Subclass:
624
And means for posttreatment of coating (e.g., drying,
heating, curing, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 623. Apparatus
which is also provided with means to treat a coated layer
after it is produced (e.g., drying, heating, curing, etc.).
Subclass:
625
Coating interior of object or article (e.g., water main,
automobile body, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 623. Apparatus
having means to produce a coating on the interior of an
object or article (e.g., water main, automobile body, etc.).
Subclass:
626
With means for regeneration or replenishment of coating bath
or electrolyte:
This subclass is indented under subclass 622. Apparatus
having means for regeneration, purification, or concentration
adjustment of the coating bath or electrolyte.
Subclass:
627
Barrier separator (e.g., electrodialyzer, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having a filter or membrane (e.g., electrodialyzer, etc.) to
separate some ions or particles from other ions or particles
by allowing some ions or particles to pass through the
barrier while the others are retained at or stopped from
passing through the barrier.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder are not intended to provide for the mere use of a
perforated electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
518 for corresponding processes.
Subclass:
628
With control means responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Apparatus in
which means are provided to detect an apparatus or process
characteristic or change therein and to control or regulate
operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. A single means may be used both to detect an
apparatus or process characteristic or a change in a
characteristic and to implement an action in the process
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action made by a control means
because of the detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
602 for capillary electrophoresis-type apparatus with
control means responsive to sensed condition.
607 for gel electrophoresis-type apparatus with control
means responsive to sensed condition.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
See also (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
629
With moving or movable electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Apparatus
having a moving or movable electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198 through 226, for electrolytic apparatus with movable
electrode means.
623 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming apparatus with a moving or movable electrode.
649 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic bulk separator
for solids and liquids with a moving or movable electrode.
650 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus with a
moving or movable electrode, in general.
668 for electrical apparatus used to separate or purify
liquid with a moving or movable electrode.
Subclass:
630
Ion selective:
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Apparatus in
which the barrier distinguishes between ions of different
charges to effect separation.
(1) Note. Barrier separators which distinguish between ions
having different levels of positive or negative charge are
included here as well as those distinguishing between
positive and negative charge.
(2) Note. The ion selective barrier may be a permiselective
or ion exchange membrane.
Subclass:
631
With bipolar membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Apparatus
having a membrane with anionic properties on one side and
cationic properties on the other.
Subclass:
632
And ion exchange material (e.g., suspended ion exchange resin
particles, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Apparatus in
which ion exchange material (e.g., suspended ion exchange
resin particles, etc.) is also used.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
626 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming apparatus with ion exchange material for regeneration
or replenishment of a coating bath or electrolyte.
Subclass:
633
Both anion and cation selective membranes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Apparatus in
which at least one membrane selectively passes ions with a
positive charge and at least one other membrane selectively
passes ions with a negative charge.
Subclass:
634
Alternating anion and cation selective membranes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 633. Apparatus in
which at least 3 anion and cation selective membranes are
employed in an alternating sequential array (e.g., 2 anion
selective membranes separated by a cation selective membrane,
etc.).
Subclass:
635
Tortuous path-type frame or membrane spacer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 634. Apparatus
having a frame or spacer configured to direct liquid in a
tortuous flow path (e.g., zig-zag, twisted, back and forth,
etc.).
Subclass:
636
With foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 634. Apparatus
having a foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
638 for an ion selective barrier separator with a foraminous
or perforated membrane support or spacer but without both
anion and cation selective membranes.
639 for a nonion selective barrier separator with a
foraminous or perforated membrane support spacer.
Subclass:
637
And nonion selective membrane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Apparatus
which also has at least one membrane which does not exhibit
ion selectivity.
Subclass:
638
With foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 630. Apparatus
having a foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
636 for an ion selective barrier separator with alternating
anion and cation selective membranes and a foraminous or
perforated membrane support or spacer.
639 for a nonion selective barrier separator with a
foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer.
Subclass:
639
With foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Apparatus
having a foraminous or perforated membrane support or spacer
(e.g., screen, perforated plate, fabric, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
636 for an ion selective barrier separator with alternating
anion and cation selective membranes and a foraminous or
perforated membrane support or spacer.
638 for an ion selective barrier separator with a foraminous
or perforated membrane support or spacer but without both
anion and cation selective membranes.
Subclass:
640
Cylindrical barrier (e.g., filter, membrane, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 627. Apparatus
having a separation barrier (e.g., filter, membrane, etc.) in
the form of a cylinder or annulus.
Subclass:
641
Absorbent strip (e.g., cellulose acetate, paper strip, etc.)
type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having a sheet or strip of absorbent material (e.g.,
cellulose acetate, paper strip, etc.) on which a separation
by the differential migration of ions or particles takes
place.
(1) Note. Use of the term "paper" broadly in an apparatus
of this type is considered proper for this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
546 for corresponding processes.
Subclass:
642
Movable strip:
This subclass is indented under subclass 641. Apparatus in
which the absorbent strip is movable.
Subclass:
643
Dielectrophoretic (i.e., using nonuniform electric field):
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus in
which a nonuniform electric field is used to separate
particles or ions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
547 for corresponding processes.
Subclass:
644
Isoelectric focusing (i.e., using pH variation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus in
which a pH gradient is established in the medium to affect
the migration of different particles or components based on
their isoelectric points (the point having a pH at which the
net charge on the particle or component is neutral).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
548 for corresponding processes.
610 for gel electrophoresis-type isoelectric focusing
apparatus.
Subclass:
645
Isotachophoretic (i.e., displacement electrophoretic) or
means to measure ion or particle mobility:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having means involving different ion or particle mobilities
(e.g., ions or particles having the same charge and given the
same initial velocity are separated based on their differing
net mobilities, etc.) or means to merely measure ion or
particle mobility.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
549 for corresponding processes.
Subclass:
647
Particle bed separator (e.g., inert particles, ion exchange
beads, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
using a bed of particles (e.g., inert particles, ion exchange
beads, etc.) to facilitate separation.
Subclass:
648
Bulk separator for solids and liquids (e.g., to dewater
solids, clarify water, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having nonanalytical, large scale separation means for solids
and liquids (e.g., to dewater solids, clarify water, etc.).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
553 for corresponding processes.
Subclass:
649
With moving or movable electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 648. Apparatus
having a moving or movable electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198 through 226, for electrolytic apparatus with movable
electrode means.
623 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming apparatus with a moving or movable electrode.
629 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separator with a moving or movable electrode.
650 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus with a
moving or movable electrode, in general.
668 for electrical apparatus used to separate or purify
liquid with a moving or movable electrode.
Subclass:
650
With moving or movable electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 600. Apparatus
having a moving or movable electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198 through 226, for electrolytic apparatus with movable
electrode means.
623 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or
forming apparatus with a moving or movable electrode.
629 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier
separator with a moving or movable electrode.
649 for an electrophoretic or electro-osmotic bulk separator
for solids and liquids with a moving or movable electrode.
668 for electrical apparatus used to separate or purify
liquid with a moving or movable electrode.
Subclass:
660
Apparatus for electrical (including simultaneous electrical
and magnetic) separation or purification of liquid or
magnetic treatment of liquid (other than separation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus
specialized for (a) electrical (including simultaneous
electrical and magnetic) separation or purification of liquid
or (b) magnetic treatment, per se, when some effect other
than separation is desired or produced.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclasses indented
hereunder primarily provide for electrostatic separators
designed to treat liquid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
194 for electrolytic apparatus.
554 for corresponding processes.
600 for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, 15 for electric field
separation apparatus used to separate gaseous mixtures
without involving chemical reaction to convert one or more
constituents to other compounds (including degasifying means
for liquid), but and apparatus for simultaneous or sequential
combinations of electrical degasification of a liquid with a
Class 204 type electrical separation of a liquid is provided
for in Class 204. (This remains true for placement of
apparatus used to perform such combined processes regardless
of whether a chemical reaction is or is not involved).
196, Mineral Oils: Apparatus, for apparatus to treat or
separate mineral oil by more than mere physical separation
(provided for in Class 210, 767 ) with or without means to
apply electrical or wave energy as long as such means is only
used to heat the mineral oil under treatment.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate
subclasses for apparatus used to perform general purification
or separation of a liquid, especially water or waste water,
utilizing electrical or wave energy (except the type provided
for in Class 204 unless (1) the Class 204 type apparatus is
merely used to produce a reagent employed in a process
otherwise provided for in Class 210 above 767 (e.g.,
electrolytic production of free chlorine in salt water which
is employed to sterilize the salt water under treatment,
etc.) or (2) the 204 type apparatus includes means to perform
at least one separate step provided for in Class 210 above
subclasses 767+ and except for general chemical apparatus (as
provided for in Class 422) to treat a medium other than
liquid water or waste water). Also, see the line note drawn
to Class 196 above for other apparatus used to resolve oil
and water emulsions or dispersions.
399, Electrophotography, subclass 250 for liquid carrier
condensation of liquid developer material within an
electrophotos:graphic device.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, for general chemical
treatment apparatus including that used to sterilize or
disinfect without involving electrolysis, electrophoresis, or
electro-osmosis; especially 127 for apparatus having means
to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound waves
and subclasses 186+ for apparatus having means for initiating
or perfecting a chemical reaction using electromagnetic wave
energy or corpuscular radiation.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for a
process or apparatus involving measuring or testing by
electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart, but in
combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable
micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a
process or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy
treatment of a micro-organism or an enzyme when the treatment
is solely disclosed for use with a viable micro-organism or a
catalytically active enzyme.
Subclass:
661
With control means responsive to sensed condition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
which means are provided to detect an apparatus or process
characteristic or change therein and to control or regulate
operation of the apparatus or process based on the detected
characteristic or change therein.
(1) Note. A single means may be used both to detect an
apparatus or process characteristic or a change in a
characteristic and to implement an action in the process
based upon the detected characteristic or change therein.
There must be a positive action made by a control means
because of the detected characteristic or change therein.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
556 for similar corresponding processes with control
responsive to a measured parameter.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, as the residual class for
processes and apparatus for measuring or testing, per se.
Also see the (3) Note in the class definition of Class 73 for
additional loci of other measuring and testing processes and
apparatus of different types.
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring,
testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical
properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical
values may be derived from the electrical properties
determined.
Subclass:
662
Liquid level sensing means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 661. Apparatus in
which means are provided to detect the height of a liquid
level or a change therein and to control operation of the
apparatus based upon the detected level or change therein.
Subclass:
663
With programmed, cyclic, or time responsive control means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus
which is provided with control means for (a) storing coded
instructions or other data which are used to regulate
operation of the treating apparatus, (b) repetitively
regulating a sequence of operational steps performed in or by
the treating apparatus, or (c) causing various system
operations to occur according to preset timing sequences or
to last for predetermined durations of time (e.g., timer
switches, etc.).
(1) Note. This subclass includes any control means which
maintains an operating condition, predetermines apparatus
operation, or regulates repetition.
(2) Note. This subclass is not intended to provide for
apparatus merely using alternating current (AC), per se.
Subclass:
664
With magnetic separating means:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus
having means to produce magnetic lines of force in order to
separate a constituent or to aid the separation of a
constituent from a liquid.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
557 for corresponding processes.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, 1 for magnetic separating
means used to separate gaseous mixtures without involving
chemical reaction to convert one or more constituents to
other compounds.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, 222 for separators
which apply a magnetic field for liquid separation without
the use of an electric field.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, 186 for apparatus
having means for initiating or perfecting a chemical reaction
using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular radiation
and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or
perfect a process using shock or sound waves.
Subclass:
665
With filter (e.g., electrostatic filter, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
which a foraminous or porous mass (e.g., electrostatic
filter, etc.) is used to physically trap one or more
constituents while allowing the remaining liquid to pass
therethrough.
(1) Note. A filter for this subclass may also be
electrically charged (i.e., as an electrode) to
preferentially attract one or more constituents in the liquid
under treatment, provided that physical entrapment also
occurs at the filter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
562 and 571, for similar processes.
674 for electrical separation apparatus having a porous,
perforated, or grid electrode.
Subclass:
666
Plural separate treatment chambers or zones:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus
having two or more physically separate areas to treat a
liquid under separation.
(1) Note. The separate areas may be in different chambers
or housed in the same chamber, provided that there are at
least two clearly different and distinguishable zones for
liquid treatment.
Subclass:
667
Probe type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
the form of a single electrode, per se, or a modular insert
(containing one or more electrodes along with other elements)
to be placed into a liquid treatment chamber or vessel.
Subclass:
668
With moving or movable electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
which an electrode is either moving or movable.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
198 through 226, for electrolytic apparatus with movable
electrode means.
623 629, 649, and 650, for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic
apparatus with a moving or movable electrode.
Subclass:
669
Rotating or rotatable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 668. Apparatus in
which the moving or movable electrode is either rotating or
rotatable.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
199 and 212+, for electrolytic apparatus with rotary
electrode means.
Subclass:
670
Concentric electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
which one or more electrodes are arranged concentrically
within another electrode.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
is intended to be interpreted broadly, including any such
apparatus with an outer electrode at least partially wrapped
around an inner electrode having a common axis, provided that
at least a portion of the electrodes are overlapped along a
radial line.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
260 and 272, for electrolytic apparatus with concentrically
arranged electrodes.
Subclass:
671
Cylindrical or annular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 670. Apparatus in
which at least the overlapping portions of the concentric
electrodes are cylindrical or annular in shape.
Subclass:
672
Parallel plate-type electrodes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus in
which at least two plate-type electrodes are arranged in
parallel fashion.
(1) Note. This subclass and the subclass indented hereunder
are also intended to provide for bent or curved plate
electrodes positioned in parallel relationship.
Subclass:
673
Vertical flat plates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 672. Apparatus in
which the parallel plate-type electrodes are flat and
arranged vertically during operation.
Subclass:
674
Porous, perforated, or grid electrode:
This subclass is indented under subclass 660. Apparatus
having at least one porous, perforated, or grid electrode.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
665 for an electrical separation apparatus in which a porous
electrode also serves as a filter to physically remove one or
more constituents from a liquid.
CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS
The following subclasses (art collection subclasses 900-914)
of published disclosures pertain to various aspects of art
relating to the use of energy in preparing or treating
various chemical compounds.
(1) Note. Disclosure are placed for value as a search aid
and in no instance do they represent the entire extent of the
prior art.
Subclass:
900
EFFECTING A CHANGE IN ISOMERIZATION BY WAVE ENERGY:
Subject matter involving processes of utilizing wave energy
in effecting a process to distinguish two or more compounds
having the same percentage composition therein of atoms but
which compound differ in the relative positions ot the atoms
in the compound therefore giving different chemical and
physical properties, i.e., isomers.
Subclass:
901
EFFECTING A COLOR CHANGE BY WAVE ENERGY:
Subject matter involving a process of effecting a color
change in a material through the use of wave energy.
Subclass:
902
PRODUCTION OF DESIRED COMPOUND BY WAVE ENERGY IN PRESENCE OF
A CHEMICALLY DESIGNATED NONREACTANT CHEMICAL TREATING AGENT
(EXCLUDING WATER, CHLOROFORM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, METHYLENE
CHLORIDE OR BENZENE):
Subject matter involving preparing a desired compound or
element by a reaction involving wave energy and wherein said
reaction is achieved in the presence of a designated
nonreactant material which is other than water, chloroform,
carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride or benzene.
(1) Note. A designated nonreactant chemical material is a
material that is present during the wave energy process and
is generally inert, although some reaction with the material
may occur. The material, however, cannot be one of the
principal reactants nor may it add atoms to the principal
reactants so as to change the chemical or physical properties
thereof to a significant degree. Intended to be included
herein are catalysts, diluents, etc.
(2) Note. Designated for purposes of this area is a
material from which an atom can be deduced with certainty.
(3) Note. Water in any of its various physical forms or air
is excluded herefrom as being designated. Also excluded
herefrom is a material stated as organic or inorganic. Other
materials excluded herefrom are chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, methylene chloride and benzene.
Subclass:
903
INORGANIC CHEMICAL TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is in
elemented form or is in the form of an inorganic compound.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet
the definition of "organic" as elaborated in subclass 157.6
Subclass:
904
METAL TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material contains
a metal atom in either elemental or compound form.
Subclass:
905
HEAVY METAL AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 904. Subject matter
wherein the metal atom present has a specific gravity of more
than four.
Subclass:
907
SILICON OR BORON TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one atom of silicon or boron.
Subclass:
908
PHOSPHORUS TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one atom of phosphorus.
Subclass:
909
HEAVY METAL TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one metal atom whose specific
gravity is greater than four.
Subclass:
910
SULFUR TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one atom of sulfur.
Subclass:
911
NITROGEN TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one atom of nitrogen.
Subclass:
912
OXYGEN TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one atom of oxygen.
Subclass:
913
PEROXIDE AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 912. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains at least one -0-0- moiety.
Subclass:
914
ONLY CARBON, HYDROGEN OR HALOGEN ATOM IN TREATING AGENT:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter
wherein the designated nonreactant chemical material is
organic and contains only atoms of carbon, hydrogen or
halogen.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, chlorine, iodine,
bromine and astatine.
FOREIGN ART COLLECTIONS
The definitions of the Foreign Patent /NPL Art Collections
below correspond to the definitions of the abolished
subclasses from which these Collections were formed. See the
Foreign Patent/NPL Art Collection schedule for specific
correspondences.
Subclass: FOR 920
ELECTROLYTIC OBJECT PROTECTION APPARATUS: Foreign art
collection for electrolytic apparatus under the class
definition in which an electrical current or potential is
utilized or applied to prevent corrosion, scale formation, or
other objectionable action in or on any object in order to
neutralize or correct such action when the object is in
normal use. The current or potential impressed may be for
the purpose of neutralization or it may be employed to give
the object to be protected an electrical condition effective
for the prevention or modification of objectionable action.
(1) Note. This collection does not include apparatus for
the electrolytic treatment of fluids in order to modify their
properties so that they do not cause or accelerate
electrolytic action. Such electrolytic apparatus is provided
for in the appropriate subclass which is dependent upon the
structure or character of the apparatus employed.
(2) Note. Combinations of object protection means as herein
defined and outside art devices are here included when no
more of said art device is specified than is necessary to
provide a setting or locus for the protection means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric batteries.
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
subclass 95 for anti-electrolysis devices specialized for or
appurtenant to electrical systems of distribution.
Subclass: FOR 921
Internal battery: Foreign art collection under collection
FOR920 in which the anti-electrolysis device includes means
for creating an internal battery action within or upon the
object being protected.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
248 for other internal battery electrolytic cells which are
not used for object protection.
Subclass: FOR 922
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS WITH CURRENT CONTROL MEANS: Foreign art
collection for electrolytic apparatus under the class
definition including an electrolytic cell and means for
controlling the supply of current to members of said cell.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
204 205, 211, 218, and 223 for other electrolytic apparatus
with current control.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
subclasses 220-354 for miscellaneous systems for
controlling the current and/or voltage in a single circuit.
Subclass: FOR 923
With fluid pressure, flow, or level intercontrol: Foreign art
collection under collection FOR922 which includes means to
intercontrol the electrical current flow to the cell, in
accordance with the fluid pressure, flow, or level to,
through, or in the cell, or developed thereby.
Subclass: FOR 924
Gaseous fluid: Foreign art collection under collection FOR923
in which the fluid is a gas.
Subclass: FOR 925
Auxiliary electrode: Foreign art collection under collection
FOR922 in which the current control includes means to control
the current to an auxiliary electrode.
Subclass: FOR 926
ELECTROLYTIC FUSED BATH CELLS: Foreign art collection for
electrolytic cell apparatus under the class definition
specialized for fused bath electrolysis.
Subclass: FOR 927
Bath current distribution, magnetic field control: Foreign
art collection under collection FOR926 with means for
distribution of electrolytic current within the bath or means
to control the magnetic field created in such a bath.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 640 for
electrolytic erosion of a workpiece for shape or surface
change (e.g., etching, polishing, etc.).
Subclass: FOR 930
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS WITH FEEDING AND/OR WITHDRAWAL MEANS:
Foreign patent and non-patent literature collection for
electrolytic apparatus including an electrolytic cell
provided with means to feed and/or withdraw material from the
cell.
Subclass: FOR 931
ELECTROLYTIC ELECTRODE ELEMENTS WITH ELECTRODE SUPPORTING
MEANS: Foreign patent and non-patent literature collection
for electrolytic apparatus having an electrolytic electrode
combined with a supporting means therefor.
Subclass: FOR 932
LAMINATED OR COATED ELECTROLYTIC ELECTRODE ELEMENTS: Foreign
patent and non-patent literature collection for electrolytic
apparatus having a laminated or coated electrolytic
electrode.
Subclass: FOR 933
Dielectric film-forming metal base, insoluble conductive
coating: Foreign patent and non-patent literature collection
for an electrolytic electrode having an electrically
insulating film-forming metal base layer and an insoluble
electrically conducting coated layer.
Subclass: FOR 934
ELECTROLYTIC ELECTRODE SUPPORTS AND WORK HOLDERS: Foreign
patent and non-patent literature collection for an
electrolytic apparatus element in which the element is an
electrode support or a work holder specialized for use in
electrolytic processes of this class.
Subclass: FOR 935
Workpiece held by magnetism or suction: Foreign patent and
non-patent literature collection having magnetic or suction
type means for holding a workpiece.
Subclass: FOR 936
Workpiece rack: Foreign patent and non-patent literature
collection having a framework, stand, or grating on or in
which workpiece articles can be held for treatment (e.g.,
porous wire basket, overhead bar holding suspended frame and
attached workpiece, etc.).
(1) Note. Although a workpiece rack is often equipped to
support plural workpieces, this is not a requirement for
inclusion in this collection.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000