| Patents > Guidance, Tools, and Manuals > Classification > USPC Glossary Page |
|
|
|
| Class Numbers & Titles | Class Numbers Only | USPC Index | International | HELP | Office of Patent Classification |
|
| USPC Consolidated Glossary |
|
| Terms Beginning with | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
USPC Consolidated Glossary - Class Number Sort
Glossary Terms for Class 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS
A dye containing organic acid groups, e.g., sulfonic, sulfamic, phosphoric, carboxylic, etc., or their salts. Acid dyes are commonly sodium salts of organic acids applied in an acid bath and used to dye wool, polyamide and silk. Acid dyes have the ability to be substantive to substrates with basic groups.
A basic or cationic dye will dye substrates having acidic properties, e.g., polyacrylonitrile, acid modified polyester, etc. They include diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, naphtroperinone, quinophthalone, quaternary ammonium group, etc., containing dyes.
Crepe is a general classification of fabrics characterized by a broad range of crinkled or grained surface effects.
A cross-linker dye additive is a compound added to assist in dyeing which reacts chemically with both the dye and substrate, other than due to chelate formation.
Direct dyes, also known as substantive dyes, are generally sulfonated azo compounds very similar to acid dyes in constitution, good for dyeing cellulose fibers or protein fibers.
Disazo for the purpose of this class is define d as a compound containing two or more azo (-N=N-) groups.
Disperse dyes are water-insoluble, neutral dyes applied to the substrate from a fine aqueous suspension, which were originally developed for use in dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials.
A dye additive or assistant is defined to be any material added to a dye to help in dyeing and is not basically a part of the dye itself.
Is employed in this classification in its understood and accepted meaning in the art, that is to say, it denotes imparting a substantially permanent color to organic fibrous or filamentous material or other porous material by the use of substances, or preparations possessing tincorial properties and which are not dependent for their ability to become fixed to the base solely upon the presence of an adhesive of bindive vehicle or ingredient, as distinguished from the application of an insoluble pigment suspended in a bindive vehicle, e.g., paint or any colored coating composition where the coloring agent does not actually color the base.
Denotes the application of a temporary or easily removable coloration to a material for identification or like purpose.
The hetero atoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.
A hetero ring is a ring which contains only carbon and hetero atoms.
Methine group refers to -CH=.
Mordant dyes are dyes which require a mordant in their application and which upon combination with the mordant deposit insoluble color on the substrate, e.g., dyes with metal chelating groups.
Are substances of organic or inorganic origin which combine with the coloring matter and are used to fix the same in the production of the color. For the purpose of this class, such materials as oils and sulfonated oils, soaps, fats and higher acids, are not generally considered as mordants, but as coming within the scope of gassistantsh in dyeing.
Oxidation dyes are dyes which produce a color by oxidation on the substrate of compounds such as arylamino, hydrxyaryl, or similar compounds to produce, e.g., aniline black or diphenyl black. Nitroaniline dyes are included.
A reactive dye reacts chemically with a substrate having reactive -H atoms thereon, e.g., ester or ether formation with cellulose.
A solvent dye is a dye which si soluble in an organic solvent and is commonly introduced in the form of a solution in an organic solvent.
Sulfur dyes contain sulfur linkages within their molecules which are produced by sulfurization, i.e., heating of organic compounds with sulfur or alkali polysulfides.
The term substrate is used here to refer to the base material being dyed.
As employed in this classification is limited to organic fibrous and filamentous materials, and mixed materials including same as a definite component part thereof and not in the popular sense to include all materials, e.g., it does not include asbestos and glass fibers adapted to be felted, woven or knitted not glass fiber fabric. In the dyeing subclasses (400-696) paper has been grouped with the textile materials.
Vat dyes are dyes which are applied to the substrate in reduced, soluble form and then oxidize to the original insoluble pigment. Common vat dyes are quinonic dyes and particularly common are anthraquinones and indigoids.
Glossary Terms for Class 12 BOOT AND SHOE MAKING
includes within its scope the upper and sole when they are secured together. In shoe making, the upper including various parts thereof, such as the vamp, toe tip, quarters, linings, etc., are assembled and secured. The thus assembled upper is generally conformed to shoe shape by a lasting operation and attached to a sole. When the upper and sole are attached the product is known as a shoe in the trade. It will be noted that this term includes within its scope, (1) partially completed shoes, (2) shoes having outsoles and heels which are ready for wear, and (3) shoes being worn by their wearers.
Glossary Terms for Class 15 BRUSHING, SCRUBBING, AND GENERAL CLEANING
Devices not classifiable elsewhere and which perform no cleaning function but which are merely ancillary to machines, implements and attachments classified in this class.
As an exception to the other GLOSSARY definitions, patents which recite that (1) a cleaning or coating means is attached to an object which is cleaned or coated thereby or (2) that any device is attached to a cleaning or coating agency, have been classified as attachments regardless of whether they are machines or not, disregarding the relative superiority of these subclasses in the classification schedule.
Defined in this class as a work contacting cleaning or coating agency subcombination which as disclosed, could be either (1) manipulated manually as a tool, (2) moved by a machine, as defined above and constituting a part thereof, or (3) held in place by support means for direct manual application of the work thereto. (Note: A hand held nozzle is not an implement as defined above and is classified elsewhere as a machine subcombination).
Defined in this class as an organization including a mechanism, which contains within itself its own guide for operation, to move either (1) a cleaning agency, or a coating agency of a type recognized in this class, relative to the work surface or (2) a means to constrain the work and said agency to some type of definite relative motion in response to manual or other actuation. (Note: A guide on a stripping brush aids in directing the brush but does not constrain it to any definite path other than that determined by the work itself).
Glossary Terms for Class 16 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE (E.G., BUSHING, CARPET FASTENER, CASTER, DOOR CLOSER, PANEL HANGER, ATTACHABLE OR ADJUNCT HANDLE, HINGE, WINDOW SASH BALANCE, ETC.)
Any axis about which a hinged member* rotates during operation of the hinge.
Any device or portion thereof (e.g., closure, seat back, etc.) which is adapted to be swingably connected by a hinge to another device or portion thereof (e.g., frame, box, sill, etc.).
An elongated rodlike element about which a hinged member* swings (e.g., gpintleh).
A rod or platelike portion by which the hinge is adapted to be secured to a hinged member*.
Glossary Terms for Class 24 BUCKLES, BUTTONS, CLASPS, ETC.
A securing means wherein either member is adapted to allow structure-to-be-secured (*) to pass therethrough, or wherein the members are adapted to allow structure-to-be-secured(*) to pass completely therebetween in a path generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the members. Buckles are designed to adjustably secure belts, bands, or similar longitudinal articles and generally operate by having one end of the belt band, etc., fixed securely to one end of the buckle with another frictionally or resiliently securing the belt, band, etc., or by passing through a provided for aperture in the belt, band, etc., and generally also has two connected, relatively movable members.
A securing mechanism or element including two coacting members or member segments having gripping surfaces which engage portions of structure-to-be-secured* on opposite sides in a jawlike manner to thereby (a) prevent or hinder the movement of structure-to-be secured* relative to the surfaces in at least one direction, (b) prevent or hinder the separation of distinct portions of the structure-to-be-secured* from each other, or (c) perform a securement of structure-to-be-secured* by overedge engagement thereof. The gripping surfaces of the coacting members or member segments are intended to be always easily moved into and out of engagement with the structure-to-be-secured* by either direct manual or tool force thereon or actuation of an attached operator*. In addition, both of the coacting members or member segment, when engaging with or disengaging from the structure-to-be-secured*, do not exceed the elastic limit of or destroy any portion of the securing mechanism or element. If the mechanism or element is formed from either a single piece or plural fixedly attached pieces of rigid* material, then the structural shape of the gripping surfaces and the outward force of the compressed structure-to-be-secured* provide the gripping force required above.
A securing mechanism or element including a member which (1) is intended to be connected or attached to a rigid or semirigid supporting member (e.g., wall, floor, roof) or article (e.g., pen, vehicle) having an additional and usually principle function other than normally associated with this class, and (2) has a gripping surface intended to coact with the surface of the supporting member or article to engage the opposite sides of a distinct structure-to-be-secured* positioned therebetween to prevent or hinder either (a) the movement of the structure-to-be-secured* relative to the surfaces in one direction, or (b) the separation of a structure-to-be-secured* from the supporting member or article. The gripping surface of the member is intended to be always easily moved into and out of engagement with the structure-to-be-secured* by either direct manual or tool force thereon or actuation of an attached operator*. In addition, the gripping surface, when engaging with or disengaging from the structure-to-be-secured does not exceed the elastic limit of or destroy any portion of the securing mechanism or element. If the mechanism or element is formed from either a single piece or plural fixedly attached pieces of rigid* material, then the structural shape of the gripping surfaces and the outward force of the compressed structure-to-be-secured provide the gripping force required above.
A securing mechanism including both a string (i.e., a thin elongated flaccid member) and guiding means therefor (e.g., eyelet, hollow hem) located on a portion of the structure-to-be-secured* which surrounds an opening; wherein the string (a) encircles the opening, (b) draws the perimeter of the structure-to-be-secured* toward the center of the opening to close or tighten it when a portion of the string is pulled through its guiding means to shorten the effective length of the remaining portion of the string encircling the opening, and (c) secures the perimeter of the structure-to-be-secured* in its new position when the extracted portion of the string which was pulled through the guide means is prevented from moving (e.g., tied).
Structure which, when subjected to a distortion force less than or equal to earth"s gravitational force, is incapable (in at least one of its orientations) of maintaining its previous formational shape or being self-supporting over any appreciable dimension.
HAND-ACTUATED(*); HAND-OPERATED(*)
The term hand-actuated or hand-operated is used in the sense of like contact with a living being and solely applies to the use of the hand in operating a fastener (i.e., moving portions of the fastener relative to each other) of the Class 24 type.
A securing mechanism including both a string (i.e., a thin elongated flaccid* member) and guiding means (e.g., path defining eyelets) therefor located on two spaced edges of the structure-to-be-secured*; wherein the string (a) links together the guiding means on opposite sides of and traverses the gap between the edges, (b) draws the edges toward each other when a portion of the string is pulled past its guiding means to shorten the effective length of the remaining portion of the string traversing the gap, and (c) secures the edges in fixed relationship to each other when the extracted portion of the string is prevented from moving (e.g., tied).
A component having the sole function of restricting the movement between and holding in a particular position or orientation (e.g., not moving or reorienting) either (1) one portion of the fastener relative to another portion of the fastener, or (2) one fastener relative to another fastener.
A manipulable mechanical means which contacts and moves with respect to a shiftable portion of a fastener mechanism to reposition or transmit an input force to the shiftable portion. A mere spring which effects the movement of the parts of the fastener mechanism, for example, by utilizing stored energy to return its parts to a starting position, is not included in the meaning of this term.
A securing mechanism having both (a) a portion specifically shaped (e.g., pointed) to facilitate impaling of and penetration into either the structure-to-be-secured* or a supporting member therefor during its operation and (b) a remaining portion (e.g., head) not intended to penetrate either the structure-to-be-secured* or a supporting member therefor in the final securing position of the mechanism. In addition, the penetrating portion of the securing mechanism is intended to be always easily impaled into and extracted from the penetrated area of the structure-to-be-secured* or its supporting member by unaided directed manual force. Finally, the normal securing or releasing operation of the mechanism requires no portion of the mechanism to be destroyed or undergo forces in excess of those causing plastic deformation of the material from which it is constructed.
Structure which is both capable (a) of distortion when subjected to a force of the magnitude normally encountered within the disclosed environment and (b) of complete resumption of its original shape due to the energy stored within it by the distortion force after its removal.
Structure which when subjected to a distortion force normally encountered within the environment (as defined by the disclosure and associated with the securing operation of a Class 24 fastener) is capable of resisting this force if applied to the structure in any orientation and maintaining its previous formational shape thereafter.
Structure which is both (a) capable of resisting distortion (i.e., maintaining its previous formational shape or being self supporting over all appreciable dimensions) caused by a force applied to it in any of its orientations which is of a magnitude equal to or less than the earth"s gravitational force and (b) incapable of resisting distortion caused by a force applied to it which is normally encountered in its working environment (e.g., ductile or resilient* structure).
A securing mechanism including two, separate, dissociable, mating members having faces which directly or through a separate linking member (1) contact and interlock (i.e., the movement between the faces is restricted in the direction force is transmitted thereto by the structure-to-be-secured*) with each other when fastening either (a) spaced portions of the structure-to-be-secured* together, or (b) the structure-to-be-secured* to a supporting member having a principle function not associated with this class (e.g., door, wall) and (2) are intended to be always easily associated or dissociated from each other either by direct manual force or by actuation of an operator* attached to one of the members. Both of the mating members of this mechanism are intended to be attached to or formed from a section of either the structure-to-be-secured* or a supporting member therefor and neither of these members is ever structurally linked to the other by any structure other than the structure-to-be-secured* when their faces are not in their interlock position. In addition, both of the members when associated or dissociated do not exceed the elastic limit, or destroy any portion, or the material forming the faces.
Structure having a principle function other than that normally associated with this class (i.e., not a component of a Class 24 fastener) which is attached, fastened, gripped, or secured by a Class 24 fastener, either to itself or to another structure.
A securing mechanism or element which (1) is attached to the structure-to-be-secured* for subsequently mounting it on a rigid* or semirigid* member (e.g., wall, floor, roof) or article (e.g., pen, vehicle) having an additional and usually principal function other than normally associated with this class, and (2) having either (a) a gripping surface which is mounted to and intended to coact with an opposed gripping surface formed by the structure-to-be-secured* to engage the opposite sides of the rigid or semirigid member or article positioned therebetween, or (b) two coacting members or member segments having gripping surfaces which engage opposite sides of the rigid* or semirigid* member or article in a jawlike manner, and (3) having structure which hinders the movement of the gripping surfaces relative to the member or article and prevents the separation of the structure-to-be-secured* from the member or article. The gripping surfaces of the securing mechanism or element are intended to be always easily moved into and out of engagement with the rigid* or semirigid* member or article by either direct manual or tool force thereon or actuation of an operator* attached to the securing mechanism or element. In addition, the gripping surfaces of the securing mechanism or element, when engaging with or disengaging from the rigid* or semirigid* member or article, do not exceed the elastic limit of or destroy any portion of the securing mechanism or element. If the mechanism or element is formed from either a single piece or plural fixedly attached pieces of rigid* material, then the structural shape of the gripping surfaces and the outward force of the compressed structure-to-be-secured* provides the gripping force required above.
An instrument for affecting the operation of a Class 24 fastener usually operated by hand and totally separable from the fastener after affecting operation.
A mechanism for either closing an opening in structure-to-be-secured*, or connecting together separate members of structure to be secured* including (a) two, opposed, elongated, cooperating, configured surfaces which are attached to the structure-to-be-secured* by mounting means and intended to directly contact and interlock with each other (i.e., the movement between the configured surfaces is restricted in the direction force is transmitted thereto by the structure-to-be-secured*) when closing or connecting, and (b) a sliding device which is much shorter in length than the surfaces and which travels along the length of the surfaces sequentially contacting and simultaneously camming against each segments of both surfaces to forcibly shift them into or out of interlocking engagement, the direction of travel of the device generally being perpendicular to the shifting motion of the interlocking configured surfaces.
Glossary Terms for Class 29 METAL WORKING
The physical act of or means for juxtaposing, associating, integrating, joining and/or putting together, with or without securing, of machines, devices, and things (articles).
An electrical component consisting of two conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface layer to which contacts or terminals have been secured, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic, as a result of the electrical action of the interface between the two conductors rather than from the characteristic of the conductors.
The physical act of or means for shaping without any substantial removal of material. This term includes forging, rolling, densifying, extruding, drawing and stretching.
The physical act of or means for dissociating, disengaging, and/or taking apart of machines, devices, and things (articles).
The physical act of or means for shaping by removing material by means of a cutting edge. This term includes milling, cutting, turning, boring, drilling, abrading, broaching, filing, sawing, punching, blanking, and planing.
The physical act of or means for creating, constructing, fabricating, machining, working, shaping, assembling, disassembling, and repairing of machines, devices, and things (articles).
The physical act of or means for restoring inoperative machines, apparatus, static structures, and things (articles) when the operational limits of tolerance have become exceeded by wear, imperfections, destructive oxidation, electrolysis, or failure by (1) reshaping parts, (2) substituting a part and/or adding supplemental or additional parts or material, and/or (3) taking away sections of worn, torn, broken, distorted, eroded or otherwise unusable parts or material, and mending them by adding supplemental or additional parts or material.
The physical act of or means for permanently altering the form, configuration, dimensions, proportions, or contour of a part or stock, either with or without the removal of material. This term includes deforming, compacting, densifying, slitting, machining, and briquetting.
The physical act of or means for shaping solely by incising or severing the part or stock to form a partial separation along a plane or surface through the part or stock. When this separation is done by a true shearing operation, there is no material removed.
A tube having one end closed.
The physical act of altering the form, configuration, dimensions, proportions, or contour of a part or stock within the elastic limits of the material of which it is made without any removal of material.
A sheetlike member the thickness of which is small in relation to its area measured in a plane normal to its thickness.
An elongated member in which the transverse cross-sectional dimensions are substantially uniform and are small in relation to its length.
A pipe, hollow cylinder, or hollow rodlike member.
A self-contained active or passive element designed for and capable of utilizing electricity to produce a specified electrical characteristic property, or output other than normal conductivity associated with any electrical structure.
A body whose longitudinal dimension is much greater than any of its lateral dimensions and which is designed for the stated proximate purpose of carrying an electric current or electromagnetic energy.
An electrically conductive connective means having a portion or end designed for relatively permanent attachment to an elongated conductor and having a second portion or end designed to facilitate connection with another elongated conductor, an electrical component, or another electrically conductive connective means.
Glossary Terms for Class 37 EXCAVATING
This device is the pivotally mounted front covering for a scoop adapted to pivot to an open position when loading and unloading and to a closed position when holding and transporting material.
This is a material handling machine which includes a boom pivoted to a vehicle, a handle or dipstick pivoted to the boom, and bucket or scoop pivoted to the dipstick with the open top of the bucket facing back toward the vehicle.
This is a device comprising an elongated beam adapted to project from an excavating device for the purpose of supporting the excavating equipment and wherein the device is normally pivoted to a support.
This device is a portion of a scoop which holds and carries the excavated material during transport. The scoop portion can be adapted to be used in connection with an apron, elevator, or ejector.
This device is an excavating or handling tool having two similar jaws which close upon material for excavating and open for dumping.
This is a machine for excavating material at the bottom or the banks of a body of water.
This term is applied to the fragmental material composing part of the surface of the globe.
This term is applied to the solid surface of the earth or the floor of a body of water, especially a sea, river, or lake.
This implement comprises an excavating tool having two hemispherical jaws which close upon material for excavating and open when dumping.
In a dredge, this is an elongated member provided with a lifting tackle at the top and fused to hold or remove the dredge by contact with the earth.
Glossary Terms for Class 44 FUEL AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS
Defined as a fuel object, of a size suitable to be manipulated by a human hand, made, by consolidating, usually including pressing and shaping, smaller-sizes, loose, broken, comminuted or other divided carbonaceous powder, particles, chunks, lumps, fibers, sheets, etc.
Used in this class, it means an organic compound which consists exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
Glossary Terms for Class 49 MOVABLE OR REMOVABLE CLOSURES
(See OPERATOR) The force input means to the closure for imparting movement thereto, e.g., an operator. The term is broader than goperatorh since a handle which does not move relative to the closure is considered an actuator.
A construction forming an extended indefinite surface preventing or inhibiting the passage of persons or things, e.g., wall, ceiling, floor, roof or cover.
A flexible connector such as a rope, chain or the like.
A closure is an obstructive structure whose presence in or before a passage bars traffic through the passage. The character of passage varies depending on the thing or things the passage is intended to accommodate. For example, a single rod across a doorway prevents passage of a person but not a small animal; a letter slot permits passage of a letter but not a large package, a window sash permits passage of light but not air, a shutter permits passage of air but restricts the passage of light.
An elongated rigid arm which is pivoted at least one point along its length.
A type of lever which is pivoted at two or more points along its length, usually at its extremities.
A powered means such as a motor or engine utilized as the moving force or input of the operator. A mere spring is not a powered means, but a motor having a spring as the source of power is included within the meaning of the term defined.
A closure mounted to move in a regular, repetitive, predetermined path with respect to a passage so as to alternately open or close the passage.
Motion along two or more distinct lines of travel or about two or more axes of rotation or a combination thereof, in a single operation.
A manipulatable mechanical means, movable relative to the closure, for imparting movement to the closure relative to its mounting means, in its opening or closing movement. A mere spring which effects the movement of the closure, for example, by utilizing the stored energy to return the closure to starting position, is not included within the meaning of this term.
A sheet-like member which is a section of a closure structure.
Structure defining an opening through a barrier for the passage of persons or things, e.g., the framing of a door or window opening.
A closure which is mounted so as to be readily physically disassociated from its supporting structure to form a passage.
RECTILINEAR MOVEMENT OF CLOSURE
Straight line motion in opposite directions, such as up and down, right and left, to open or close a passage.
Rectilinear motion which is constrained by stationary guides on the supporting member(s).
An elongated member extending along the edge of a closure in opposition to a portal frame member, e.g., jamb, and connectable to the closure for sliding therewith.
A turning motion about a pivot to open or close a passage.
Glossary Terms for Class 52 STATIC STRUCTURES (E.G., BUILDINGS)
The finish around and extending away from a door or window opening.
Means forming an extended surface against which a settable material is cast, e.g., troweled, spread, poured etc., the material when set forming a wear surface or facing.
A construction forming an extended indefinite surface preventing or inhibiting the passage of persons or things, e.g., wall, ceiling, floor, roof or cover.
A module whose depth is substantial relative to its length and height and which in use forms a stable load-bearing member.
Generally synonymous with groofh but used where groofh in some instances may be inapt, e.g., a covering supported by an article, a canopy, a man-hole closure, etc.
An article which does not form an essential component of a building construction of plural components, but is in the nature of an adjunct having no essential load-bearing, supporting, joining or protective function.
Means surrounding an area or volume to be occupied by persons, animals or goods.
An opening for persons or things, but not for a fluid or a mass of particles having a fluid like characteristic.
An element or structure which (1) forms an exposed surface section of a barrier or (2) the panel held by a frame, a framing element or an elongated sustainer, e.g., the movable closure part of a door or window. In the latter respect it differs from a module in that it is not used in repetition to form an extended surface.
Thin sheet of material covering or extending into a joint to deflect liquid from the joint.
A construction or component which is sufficiently strong and rigid to act as the primary support for other constructions or components against gravity or to resist transverse loading (see sustainer).
A construction utilizing modules.
A component of building construction, usually designated by terms such as; brick, block, slab, panel, tile, sheet, precast monolith, etc., which when assembled in repetitious juxtaposition with other such preformed shapes (with or without interposed connecting means or material) define a surface of a construction, e.g., of a wall, ceiling or floor.
A structure erected in situ by casting a water-settable composition, e.g., plaster or concrete.
The term panel is used to denote a thin rigid sheetlike structure which may not be disclosed as used repetitiously, e.g., table top or pane.
Structure defining an opening through a barrier for the passage of light, air, persons or things, e.g., the framing for a door or a window opening.
A component of a building construction which is in completed form before its use at the job site. (Compare Module).
An art term for a concrete reinforcing rod. A rebar chair is a device for spacing a rebar from a concrete form.
A body placed within and covered by a cast material or a foraminous member wherein the holes are filled by a cast material.
The sides of a door or window opening between the faces of the barrier.
A rigid cover extending above and supported by the uppermost termini of walls or columns.
A component which is applied or formed in a fluent condition but sets or hardens in the final product, e.g., concrete, cement or plaster.
A member which has a limited closed periphery and which is greatly elongated relative to its length. It is generic to gsustainerh in that it may not have a load bearing function.
The subclass definition must be referred to.
Means embedded in cast material or extending between sustainers or load bearing components which act to strengthen a construction in contradistinction to acting as a primary loadbearing or bend-resisting member.
A rigid member or construction having a limited closed periphery which is (1) greatly elongated relative to any lateral dimension (2) resists transverse loading and (3) supports or retains other components of a building construction, e.g., stud, joist, beam, or column.
A tensioned strandlike component of a unit which places the principal part of the unit under compression.
A thin, relatively rigid module which when applied repetitiously in edge-to-edge relationship to a backing surface forms an exposed facing
Glossary Terms for Class 53 PACKAGE MAKING
A species of cover in which the cover material completely encircles the contents in one direction only, such as girth, leaving the contents fully exposed on two sides or ends, and which is in frictional contact with the contents so as to be retained thereon. See gBINDINGh.
The embracing by means of a filament, strand or wire of either an accumulated bunch of articles, a series of coils, or a single encased package. It differs from banding in that no substantial area of the contents is covered, and the binder is usually tied, knotted, or twisted. Except where applied to a package for this class, (see subclass 138.6), the process of and apparatus for applying a binding is not here classified. See gPackaging and Binding Elsewhere Classifiedh of the Class Definition for binding, per se.
A species of cover in which a separate cover member completes the encasement or confinement of contents within a preformed receptacle when said member is assembled within, over or around the aperture of said receptacle.
The goods or materials which are, or are to be, confined within the space defined by the cover of the package, An insert sheet or coupon, to be packaged with other goods is considered to be a part of a group contents. See gGROUP FORMINGh. A package resulting from a first packaging operation may become the contents of a second packaging operation.
A member, made from sheet material stock which serves to confine the contents by either a complete encasement or a partial encasement, and which fully encircles or encompasses the contents in at least one direction. A band, closure, preformed container, carton or receptacle, though said members are not gmade from sheet materialh, are each considered covers for this class. A spindle or core which extends into or through a preformed aperture in the contents is considered to be a partial cover. See subclass 581. See gBANDh, gCLOSUREh, and gRECEPTACLEh.
Some accessory, device or abiding characteristic which is supplied to, or formed integral with, a cover to perform some function in addition to the mere enclosing of the contents. Such adjuncts include the addition to a cover of (1) a filament, strand, wire, stamp, label, handle, or display support, (2) a filler piece for the gap resulting between two or more folded flaps, (3) some auxiliary cover seam retaining device, including a staple, a clip, a sewn stitch, or a simultaneously integrally formed and set tab-and-slot retaining means, (4) a coating, printing, embossing or other marking, ornamenting or display feature, (5) some means to provide for opening the cover such as, e.g., a tear strip, (6) a cover attached reinforcement, article holder, or article remover, or (7) a window or window opening, (8) a contents contacting sealing spot, disc or gasket, (9) a superimposed disc which is applied to a hood or cap so as to depress said disc and a portion of the hood or cap within the aperture of a receptacle, (10) a cam actuated sealing or gripping means on the closure for fastening said closure, or (11) a protection strip placed over the contents of a receptacle (e.g., matches) and inserted between the side of the receptacle and the contents. However, the operations of slitting or notching of cover blanks and flaps preparatory to the shaping of the cover, or the application of adhesive to the cover to aid in seam retaining are not considered cover-adjuncts for this class. Nor is the addition of a transitory characteristic to a cover for the purpose of aiding in the packaging, e.g., the addition of moisture to a wrapper, considered to be a cover-adjunct.
Feed or delivery, as distinct from infeed, is transfer, conveyance, movement or translation of assembly components to or from what is established as a work position; at which position further motion of the components with respect to each other - generally a straight line movement along the major axis of either or both components - is called infeed. Thus, for example, motion of a closure element from a hopper or magazine to a superimposed position over the aperture of a receptacle is referred to as feed or delivery while the final juxtapositioning of the closure and receptacles previously aligned and oriented is considered infeed.
The step of placing a contents within a cover. It is not necessary that the contents occupy the entire space encased; i.e., the cover may be only partially filled by a filling operation.
The accumulating or gathering of an associated collection of articles, of the same or of different characteristics, by means of a plurality of feeding operations, for placement as a contents in a single cover. An insert sheet or coupon to be packaged with other goods is considered to be an article of different characteristics from the goods. On the other hand, an inner cover, or a section of plural section cover is not considered to be a part of the contents of an outer cover. See gCONTENTSh.
The means to either (1) hold and position, (2) hold and secure, or (3) juxtaposition and secure a separate closure element during infeed.
The wrapping of a cover around a contents to form a package is invariably done in two stages, viz.: first, the shaping of the cover about a single end or surface of the contents, and second, a further shaping of the cover by bending or folding the previously unfolded portions thereof so that the latter portions are in contact with the contents end or surface opposite to the end or surface about which the cover was previously shaped. The intermediate state of the cover at the end of the first stage is referred to as the Initial Wrap. The initial wrapping operation begins with the contact between the first end or surface of the contents with the cover and proceeds in two ways, either by (a) an unidirectional relative movement (which is not necessarily continuous) between the folding instrumentalities and the cover material-contents unit or (b) by a first relative movement between the folding instrumentalities and the cover material-contents unit, and one or more succeeding relative movements therebetween, at least the first of which is in a direction different from the first movement, and which serves to complete the shaping of the cover along the first end or surface of the contents without bending or folding the remaining unfolded portions of the cover into contact with the opposite end or surface of the contents.
A unit consisting of an assembled cover material and contents, where the contents is, or is to be, encased or encircled by the cover material. The cover need not be shaped around the contents, e.g., the unit resulting from the final positioning of a contents upon a cover blank or web, which is then handled as a unit through further packaging operations including an encasement or encirclement, is also termed a package.
A stage of cover formation in which the cover material has been fashioned into such shape as to at least partially confine the contents, as for example, against lateral displacement. A sheet of bendable or foldable cover material which has received a single preliminary fold, such as a U-fold, as well as a completely formed carton, are both considered to be receptacles.
Two or more edges of the cover material brought together with or without adhesion. Usually the seam is implemented by adhesion, folding or interfitting but a mere overlapping of two edges is sufficient to constitute a seam.
A species of flexible cover material in which the initial wrap is bent or folded about the contents as the first step in the encasement of the contents to make a package.
Glossary Terms for Class 60 POWER PLANTS
A reaction motor propellant consisting of two separate substances (usually liquid) fed into the reaction zone separately. One of the substances is a fuel (e.g., hydrazine); while the other is an oxidizer (e.g., fluorine).
The transformation of the molecules of one or more substances into other kinds of molecules.
A single substance or a mixture of substances which react with another substance (called the oxidizer) to form at least one new substance in which at least a portion of the fuel forms at least a portion of the more positive (electron donor) portion of the new substance. e.g. H2 + Cl2¨ 2HCl Hydrogen is considered the fuel. CH4 2O2¨ CO2 + 2H2O Methane is the fuel and oxygen in the oxidizer. BE + F2¨ BeF2 Beryllium is the fuel and fluorine in the oxidizer.
A substance (fuel or oxidizer) which ignites spontaneously on contact with the other member of a hypergolic mixture. For example: aniline is hypergolic with nitric acid.
Forcing into the reaction zone one or more streams of material which enter into the action which produces thrust. Extruding a solid or semi-solid into the reaction zone, spraying a stream of finely divided particles into the reaction zone and jetting a liquid or gas into the reaction zone are illustrative but nonlimiting examples of the scope of the term.
The term includes a free metallic element (e.g., lithium), an alloy of two or more metals (e.g., 25% Na 75% K), and intermetallic compound (e.g., A1Ni) or a mere mixture of particles of two or more metals.
A material which contains within itself all of the components which enter into the chemical change which occurs in producing thrust in a chemical reaction motor. A monopropellant may be a pure compound, such as hydrazine, or a mixture of two or more substances which react under the conditions of the reaction chamber.
Used in this definition this term means a stream of moving particles, either gaseous or liquid, as it exists in the area in the motor where it is accelerated, pressurized or otherwise caused to become unstable up to and including the point where it exits the end of the ejecting means, e.g., nozzle, through which it is ejected into the ambient to cause thrust.
A substance (element or compound) which reacts with another substance to produce at least one new substance in which at least a portion of the oxidizer furnishes at least part of the more negative (electron acceptor) portion of the new substances. e.g. BH3 + NH3 ¨ BN + 3H2 ammonia is considered the oxidizer 2LiH + F2 ¨ 2LiF + 2HF fluorine is considered the oxidizer CH4 + 2O2 ¨ CO2 + 2H2O oxygen is the oxidizer
The generic term for any or all of the components of the supply of materials which may be converted (by expansion, combustion or other means) into motive fluid.
The space in which the propellant material undergoes chemical change to produce new substances and heat which heat raises the temperature of the new substances. The ejection of these heated substances from the reaction motor produces thrust or propulsive force.
Includes expansible or nonexpansible fluids, entrained in a system including a pump and motor, or fluents whose characteristics permit a transmission of energy or flow between a pump and motor which is not inconsistent with that of the fluents.
Comprises means actuated by the flow or pressure of the fluid or by the absence of such flow or pressure between the pump and the motor.
WORKING MEMBER POSITION RESPONSIVE MEANS
Comprises means positively actuated by the motor working member when it attains a given predetermined position in the working chamber. Such position includes a position of the working member attained after a predetermined number of strokes or revolutions of the working member.
A VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP OR MOTOR
Includes an expansible chamber and means to vary the volume of fluid admitted to or discharged from the chamber. The means which varies the volume of fluid will be generally either (1) means which physically displaces either the piston or working member or the cylinder or housing of the expansible chamber to vary the effective stroke of the piston or working member, or (2) means which alters the timing of the inlet or exhaust valve with respect to the piston or working member timing to vary the effective stroke of the piston or working member.
An expansible chamber device which provides a contracting volume to expel fluid from the chamber or to place the fluid therein under pressure. All valve means or chamber means associated with the expansible chamber device are included under this definition.
An art term applied to a unitary assembly of a master and its associated holder of a reserve supply of make-up fluid.
Fluid that acts to drive a motor. The term is generic to gpulseh fluid and gpowerh fluid.
An element of the system by which driving or loading force is delivered for utilization by means other than the system itself.
An externally energized fluid that powers a pulsator system. Pulsator circuit: The combination of elements in which the pulse fluid is trapped.
An organization of which a pulsator circuit is merely a part.
The definite volume of fluid trapped in the pulsator.
An expansible chamber device which provides an expanding volume to receive pressurized fluid or a pressure transmitted through a passage connecting the slave to the master transmitter. The slave includes all valve means or chamber means associated therewith.
Glossary Terms for Class 65 GLASS MANUFACTURING
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term ganneal.h
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gbait.h
A properly proportioned mixture of raw materials to be delivered to a melting apparatus.
Mechanical means for introducing a batch to a melting apparatus.
(1) A small piece of glass fused onto an electrical conductor, (2) an enlarged rounded portion on an edge of an article or stock material, (3) small discrete particles of glass.
Shaping or forming an undefined mass of glass in a soft state by introducing gas within a confined opening within the mass, i.e., by inflating.
A hollow wall generally having an air space between refractory blocks from which it is formed and providing an opening or throat adjacent its bottom used in a tank furnace to separate a working end from a fining or melting zone.
Forming a glass preform by flowing molten glass in the form of a stream into or onto molds, rolls or tables. (Teeming is synonymous to casting).
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gcoating.h
Shaping a layer throughout its thickness into a row of wavelike folds.
Glassware having a surface which was intentionally cracked by water immersion and partially healed by reheating.
Waste or broken glass.
A slotted floating, refractory block through which glass issues in the formation of a glass sheet during a drawing operation.
See debiteuse.
The changing of glass in the amorphous state to crystalline state generally by holding a glass melt at a temperature which favors crystal growth.
A boxlike wing on a glass furnace through which a batch or floaters, etc., are introduced into the furnace.
Forming stock, generally sheet or tube, by utilizing the self-cohesiveness of glass in a plastic condition to effect an operation similar to a gtaffy-pullh.
A refractory device placed in a supply of molten glass to define an area for drawing.
Baffle means isolating stock being drawn from the hot atmosphere existing above a supply of molten glass.
Altering a surface configuration only of glass by raising a boss or protuberance thereon or causing surface portions to be depressed below the plane of the glass surface.
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gfiber.h
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gfilament.h
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gfining.h
Heating of the outer surface of hard glass to a temperature where that surface only melts and surface tension causes smoothing thereof, the heating usually being by fire or flame contact of the glass surface.
Applying a thin layer of opaque or colored glass to the surface of clear glass, or vice versa.
Refractory blocks floating on molten glass in a tank furnace to prevent gall or scum from entering the working end.
Welding by bringing glass, while molten or softened by heating, into intimate contact with another part with subsequent cooling to solid phase whereby uniting is effected.
Means used to remove discrete charges of molten glass from a supply.
An inorganic product (a) the constituents of which generally include a gglass formerh (e.g., As2O3, B2O3 GeO2, P2O5, SiO2, V2O5) which has an essential characteristic of creating or maintaining, singly, or in a mixture, that type of structural disorder characteristic of a glassy condition, other oxides which approach glass forming properties (e.g., A12O3, BeO, PbO, Sb2O3 TiO2, ZnO and ZrO2) as well as oxides that are practically devoid of glass forming tendencies (e.g., BaO, CaO, K2O, Li2O, MgO, Na2O and SrO), however, pure and modified silica, silicon and slag are also included; (b) formed by fusion and cooled to a rigid condition generally without crystallization; (c) having no definite melting point (whereby the mass has the characteristic of passing through a plastic state before reaching a liquid state when heated); (d) incapable in the solid state of permanent deformation; and (e) which fractures when subject to deformation tension.
Effecting a change in a physical or chemical property of glass, generally involving specific heating followed by controlled cooling.
Molding, shaping, severing of uniting of glass while in a plastic state.
A discrete portion of molten glass (a) delivered by a feeder or (b) gathered on a punty or blow pipe.
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term ghomogenize.h
Rolling a gather of glass on a flat plate whereby it is shaped and cooled.
Surplus or waste glass which must be removed from the apparatus or a product after a glass working operation.
That portion of a segmented mold used to form a neck portion of a hollow article.
Causing movement in a regular, generally a circular or elliptical path around a fixed point.
A partially shaped article of manufacture requiring further significant shaping to arrive at the form of a completed useful article.
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gparting layer.h
A mold with an inner lining of a paste (generally made from resins and linseed oil, soap, etc.) which is brushed into a hot mold and kept wet so that glass within the mold rides on a steam cushion while being formed.
A dipstick used to gather charges of molten glass, punty, puntil, pontee, and ponto are local variants.
Stock material that has been given a shape (the term preform is used interchangeably with article, product, parison and blank).
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gpress molding.h
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gpurify.h
See Pontile
Changing the gross overall configuration of a glass preform by (a) confining a glass preform within a configured mold and effecting significant flow of the glass to cause it to assume the configuration of the mold or (b) distorting a glass preform by bodily moving a portion of it throughout its entire thickness relative to a second portion during which the thickness of the work piece remains substantially the same and no significant flow of the glass occurs, i.e., bending. Changing at least one dimension of a glass preform throughout its perimeter without any appreciable change in the original configuration thereof, e.g., stretching and shrinking.
The coalescence of particles into one solid mass through heating, generally with melting limited to a surface layer only of each particle.
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gslag.h
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gslinger.h
Removing surface irregularities or imperfections.
Glass that has been heated to a temperature at which it is pliable or liquid.
The temperature at which a uniform fiber, 0.5 to 1.0 mm. in diameter, elongates under its own weight at a rate of 1 mm. per minute when the upper 10 cm. of its length is heated in a prescribed furnace * at the rate of approximately 5‹C. per minute. (*See gA Method for Measuring The Softening Temperature of Glassh, J.T. Littleton, J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 10(4), 259 (1927).
A reshaping operation involving only the surface of the glass preform and only partially through the thickness and wherein the overall shape of the preform throughout its breadth and width is unaltered.
See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term gtemper.h
Glossary Terms for Class 70 LOCKS
A securing element mounted on one part and having a portion or portions movable to cooperative engagement with a keeper on another part to prevent relative movement between said parts.
That key designed for operation of an individually distinct lock operating mechanism embodying a specific combination or design.
The prearranged or predetermined secret or nonpublic succession or order of movement of blocking elements, or the peculiar arrangement or scheme of fixed or movable elements designed to secure against public operation or control.
An unbiased bolt normally at rest, whether or not so held, and movable only by a positively initiated external force.
A movable blocking element, other than a tumbler, in the form of a pawl or catch, adapted to releasably detain a movable part.
A part to receive the movable portion of a bolt usually a socket, pocket, opening, ledge, abutment, seat, shoulder, etc.
A specially contrived implement for controlling or operating a lock and (1) having portions designed to pass fixed obstructions or to arrange movable impediments to allow operation of a securing device, or (2) embodying an unconventional design of predetermined secret or nonpublic origin.
One normally yieldably biased or urged by some form of constantly present potential force to seek one position and operable to another position against such force, but automatically returnable to its original position unless restrained.
One designed for control of all of a plurality or series of lock operating mechanisms, each of which has its individually distinct operating means or implement.
Manually controlled portable devices for grasping, clamping, gripping or grappling an extremity of the human anatomy and by the application of suitable force and consequent imposition of pain placing the individual to whom the device is applied under the influence and control of another, as in the case of an arrested individual.
Variation or change of a combination to produce a different combination.
A device or mechanism designed to so interfere with the normal operation or manipulation of a securing arrangement as to show by rupture, visible external injury, or other disfigurement from its original condition, any unauthorized or surreptitious tampering, attack or manipulation.Included also in exception to the above definition are:
One designed for control of all of a limited number of a plurality or series of lock operating mechanisms and subordinate to a master key.
A movable impediment to the movement of a bolt or other movable element which may respond to an operating element of corresponding complemental combination, or to a combination of movements to be so disposed as to provide an unimpeded path of movement of the bolt or other movable element.
A fixed impediment in the path of movement of a key in its normal capacity as a lock operator.
Glossary Terms for Class 72 METAL DEFORMING
An undriven tool which, as disclosed, is designed and intended to react against work with sufficient force to enable an operation of the class type to be effected in some portion of the work. Note. An undriven flat-faced tool is regarded as an gAnvilh, even though work of a specific shape may be deformed into flatness against it.
The act or operation of bringing into juxtaposition or contact a plurality of preforms (self-shape-sustaining objects) and/or joining said preforms, i.e., so treating one or more of them as to restrict their relative mobility. Note. The mere ordering, stacking, or piling of workpieces prior to a metal-deforming operation thereupon, or the similar handling of products, is not regarded as gAssemblyh for the purposes of this class.
That imaginary line used as a center about which the bending of moving work occurs. For convenience in illustrating the application of the term to the deformation of planiform work, three such axes may be considered, all being related to the direction of work movement and to the disposition of a planar nonthickness surface (see Figure III-1). The three axes are defined as follows:
(A) X-Axis is a line both parallel to the direction of movement of the work and parallel to a nonthickness surface thereof.
(B) Y-Axis is a line both perpendicular to the direction of movement of the work (i.e., length) and perpendicular to a nonthickness surface thereof.
(C) Z-Axis is a line both perpendicular to the direction of movement of the work and parallel to a nonthickness surface thereof.
In the case of strand or rodlike work (i.e., wherein a cross section taken transverse to its length shows substantially equal width and thickness), corresponding or analogous axes are used for convenience.
Figure III-2 shows the product partially bent around a Z-Axis to form a transverse bend or the first convolution of a spiral coil.
Figure 111-3 shows the product bent around a Z-Axis and additionally deflected along the Z-Axis-of-Bend, to form a helical-coil from rod.
Figure III-4 shows the operation termed “levelling” wherein each successive work portion is deflected in alternation about a plurality or parallel Z-Axes, whereby each portion travels through an undulating path.
Figure III-5 shows the side margins of the work bent around the X-Axis to form a trough. Further bending of the side margins obviously form a tube.
A discrete piece of material which is intended to be subjected to an operation of the class type.
A mechanism, incorporated in a metal-deforming device, intended to grip a blank prior to and during deformation thereof. (Often arranged to permit a desired amount of slippage of said blank in response to the application of deforming force thereto, thereby modifying the effect of the metal-deforming tools). See gClamph.
(DIE CAVITY) A passageway closed at one end; a chamber or blind hole having at least one work-shape-imposing portion of closed perimeter definable in a plane normal to the direction of relative motion of a co-acting tool or work forcer, or of the disclosed flow of work. See gOrificeh and gPassagewayh.
(See gWork-Gripping Clamph and compare gBlank Holderh).
To loosen, separate, or remove from the surface of metal a spot or layer of any substance generally distinguishable from the work material without intended redimensioning of said material.
A tool* which comprises a work-shape-imposing orifice*, cavity*, or passageway*. (See diagrams under subclasses 276, 327, 350, and 360 for examples of gClosed Dieh).
The product of an operation in which work is bent so that it surrounds an Axis-Of-Bend* through more than 360 degrees of revolution. As used in this class, the operation involves moving the work and progressively deflecting successive portions thereof in the same general direction which is arcuate with respect to the direction of movement of the work. Note. To produce a SPIRAL-COIL, the work is bent by deflection and wound, one convolution on a successive convolution, to form a scroll of gradually increasing diameter. Note. To produce a HELICAL-COIL, the work if deflected as described above, but an additional deflection or diversion is imposed on successive convolutions. The additional deflection is directed along the Axis-Of-Bend*. The additional component of bend is measured in terms of pitch, which term is used here in the same sense as applied to a screw or helix.
To start, or to modify the operating condition of, any portion of a work-treating or handling device Note. gStoppingh is ordinarily regarded as an aspect of gControlh, but is separately treated in this class in accordance with the class schedule. See subclasses 1+.
To separate any portion of a workpiece from any other portion of the same workpiece by a step of machining (e.g., grinding, drilling, boring, milling, planing), severing (e.g., breaking, sawing, slicing, shearing), or by intrusion of a sharp-edged or pointed tool without removal of material (e.g., stabbing, splitting, intrusive punching). See gSeverh and gPierceh.
An element of instrumentality which engages successively presented portions of moving work and forces said portions from a first path of motion into a second and different path of motion. Note. The gDeflectorh may comprise a single deflecting surface forcing all portions of work in a single direction, or a plurality of elements acting differently upon different portions of work.
A metal-deforming tool* which, as disclosed, has a shaping or reshaping function with regard to the portion(s) of work engaged by it. Note. For the purposes of this class, a gDieh may be regarded as a tool which leaves or impresses its characteristic mark on the engaged face portion of work. The mark may be a three-dimensional imprint of the die face (see gTool Faceh), or may simply be the trace or track left by passage of the gDieh while in forcible engagement with the work, with or without accompanying deformation in other portions of the work. If the tool-engaged face of the work remains unaltered in shape or position, the tool is regarded as an anvil*; if altered in position only, the tool in question is a work-forcer*. See gAnvilh, gClosed Dieh. gToolh, and gWork- Forcerh.
A tool*, other than a roller, having a tool face which, as disclosed, engages and acts upon bodily moving work while itself moving substantially in the same direction and at the same speed as such work.
Material or article of indeterminate length having exterior and interior surfaces extending in the length dimension; each surface, as viewed in a cross section normal to the length dimension, showing an unbroken periphery; the interior surface of which is intended to be treated by a metal-deforming tool of limited length.
The material subjected to an operation of the class type; an elemental metal or alloy of mixture thereof in self-shape-sustaining state (i.e., not molten, gaseous, or powdered); metal as the term is employed in Class 29, Metal Working, and Class 148, Metal Treatment.
A closed perimeter opening or aperture extending directly through the thickness of a plate or wall and constituting (1) the mouth of a chamber, or (2) an interconnection between the regions of space at either side of a plate or wall of substantial lateral extent. A passageway* of such short length that it has only one effective work-shape-imposing portion.
A conduit or path (especially for guiding and restraining the plastic flow of metal), having at least one shape-imposing portion of closed perimeter definable in a plane normal to the axis of the conduit. Note. A passageway is usually open at each end; the term may, however be applied to a blind hole which, by disclosure, does not become completely and forcibly filled with work during an operation of the class type. Note. A passageway is capable of imposing more than one shape on work; it may be regarded as a sequence of orifices, e.g., for drawing or extruding a twisted product of noncircular cross section.
To stab or penetrate by a pointed, conical, or wedgelike tool, as distinguished from punching (shearing) by coacting-edged tools.
Three or more relatively movable tools* which are effective in any combination to perform operations of the class type on one or more discrete pieces of work, of which tools less than the total number are in actual contact with the same piece of work at the same time. For example: (1) tool couples* located at spaced tool stations in a plural tool station machine, if they act on distinct workpieces, or noncurrently on portions of integrally connected work material, and (2) two movable tools alternately engaging a workpiece resting upon an anvil, each tool retracting before the other tool touches the work.
The object or material after an operation of the class type has been performed thereon. Note. The gProducth of one operation is properly denoted as gWorkh for a subsequent operation.
A deforming instrumentality having a work- engaging, work-deforming peripheral surface which is generated by a line revolving about an axis, said instrumentality being disclosed as revolving about said axis so that successive peripheral portions thereof cyclically move into and out of contact with a work surface during deformation of the work, relative movement occurring, during deformation, between said axis and the work surface along a direction parallel to the work surface, thereby producing a relative rolling motion between the roller surface and the work surface as contrasted with sliding motion (i.e., the surfaces move in the same direction at substantially the same linear speed). Note. The generating line of the peripheral surface may have any continuous profile (e.g., straight, curved, or irregular), and the line may have any desired inclination, other than at right angles, relative to the axis. Thus, to be considered a gRollerh, any and all cross sections taken at right angles to the axis must show a circular work-engaging periphery. Note. A hollow member wherein the interior surface is generated and used as described is also considered to be a gRollerh. Note. A plurality of tools rotatable about the same axis in the same direction and at the same rotational speed is considered to be a single gRollerh in the environment described herein.
A group of three or more rollers* disposed relatively to one another and to the work* such that the work passes between the rollers with a peripheral surface portion of each roller engaging a surface portion of the work, the engaged surface portions being substantially coextensive in the direction of movement of the work, and the rollers simultaneously deforming the work.
A group of two coacting rollers* disposed opposite one another such that work passes therebetween, the adjacent peripheral surfaces of both rollers simultaneously engaging opposite sides, or opposed surfaces portions, of the work passing between the rollers and thus deforming that work.
A deforming instrumentality having a work- engaging, work-deforming tool surface with some, but not all, of the characteristics of a roller*. Note. Usually (a) the surface is generated by a line revolving about an axis (thus the tool looks like a roller), but the relative movement of the axis and work produces a sliding motion of tool surface relative to work surface; or (b) the relative movement of the tool axis and the work produces a rolling motion of tool surface on work surface (thus the tool acts like a roller), but the surface is not formed as a roller (e.g., the tool surface is rough, or gearlike, or recessed).
To forcibly part or separate a discrete portion from a body of material. See gCuth.
A piece or an indeterminate length of material from which a plurality of blanks* or products* may be made (usually in linear sequence).
A tangible instrumentality having a surface portion which is designed and intended to engage or react against work with sufficient force to effect an operation of the class type. Note. A core, mandrel, anvil, or the like, which may be gpassiveh in the sense of supplying only reaction force is included in this definition. The tool may be either transitory or enduring; it may be destroyed in a single use.
A device for holding a tool* (a) against the force of gravity, and/or (b) in cooperative relationship with another tool(s) or the work, and wherein the tool moves with respect to the device. For example, a stationary axle on which a roller* rotates is a gTool Carrierh because of the relative movement; however, a shaft to which a roller is keyed so that both rotate together is not a carrier, whereas the bearing in which the shaft rotates is a gTool Carrierh in this instance.
Three or more relatively movable tools* which are in simultaneous contact with the same work at some instant during a metal-deforming operation. Note. Typically, either all active tools are concurrently actuated, or a tool couple deforms work and remains in contact therewith while a third, fourth, etc., tool advances into deforming contact with the thus restrained work. Note. The deformation effected by a gTool Complexh is generally greater in degree and/or more elaborate in detail than can be accomplished by repeated operations of a tool couple*, or the successive strokes of a plural tool set*. Note. A gTool Complexh may accomplish two or more seemingly distinct operations (e.g., simultaneously flanging opposite edges of a sheet). In many such instances, some advantage is gained over the use of plural tool sets (e.g., balanced forces on work may permit the use of lighter clamping structure or the elimination of a work-holding device, and the simultaneous tool actions may enable closer control of dimensions).
Two tools which are so related in position and relative motion that when both are engaged with the same work they cooperate to effect an operation of the class type. See gTool Complexh.
The surface portion(s) of a tool body which actually engage work at some time during an operation of the class type. Note. gTool Faceh is distinguishable from supporting, interconnecting, spacing, or surrounding surface portions which do not engage work during normal or disclosed operation. Disclosure of the tool operation is thus necessary for identification of the gTool Faceh proper, as is consideration for placement in subclasses 380+ (offset tool faces) or subclasses 392+ (relatively receding tool faces). (See diagram under subclass 386 for example of a gTool Faceh.)
A Device rigidly attached to a tool and effective to support and/or to transmit actuating force thereto. See gTool Carrierh.
A pipe, hollow cylinder, or hollow rodlike member consisting of a wall shaped in the form of a simple closed curve and extending axially, providing a conduit throughout its length. The wall may vary along its axial length in transverse dimensions and/or shape.
The object or material which is intended to be subjected to an operation of the class type. See gBlankh.
A driven tool which, as disclosed, has the function of forcibly moving work against the resistance of another tool. Note. If the tool also directly deforms the engaged face of the work, it is specifically a die*.
An instrumentality having a plurality of opposed solid jaws or surface elements which are made effective, by movement of one or more of said jaws or surface elements, to grip a portion of work frictionally and to hold it fixedly. Note. Some form of clamp-actuating means is required; a so-called gself-grippingh clamp, which closes upon work in response to initial movement of work, is included. Note. Blank holders or gclampsh, which are intended to allow controlled slippage of work during an operation, are excluded, as constituting gToolsh. See gBlank Holderh.
Altering or actively maintaining some property, characteristic, or condition of work. (Orientation or location of work, or juxtaposition of plural pieces, is not considered to be a property, characteristic, or condition for the purpose of this definition in this class).
Glossary Terms for Class 73 MEASURING AND TESTING
The strength or energy exerted upon or brought to bear or the cause of motion or change in motion or a state of rest.
The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.
A turning or twisting force or a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion.
The transference of energy that is produced by motion at the point of application of force which is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point of application in the line of action.
The strength or energy exerted upon or brought to bear or the cause of motion or change in motion or a state of rest.
The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.
A turning or twisting force or a force that produces or tend to produce rotation or torsion.
The transference of energy that is produced by motion at the point of application of force which is measured by multiplying the force and the displacement of its point of application in the line of action.
That structure which physically contacts the source to separate it into sample and residue portions.
The portion of the source that remains after the sample is removed.
The material or bulk from which the sample is removed.
A portion of material which is physically separated from the source.
A complete sampling system includes a capture device, a transport or handling means, and a receiver.
Glossary Terms for Class 74 MACHINE ELEMENT OR MECHANISM
The intermittent movement along a path, first in one direction and then in the opposite along such path.
Alternating motion of less than 360 degrees along an arcuate path.
Alternating motion along a straight-line path.
The turning of a rigid body about an internal axis such that a point on the body travels through an arcuate path, about the axis, having an extent of 360 degrees or more.
Glossary Terms for Class 75 SPECIALIZED METALLURGICAL PROCESSES, COMPOSITIONS FOR USE THEREIN, CONSOLIDATED METAL POWDER COMPOSITIONS, AND LOOSE METAL PARTICULATE MIXTURES
A metal of the group Actinium (Ac), Thorium (Th), Protactinium (Pa), Uranium (U), Neptunium (Np), Plutonium (Pu), Americium (Am), Curium (Cm), Berkelium (Bk), Californium (Cf), Einsteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md), Nobelium (No), and Lawrencium (Lr).
A metal of the group Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr).
A metal of the group Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra).
A union, possessing metallic properties of two or more metallic elements or of nonmetallic element (s) and metallic elements(s) which are not pure compounds and which are miscible with each other, which at least to a certain extent when molten forms a more or less homogeneous liquid having a metallic matrix and which does not separate into distinct layers when solid. Such combinations when solidified from a melt may consist of mechanical mixtures, entectics, entectoids, solid solutions, or in part of chemical compounds one or more of which may exist at the same time. Intermetallic compounds are considered alloys for purposes of classification. Note. The term galloyh when used in the various definitions of Class 75 is considered to include a gmetallic compositionh (q.v.) of the type that is found in Class 420.
The use of a liquid metal to collect, to alloy, or to adhere a desired free metal without melting the desired free metal with heat.
A metal which is present in an amount of over 50% by weight in an alloy.
A device having passages in its bottom (i.e., tuyeres) through which a gas containing gaseous Oxygen (e.g., air, etc.) is passed upwardly through molten metal or molten metalliferous material (e.g., matte, etc.) to treat the metal or material.
A type of shaft furnace specifically designed to reduce metal compounds (e.g., ore, etc.) to elemental metal using a combustible solid reductant (e.g., coke, etc.). The furnace is designed to operate continuously for a long period of time, with solid reductant, metal compound, and any other desired solid additive (e.g., flux, etc.) being continuously or periodically added at the top of the furnace and the resulting molten metal and by-product slag being continuously or periodically tapped from the bottom of the furnace. A gas containing gaseous Oxygen (e.g., air, etc.) is preheated (usually by the exhaust gas) and is injected into the furnace through tuyeres above the molten metal and slag level.
A process of recovering a free metal from solution wherein a more electropositive free metal displaces a less electropositive metal from solution as a free metal while the more electropositive metal goes into solution in ionic form.
To form into a compact mass.
A furnace in which the material to be heated is placed in a refractory container, the container is covered with a lid, and the covered container is heated in a furnace. The material is heated solely by heat conducted through the walls of the crucible.
A shaft furnace primarily designed to melt metal by use of a solid fuel charged with the metal. A gas containing gaseous Oxygen (e.g., air) is blown into the bottom of the furnace to burn the fuel and cause the metal to melt from the heat of combustion.
DISPLACEMENT REACTION FOR METALS
In the reaction A + BC = AC + B, the metal A, being more positive than the metal B, is oxidized. The displacement series or electromotive series for metals in decreasing order of their negative potentials is: (negative) Vanadium (V), Tungsten (W), Molybdenum (Mo), Gold (Au), Osmium (Os), Platinum (Pt), Iridium (Ir), Tantalum (Ta), Palladium (Pd), Ruthenium (Ru), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth(Bi), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Titanium (Ti), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Germanium (Ge), Zirconium (Zr), Cerium (Ce), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Thallium (Tl), Niobium (Nb), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Uranium (U), Gadolinium (Gd), Indium (In), Gallium (Ga), Aluminum (Al), Rare Earth Metals, Beryllium (Be), Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y), Magnesium (Mg), Lithium (Li), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) (positive).
A bed of solid particles with gas flowing upward through the particles with sufficient velocity to keep the particles suspended and in motion in the gas without blowing them bodily out of the top of the bed. The suspended particles act much like a fluid.
The suspension of solid in gas. This may be in a fluidized bed (q.v.) or in any other system (such as a conduit) where solids are suspended in a gas.
An element of the group Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and Astatine (At).
A metal other than a light metal (q.v.).
A somewhat inexact term for processes involving solution in water or other liquid in which metalliferous material or metal is treated to prepare free metal, to purify, or to refine free metal, or to prepare intermediate materials more suitable for use in preparing free metal (e.g., extracting, leaching, beneficiating, etc.).
An element of the group Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni).
A metal of the group Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Th), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lutetium (Lu).
A metal of the group Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra), Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), and Aluminum (Al).
Element other than nonmetal (q.v.).
A composition which contains a continuous phase of metal and no continuous phase of nonmetal.
A furnace in which the material to be heated is placed in an enclosed section (the muffle), which protects the material from the combustion products of the furnace. The material is heated by heat conducted through the walls of the muffle.
An element of the group Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (X), and Radon (Rn).
A metal of the group Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rd), Palladium (Pd), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Silver (Ag), and Gold (Au).
An element of the group Hydrogen (H), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus(P), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rd). (1) Note. For subclasses 228+ Silicon is considered to be a metal.
An element of the group Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd).
Synonym for Noble Metal (q.v.).
A somewhat inexact term for processes carried out at relatively high temperatures, usually in furnaces, in which metalliferous material or metal is treated to prepare free metal, to purify or to refine free metal, or to prepare intermediate materials more suitable for use in preparing free metal (e.g., smelting, bessemerizing, roasting of ores, etc.).
An element of the group Technetium (Tc), Promethium (Pm), Polonium (Po), Astatine (At), Radon (Rn), Francium (Fr), Radium (Ra), Actinium (Ac), Thorium (Th), Protactinium (Pa), Uranium (U), Neptunium (Np), Plutonium (Pu), Americium (Am), Curium (Cm), Berkelium (Bk), Californium (Cf), Einsteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md), Nobelium (No), Lawrencium (Lr), Unnilquadium (Unq), Unnipentium (Unp), and Unnilhexium (Unh).
An element of the group Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lutetium (Lu).
A metal of the group Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), Hafnium (Hf), Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb) or Columbium (Cb), Tantalum (Ta), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), and Tungsten (W).
An enclosed furnace in which the material to be heated is placed in the bottom of the furnace and gaseous fuel is burned over the top of the material or the flame or combustion products from burning solid fuel separately from the material to be heated are reflected by the top of the furnace and passed over the material. Types of reverberatory furnace are the Siemen-Martin furnace, the open hearth furnace, and the puddling furnace.
An approximately cylindrical apparatus which rotates on its axis in operation. The axis is horizontal or inclined less than 45 degrees from horizontal. Usually, the axis is slightly inclined from horizontal. In operation the kiln rotates substantially continuously in one direction.
Discarded waste metal suitable for reprocessing.
A vertical approximately cylindrical apparatus in which material to be treated is passed downwardly through the shaft while it is heated in any manner. In this class the material treated in the furnace is usually either reduced to free metal or melted or both.
See the beginning of the Glossary section for a list of synonyms of names of metal elements used in this class (mostly obsolete).
A metal of the group Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb) or Columbium (Cb), Molybdenum (Mo), Technetium (Tc), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu), Hafnium (Hf), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Actinium (Ac), Thorium (Th), Protactinium (Pd), Uranium (U), Neptunium (Np), Plutonium (Pu), Americium (Am), Curium (Cm), Berkelium (Bk), Californium (Cf), Einesteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md), Nobelium (No), Lawrencium (Lr), Unnilquadium (Unq), Unnilpentium (Unp), and Unnilhexium (Unh).
A vertical, generally cylindrical, vessel closed at the bottom and heated externally so that the contents are heated only by heat conduced through the retort walls. Often a product is volatilized from the retort and collected in another container.
Glossary Terms for Class 81 TOOLS
The manipulation of handles relative to each other, so as to move jaws to engage work, within the limits of a predetermined range of jaw movement. (See the definition of gRANGEh hereunder).
The changing of structural relationships between members constituting the tool so as to vary the limits of jaw movement from one predetermined range to another. (See the definition of gRANGEh hereunder).
A member which is gripped by the hand of the operator to which member one of the jaws is fixedly attached at least during the actuation of the jaws.
A hand-gripped element connected to a handle-member and to a movable jaw as by pivot, link or motion-converting means, which hand-gripped element actuates the movable jaw.
The generic term for either a handle-member or a handle-lever where no distinction between the two members is necessary.
An element carrying at least one work engaging surface, two or more of such elements engaging and holding the workpiece.
First means connecting the jaws movably to each other, second means for connecting at least one of the jaws movably to the handles, and third means connecting the handles movably to each other; said first, second and third means (either singly or in combination with each other) converting handle manipulation into relative jaw motion. The joint mechanism may consist, for example, of a common first, second and third means as for example in Patent No. 2,325,035; or a common second and third means as for example in a pair of cross-handled pliers.
The extent of movement of the jaws relative to each other, unobstructed by the work to be engaged or by contact of the jaw surfaces, which movement is effected by manipulation of the handles from one extreme position of the handles to the other extreme position of the handles relative to each other. The range is predetermined by the structural relationships between the elements constituting the tool. To illustrate: assuming that the movement of the handles between extremes of handle positions effects a jaw movement of one inch, the one inch dimension equals the range, which range is the same even though the device may be adjusted so that in one instance the jaws move from a zero gap position (closed) to a one inch gap or in another instance from a one-half inch gap to an inch-and-one-half gap. The shift described is defined as adjustment; the manipulation of the handles to effect the one inch of jaw movement is defined as actuation.
A linkage including at least two links, pitmans, bars or struts, and at least three pivots, the end of one link being connected to the end of the other link by a pivot common to both links, each of said links also having a pivot at the end remote from the common pivot, which common pivot or intermediate pivot is movable from a position not in a straight line with the other two pivots, to a position substantially in line by a force applied to the intermediate pivot in a direction substantially normal to one of the links thereby moving at least one of the two pivots away from the other. At least one of said links is articulated at both ends and is not integral with either a jaw or a handle. The intermediate pivot is on the handle-lever or is connected to the handle-lever by a linkage or lever system between said intermediate pivot and the handle-lever, so that force is applied to the intermediate pivot by manipulation of the handle-lever.
Glossary Terms for Class 83 CUTTING
A tool comprising a smooth-faced, imperforate member, the smooth face having the purpose of contacting the work and providing a reaction surface against which a relatively movable tool may abut in its work penetrating movement.
A mechanism for sensing a physical property or characteristic of, or the presence or absence or passage of, the work or the product or a movable element of a machine; which mechanism effects a signal or impulse as a result of such sensing. The signal or impulse is sent through a transmitter, (see definition of gtransmitterh below) and effects or initiates the functioning of a machine part or assembly controlled by the detector.
Moving with the work material. The term gflyingh means that the part so described has, at the time of cutting, a motion component in the direction of the work as it moves to and through the cutting station.
Passive means to direct the movement of something (e.g., work, product, machine part) in a desired path. (Note: although a guide may be movable for the purpose of adjustment, yet it accomplishes its directing function by presenting an obstacle to movement in an undesired direction, rather than by causing the directed thing or part to move with it).
The cutting of a discrete product from a workpiece through the thickness of the workpiece with the line of cut starting at an edge of the workpiece and returning to the same edge. The edge of the workpiece may be either an exterior edge or an interior edge. A cut which extends solely along a single straight line is not considered to be a notching cut.
Material which has been treated by the cutting tool; the result of a cutting operation. (Note: material which is gproducth for one cutting operation may be gworkh for an ensuing operation).
The cutting of a discrete product out of the confines of a workpiece through the thickness of the workpiece so that the cut does not intersect any edge (exterior or interior) of the workpiece.
Cutting effected by the relative motion of two cutting tools having edges which are initially on opposite sides of the work with the cutting taking place by one tool moving towards the other tool and the edge on the moving tool moving past and in close and overlapping relationship to the edge of the other tool.
The instrumentality that contacts the work for effecting directly the operation of the class either by itself or by cooperation with another tool.
The elapsed time between, and all of the motion traced by the tool between, the time the tool leaves any particular datum point in its approach to (or recession from) the work until it again leaves that point in its next succeeding approach to (or recession from) the work, the location of such datum point for a series of recurring cycles being determined without giving significance to mere positioning movements of the tool with respect to the work (Note: positioning movements of the tool are considered to be part of the cycle of motions constituting the tool cycle, and the time they occupy is part of the span of the cycle. They are disregarded only for the purpose of establishing the datum point of one cycle with respect to that of a preceding or succeeding cycle).
A plurality of tools, each having a work contacting portion, said portions being initially separated from each other and cooperating to effect cutting of the work when they have relative movement toward each other.
The motion of the tool toward and into the work to effect a cut, and the motion of retraction of the tool from the product to its base position.
An element connected to the tool for supporting it against gravity and that partakes of all of the movement of the tool and has no relative movement with respect to the tool except for purposes of adjustment.
A system for sending the signal or impulse which has been effected by a detector (see definition of gdetectorh above) to a means for establishing (in response to receipt of such signal or impulse) a driving connection between a source of power and a machine part or assembly; or sending such signal or impulse to a mart or assembly directly (as by a linkage).
Article, material, or stuff to be treated (cut). (Compare gproducth).
An instrumentality for advancing work to the treating (cutting) zone.
In general, the least dimension along a substantially planar outer surface of work. As to hollow workpieces, the thickness dimension at an annular section is taken as the wall thickness; at a solid section, it is the thickness of the entire workpiece as though it were not hollow. The thickness dimension of a strand is defined as follows: (a) as to those of circular, triangular or elliptical cross-section, by any line passing through the strand from surface point to surface point, (b) as to those of other polygonal cross-section, by any line passing through the strand from one outer surface to a nonintersecting outer surface. As to spheres a line extending through the sphere from one point on the surface to another is deemed to define the thickness dimension. As to all other shapes of work pieces, thickness is not considered significant for the purpose of this classification. Throughout the definitions of subclasses herein below, the appearance of an asterisk (*) will indicate a word or term which has been defined in this section. However, the words gproducth, gtoolh, and gworkh, defined in this section, occur so frequently in the subclass definitions, that the use of the asterisk in reference thereto has been omitted.
Glossary Terms for Class 91 MOTORS: EXPANSIBLE CHAMBER TYPE
A rigid external member which permanently surrounds the piston, the latter constituting a relatively moving wall for the expansible chamber, the other walls of which are formed by the cylinder, and the cylinder ordinarily including the abutment or reaction surface against which the motive fluid acts or the piston forming the abutment for the cylinder when the cylinder is movable and the piston fixed. However, the abutment or reaction surface for the piston need not necessarily be formed by the cylinder, but may be formed by a second relatively movable opposed piston within the cylinder. If the piston withdraws from the cylinder merely to control the motive fluid, the piston is still considered to be permanently surrounded by the cylinder.
Means which comprises or includes a part which is movable relative to the working member of a cyclically operable motor to control a motive fluid port or passage in such a manner as to cyclically control inlet and/or exhaust flow of motive fluid to or from the motor. The distributor need not entirely cut off the motive fluid flow, but may cyclically control the amount of flow (i.e., throttling).
The fluid (expansible or inexpansible) which is introduced into or withdrawn from a working chamber of the motor to cause the working member to move. The term gmotive fluidh applies to the fluid from the point of origin to the point of disposal. Fluid which is withdrawn from the motive fluid supply to perform some other motor function, such as motor valve operation, is still considered to be motive fluid even though said fluid never enters the working chamber of the motor. Atmospheric air which acts upon the working member of a vacuum motor is not considered to be motive fluid unless the atmospheric air is controlled in some manner, as by valving. In a vacuum motor the fluid which is evacuated from the working chamber is considered to be exhaust motive fluid and the atmospheric air, if controlled, is considered to be inlet motive fluid.
A chamber of the motor which expands and contracts incident to movement of the working member, and which is neither expanded nor contracted to do work by fluid supplied to or evacuated from said chamber.
A chamber into which motive fluid is introduced or from which motive fluid is withdrawn (vacuum) to cause the working member to move to perform work, the chamber expanding or contracting incident to the movement of the working member. A chamber of a vacuum motor to which atmospheric air has free ingress and egress without any control thereof is not a working chamber. However, a chamber of a vacuum motor in which atmospheric air acts and some control is exercised over the atmospheric air is a working chamber.
A movable wall of the expansible chamber to which motive fluid is applied or to which atmospheric air is applied in the case of vacuum motor, said wall moving as a result of the application of the motive fluid and in so moving doing work for utilization by means other than the motor or some part thereof. In a reciprocating motor this term is generic to both a moving piston and a moving cylinder. The working member is considered to include the movable wall to which motive fluid is applied as well as all parts which are rigid therewith, e.g., piston rod, etc. However, a pair of separate movable walls disposed in separate working chambers (i.e., chambers which are not in fluid communication during at least some part of the operation of the motor), even though rigidly connected together, are considered to be plural working members if the application of motive fluid thereto urges both walls in the same direction. A working member has a single working surface which surface may have two or more relatively movable faces so long as adjacent faces are always an extension of each other, e.g., flexible diaphragm or bellows, etc.
Glossary Terms for Class 92 EXPANSIBLE CHAMBER DEVICES
A rigid external member which permanently surrounds the piston, the latter constituting a relatively moving wall for the expansible chamber, the other walls of which are formed by the cylinder, and the cylinder ordinarily including the abutment or reaction surface against which the motive fluid acts, or the piston forming the abutment for the cylinder when the cylinder is movable and the piston fixed. However, the abutment or reaction surface for the piston need not necessarily be formed by the cylinder but may be formed by a second relatively movable opposed piston within the cylinder.
The end face of the piston consists of the portion thereof which is opposite the abutment of reaction surface of the cylinder and which is adapted to contact the working fluid.
Any space within a part of an expansible chamber device which is not designed to receive working fluid for acting upon the working member, or for being acted upon by the working member.
A working member which has relative sliding sealing engagement with the encompassing wall of a cylinder type working chamber. The principal parts of a piston consist of an end face portion and a side wall portion which are defined as follows:
The side wall of the piston consists of that portion which is opposite the wall of the cylinder which slidably engages the piston.
The space in an expansible chamber device which includes the working member and which is adapted to receive working fluid for acting upon the working member, or for being acted upon by the working member.
The fluid which is admitted into or withdrawn from the expansible chamber to effect movement of the working member, or the fluid which is either drawn into or expelled from the expansible chamber responsive to movement of the working member.
The wall portion of the expansible chamber of an expansible chamber device which is acted upon by the working fluid to be moved thereby to change the volume of the chamber and produce a mechanical force output, or which, having a mechanical force applied thereto is moved to change the volume of the chamber to either draw fluid into or expel fluid from the chamber. The term includes the movable wall portion and any part which is immovably fixed thereto (e.g., piston rod).
Glossary Terms for Class 95 GAS SEPARATION: PROCESSES
The term gdetect,h which is used in many of the control subclasses, is used in both a quantitative and a qualitative sense. This means that a definite measurement of a process variable is made (e.g., temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) or that the presence of a particular event is determined (e.g., presence of sparking, change in liquid level determined by position of float, etc.).
An article or mass of material made of closely spaced or intimately arranged intermeshed or unconnected fibers, elements, strands, or particles that collectively act as a barrier to physically retain at least one constituent of a fluid mixture on its surfaces or in the spaces between the fibers, elements, strands, or particles while permitting passage of the remaining constituents. A filter has no gchemicalh affinity for a constituent of a fluid mixture. The retention of the constituent by the filter depends upon a mechanical entrapment of solid or liquid particles because of their relatively large size compared with the interstices or spaces between individual fibers, elements, strands, or particles. The retained particles can be removed by brushing, wiping, shaking, or similar mechanical action.
The phrase gfluid mixtureh is used throughout the definitions to mean (a) a gas and solid or liquid particles entrained therein, (b) a liquid and gas entrained therein, or (c) a plurality of gases.
Matter of very low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, that is readily diffusive, with a tendency to expand indefinitely, with molecules in free movement. The term ggash includes gvaporh (q.v.).
The phrase ggaseous fluid mixtureh is used throughout the definitions to mean (a) a gas and solid or liquid particles entrained therein or (b) a plurality of gases.
A liquid capable of retaining part of a fluid mixture with which it is contacted. The action in most cases is that of selective retention (i.e., the sorbent removes only that part of the fluid mixture for which it has the greatest affinity).
Restoration of the separatory material to the condition it was in before the separatory process.
The entire gas separating means, which consists of all of the apparatus parts related to gas separation and includes apparatus parts that are in addition to the separator.
Liquid sorbent or means that effects the separation into constituent parts (e.g., deflector, filter, molecular sieve, sorber, etc.). (Media has been used in the singular and in the plural.)
The portion of the apparatus that consists of a separating medium and the structure supporting, retaining, or substantially confining the separating medium.
A solid sorbent is a solid material which separates a constituent (e.g., a gas, vapor, etc.) from a fluid mixture containing such constituents in a gquasi-chemicalh manner. The action in most instances is that of selective retention (i.e., the sorbent removes only the part of the fluid mixture for which it has the greatest affinity). The retained constituent cannot be removed by shaking, brushing, or similar mechanical action, but generally can be removed by heating, pressure reduction, or use of a stripping or denuding fluid.
(a) With respect to the class subject matter, the term is restricted to reversible and nonchemical changes in physical characteristics of the fluid mixture or a separated constituent (e.g., heating, cooling, humidity control, agitating, pressure regulation, etc.). (b) With respect to the media used to perform the gas separation or to a material used to condition the fluid mixture for separation, the term may include chemical preparation, reconditioning, or reaction.
The gaseous state of matter that is liquid or solid under a temperature of 0‹C and 760 mm Hg pressure.
Glossary Terms for Class 96 GAS SEPARATION: APPARATUS
CHARGE GAS, GAS, OR SYSTEM FLUID
(Terms used in Class 55 subclass titles and definitions). These terms are used synonymously and mean the inlet mixture of gas carrying therein solids or fluids, the mixture during separation, or a gaseous constituent after separation.
The term gdetect,h which is used in many of the control subclasses, is used in both a quantitative and a qualitative sense. This means that a definite measurement of a process variable is made (e.g., temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) or that the presence of a particular event is determined (e.g., presence of sparking, change in liquid level determined by position of float, etc.).
An article or mass of material made of closely spaced or intimately arranged intermeshed or unconnected fibers, elements, strands, or particles that collectively act as a barrier to physically retain at least one constituent of a fluid mixture on its surfaces or in the spaces between the fibers, elements, strands, or particles while permitting passage of the remaining constituents. A filter has no gchemicalh affinity for a constituent of a fluid mixture. The retention of the constituent by the filter depends upon a mechanical entrapment of solid or liquid particles because of their relatively large size compared with the interstices or spaces between individual fibers, elements, strands, or particles. The retained particles can be removed by brushing, wiping, shaking, or similar mechanical action.
The phrase gfluid mixtureh is used throughout the definitions to mean (a) a gas and solid or liquid particles entrained therein, (b) a liquid and gas entrained therein, or (c) a plurality of gases.
Matter of very low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction, with changes in pressure and temperature, that is readily diffusive, with a tendency to expand indefinitely, with molecules in free movement. The term ggash includes gvaporh (q.v.).
The phrase ggaseous fluid mixtureh is used throughout the definitions to mean (a) a gas and solid or liquid particles entrained therein or (b) a plurality of gases.
A liquid capable of retaining part of a fluid mixture with which it is contacted. The action in most cases is that of selective retention (i.e., the sorbent removes only that part of the fluid mixture for which it has the greatest affinity).
Restoration of the separatory material to the condition it was in before the separatory process.
The entire gas separating means, which consists of all of the apparatus parts related to gas separation and includes apparatus parts that are in addition to the separator.
Liquid sorbent or means that effects the separation into constituent parts (e.g., deflector, filter, molecular sieve, sorber, etc.). (Media has been used in the singular and in the plural.)
The portion of the apparatus that consists of a separating medium and the structure supporting, retaining, or substantially confining the separating medium.
A solid sorbent is a solid material which separates a constituent (e.g., a gas, vapor, etc.) from a fluid mixture containing such constituents in a gquasi-chemicalh manner. The action in most instances is that of selective retention (i.e., the sorbent removes only the part of the fluid mixture for which it has the greatest affinity). The retained constituent cannot be removed by shaking, brushing, or similar mechanical action, but generally can be removed by heating, pressure reduction, or use of a stripping or denuding fluid.
(a) With respect to the class subject matter, the term is restricted to reversible and nonchemical changes in physical characteristics of the fluid mixture or a separated constituent (e.g., heating, cooling, humidity control, agitating, pressure regulation, etc.). (b) With respect to the media used to perform the gas separation or to a material used to condition the fluid mixture for separation, the term may include chemical preparation, reconditioning, or reaction.
The gaseous state of matter that is liquid or solid under a temperature of 0‹C and pressure of 760 mm Hg.
Glossary Terms for Class 99 FOODS AND BEVERAGES: APPARATUS
The term gaccessh is intended to include a cutting means which (a) makes an incision (usually at a point adjacent either the stem or tip of the food) for the purpose of allowing the same means and/or another means to separate the core-pit* from the interior of the food; or, (b) impales the food (and, the place of entry of the impaling means frequently is used for the same purpose as the incision in (a), immediately above); or, (c) halves the food (and, once the food is ghalvedh, an easier gaccessh is obtained to separate the core-pit, seeds, inner membranes, etc.)
This expression relates to the surface area of food at the location of the natural attachment to the food of the flower or calyx of food such as a cherry or strawberry and may also include a small portion of adjacent skin; the expression is arbitrarily extended to include the tip or root of food such as a turnip or potato.
That portion of an article of food that is located in and around the geometrical center of the food; however, the outer periphery of the core-pit is NOT necessarily equidistant for the outer periphery of the food, (e.g., a generally ellipsoidal gpith in a generally spherical peach). Further, in some varieties of food (e.g., a relatively small variety of apple) a drilling or punch-die type means which may remove a substantially right circular cylinder section, when aligned with the stem-blossom axis of the apple, will usually remove not only the seed pocket but also that portion of the apple containing matter connected to both the stem and blossom ends of the apple. Thus, the core-pit portion may include a central portion only, or a central portion plus a right-circular-cylinder section containing the central portion.
This expression usually precedes the word gmeansh, and is intended to comprehend a gmechanical treatmenth which contacts all or a portion of the core-pit and then severs, tears away, separates, and/or removes the core-pit from the remaining portion of the food.
These expressions are used to indicate that one portion of a naturally occurring article of food is detached or disunited from an immediately adjacent portion of the food without necessarily being spatially separated to a significant extent. For example: rolling, with some slight pressure, a hard-boiled fowl egg will disunite at least part of the bond between the outer shell* and the interior of the egg; however, unless the shell is totally removed, the membrane between the shell and the interior egg portions keeps the shell attached. Thus, at least portions of the shell have been disjoined from the inner portions although the same, or other portions of the shell, have not been spatially separated from the inner portions.
An object that is subject to consumption by an human or animal by chewing or masticating prior to swallowing.
A man-made or naturally-occurring discrete article consumable by animals or humans for nourishment.
This term is interpreted to include those seeds to which the term is ordinarily applied, e.g., wheat, oats, cottonseed, corn, coffee beans, barley, etc., and to exclude larger vegetables such as beets, nuts, potatoes, etc.
These expressions are treated as being species of skin* disjoining*; however, an exception is recognized, as follows: Grain-hulling equates a covering of dirt or similar impurities, with the naturally occurring outer covering of grain*.
To spatially separate significantly one portion of food from another.
A discrete article, constituting a propagative part of a naturally-occurring edible food, usually found in or near the core-pit area. As to human consumption, it is frequently gwasteh; but, as to the reproduction of the species, it is essential.
Shell includes those outer coverings of articles of food which fracture upon impact, as distinguished from those outer coverings that yield upon impact. Prime example of foods having fractile and/or fracturable outer coverings are fowl eggs and nuts.
That portion of the outer periphery of an article of food that is dissimilar with respect to the inner portion of the food in at least one (and usually several) of the following respects: color, consistency, density, firmness, flexibility, hardness, texture (groughh vs. gslickh to the touch), and toughness (resistance or lack of resistance to gtearingh).
This expression relates to the surface area of food at the location of the natural attachment to the food of a stalk, stem, branch, vine or cap that supports an article of food such as a cherry or strawberry and may also include a small portion of the adjacent skin; the expression is arbitrarily extended to include the area of attachment of the sprout, leaf, stalk or foliage of food such as a potato.
This expression is arbitrarily assigned as being generic to the separation of items such as a blossom, leaf, root, tip, or similar portion of a naturally occurring food, in addition to connoting the separation of a stem.
Glossary Terms for Class 100 PRESSES
The disposing of a flexible filament, strand, or band taut and circumferentially closed about material.
The solid substance subjected to compressive force or about which a binder is applied.
Glossary Terms for Class 102 AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES
The term is used to include a detonating, deflagrating, or thermic composition of the type defined in the class definition of Class 149, Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges.
Any object thrown, dropped, projected, or propelled for the purpose of making it damage a target.
A container for holding explosive, research, reconnaissance, or counter measure equipment, animal life, parachute, etc., which is propelled into the air by an explosive means.
Glossary Terms for Class 106 COMPOSITIONS: COATING OR PLASTIC
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
A mixture of the diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid. Lecithin has the following structure, as shown below, wherein the R’s are the same or different, and are acyclic hydrocarbon radicals of at least seven carbon atoms chain length.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
A mixture of the diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid. Lecithin has the following structure [wherein the R"s are the same or different, and are acyclic hydrocarbon radicals of at least seven carbon atoms chain length]:
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
A mixture of the diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid. Lecithin has the following structure [wherein the R’s are the same or different, and are acyclic hydrocarbon radicals of at least seven carbon atoms chain length]:
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
A mixture of the diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid. Lecithin has the following structure [wherein the R’s are the same or different, and are acyclic hydrocarbon radicals of at least seven carbon atoms chain length]:
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group (e.g., lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, behenolic, etc.). Where there are several unbroken chains of carbon atoms bonded to the -C(=O)O- group, one of the chains must contain at least seven carbon atoms.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group (e.g., lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, behenolic, etc.). Where there are several unbroken chains of carbon atoms bonded to the -C(=O)O- group, one of the chains must contain at least seven carbon atoms.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group (e.g., lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, behenolic, etc.). Where there are several unbroken chains of carbon atoms bonded to the -C(=O)O- group, one of the chains must contain at least seven carbon atoms.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
The glyceryl triester (triglyceride) of the same or different higher fatty acids (e.g., oleic, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, etc.) or mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat (e.g., lard, tallow, castor oil, etc.).
Cholesterol esters of higher fatty acids.
Glossary Terms for Class 110 FURNACES
The chemical action resulting from the direct combination of oxygen gas, generally in air, with a combustible material accompanied by the evolution of heat and light.
The structure immediately surrounding the combustion reaction and generally above the fuel (*) or refuse (*) grate and designed to support or promote the combustion reaction.
A combustible material having good combustible properties such as a relatively low ignition temperature, a long burning time, and a minimum of impurities which hinder combustion and used primarily to produce heat.
The combustion of refuse (*) for primary purpose of disposing of that refuse rather than for producing heat.
A gas or liquid which itself does not burn but which is capable of supporting or promoting combustion (i.e., air, steam, or water).
A combustible waste material which is burned for the sole or primary purpose of disposing of that material.
Glossary Terms for Class 112 SEWING
A stitch in which the sewing thread penetrates only one nonthickness surface of a layer or component. See Figure 1.
A distinct unitary element of a composite web or sheet which is longitudinally coextensive therewith and which, if separated from said multi-part web or sheet, would be recognized as a web or sheet by itself.
A component may consist of plural layers as in the folded component shown in Figure 2.
A sheet comprising a plurality of components.
A web comprising a plurality of components.
A stitch in which the sewing thread completely penetrates one or more layers of material and is hidden from view on at least one side of the assembly by a fold of material overlying the stitch. See Figure 3.
A relatively short, slender, flexible element of macroscopic size and finite length and having a width and thickness of the same order magnitude. A fiber is generally of staple length to facilitate being spun, twisted, or otherwise secured together into a composite strand but may be of shorter length requiring bonding, felting, or matting to form a strand or layer. It may be of animal (e.g., wool, rabbit hair); vegetable (e.g., cotton, jute, hemp); or mineral (e.g., asbestos, glass, metal) origin; and may be either natural, modified, or synthetic.
A single thickness of material or materials in the form of a panel, web, or sheet, or a plurality of any of these in side-by-side coplanar relation, or particulate material arranged in continuity to constitute a distinct stratum.
A layer may include a plurality of components as in Figure 4.
The surface of a web, sheet, layer, or component on which both its length and width may be measured. See Figure 5.
A stitch wherein the sewing thread extends thickness-wise across a marginal extremity of one or more layers of material without penetrating side extremity. See Figure 6.
A portion of material of finite perimeter having length and width greater than thickness and (a) having a modification or embellishment of or on the entire periphery thereof or at least two nonadjacent corners, (b) being completely enclosed in an envelope which substantially conforms thereto, or (c) having a boundary shape which is other than rectangle.
A rectangular portion of material of finite length and width which are each greater than its thickness. A piece of material having a peripheral shape other than rectangular will be considered a panel.
A relatively slender and flexible element having a width and thickness of the same order of magnitude and a length which is either (a) indeterminate or (b) coextensive with the length or width of a sheet or layer. A strand may be a monofilament or it may include either a plurality of filaments or fibers disposed in parallelism (e.g., tow) or constituent fibers and/or filaments knitted, plaited, braided, twisted, interlaced, interlocked, or otherwise secured together to form a unit such as roving, thread yarn, cord, rope or cable.
A strand of finite length; or an unsevered but determinate part of a strand.
A web or sheet of relatively narrow ribbon-like material. A strip which is interwoven or intertangled with other strips or strands in the same manner as a strand will be termed a gstrand-like striph.
A portion of material having length and width each greater than its thickness and with at least its longitudinal dimension undetermined. A web may comprise (a) a single thickness of material, (b) a plurality of portions of a single piece of material folded onto each other longitudinally or transversely, or (c) a plurality of individual web components joined together in longitudinally coextensive face or edge contact to form a composite web.
Glossary Terms for Class 117 SINGLE-CRYSTAL, ORIENTED-CRYSTAL, AND EPITAXY GROWTH PROCESSES; NON-COATING APPARATUS THEREFOR
Noncrystalline; having no molecular lattice structure; e.g., glass, liquid.
The surface upon which a coating is formed, except where a surface has been previously coated and a second coating is applied, in which case the initial surface is the base. Contrast with substrate*.
Beryllium aluminum silicate; Be3Al2Si6O18; 3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2; emerald; aquamarine. Usually green.
(From French; ball) A lump of material. In this class the term applies to the raw, single-crystal* product.
Chemical Beam Epitaxy*.
Microcrystalline form of quartz; usually milky or grayish in color.
For purposes of Class 117, chemical reaction is given a broad meaning. The following are included: metathesis; changing the water of hydration; forming intermetallic compounds from constituent elements or from alloys; forming compound semiconductor material from constituent elements; forming ions (ionization) or ionized plasma. Not included are: dissolution of a compound and solidification (e.g. crystallization) of the same compound; a change of phase (e.g., amorphous to single-crystal*); change of crystal phase or form (e.g., face centered cubic to body centered cubic).
Beryllium aluminate; BeO.Al2O3; cat"s eye; alexandrite; optionally with up to about 10 wt% chromium oxide and titanium oxide.
Natural aluminum oxide; Al2O3; sometimes with intended small amounts of cobalt (green), chromium (red; i.e., ruby), iron (yellow), magnesium, or silica; synthetic emery.
A vessel for containing a molten material. The crucible may be of the same material as the molten material and may ultimately become molten.
Microscopic crystalline structure, indistinguishable to the naked eye.
The interface between a crystal and its surroundings; e.g., another crystal, air.
Coherent Superlattice.
Coherent Tilted Superlattice.
Chemical Vapor Deposition. CVD may be employed to produce single-crystal*, polycrystal, or amorphous material. See also MOCVD.
Abbreviation for Czochralski. J. Czochralski was the Polish inventor of the basic single crystal pulling method (1918) bearing his name.
Al2O3.H2O; a natural hydrous aluminum oxide; HAlO2.
A desired material intentionally present in an amount insufficient to satisfy the lattice unit cell, which may be present interstitially or by occupying crystal lattice positions substitutionally.
The process of introducing a dopant* into a material.
Edge-Defined Film-Fed Growth. Also abbreviated as EDFG and EFG.
Formation of a single-crystal* on a substrate* (which acts as a seed*) or the product of such a process. Usually, the formed crystal bears a definite crystallos:graphic relationship to the substrate*. Typically, the term applies to coating or layer formation when the width and length are substantially larger than the height and when the substrate* remains as a significant or integral part of the product in use.
MFe2O4, where M = divalent metal (or mixtures thereof) and having the cubic lattice structure.
Field Effect Transistor.
Term applied to crystals having the same complicated cubic structure as mineral garnets or beryl, but usually without the silicon; e.g., yttrium-iron, Y3Fe5O12. Other variations include substituting part of the yttrium and/or iron with valence-equivalent metals.
A process or operation that reduces or removes impurities or defects from a region either by complete removal (e.g., volatilization) or by transporting them to another region.
Gadolinium Gallium Garnet. Composite oxide compound Gd3Ga5O12. Useful as substrate in magnetic bubble domain memory and as man-made gemstones.
The precursor immediately next to the growing single-crystal* and from which the single-crystal* forms or grows. Contrast with precursor*.
The region of transition between semiconduction regions of different electrical properties, usually between p-type and n-type materials, and usually a junction exhibits asymmetric conductivity.
Usually the edge length of a unit cell.
Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (CZ*) method.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy*.
Element other than non-metal* (see non-metal*).
See NON-SEMICONDUCTOR METAL.
Metal-Organic CVD*. CVD in which a precursor* contains an organo-metallic compound. Also sometimes OMCVD.
Metal-Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy*. MBE in which a precursor* contains an organo-metallic compound.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.
The twenty-one elements: hydrogen, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
A metal* other than which has a disclosed semiconductor property or intended use. For example, a single-crystal* of germanium or indium antimonide would be inferred to be a semiconductor even though composed of a metal* because of its known semiconductor property.
The source material from which the single-crystal* deposits or grows. See also precursor*.
A material in which substantially all the crystal grains are oriented in a preferential way. Also called preferred-orientation polycrystalline material.
Metal-Organic CVD*.
Plasma Enhanced CVD*.
A thermoelectric effect wherein electric current between/through a solid/solid or a solid/liquid junction creates heating in one side and cooling in the other.
An interface formed by two semiconductor materials in which one contains a charge carrier which is an electron donor (n-type semiconductor) and the other contains a charge carrier which is an electron acceptor (p-type semiconductor).
Any part, or all, of the starting material from which a single-crystal* is grown. This may be a material which undergoes one or more chemical reactions* prior to the actual crystal growth step. Hence, the term is not limited to the compound or composition present just immediately prior to the growth of the single-crystal*. Contrast with immediate-precursor*. See also nutrient*.
SiO2; silicon dioxide; silica. Polycrystalline forms include agate, cat"s eye, chalcedony, and jasper. Crystalline forms include amethyst, catalinite, citrine, rose quartz, and smoky quartz.
Vitreous or glassy quartz.
Potassium sodium tartrate; KNaTartrate.4H2O; (KNaCO2CHOHCHOHCO2.4H2O); (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O). Seignette"s salt.
An interface formed by a semiconductor and a conductor.
A material, usually a single-crystal*, upon which a single-crystal* is grown. Seeded crystal growth proceeds by the alignment of atoms or molecules or clusters into a thermodynamically favored arrangement determined by the nature of the seed.
See Rochelle salt.
Used here to mean any article or structure comprised of semiconductor material, such as the optical waveguides of Class 385 or the electronic semiconductor devices of Class 438. The phrase is not determinative of proper classification; intended use frequently dictates proper classification.
See JUNCTION, SEMICONDUCTOR.
Solid phase material characterized by an absence of crystal boundaries and by a uniform atomic structural arrangement. However, in this class, the term includes material composed of twins*, superlattice*, epitaxy*, oriented-crystals*, or enlarged crystals (when the enlarged crystals are used as though they are a single-crystal or when the enlarged crystals are used individually as single-crystals).
Semiconductor On Insulator. A layered structure commonly found as the starting point for integrated circuit manufacture on silicon wafers.
Silicon On Sapphire.
MAl2O4; rubicelle, ruby almandine, ruby balas. Also sometimes used generically to refer to a crystal having the cubic crystal lattice form.
The surface upon which a coating is formed. In the case of single-crystal* growth, such as epitaxy*, the substrate is also a seed*. Contrast with base*.
A single-crystal*, usually composed of a semiconductor, having an internal structure of more than two layers, each layer having a composition different from the next adjacent layer. The term includes alternating layers of two compositions.
(Twin plane) A polycrystalline material in which the adjoining lattices have a mirror-image symmetrical relationship.
A. Verneuil, French inventor of the crystal growth technique (1902) used for materials with a high melting point. The Verneuil method is typified by use of a high temperature heat source, such as a gas flame or plasma torch, into which powdered material is directed, whereupon it melts as or prior to its arrival to a thin film of melt on a seed crystal which is pulled away at an appropriate rate.
Vertical Freeze Gradient. Also VGF.
Vapor Phase Epitaxy*.
A single-crystal* which is typically small diameter, elongate, and generally cylindrical.
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet.
Zone Melt Recrystallization.
Glossary Terms for Class 118 COATING APPARATUS
The term gcoatingh is used throughout the definitions in a generic sense to mean either (1) an initially fluent film or layer of material lying on or bonded to the surface of a base, or (2) an impregnating material which penetrates the base either partially or completely and all or part of which is retained therein, either in its original form or physically or chemically combined therewith.
Any instrument acting on the coating or on the work for the purpose of spreading or removing surplus coating material. The instrument may be, for example, a solid scraper blade, a roller squeegee or as in the case of an gair doctorh a gaseous blast. For definitions of terms appearing in subclass titles and not mentioned in the above definitions, see the definitions to the particular subclass in which the term appears.
The base or material to which the coating is applied, either before or after coating.
Glossary Terms for Class 122 LIQUID HEATERS AND VAPORIZERS
Used as a generic term for a liquid heater. The nature of the liquid heated is immaterial. Whether the liquid heated is conducted from the boiler as liquid or vapor depends upon the amount supplied and the degree of heat attained, and for this reason generally no distinction has been noted in the classification, similar structures being classified together regardless of the ultimate effect. In the type of boilers known as gflashersh this distinction is of importance and provision has been made therefor.
Include both small and large tubes through which the products of combustion pass unless the term gflueh is used with them, in which case gfire tubesh would refer to the small tubes, and gfluesh to the large tubes for the products of combustion.
To be taken in a generic sense as meaning vapor.
Designate vapor tubes whether the vapor therein be formed from water or any other liquid.
Designate tubes, both large and small, through which liquid or vapor passes.
To be taken in a generic sense as meaning liquid.
Glossary Terms for Class 123 INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
a quantity of gworking fluidh intended to be ignited for a working stroke of the gpistonh.
that volume of a gcylinderh enclosed by the gheadh and the gpistonh when the piston is closest to the head.
The most common link for transmitting power from a gpistonh to a gcrankshafth.
The most common type of goutput shafth, which is journaled to turn about a fixed axis and including an offset portion for receiving energy from the piston.
a member having an internally facing surface of a shape generated by a straight line rotating a fixed distance about an axis.
the portion of a cylinder which closes off one end thereof.
Glossary Terms for Class 137 FLUID HANDLING
Those comprising a group of related patents directed toward solving a problem in one specific field of activity, which have been classified on the basis of and under a title reflecting that activity rather than on a generalized basis. Examples of special type categories are 94, Fuel controlled by boiler or water system condition; 108, Pump unloader type (indented under Self-proportioning or correlating systems).
A term applied to any apparatus of the class which comprises more than a single flow path and/or a single valve unit. It may include only an unvalved branched flow path or a single flow path having two or more valve units. In some instances subcombinations or elements having special utility in the combination and having no other classification have been included in the group of subclasses pertaining to the system, as subclasses 777-802, Expansible Chamber Devices.
The term gvalve unit,h as used above, is applied to either a single or multiway valve. In the multiway type plural passages are controlled by valve means having plural flow closing areas or points, but the entire means is housed in a single casing or organized as a body or unit. Valve units as such are classified in subclasses 625+. The class also provides for some valve units under the special titles. Radiator vent check valves, Reversing cokes and valves, Flush or water closet valves, Drain valves, Float valves, Temperature operated cut-off valves, Safety valves, and certain analogous types. The class also takes valves combined with other structure, as the tire inflation type combined with or adapted for connection with inflation means and/or the inflatable article. Class 251, Valves and Valve Actuation provides for valves combined with certain actuators, particularly the fluid and electric motors and the more complex mechanical movement actuators. The term gValvesh includes variable restrictors, which frequently cannot be distinguished as claimed, and have been set apart only in certain subclasses having the term restrictor or choke in the title, as subclasses 436+, and 475+, primarily because of their special function as silencers. Closures are also frequently indistinguishable from valves, particularly as used and claimed in fluid handling systems. In some instances they have been classified with valves, as in subclasses 613+, Single flow path with plural serial valves and/or closures and Class 251, Valves and Valve Actuation, provides for restrictors or flow guides in subclasses 118.01+.
Stream or energy field, referred to in the subclass definition, (C) (1) and (C) (2) above, that causes the diversion or alteration of the output stream.
Channel or duct that surrounds and guides a stream of fluid or energy in a desired path or direction.
Stream, referred to in the subclass definition, (A), above, that flows into the devices.
Stream, referred to in in the subclass definition, (B), above, that flows out of the device;
Glossary Terms for Class 140 WIREWORKING
A wire (for the purpose of this class (140), is an elongated or attenuated metal or metal-based material, wherein all the diameters of the cross-sectional area taken at right angles to its length are of substantially the same dimension, and the cross-sectional area is small enough to allow substantial flexibility or resiliency and permit bending or flexing without substantial metal flow. A wire may be stranded, cored, coated or covered.
The term wireworking includes the shaping and deforming of wire and/or the assembly and uniting of wire with wire or nonwire material by twisting, bending, kinking, looping, etc.
Glossary Terms for Class 141 FLUENT MATERIAL HANDLING, WITH RECEIVER OR RECEIVER COACTING MEANS
The term as used in this class means some mechanically operative element or device (not gas pressure) which arrests flow of material.
This term describes a filling system in which no operator intervention is required from the time a receiver is placed in filling position at least until the receiver is filled and ready to be removed. The flow of contents material may be cut off by a movement of the receiver which occurs in the sequence of events in the machine.
A mechanism which affirmatively effects or permits separation of a portion of the contents material supply thereof and discharge in a definite direction or path.
The portion of a dispenser or source part of the system which comprises the flow outlet or flow confining terminus and other flow confining structure which may be in advance (up-stream) of it back to the supply.
A fluid handling device of increasingly restricted capacity in the direction of flow and having its free end arranged to enter into the inlet of a receiver, being ordinarily designed to collect an unconfined flow and channel it into a narrower flow path or one which is out of line with the previous path or flow direction. The material may be retained in the funnel body by valve means, and the funnel may comprise the only claimed supply means of the filling system or an intermediate or final receiver, and may be supported by either the preceding or succeeding flow confining means, or by a means external to the flow system.
In order to draw a line with the manufacturing classes which may include filling, the term is used here as meaning an operation on material, or apparatus for operating on material, to effect a permanent or irreversible change in the physical character of the material, e.g. cutting, crushing, shaping and boring, or to arrange the parts of an article of manufacture into their desired relation, i.e., assembling.
Means other than funnels to direct material from supply to receiver without forming a flow-confining connection between them. Examples of material guides in this class are: (1) A nonflow support for contents material associated with a receiver support over which the material can be pushed or moved manually into the receiver; (2) A flow directing detachable extension of a receiver inlet which may be either tubular or channel-shaped in cross-section. If tubular and tapering, it must either engage the receiver externally or be located entirely within the receiver. Cf funnel, above; or (3) An extension of a supply container which is hand held, the extension being designed to engage the receiver and direct the flow thereto.
A device which accepts the material from the dispenser and is capable of confining fluids within a predetermined or predescribed volumetric configuration, and does not therefore rely upon surface tension or molecular cohesive forces to preclude escape of material therefrom.
The contents material confining means of the dispenser.
The combination of dispenser and receiver in flow exchange relation with any or all appurtenances thereof.
With respect to the treatment classes, treatment as here construed is concerned with reversible changes in the physical characteristics of contents material such as exemplified by agitating, heating, cooling, sorting and the like.
Glossary Terms for Class 144 WOODWORKING
The peripheral natural covering of a tree*.
Fibers of wood* that extend along the length of a tree*.
A longitudinal section cut from a tree*, generally cut normal thereto at both ends.
Building material cut from a tree*, generally cut from a log*, generally without bark*.
A portion of a log* comprising a longitudinally extending section cut from the side of a log*, similar to lumber*, but with the bark* side uncut.
A plant large enough to serve as a source of lumber*.
The fibrous material of a tree*.
Glossary Terms for Class 148 METAL TREATMENT
Also termed precipitation hardening or strengthening. A process whereby the hardness/strength of a metal alloy may be increased by subjecting a supersaturated solid solution to elevated temperature to precipitate out a secondary phase containing the solute. Aging may also be manifested as a spontaneous increase in hardness at room temperature. Aging for a longer time than that corresponding to maximum hardness at the particular temperature is termed overageing. Aging after or during straining is known as strain aging. Maraging steels are a specific group of high nickel (i.e., greater than ten percent Nickel), low carbon martensitic steels which can be fabricated while in a comparatively ductile martensitic condition and later strengthened by aging treatment.
A term signifying a lack of regular crystalline order, much like the absence of long-range crystalline order in glass.
A single thermal heat treatment wherein the heating of a metal workpiece to a temperature results in improved formability.
A procedure that involves preliminary quenching of austenized metal to a temperature in the lower bainite range, usually in a molten salt bath, holding at this temperature until transformation is complete, and quenching or air cooling to room temperature. If desired, a lower hardness level may be produced by including an additional tempering step.
A process of heating to an elevated temperature within the austenitic range.
A process of forming a protective oxide coating on ferrous metal.
A process wherein a metal substrate is treated with an externally supplied source of carbon resulting in the carburization of the metal by chemical reaction or diffusion.
A term most often applied to carburizing or nitriding processes which result in a hardened surface on the workpiece.
A process applied to cast irons whereby the combined carbon in the as-cast microstructure is graphitized to form temper carbon. When combined with decarburization of the surface, the resulting product is termed white-heart malleable iron.
A process which involves preliminary quenching of austenized metal to a temperature just above the Ms temperature and holding until the temperature is equalized throughout the metal, followed by air cooling through the martensite transformation range and subsequent reheating to produce tempered martensite of the desired strength level.
A process wherein a metal substrate is treated with an externally supplied source of nitrogen resulting in an increased nitrogen content of the metal by chemical reaction or diffusion.
A process of heating the metal above it"s critical temperature range and cooling in air thereby establishing a fine uniform grain size and improving microstructural uniformity.
A continuous process consisting of heating the metal to a temperature well above the upper critical temperature, then rapidly cooling through the critical temperature at a comparatively rapid rate to a predetermined elevated temperature, the cooling step being commonly effected in a fused metallic bath.
See definition for ageing above.
A thermal treatment of previously worked metal to effect an equiaxed microstructure through the nucleation of strain free grains and the gradual consumption of the worked matrix by the growth of these grains.
A process whereby an alloy system possessing decreasing solute solidity with temperature is treated to dissolve said solute in the parent phase. Subsequent quenching results in solute supersaturation and thus places the metal alloy in a condition for age hardening. Also applied to heating a multi-phase metal alloy to an elevated temperature to dissolve one or more phases.
STRESS RELIEVING OR STRESS RELIEF ANNEALING
The heating of metal to a comparatively low temperature to relieve microstructural strain induced by working.
Involves the heating of previously quenched or normalized metal alloy to an elevated temperature, and then cooling under suitable conditions to obtain the desired mechanical properties.
Glossary Terms for Class 149 EXPLOSIVE AND THERMIC COMPOSITIONS OR CHARGES
As used herein refers to a mixture of ingredients producing a composition of this class or a definite quantity of shapeless or structureless material forming a composition of this class; or at least two compounds or compositions or any mixtures of these associated together or composited but in an unmixed condition, e.g., a primary explosive associated but not intermixed with a secondary explosive, or those compositions including only nominal structure or form.
EXPLOSIVE OR THERMIC COMPONENT
As used in this class covers (1) explosive or thermic compositions, per se, (2) the oxidant portion, (3) the fuel portion of such compositions. See also (4) Note class definition.
Are classified (a) as HIGH EXPLOSIVE, which, for the purpose of this class, is one whose rate of reaction is substantially instantaneous or detonating in character, and is either (1) an extremely sensitive or highly reactive or detonating chemical compound which is known as a PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE and is used to initiate the secondary or other explosive component of the charge; or (2) is a composition of a combination of two or more primary explosives and as such is known as a SECONDARY or other DERIVED EXPLOSIVE. Such an explosive reacts with detonating force or brisance which is sufficient to shatter the surrounding medium; (b) as LOW EXPLOSIVE, which for the purpose of this class, is controlled to some time interval, less than instantaneous, and as compared to that of high explosive, is slow or deflagrating (burning) in character. It has the property or power to displace the surrounding medium. Although it may be used for certain blasting purposes it is used principally as PROPELLANT to set in motion bullets, missiles or similar devices regardless of size.
For the purpose of this class is a material intended for reacting, or to be used in combination, with an oxidant component and includes such finely divided materials as metals (including alloys and intermetallic compounds), metalloids, metal-metalloid compounds, hydrides of metals or metalloids, carbon, sulfur, vegetable material, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons and nitrogen containing organic compounds generally. (Certain substances as gels, paraffins, sulfur, etc., need not be finely divided.)
In the armament arts refers to a charge exhibiting certain definite structural characteristics, but as used in this class the mere reference to ggrainh or gpowderh without recitation of definite structure, or with reference merely to nominal shape, will be construed as being virtually synonymous with the term ggranuleh and with finely divided gparticulateh or gpowderedh material.
As used in this class refers to a shapeless mass resulting by solidifying at least one component from either its liquid or molten state in more or less a continuous phase and wherein there is dispersed throughout at least a second component in particulate form and in substantially a discontinuous phase.
The term gnitrateh is generally used as a suffix in the name of an organic compound, e.g., an ester containing the -ONO2 radical, e.g., guanidine nitrate, while gnitroh is generally used as a prefix to designate an organic compound having the -NO2 radical, e.g. nitro-guanidine. The art, however has not maintained this distinction in all cases and thus compounds having the -ONO2 radical which should be known, more properly, as gnitratesh, instead, have been known through the years as gnitroh compounds. No attempt is made in this class to correct this situation and the terms as applied to these compounds in this class are the same as are currently accepted and used in this and related arts. For example, the nitrates of such compounds as cellulose, glycerine and starch, among others, are commonly known as gnitro-celluloseh, gnitroglycerineh and gnitro-starchh respectively, and when they so appear in this class, the reference, in spite of the inconsistency, is to a compound of the -NO3 radical or -ONO2.
As used in this class, unless otherwise specified, is intended as a generic expression for compounds or substances both organic and inorganic which contain at least one of the empirical radical (s)-(ONOx)y or -(NOx)y, wherein gxh and gyh are whole numbers. Predominately, in this class gxh is 2 and gyh, where the compound permits, is 3 or more.
As used in this class relates to that portion of a composition which carries sufficient available oxygen to oxidize at least a substantial portion, if not all, of the fuel component of the composition, and includes metal oxides, and organic compounds capable of yielding metal oxide, nitrogen-oxygen or oxygen-halogen salts which are either organic or inorganic, including the oxides and acids of nitrogen-oxygen, liquefied gaseous material, and in the case of gThermitesh only, any inorganic oxygen salt.
(See explosive component) is similar to an explosive component as defined above except that the component may not react quite with the speed or power of an explosive and includes such compositions or components thereof as gThermiteh, pyrotechnic, incendiary, fuse, match, smoke, or those compositions or components thereof which react or are capable of reacting to yield usable quantities of heat with or without desired chemical products.
Glossary Terms for Class 156 ADHESIVE BONDING AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
The joining of parts (a) by means of a separate glue-like material or (b) by rendering contacting surfaces tacky by means of solvent and/or heat.
Distortion of a workpiece by bodily moving a portion of it throughout its entire thickness relative to a second portion during which the thickness of the workpiece remains substantially the same and no significant plastic flow occurs.
BULK DEPOSITION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL
The fluent delivery of a stream of separate loose pieces onto a receiving surface. The relative size of the pieces is not significant, rather it is the manner in which they are handled, as a mass or stream rather than each particle being individually manipulated.
A piece of material handled at points intermediate its ends whereby the length is immaterial to the manner of handling.
One of the component parts or layers of an adhesively bonded sandwich. Also an element which by disclosure is to be bonded to a separate element.
Glossary Terms for Class 164 METAL FOUNDING
In founding, any material, including principal alloying constituents, densifiers, fluidizers, graphitizers, grain size controllers, etc., added to the molten metal to produce specific effects in the solid metal.
Intentionally stopping the rimming action in steel after completion of teeming.
Introducing carbon into ferrometals by heating above the transformation temperature range while in contact with carbonaceous material that may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
The formation of an article by pouring or forcing molten metal into a mold or die and permitting it to solidify.
A device for holding a core in place.
The intermediate part of a flask or mold that has more than two parts.
A piece of metal applied to the casting to hasten the solidification in that area.
Process of forming a product of indeterminate length wherein a portion of the product is removed from a forming mold or surface as a further contiguous portion is cast.
Semi-solidified product of a continuous casting process or apparatus comprising a generally molten center contained within a cooler solidified shell.
The upper or topmost section of a flask, mold, or pattern.
A separable part of a mold that is used to create openings and various shaped cavities in the casting.
A box or container in which foundry cores are made.
A special projection on a pattern for forming impressions or core seats in the mold into which the core itself is inserted. Also refers to the projection on the core itself which fits into the core seat.
The taper that is provided on otherwise verticle faces of a pattern to facilitate its removal from the sand mold.
The lower or bottom section of a flask, mold, or pattern. Also referred to as nowel.
A bar used for lifting the pattern from the sand of the mold.
The scum that forms on the surface of molten metals.
A thin film of metal formed on a casting where the metal has flowed between mating parts of the mold.
A box, usually of metal or wood, used to hold sand in which a mold is formed.
(1) A substance that, by chemical action, promotes fusion of a solid material. (2) A material capable of forming with gangue or other earthy matter, a liquid melt having the fusibility and chemical characteristics suitable to a specific furnace process. Also, protective flux to retard undesirable reactions.
A piece of metal used to support sand in deep pockets of sand molds.
The end of the runner where the molten metal enters the mold.
An insulated portion of a mold that retains metal molten in that area so that it can feed into the mold and alleviate shrinkage voids.
Particles of dirt, slag or other impurities occurring in metals that were mechanically entrapped during solidification.
An open-mold casting that is intended for remelting and recasting or reworking to form finished products. Also referred to as billet.
A heavy mold, usually of cast iron, into which molten metal is teemed, as in the casting of ingots.
A pattern of a material having a low melting point for use in processes employing special techniques such as precision casting where pattern withdrawal would be difficult.
A pattern plate with several patterns secured thereto or a plate having matching pattern portions mounted on opposite sides.
Metal that has been melted in preparation for casting.
See Drag.
A replica of an object to be cast and around which the mold is constructed.
A board to which patterns are to be attached and which extends substantially over the flask opening.
A cavity formed in metal during the solidification of the last portion of liquid metal, causing by contraction.
A self-sustaining body which is to be incorporated in the final product as a distinct part of the same (e.g., insert, etc.).
The operation of compacting sand into a sand mold and around a pattern.
A reservoir of molten metal provided for feeding into a casting as the metal in the mold solidifies thus preventing voids.
A mold made of sand and used for the making of sand castings. A green sand mold is a mold used as made without any drying operations and contains the original moisture of the mix.
Adding moisture to molding sand to make it workable.
A chemically active material added to molten metal to remove oxides, gases, or other impurities.
The occurrence of impurities, inclusions, and alloying constituents in nonuniform distribution.
A casting process utilizing a thin shell composed of resin-bonded sand for the cope and drag section of the mold.
A metallic mass that consists of a single crystallographic grain instead of the usual polycrystalline material.
The nonmetallic product of refining metal ores which results from the reaction of the flux with gangue.
Gates and risers of a mold assembly; the hole through which molten metal enters the mold; also, the waste portion attached to the product.
The separable base of an ingot mold. The base provides a surface onto which the mold is placed, and also serves as the bottom of the mold.
A small section of a regular pattern which is generally rotated in sand to provide the whole mold cavity.
Pouring metal into a mold.
Small opening in a mold to allow trapped air to escape.
Glossary Terms for Class 166 WELLS
A pipe which lines all or a portion of the wall of a well. The casing may be adjacent the wall of the well for only a part of its length and lie within another casing section for the remainder of its length. The casing usually is of metal and is used with cement between it and the well wall. The casing is intended to form the permanent lining of the well.
A generic term covering both a central conduit, as defined below, and a receptacle for bodily transport of fluid material from inside the well to the top of the well or bodily transport of material from the top of the well for discharge at a point in the well. In a well device the central chamber is considered to be the primary locus from which or to which fluid is moved. For example, the gcentral chamberh in a tester is the sample chamber receiving the test fluid, whether this be a receptacle or a tubing, while the gcentral chamberh in a liquid discharging washer is the primary place from which liquid flows, whether this be a tubing or a receptacle.
Any passage forming conduit which extends from the top of the well into the well and is positioned within another conduit. The central conduit may be, for example, a string of tubing positioned within another tubing or within the casing, or it may be a string of casing positioned within the well bore.
A material capable of flowing. A naturally occurring fluid in the earth. It includes gases, liquids, plastics, and solids which can be handled in the manner of a liquid.
A column of casing having screen forming perforations which does not extend to the top of the well and which is usually the lowest column of casing in the well. The liner is placed in position by lowering it from the top of the well through the casing sections already placed in well. The perforations may be formed before the liner is run into the well or after. The liner is sometimes surrounded by a perforated section of casing, the liner then becoming a secondary lining section of the well.
A pipe for conducting fluids which extends from the top of the well to some point below and lies within the casing or is used without a casing as a temporary structure.
Either (1) a well tubing, (2) a well casing, or (3) the earth or cementitious wall of the well.
A tubular member adapted to transmit well fluid* away from the well.
Structure for use with a submerged well intended to extend from the wellhead* toward the surface of the water generally directly above the wellhead.
Any individual portion of well structure.
The desired fluid material of the earth. The purpose of the well is to remove this fluid.
Means at the top of the well, generally extending above the surface of the earth, adapted to cap the well, support the well structure* inside a well casing, regulate the operation of the well, and/or supply well fluid* for distribution.
Equipment added to the earth in the formation or use of a well. Well structure may extend above the surface of the earth (see wellhead*) as well as laterally away from the well (see flow line*).
Glossary Terms for Class 171 UNEARTHING PLANTS OR BURIED OBJECTS
Devices which are forced into a mass of earth and are then raised to lift an object disposed in said earth and/or to lift portions of the earth itself with objects embedded therein.
Devices which comprise means to engage a portion of a buried or partially buried object and to temporarily fasten itself to said object in order to hold onto the object while it is lifted out of the ground.
The act of removing or unearthing an object at least partially imbedded in the ground by an extractor which penetrates through the surface of the object or which passes through or around a reentrant or restricted portion of the object to form a temporary connection between said object and the extractor.
A device which is provided with spaced portions having openings therebetween in which the spaced portions are adapted to retain all objects above a predetermined particle size while finer material passes through the openings.
Articles or plants which were formerly at least partially surrounded by a mass of earth and which have been separated from said mass of earth as distinct objects, substantially free from said earth and available at some identifiable time for any desired purpose which may involve either use or destruction thereof.
Diggers as defined above which comb through the earth and which are provided with interstices through which the earth sifts while the desired objects rest on the digger and are thus moved through the earth and separated from said earth.
Spaced portions of a separator which support objects larger than a certain size while smaller particles or objects pass through the spaces therebetween.
Moving of small stones and rocks resting on the surface of the earth into piles, rows or collection receptacles.
Trash, previously cut tops or foliage or other nonearth material accompanying the objects disclosed as intended to be removed from the earth and recovered.
This is the generic term for any of the various organizations for removing an object imbedded in the earth, at or near the ground surface as by digging or picking the object and separating it free from any substantial accumulation of earth, the separation being accomplished either simultaneously with or subsequent to the removal of the object from its position in situ in the ground.
An entity which includes all of the apparatus necessary to completely unearth a buried or partially buried object in its path regardless of the presence or absence of additional, similar entities in the same organization.
Glossary Terms for Class 172 EARTH WORKING
A device comprising both a means for imparting movement to an element and a means for holding the moved element against returning to a position from which it has been moved. Thus, an actuator may comprise a servomotor, a mechanical power take-off from a motor or rolling wheel, a hand operated lever and ratchet or merely a handle and a bracket for holding the element moved by the handle in position. In the case of a mere handle actuator, however, the handle must be intended to be used merely to move an element to an adjusted position where it is held in place by a holding means. If the handle is intended to be used by an attendant so as to hold an element in intermediate positions by continued application of force by the attendant then the handle is not considered an actuator. See subclasses 329+ for devices with such handles. If the handle is disclosed as usable as an actuator to merely move and hold and, alternatively, also as a guiding means to move and hold by force exerted by the attendant then the handle is considered to be both an actuator and an attendant hold means and is classified accordingly in the first appropriate subclass and cross referenced down if necessary. A device comprising merely a means for moving by direct application of draft force is not considered an actuator. For example, an implement hitched to a tractor and provided with a latch and a movable hitch whereby the draft force of the tractor on the movable hitch moves an earth working element with respect to the implement frame and the latch holds the element in different positions is not considered to be provided with an actuator, as the term is used in this class. See subclass 605 for such devices. Also, a device comprising merely a screw bolt or the like is not considered an actuator, being merely a clamping or an adjusting means.
An adjective describing the capability of two parts of being selectively held in different positions with respect to one another by some means other than an attendant. A mere clamp which cooperates with a member such that by loosening the clamp the member could be set in any desired position and reclamped (e.g., clamp and spike tooth) is not considered to be an adjusting means. However, any specific structure such as selectively usable apertures, teeth, slots, etc., for the purpose of permitting the selective change of the relative positions of two parts is included under this definition. Despite the above limitation on the meaning of gadjustableh if a claim emphasizes the feature of adjustability it is classifiable in an gadjustableh subclass even if structurally the feature comprises a mere clamp.
Synonymous with gtoolh.
A combination of parts comprising an earth working device. It may mean merely an earth working portion or a complex combination of parts including a tractor. Usually it indicates a complete device which as an entity may be readily attached to a tractor in the field.
A direction which is transverse of the line of draft of a tool over the earth unless some other meaning is clearly indicated by the context.
A direction which is parallel to the line of draft of a tool over the earth unless some other meaning is clearly indicated.
That portion of the apparatus which actually works the earth.
Glossary Terms for Class 173 TOOL DRIVING OR IMPACTING
The forward movement of the tool into or along the work. Such movement is in addition to the drive movement (i.e., cyclic forward and backward or lateral motion of the tool). Included under this definition as apparatus functioning under the broad meaning of advance are means for causing, controlling, or selectively preventing the forward movement of the tool into or along the work.
The act of removing matter resulting from the operation of the tool on the work.
A fluid which is adapted to perform a cleansing function upon work. Such a fluid may be solely described as performing some other function, such as cooling the work, so long as it is directed in such a manner as to inherently cleanse the work.
The motion of a tool which performs a function upon work. Impact is included under the definition of this term. Also, any means to cause the drive motion of a tool such as a motor, cooperating gearing or mechanical movement elements, or an impacting device.
The striking element of an impacting device.
A means including a mass of material (i.e., hammer head) which is specifically intended to deliver a blow to a tool. The mass of material need not necessarily strike the tool directly, but may deliver the blow through an intervening element (e.g., anvil).
A type of drive function which includes striking a mass of material (e.g., tool) with another mass of material (e.g., hammer head).
Moving the tool drive from one place to another to perform a function upon work. This movement is separate from or in addition to the advance movement of the tool.
A means specifically intended to be grasped by the hand or hands of an operator to move the tool drive, of which it forms a part, to different positions with respect to the work, and to be continually grasped by the operator as the tool advances in performing a function upon work.
A fluid used to drive a motor, and including fluid taken from a stream supplying a motor, or from a stream exhausting from a motor. Fluid fuel for or fluid exhaust from a combustion motor is included under this definition.
A work contacting element which functions to effect some physical alteration in the work, such as chipping or boring, but also includes other elements which are driven in the same manner as a tool such as a nail or post.
The object or mass of material which is contacted by the tool to be physically altered thereby.
Glossary Terms for Class 175 BORING OR PENETRATING THE EARTH
The term gAbove Groundh denotes any point which lies outside of a hole being formed in the earth, this may be either in the open (e.g., on the surface of the earth) or a cellar, tunnel or other hole in the earth from which a hole is being formed.
Motion in a direction towards the desired depth or direction of a hole being formed.
gBelow Groundh denotes any point within a hole being formed in the earth from the point at which the earth is pierced by the means forming the hole.
The hole formed by the boring means. It is not limited to a vertically extending hole, but can extend at any angle into the earth.
The wall which forms the periphery of a hole in the earth. In the case of a lined hole the inside wall of the lining constitutes a borewall for purposes of classification.
A combination of parts comprising an earth boring or drilling device. It may comprise merely a tool provided with a handle for manipulating the same to form a hole in the earth, or a complex combination of parts including above ground structure for supporting, feeding and driving a tool for boring a hole in the earth.
A tube which is introduced in a preformed bore and forms a lining for the bore.
A mechanical device for receiving and carrying cuttings, for example, it may consist of a simple chute for directing cuttings away from the bore entrance, a helical screw fixed to the tool shaft, or a power-driven endless carrier type device extending between any two points within the bore or from any point within the bore to any location above ground.
Any fluid, gaseous or liquid, which is introduced into the bore for the purpose of lubricating or cleaning any part of the boring means, or to displace or assist the tool in displacing the formation, or to flush or clean the bore of cuttings.
A part of the boring means which comprises a motion generating, applying, or transmitting means which is specifically adapted to repeatedly or continuously act upon a boring tool to cause the tool to bore by cutting or penetrating into the earth. Drive is divided into the following major categories: (1) Feed. The sustained forced advance of a boring tool by means other than mere gravity, adapted to cause the tool to cut or penetrate either with or without another type of drive means; (2) Impact Drive. The actuation of a boring tool by a means adapted to deliver a series of blows upon a tool or tool shaft, said impact delivering means being adapted to move relative to said tool or tool shaft; (3) Reciprocating Drive. The actuation of a boring tool by means adapted to cause the tool to partake of to and fro axial movement, at least one direction of axial movement being caused by the drive; (4) Rotary Drive. The actuation of a boring tool by means causing the tool to continuously rotate about its own axis, and includes uniform or step by step unidirectional or oscillatory motion.
A hole or cavity in the earth which is not large enough to permit both a human operator and a boring means to be located therein. A specific disclosure that the hole or cavity is a well or borehole and that the supporting or carrying means for the boring means substantially fills said hole or cavity will be considered an inaccessible hole.
Any fluid which is derived from a pressurized stream which operates a drive motor for the boring means. Motive fluid when exhausted into the bore is also considered to be drilling fluid.
Motion in a direction away from the bottom of a hole being formed.
A part of the boring means which comprises an elongate, relatively slender structure (e.g., rod, tube, casing, strand, cable, etc., or any combination thereof), which is connected to another part of the boring means for manipulating, supporting or driving said other part. (1) Actuating Shaft. A shaft connected to another part of the boring means for modifying or controlling said other part (e.g., cutter expansion shaft). (2) Shaft Section. One of the individual elements of a multipart shaft. (3) Tool Shaft. A shaft which is connected to the boring tool and extends above ground, or to another part of the boring means (e.g., to the drive or advance means. (4) Tool Drive Shaft. A tool shaft connecting the tool to the drive means, to transmit mechanical movement from the drive to the tool.
Comprises the terminal or work applying element of the boring means including bits, nozzles, drive points, projectiles, explosives, etc., which disintegrates, dislocates, erodes or compresses the earth to form a bore. See the appropriate subclasses for the definition of particular tools, and particularly Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for the definition of gbith.
Glossary Terms for Class 180 MOTOR VEHICLES
Means the arrangement of the four wheels of a vehicle so that straight lines joining the points of contact of the wheels with the road form approximately a rectangle when the steering wheels are in the straight-away position.
Used in the Class 180 subclass definitions means a road-wheel, the axis of which may be swung so as to change the course of the vehicle; however, see Subclass References in the Current Class above.
Glossary Terms for Class 184 LUBRICATION
The term gmachineh includes any device having bearing parts.
Glossary Terms for Class 187 ELEVATOR, INDUSTRIAL LIFT TRUCK, OR STATIONARY LIFT FOR VEHICLE
A flaccid, elongated, flexible element which can transmit force only when under tension (e.g., rope, wire, chain).
Means for regulating the operation of a separate and distinct force generating, transmitting, or retarding device (e.g., motor, drive-means*, brake) which moves or stops the movement of a relatively movable component of apparatus proper for this class (e.g., elevator car), and includes both (a) an information input component (e.g., sensor, information storage means, manual push button) and (b) a distinct component which effects the operation of the force generating, transmitting, or retarding device in a particular manner based on the input information.
Means for supplying a motive force to an element to be moved which includes both force generating means (e.g., motor) and structural linkage (e.g., gears) needed to transmit the force from the generating means to the element.
An in situ floor within a structure (e.g., building) located adjacent to an elevator shaft* and to or from which a load (e.g., passenger, cargo) transfers during the charging or discharging of the load-underlying support surface of an elevator.
A long, narrow, in situ passageway within a structure (e.g., building, ship, mine) which defines the fixed path between the vertically spaced load entrance and exit levels traveled by the load-underlying support surface of an elevator.
Glossary Terms for Class 198 CONVEYORS: POWER-DRIVEN
A structure capable of guiding a gravity induced flow of material therethrough or thereon. While a chute is more often than not an inclined passageway in the form of a trough, it occasionally takes the form of a conduit. Inasmuch as a chute with a gate, especially a chute in the form of a conduit, presents structure closely related to that of a hopper, such structures are distinguished on the basis of whether a storage concept exists (hopper) or does not exist (chute). A receptacle positioned in such manner as to impart the property of gravity induced flow to material contained therein, and, therefore, to be a source of supply to components gdownstreamh thereof. While it is not essential that the contained material be gstoredh for a finite period of time, there should be a concept of supporting it for an interval longer than that required for mere passage therethrough. A hopper has an inlet and an outlet, although the inlet may be merely an open side (of the receptacle). The outlet, however, will have a provision whereby passage of the contents can be controlled (e.g., possibly a conveyor). The provision of chutelike structure integral with the hopper, whereby material is guided into the inlet or out of the outlet, should not be considered as constituting a separate element. (This is in line with what appears to be a basic difference between chutes and hoppers; namely, a chute guides whereas a hopper stores and may guide). gGravity-inducedh is not intended to be construed to exclude those nondriven conveyors which utilize mechanical means (e.g., a vibrator) to start to maintain flow (i.e., bridge breaking).
Apparatus having (1) means to sense a condition of the environment surrounding the conveyor and means responsive to said sensing means to cause a change in the operating condition of the conveyor, or (2) means to sense a particular condition which may or may not exist relative to the conveyor itself, such as speed, overload, motor temperature, etc., and means responsive to said sensing means to act to change the operating condition of the conveyor.
Glossary Terms for Class 201 DISTILLATION: PROCESSES, THERMOLYTIC
A thermolytic distillation operation in which the distilland, either by combustion of a portion of itself or by other chemical change, furnishes at least part of the heat for thermolysis and volatilization of either the inherent or the thermolized volatile matter.
Any solid material (mixture or compound) other than an inorganic carbonate which contains carbon or carbon containing compounds such as coke or wood.
The generic term applied to the carbonaceous residue from a thermolytic distillation of any carbonaceous material. It encompasses such terms as bone black, charcoal and coke.
Strictly this is the amorphous, solid residue of coal after the volatile material has been distilled off in a thermolytic distillation. The term is also applied in the art to the solid, carbonaceous residue from the thermolytic distillation of such materials as oil shale, petroleum and pitch.
See Distillate in the Class Definition section.
See thermolytic distillation.
For the purpose of this class is the carbonaceous material which is undergoing a distillation operation.
The liquid product condensed from vapor during the distillation operation.
The process of changing a solid or liquid into a vapor. This is the generic term for both sublimation and vaporization. It differs from gdistillationh in that distillation includes the additional step of condensing vapor produced to a liquid.
A process of vaporizing at least a portion of a liquid mixture (distilland) and condensing at least a portion of the vapor to separate the liquid mixture into distinct parts. The substances recovered as products must have preexisted in the original mixture.
A process in which a solid passes into the vapor state without liquefaction and the vapor returns to the solid state without passing through the liquid phase.
A distillation in which material found in the distilland undergoes chemical decomposition (thermolysis) to form different substances at least some of which are volatile at the temperature employed. The volatile substances are recovered by condensation or sorption.
Glossary Terms for Class 202 DISTILLATION: APPARATUS
The generic term applied to the carbonaceous residue from a thermolytic distillation of any carbonaceous material. It encompasses such terms as bone black, charcoal and coke.
Strictly this is the amorphous, solid residue of coal after the volatile material has been distilled off in a thermolytic distillation. The term is also applied in the art to the solid, carbonaceous residue from the thermolytic distillation of such materials as oil shale, petroleum and pitch.
See distillate in the Class Definition.
See thermolytic distillation.
The material which is undergoing a distillation operation.
The liquid product condensed from vapor during the distillation operation.
A separatory distillation in which a generally less volatile substance, often referred to as a solvent, is added to the distillation column to preferentially remove some components of the vapor by dissolving it. The added substance and the dissolved component are removed below the point at which the less volatile substance is added to the distillation column.
A separatory distillation operation in which distillate is collected over specific temperature intervals.
A process in which a solid passes into the vapor state without liquefaction and the vapor returns to the solid state without passing through the liquid phase.
The process of changing a solid or liquid into a vapor. This is the generic term for both sublimation and vaporization. It differs from gdistillationh in that distillation includes the additional step of condensing vapor produced to a liquid.
The process of changing a liquid into a vapor. See gEvaporationh.
Glossary Terms for Class 203 DISTILLATION: PROCESSES, SEPARATORY
A separatory distillation of a liquid in which a substance is added to the distilland mixture in order to assist separation of its components by forming with one or more of the components a mixture having a minimum boiling point. (The art has also used the term for a distillation process in which two substances in the starting material are removed by their forming a minimum boiling mixture).
See gdistillateh in the class definition.
A separatory distillation operation in which an inert vapor is passed through a heated liquid to reduce the partial vapor pressure of the component in the liquid desired to be recovered. It permits the separation of heat sensitive high boiling substances at temperatures below their decomposition temperature. Steam distillation is the most commonly used type of convective distillation.
For purposes of this class the liquid or liquefied material which is undergoing a distillation operation.
The liquid product condensed from vapor during the distillation operation.
The process of changing a solid or liquid into a vapor. This is the generic term for both sublumination and vaporization. It differs from gdistillationh in that distillation includes the additional step of condensing vapor produced to a liquid.
A separatory distillation in which a generally less volatile substance, often referred to as a solvent, is added to the distillation column to preferentially remove some component of the vapor by dissolving it. The added substance and the dissolved component are removed below the point at which the less volatile substance is added to the distillation column.
The process in which the distilland is heated under pressure high enough to prevent ebullition (usually above atmospheric pressure) and the heated distilland is then introduced into a zone of lesser pressure resulting in the volatilization of at least a position of the distilland.
A separatory distillation operation in which distillate is collected over specific temperature intervals.
A high vacuum separatory distillation process for distilling high boiling, heat sensitive substances in which the distance from the liquid surface to the condensing surface is less than the mean free path.
A process of vaporizing at least a portion of a liquid mixture (distilland) and condensing at least a portion of the vapor to separate the liquid mixture into distinct parts. The substances recovered as products must have preexisted in the original mixture.
A form of convective distillation in which the inert vapor passed through the heated liquid is steam. The adding of water or steam to a distillation column or the adding of water to a distilland is not within the meaning of this term.
A process in which a solid passes into the vapor state without liquefaction and the vapor returns to the solid state without passing through the liquid phase.
A distillation in which material found in the distilland undergoes chemical decomposition (thermolysis) to form different substances at least some of which are volatile at the temperature employed. The volatile substances are recovered by condensation or sorption.
The process of changing a liquid into a vapor. See gEvaporationh.
Glossary Terms for Class 204 CHEMISTRY: ELECTRICAL AND WAVE ENERGY
For the purposes of this class, gacyclich refers to an organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic, nitrocyclic, or carbocyclic nucleus.
A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline earth metals (calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)), and magnesium (Mg) (included due to its similarity in properties to the alkaline earth metals).
DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)
A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms can either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the exemplary lists of terms provided below); except that for the purposes of this class, gorganich is considered to be too broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a carbon atom. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: alcohol, alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon black, carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate, peroxide, peroxy-, proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions not to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: amphoteric, anionic, antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor, crystalline, curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric, dispersant, drier, electrophoretic, emulsifier, fibrous, filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant, hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis acid or base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal containing, mineral, numerically described without designating a chemical atom or a limited select group of elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic, particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer, preservative, solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active agent, surfactant, wax, Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc. These lists are not intended to be exhaustive.
A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte and resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.) (other than that brought about by the mere heating effect of the electric current) at one or more of the electrodes (e.g., electrolytic coating or etching, etc.) or at another location in contact with the electrolyte as a direct result of the electric current passing therethrough (e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such chemical change being the process objective and not merely as a means of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte (as is the case in gelectrophoresish as defined in subclass 450 of this class).
A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic current (usually an ionic compound is dissolved in solution or melted into a fused state to provide an electrically conductive medium).
A gwaxh which is essentially an ester in chemical structure, (e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).
A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally occurring mixtures thereof.
Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine pitch, etc.).
A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g., stearic acid, etc.).
A device or means which generates an electrical current by chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without the need for an external source of electrical current.
A chemical compound limited by the definition of a gcarbon compoundh found under the class definition in Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
A coating which remains as part of a finished article as distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed or stripped from a base or substrate.
A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium (Re).
A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum metals, and silver (Ag).
For purposes of this class, gsynthesish includes the production of a desired element or compound by breaking down from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up of complex forms from simpler ones.
For the purposes of this class, gwave energyh includes radiation as well as wave energy transmitted by various mediums and embraces electromagnetic wave energy or radiation, sonic and supersonic waves, neutron, proton, deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.
Glossary Terms for Class 205 ELECTROLYSIS: PROCESSES, COMPOSITIONS USED THEREIN, AND METHODS OF PREPARING THE COMPOSITIONS
The electrolytic erosion of solid surfaces to produce bright or mirrorlike surfaces. The effect usually results from a selective electrolytic erosion of the high points of a base material surface to thus reduce surface irregularities.
An electrode, a workpiece, a tool, or an electrolyte.
A solid (including a gel) coherent object which cooperates with a workpiece and an electrolyte, either mechanically or electrically, to remove some of the material from the workpiece. Thus, for example, a tool may be an electrode, a grinding wheel, an insulating spacer, etc.
A solid coherent object which serves as an electrode and is subjected to electrolytic erosion, some of which is removed during the process and some of which remains as a product. The workpiece may be a layer of one material supported by another material.
Glossary Terms for Class 208 MINERAL OILS: PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS
A brown to black solid bituminous substance either occurring naturally or obtained as a residue from certain petroleums, coal tars, lignite tar, etc.
Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal.
A cracking type conversion in which solid, free carbon or coke as a product thereof. Additional liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon may also be obtained.
A treatment of the mineral oil which results in an alteration of the hydrocarbon molecule making up the mineral oil.
A conversion treatment in which the hydrocarbons of the mineral oil are broken down to a shorter carbon chain length, resulting in hydrocarbons having a lower boiling temperature, which may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst (catalytic cracking) or in the absence of any catalyst (thermal cracking).
The mineral oil which is subjected to treating processes provided for in this class, which in most cases, is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
The separation of one portion of the hydrocarbons of a mineral oil from another, regardless of the steps employed for affecting such separation. The separated fractions usually differ from each other in some chemical or physical property as for instance in boiling range (in the case of distillation) or solubility in a solvent (as in extraction).
Included in this term are natural petroleum, asphalt, tars, pitches and waxes which are primarily mixtures of hydrocarbons. Included also are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that is, the liquid hydrocarbonaceous mixture resulting from the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood tars and wood tar oils which are similar to coal tar in that they include an unidentified mixture, including hydrocarbons. Solid carbonaceous materials such as coal, lignite, peat, etc., (as distinguished from solid asphalts or asphalt bearing shales or sands) are not included.
In this class metals and metal compounds may be identified as belonging to a certain gGrouph distinguished by Roman numerals. These groups are taken from Henry D. Hubbard"s gPeriodic chart of the Atomsh (1956 Ed.). Note. The metals making up the various groups are as follows: IA = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr (these metals are also identified as galkali metalsh). IB = Cu, Ag and Au IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are also identified as galkaline earth metalsh) IIB = Zn, Cd and Hg III = Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, Y, Rare Earth metals and Actinide series metals [Rare Earth Metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; Actinide Series Metals (atomic numbers 89 and greater) Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, E, Fm and Mv] IV = Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr and Hf V = As, Sb, Bi, V, Nb and Ta VI = Po, Cr, Mo and W VII = Mn, Tc and Re VIII = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pf are also known as gNoble Metalsh)
The removal of impurities or nonhydrocarbon, gums or gum forming components from a mineral oil or the conversion of such components to some less objectionable form (e.g., sweetening: conversion of mercaptans to disulfides).
A chemical conversion operation which results in a change of the hydrocarbon molecule such that the product has substantially the same boiling range but has its gantiknockh or goctaneh rating improved or increased. Various types of reaction are believed to be involved including cyclization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation, isomerization and dealkylation. Such reactions, if applied to a mineral oil, are classified in the subclass providing for reforming.
Glossary Terms for Class 210 LIQUID PURIFICATION OR SEPARATION
See SORB.
Agent which promotes an action, but does not necessarily cause the action. An example is a catalyst as contrasted with a reactant. In subclasses 696+ and 702+ no distinction is made between an agent which promotes or one which causes and a search for a compound used as a flocculant is the same as if the compound reacted to cause precipitation.
Common term for an aerobic process of treating sewage with micro-organisms in which part of the settled sludge from the treatment is diverted and introduced into the feed of incoming sewage.
An agent added to a liquid being treated to either cause a desired result or to promote a result which would occur more slowly or incompletely without the additive. Catalysts filter aids, chemical agents, seeding agents, buffers are all additives.
See SORB.
Treating liquids, generally sewage, with micro-organisms in the presence of oxygen generally supplied as air or other source of oxygen but sometimes using residual dissolved oxygen. Best known method is gactivated sludgeh. The micro-organisms convert noxious materials to less noxious stuff, e.g., to water, methane, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide.
Any material capable of inhibiting or destroying algal growth.
Treating liquids, generally sewage by micro-organisms which change noxious stuff to innocuous materials, in the absence of oxygen. Some solids are made into water and gases as methane, carbon monoxide, etc. A septic tank is an example of anaerobic digestion of sewage.
A unit of length used to measure wavelength of lights and diameters of atoms or molecules. Designated by A and equal to 10-8cm.
A liquid containing water. Generally water is the major part as in blood, brine, milk, etc., but may comprise a substantial but not major portion as in a water-alcohol mixture of various proportions. Usually trace amounts of water are not considered aqueous.
Any material capable of inhibiting or destroying bacteria.
Somewhat salty, but substantially less so than sea water.
A relatively concentrated salt water solution sometimes from wells or industrial sources and including sea water.
A process or means in which a liquid is revolved about an axis at such a number of revolutions per unit of time that the apparent weight of constituents increases to a point where the constituents tend to concentrate in strata similar to gravity-induced separation based on relative densities.
A process in which a liquid is flowed along a linear path comprising a sorbent, with which the liquid competes in affinity for a constituent of the liquid. The constituent is sorbed from the moving liquid by the relatively immobile sorbent and redissolved by a later passing portion of the liquid until an equilibrium of the sorbing-dissolving step is set up causing the constituent to concentrate in a specific volume of the sorbent and to move along the path of the liquid at a slower rate than such liquid. A comprehensive treatise on chromatography is to be found in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2nd ed. Vol. 5, pp. 413-450.
The merging together of small droplets or particles of a material or constituent dispersed in a liquid to form larger bodies of the material or constituent which may be more easily handled.
A state of very fine division of a material dispersed throughout a liquid almost to the point of a true solution and either impossible or extremely difficult to filter or cause to settle.
An extremely pure water characterized by high ohmic resistance due to very low rate of ionization. See POLISHING.
A device using centrifugal force to separate. The process is called cyclonic; see centrifuge.
The process of removing inorganic salts, most usually sodium chloride, from water.
See DIALYSIS.
A process of separating a dissolved constituent from a liquid by transport or migration from the liquid through a membrane into a second liquid. The membrane may be semipermeable or the second liquid may have greater affinity for the constituent but the net effect of the combined membrane-extracting liquid is to selectively remove a constituent from the first liquid. The process is provided for in subclasses 644+. An in-depth explanation is given in Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2nd ed. Vol. 7, pp. 1-20. Dialysate is the product of a dialysis method and the term is not always used for the same product, including retentate and diffusate.
The material passed through in a diffusing process.
The passing of a constituent through a membrane or septum.
Process in which material is acted upon by micro-organisms to cause a chemical change. The composting of sludge is a digestion process.
A mixture of a liquid with an insoluble material in very fine subdivision almost but not quite a true solution.
The liquids flowing out of a process, normally the mainstream, can be either a desired product or discard.
The liquid to be treated, prior to processing.
Method of and apparatus for removing solid particles from a liquid by passing the same through a medium with openings smaller than the particles. Microfiltration is filtration down to coolidal and polymeric molecular size. Ultrafiltration and hyperfiltration are more likely transport or diffusion across a membrane process but are called filtration down to molecular and ionic size. See subclasses 650 and 652.
Filter medium combined with supporting structure or having a specified shape.
Solid separating material or member for separating a constituent from the prefilt due to openings between material particles or in the member.
Liquid which has been clarified by passing it through a filter medium.
The separation of solids from a liquid or a liquid from liquids by a solid separating medium due to openings in the medium or between discrete particles.
Flocculated clumps of suspended or dispersed small particles resulting from accretion and used as sites for further accretion of suspended matter. See subclass 715.
A clumping together of finely divided particles of material dispersed in a liquid to a state where filtration or settling of the material is possible. See subclasses 702+.
Material that flows, generally gas or liquid but sometimes including mixtures of these with particulate solids such as slurry, sludge, gels, etc. Some materials are thixatropic, i.e., fluid when agitated but jellylike when at rest. Pumpable sludge is considered a liquid for treatment in this class.
The act of depositing on the membrane surface something which will impede its proper functioning. Sometimes also termed gblindingh.
A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid with a jellylike texture. Use of a gel in chromatography is in subclass 635, and separating the constituents of a gel are in subclass 702.
A separation process depending on differences in density to separate freely movable constituents such as cream rising to the top of the milk. Draining or allowing a liquid to drip from solids held by a screen or grid is not gravity separation.
Water attractive or wettable.
Water-repellent or nonwettable.
Filtration to the ultimate degree to molecular or ionic size, but most likely membrane transport or diffusion phenomenon. See FILTER and subclass 652.
A two-story septic tank of special design to allow digestion of sludge in lower chamber with settling in upper chamber and passage of settled sludge from upper to lower chamber. Process is anaerobic and provided for in subclasses 602+.
Stuff that does not cause or promote any change in liquid or component being treated. May act as filler, support, or carrier for active material. See subclass 679.
A flowable material comprising at least one component that is a true liquid under the conditions of treatment. A slurry, wet sludge, pumpable sediment, emulsion, froth, all are considered liquid for treatment in this class.
The main body of liquid being treated as constrasted with separated constituents. The mainstream may comprise several divided streams, some of which undergo treatment and which are a substantial part of the overall feed but a relatively small stream diverted for a dosing technique in which agents are added in a concentrated amount and the diverted stream is diluted with the main body is not considered to be the mainstream, per se. A recirculated portion of the stream is not considered to be the mainstream.
A skinlike thin film which acts as a barrier or container wall; the usual form of a permeable or semipermeable septum. A semipermeable membrane is a skinlike, relatively thin film which serves to define a barrier or container wall to at least one of the constituents of a solution or colloidal suspension and allows at least one other constituent to pass through by a mechanism which may include but goes beyond mere straining and which mechanism is in part due to differences in behavior of the constituents of the solution or suspension with respect to the material of the membrane. The constituents vary in their ability to diffuse through or to wet the membrane. Membranelike includes mambrane, per se, and material which, while not strictly in a self-supporting skinlike structure, functions in an analogous manner and includes a layer of fine particulate matter or an emulsion as set out in subclass 643. A process which depends only on the relative size of pores and molecules or ions of a constituent is a filtering or straining process and is classified under separation, subclass 767.
A linear measurement equal to one millionth of a meter, one thousandth of a mm, 39 millionths of an inch.
Living plants or animals of a size normally visible only through a microscope and includes bacteria, yeast, fungi, and virus. For purposes of this class, algae are not considered micro-organisms. The scope of this term is coextensive with the organisms of Class 435, Molecular Biology and Microbiology.
See FILTER.
A sorbent with an extremely large volume of pores, each of about molecular size, capable of selectively sorbing gases and other material in molecular form; generally of Zeolite.
Organic material of slick or slippery feel including long chain hydrocarbons esters of higher fatty acid and derived from petroleum, fats, greases, and oils of animal or vegetable origin.
Oil attractive or wettable by oil.
Oil repelling.
Phenomenon in which solvent migrates or is transported across a barrier from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution separated by the barrier tending to equalize the concentrations. The force driving the solvent is dependent on the materials of the liquids and the barrier or septum, and a counter force of greater magnitude will effect reverse migration or reverse osmosis causing solvent to migrate from the more concentrated to the less concentrated solution. A comprehensive treatise on osmosis and reverse osmosis is given in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2nd ed. Vol. 14, pp. 345-355.
An agent which extracts electrons from a chemical moiety and increases its positive or decreases its negative valence. Often an oxygen or halogen containing material.
Property of allowing passage or migration of other material through a barrier or septum of the material so designated. The migration phenomenon is due primarily to the chemical nature of the materials involved and may include molecular weight or size as a factor.
Material which has passed through a permeable or semipermeable membrane.
The measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a liquid. Also determines the sweetness or sourness of a liquid. The original value was the log of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration.
An ion exchange process in which the ions released to the liquid are only H+ and OH-. A method of achieving very pure water. See CONDUCTIVITY WATER.
Material to be filtered, also known as feed, influent, intake.
Material retained by membrane, septum, filter, settling tank, etc.
Material held back by membrane or filter, not allowed to migrate or pass through.
See OSMOSIS.
Permeable to only some of materials which may be in intimate association as in a solution. Usually applied to membrane, see MEMBRANE.
Concentrate of settled colloidal suspension with a mushy or mud texture, a gel with up to more than 90 percent usually water) but quite viscous. It may contain indiscriminate solids as grits, fiber, wood chip, and emulsions. While still wet, treatment is proper for this class, but the same material when completely dry may be referred to as sludge. See ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
The attracting by a solid material of a liquid wherein the liquid permeates the body of the solid, either in pores or throughout the material itself or of a finely divided constituent, suspended or dissolved in a liquid, on the surface of or in pores of the material. Examples of the former are methods using sponges, mops, and pads and of the latter are methods using activated charcoal clays and zeolites. In this class, no distinction is made between absorption and adsorption. Processes using sorption for separation are provided for in subclasses 660+. (See Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2nd ed. Vol. 1, pp. 44-75 and 421-469.)
Liquid carrying throughout its volume in extremely fine subdivision an insoluble substance (solid or another liquid) which will not settle under gravity nor can be filtered without special treatment such as addition of chemical agents. A DISPERSION. See FLOCCULATION, GEL, and MEMBRANE.
A material not found in nature, but man-made from chemical building blocks, with properties resembling naturally occurring materials. It does not include man-made duplicates of natural material or chemical modified natural materials. For example, regenerated cellulose and cellulose acetate are not included nor is zein, but polyester, vinyl, and nylon are included.
A particulate bed of designed coarseness through which liquid is gravity fed at a rate to maintain relatively thin films on the particles and enhance air liquid contact to promote aerobic treatment of the liquid. An alternate method may be programmed flooding and draining of the bed. The treatment using such a bed is in subclasses 616+.
Filtration of a solution or colloid, retaining a constituent of macromolecule dimension. See FILTRATION and MEMBRANE.
A normally liquid material in a gaseous state, e.g., steam. Separating or purifying a fluid in the gaseous state is proper for Class 55, Gas Separation, but treating a liquid with gaseous constituents is provided for in subclasses 603+, 640, 664, 707, 718, and 750.
A liquid that is to be discarded. The term includes effluent from domestic or industrial sources, e.g, sewage wash water spent processing fluids, etc., and refers to liquid to be treated and liquid which has been treated to allow discharge to the environment.
Glossary Terms for Class 212 TRAVERSING HOISTS
An elongated member protruding from a mast, crane body, trolley, or other supporting structure and from which the load is suspended.
An elongated member supported horizontally at two spaced points and which either serves as or bears a track or guide between the supporting points on which a load-supporting trolley or a traveling bridge is adapted to move.
A movable carriage adapted to shift a load laterally by moving along a track or other guiding means and which supports or guides a member from which the load is suspended.
Glossary Terms for Class 216 ETCHING A SUBSTRATE: PROCESSES
A chemical compound which yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which reacts with bases to form salts and water (neutralization).
Matter of very low density and viscosity, and relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, that is readily diffusive, with a tendency to expand indefinitely, with molecules or atoms in free movement. The term gas includes vapor.
Must have all of the attributes described in 1-5 below: (1) An inorganic product the constituents of which generally include a glass former (e.g., As2O3, B2O3, GeO2, P2O5, SiO2, V2O5) which has an essential characteristic of creating or maintaining, singularly, or in a mixture that type of structural disorder characteristic of a glassy condition, other oxides which approach glass forming properties (e.g., Al2O3, BeO, PbO, Sb2O3, TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2), as well as oxides that are practically devoid of glass forming tendencies (e.g. BaO, CaO, K2O, Li2O, MgO, Na2O, and SrO). Pure and modified silica, silicon, and slag are also included. (2) Formed by fusion and cooled to a rigid condition generally without crystallization. (3) Having no definite melting point, whereby the mass has the characteristic of passing through a plastic state before reaching a liquid state when heated. (4) Incapable in the solid state of permanent deformation. (5) Fractures when subject to deformation tension.
Pertaining to compounds that do not generally contain carbon and to elements in their free form. It relates to any of the compounds not encompassed under the term Organic defined below in this Glossary.
As found in the periodic table of the elements, is any element not named in the following listing, all group VIII, VIIB, VIB elements except polonium, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, and boron.
Is a compound containing carbon, which is further characterized by the presence in the molecule of two carbon atoms bonded together; or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen; or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond. The following compounds are specifically excluded as being Organic for classification purposes, to-wit: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, fulminic acid, and metal carbides.
A gas that is sufficiently ionized for its properties to depend on the ionization. It contains approximately equal numbers of positive ions and electrons, so the mixture is electrically neutral, highly conductive, and affected by magnetic fields. A thermal plasma is produced by temperatures above 20,000 degrees centigrade.
The propagation of energy through space or through a material. It may be in the form of electromagnetic waves, corpuscular emissions or sound waves. The format is usually categorized according to frequency, e.g., Hertzian, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray, etc. Corpuscular emissions are categorized as alpha, beta, or cosmic rays.
The entire article or workpiece contacted by the chemical reagent, except for materials which have been applied to an article or workpiece for the sole expressed purpose of protecting at least a portion thereof from the action of the chemical material, i.e., a resist.
Glossary Terms for Class 221 ARTICLE DISPENSING
Any means (other than the weight of the article alone) which affirmatively segregates, separates or moves an article from a supply to a point of egress. All of the supply less one article may be moved to leave a segregated or separated article in discharge position or subject to further manipulation.
Any means which either (1) affirmatively segregates, separates or moves an article from a supply to a point of egress or (2) permits separation or segregation of articles by gravitational movement thereof. A discharge means may be either a discharge assistant or a releaser.
Any discharge assistant which acts directly upon an article or articles to be dispensed at any one operation to segregate or separate the same from the remainder of the supply. Followers are discharge assistants which are not included in this term since they exert force through the entire supply rather than directly on the articles to be dispensed.
A container, bin or receptacle for retaining a quantity of articles in a jumbled mass.
A means associated with the egress opening of a dispenser which obstructs, inhibits, or prevents passage of articles out of the dispenser in one position, such means being down stream of the point of separation or segregation of the articles.
A means permitting segregation or separation of articles by unassisted gravitational movement thereof, supports or restraining means being rendered inoperative as to the articles to be dispensed and operative as to those to be retained, with return to the previous state after the dispensing operation. Such means are permissive as distinguished from discharge assistants which are affirmative force applying means (compulsive).
This term as used herein includes elastic means (spring form) and spring biased means as well.
Any means for supporting or retaining a quantity of articles either in an orderly fashion or arrangement or as a jumbled mass such as provided by a magazine, hopper, stack, compartment, container, bin or receptacle.
A single, contiguous, continuous, orderly sequence or linear arrangement of articles which may constitute an article supply or result from operation on articles previously disposed as a jumbled mass.
Glossary Terms for Class 225 SEVERING BY TEARING OR BREAKING
A means for applying friction directly or indirectly to the work, the means as disclosed being intended to slow, stop or prevent work motion. Class 51 for device for feeding and severing strips utilized for manifolding.
A web, sheet, or strand (including tube, rod or bar) which is to be acted on.
A mass or quantity of work material in any regular or irregular arrangement.
Work supply in regular form such as a wound roll, a folded strip or a pack or stack of work material may include a core, a flanged core or other support to which the material is fixed
Glossary Terms for Class 226 ADVANCING MATERIAL OF INDETERMINATE LENGTH
(n) As used in this class, a member on which a material engaging part is slidingly or rotatably (including pivotally) mounted, which member entirely supports the part against gravity while allowing relative movement between the member and the part. This term is applied only to that member of a device which is immediately connected to the material-engaging part. A member can be a complex of parts which move integrally together.
(n) A device which moves material to an operative (e.g., a person who operates such device and who will use the material). (Compare with Feeder).
(v) To move material to an operation*. (n) The act of moving material to an operation*.
(n) A device which moves material to an operation*. (Compare with Dispenser).
A roll* which is disclosed as driven so as to impart motion to the material whereby the material is moved to an operation.
(n) As used in this class, a movable device comprising a plurality of substantially opposed surface elements (commonly termed jaws) relatively movable toward and away from a common line or plane (to engage corresponding opposed areas on material) and hold such material frictionally to the elements, whereby additional movement imparted to the elements in a material advancing direction will also be imparted to the material.
An extent of material having the characteristic that the longitudinal dimension of the material is effectively infinite insofar as can be determined from the claimed structure for advancing such material. The term applies to an extent of material in which the distance between the ends is irrelevant to the manner of, or structure for, handling and/or moving such material. Thus, except for the lead-end threaders of subclass 91, the leading or trailing end of the material is not utilized by the claimed means for moving the material, nor recognized in a claimed method of moving. The term as used in this class also applies to material which is formed in a closed loop, (i.e., the leading end and the trailing end of definite length material have been joined together). However, the lead end may be used in stopping the material to effect intermittent advance as in subclasses 125+, and a trailing end (effected by a break or depletion of material) may be sensed to stop operation of the advancer.
As used in this class, the term refers to that direction simultaneously perpendicular to the longitudinal* direction of movement of a web* and parallel to the surface of the web.
As used in this class, the term refers to the direction along the length of the indeterminate-length* material.
The work, stock, web, strand or other interconnected stuff which is being advanced.
(n) A performing of work or a doing of an act. Exemplary operations are: cutting, recording, viewing, dyeing.
A roll* having a radially stepped periphery, the radially outward portion engaging material and the radially inward portion(s) not engaging the material.
A shaft-mounted rotatable body, usually cylindrical, a portion of the periphery of which engages material. Although a roll is usually cylindrical, the term is used in this class to include a conical, truncated conical, or spherical body, a portion of the periphery of which engages the material to be moved.
A group of at least two rolls*, material being disposed therebetween in simultaneous tangential and/or peripheral engagement with all rolls, the roll(s) on one side of the material counter-rotating relative to the roll(s) on the other side of such material. An example of a roll-couple comprising more than two elements, is a plurality of equal-diameter rolls co-axially mounted, all of which rolls are opposed by a single, parallel roll.
Material having a cross-section (transverse of the longitudinal* dimension) of substantially similar width and depth dimensions (compare with Web). Exemplary strand materials are: rod, tube, cordage (i.e., rope, cable, etc.) chain, filaments, yarn, wire.
Material having a cross-section (transverse of the longitudinal* dimension) of relatively thin dimension perpendicular to a relatively wide dimension (compare with Strand). Thus, the material has two side edges defining its lateral* boundaries, and two surfaces defining its other cross-sectional boundaries. Exemplary web materials are: fabric, screening, strip.
Glossary Terms for Class 227 ELONGATED-MEMBER-DRIVING APPARATUS
A nonactuated (fixed or adjustably positionable) tool having a face portion designed and intended to react against a driven member to restrict the movement of the material of said member in at least one direction during the driving of said member.
In this class is used in the sense imparted by the Class Definition and Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class in Class 72.
A tangible instrumentality having a surface portion which is specifically designed and intended, upon actuation of said instrumentality, to act upon a member (or work) with sufficient force, to impart translatory motion there to effect an operation of the class type.
Structure to support the driver in a device of the class type.
That region of a machine wherein work must be located for an intended driving operation of the class type to be performed thereon.
A gmating-memberh. A. discrete element which has as its sole disclosed function that of aiding in maintaining a driven member in its penetrated relationship with the work, or has such a peculiar shape as to be obviously intended to perform this sole function; this sole function being accomplished by permanent interassociation or interlocking of the member and the gmating-memberh. (Note-A gmating-memberh for the purposes of this class is considered a workpiece.)
An object, or the end portion of indeterminate length material, comprising at least one pointed and/or generally elongated rod-like or tubular projection disclosed as being intended to penetrate* work* when the member, or the work, is engaged and bodily moved by a driver* substantially in the directing of said projection(s).
Act of inserting or imbedding (e.g., by piercing, etc.) all or a portion of an elongated member in work material, by bodily movement of the member or the proximate portion of the work material (as distinguished from relative deflection or deformation of plural portions of an exteriorly applied fastener, as in pinching, binding, clipping, hog-ringing, etc.). The term may also refer to increasing or advancing an already established penetrating relationship, by bodily movement of the member relative to the work.
Article or material into which a member* has been driven. Note. The member is not considered part of the product but retains its identity as a member for any further operation to be performed on it.
Article or material other than the surface of the earth into which a member* is to be driven; or an assemblage of juxtaposed workpieces (objects and/or layers of material) into at least one of which a member is to be driven.
Glossary Terms for Class 228 METAL FUSION BONDING
A device by or through which heat, pressure, vibratory energy, flux* and/or filler* may be applied directly to the work*.
A metallic material to be applied to the work in order to join meeting face* together and become an integral part of the product*.
A nonmetallic material to be applied to the work in order to: (1) shield the work from atmospheric oxygen or other harmful gases, (2) chemically remove oxides or other films, or (3) otherwise augment bonding.
That portion of a work part* intended to abut and be fusion bonded to another similar portion of the same or another work part.
Material which may be subjected to an operation of the class type; an elemental metal or alloy of mixture of metals in self-shape-sustaining state (i.e., not molten, gaseous, or powdered).
Solid material or article after an operation of the class type has been performed thereon. Note. The product of one operation may constitute work* for a subsequent operation.
A tangible instrumentality having a peripheral surface which is generated by a line revolving about an axis, said instrumentality being disclosed as revolving about said axis so that successive peripheral portions thereof cyclically move into and out of engagement with a generally planar surface of another member, with relative movement occurring between said axis and the planar surface along a direction parallel to the planar surface, thereby producing a relative rolling motion between the roller surface and the planar surface as contrasted with a sliding motion, (i.e., the surfaces move in the same direction at substantially the same linear speed so that there is no relative linear movement between the roller surface and the planar surface at point of engagement). Note. The generating line of the peripheral surface of the roller may have any continuous profile (e.g., straight, curved, or irregular), and the line may have any desired inclination, other than at right angles, relative to the axis. Thus, to be considered a ROLLER, any and all cross-sections taken at right angles to the axis must show a circular material engaging periphery.
A tangible rotating instrumentality having a peripheral surface with some, but not all, of the characteristics of a roller*. Note. (a) In a first type of roller-like member the surface is generated by a line revolving about an axis (thus the member looks like a roller), but there is relative movement between the surface of the roller-like member and another member to produce sliding action therebetween; or; (b) In a second type of roller-like member the relative movement of the roller-like member and another member and another member produces rolling engagement between their respective surfaces (thus the roller-like member acts like a roller), but the surface is not generated by a revolving line (e.g., the roller-like member is rough, gear-like, or recessed).
Material which is intended to be subjected to a treatment of the class type.
An article to be subjected to the class type operation.
Glossary Terms for Class 234 SELECTIVE CUTTING (E.G., PUNCHING)
The application of operating energy to a mechanism to cause the latter to perform its appointed function.
A plurality of tools or sensing elements arranged to be driven as a group by a common actuator.
Any of the functions to be found in a selective cutting machine other than the selection* of tools, (e.g., tool actuation*, feed* of pattern or workpiece, change of code*, shift of control to or from a keyboard or pattern-senser*, starting or stopping of any portion of the machine, etc.).
A system of symbols arbitrarily used to represent directions, words, letters, or numerical values. In this class, the term gcodeh wherever employed without further limitation should be regarded as meaning Combinational-Code*.
An element which is movable to and from an effective position in which position portions of said element engage tools of a plurality of tool pairs, thereby completing a drive train for the subsequent effective transmission of actuating power to the corresponding tool pairs. (Cf. Interposer).
An element which is movable to and from an effective position in which it determines the selection of a plurality of tool pairs by other mechanism. (Note. This element differs from a coded-interposer* in that (a) it does not engage the selected tools, and (b) it has only one effective position, as distinguished from the differentially positionable coded-interposer* found in subclass 98).
A system of symbols each comprising two or more marks or perforations which by their number and/or position arbitrarily represent bits of information. (Cf. one-hole- code*, defined below).
Means which is differentially responsive to distinguishable forces or input-impulses* to prepare corresponding predetermined distinct combinations of less than the total number of tool pairs for actuation. (Note. This is the subject matter of subclass 94 of this class).
A tangible object which carries or exhibits a picture, design, or record of data, for the guidance or direction of an operative or attendant of a selective cutting machine. (Cf. pattern*).
FEED (of pattern, card, web, etc.)
The progressive advancement of an object through a tool field and/or a field of pattern-sensers*, as distinguished from the mere presentation of an object to a machine.
An assemblage of elements (e.g., tools or pattern-sensers*), which covers all significant points of an area to be operated on, usually in one cycle.
A mark or configuration exhibited or carried by an object (such as a pattern* or token) intended for use in the control of a machine.
A force or stimulus applied to a machine from an external source (such as the hand of an operative, or the output mechanism of a calculator, etc.) or which originates from the sensing of a pattern* presented to the machine, and which is capable of controlling tool selection and/or auxiliary-operations*. (Cf. input-means*).
An instrumentality which is effective to exert control over the operation of tool-selecting mechanism and/or mechanism to perform an auxiliary-operation*, in response to the application of an input-impulse* to such input-means, (e.g., a keyboard, a dial, a pattern-sensing unit, etc.)
An element which is movable to and from two or more positions, in one or more of which positions it is effective to condition a tool pair for actuation by its engagement with a tool of said pair and by thus completing a drive train for transmission of actuating force to the tool pair (either by the transmission of energy to an active tool element, or by blocking an inactive tool element in effective position).
The computation or assignment of interword-spaces and/or type-widths, or symbols representative of such spaces or type-widths, in connection with the composition of a line of type or the production of an instrumentality (perforated tape, etc.) for the control of a type-setting machine, for the purpose of predetermining the exact length of a completed line of type.
The cutting of a discrete product from a workpiece through the thickness of the workpiece with the line of cut starting at an edge of the workpiece and returning to the same edge.
A system of single-hole symbols each distinguished only by its position with respect to a datum line.
Usually a misnomer, denoting merely a one-cyle delay in the actuation of selected tools. (See subclass 91 for examples; also cf. Storage*).
A tangible object, which, when temporarily presented to a suitable machine of the class type, affects the control of tool selection. (The workpiece itself may function as a pattern).
A complete pattern or any part thereof which may be chosen to supply input data for any purpose.
One or more elements which are capable of responding to certain indicia or characteristics of a pattern* presented to a machine, which response may be utilized to exert a control function on some portion of the machine.
A workpiece* which has been completely processed by a device of the Class 234 type.
A predetermined timed sequence of auxiliary-operations* of a Class 234 machine (i.e., not directly including the selection of tools, but it may include a changeover from one code* system to another; cf. Auxiliary-operation*).
The transfer of data to a storage* device.
The transfer of data from a storage device or other means, to tool selection mechanism.
The conditioning by a device of one or more of a number of available elements. (In this class, the term gselectionh is usually employed with reference to tools; tool selection is independent of tool actuation*).
A change in the relative position of data, indicia, etc., incidental to its transfer from one record or medium to another (e.g., data in columns 1-5 of a pattern card may be caused to appear in columns 16-19 and 21 of a newly made card).
A suspension of cutting and/or pattern-sensing operations, accompanied by a predetermined amount of feed* of a workpiece or pattern, for the purpose of omitting operations on a portion thereof.
The cutting of a narrow incision by a single straight or curved cutting edge, the incision extending through the thickness of a workpiece, being of finite length, and having distinct ends (i.e., not a punched hole).
The temporary retention, in a portion of machine, of input data, after cessation of the input-impulse* and before a corresponding initiation of tool selection*.
An area embracing all the points which can be operated upon in one cycle of acutation of a given plurality of tools.
The object which is cut or punched (before, during, or after such operation is effected). Cf. Product*.
Glossary Terms for Class 239 FLUID SPRINKLING, SPRAYING, AND DIFFUSING
A solid means arranged exteriorly of the egress port or last point of confinement for dispersing or redirecting the effluent. Some deflectors may be abrupt continuations of the terminal flow conducting means unitarily formed therewith.
Any means which changes the characteristic of the fluid leaving the terminus as by whirling, deflecting, removing, or quieting turbulence, etc.
A generic term to cover all means for effecting flow modification (e.g., dispersion, broadcast, projection, or scattering, etc.) of fluid, slurries or fluent material, coming within the class definition. Means altering or adjusting the quantity of fluid being delivered through the discharge port or the character of the flow as, for example, the dispersion pattern, the droplet size, the amount of turbulence or any other control for smoothing out or disturbing the discharge. This term is used as being generic to discharge modification and to flow regulation.
Means for altering or adjusting the quantity of effluent.
Includes any material which is handled like a fluid (i.e., may be caused to flow) and meets the definition of those materials accepted by this class in the class definition.
A terminal outlet member disclosed as connected to and as discharging into a relatively large pressure chamber (e.g., an internal combustion engine or combustion turbine combustion space).
A receptacle, container, or the like for retaining material to be sprayed with or without additional mixing with or entrainment in a fluid; a vessel or retainer other than a flowing stream or flow line.
THROUGH-FLOW OR SERIES CONNECTED TYPE
A species of terminal member but of special merit and therefore placed above in the order of superiority comprising a plurality of terminal outlet members connected end-to-end so that fluid may flow through them successively or a coupling member having a side outlet means supporting and communicating with an adjacent terminal outlet means in addition to a downstream fluid connection. At this level the terminal member itself will comprise lesser fluid elements. The series connected is regarded at a level above mere individual outlets, nozzles, or unitary plural outlet means.
A means upstream of the egress means for inducing or causing turbulent flow of a swirling or turning nature.
Glossary Terms for Class 249 STATIC MOLDS
See the Class Definition, section G, above.
A construction forming an extended indefinite surface preventing or inhibiting the passage of persons or things, e.g., wall, ceiling, floor, etc.
See the Class Definition, C, and see References to the Current Class for a reference to the difference between a core and plunger.
Means for preforming a function in which motion of the means or a part thereof is essential to accomplishment of the function.
Fluent material is (1) any material, which at the normal temperature range of an apparatus, lacks ability to retain a shape but instead readily conforms in shape to the configuration of a surface upon or within which it is placed or (2) any material which is handled as a mass of no predetermined shape and in the normal operation of a shaping device takes a form which in no way corresponds in general structure or dimensions to that of the original mass.
A work containing agency which as disclosed, could be either (1) manipulated manually as a utensil, (2) a subcombination of a machine or press couple, or (3) held in place by support means for direct manual or machine application of work thereto.
The utilization of a mold at the job site wherein upon removal of mold parts the product remains in its permanent location.
Usually a power driven (e.g., motor) organization including a mechanism, which contains within itself its own guide for operation which once commenced the operator lacks control thereover except for starting and stopping the same.
A component of building construction, usually designated by terms as, brick, block, tile, sheet, etc., which with other such preformed shapes assembled in repetitious juxtaposition define a surface of construction, e.g., of a wall, ceiling or floor.
See the Class Definition, section A and B.
A generic term which denotes anyone of the structures set forth in the Class Definition, sections A - F.
See the Class Definition, section F.
See the Class Definition, section D.
A separate or distinct molding surface or a plurality of separate and distinct molding surfaces connected to form an integral molding surface.
Structure set forth under the Class Definition, section F, which divides a mold cavity into plural cavities. Note. Structure set forth in this definition which forms a hole or recess in the product is considered a core.
Stock material that has been given a shape.
See the Class Definition, subparagraphs A-C, inclusive.
A rigid member or construction having a limited closed periphery which is (1) greatly elongated relative to any lateral dimension (2) resists transverse loading and (3) supports or retains other components of a building construction; e.g., joist, beam or column.
Glossary Terms for Class 250 RADIANT ENERGY
A closed or closable conducting path through which, or along which, electric current can travel.
A material or device whose response to radiant energy is used to indicate the presence or amount of incident radiation. Also, called gSignalling Meansh.
A liquid, gas or mass of granular solid material that does not of itself maintain its own spatial form but flows. Whether or not a granular material should be considered fluent or not is determined in each case by how it is handled. Generally if the handling means has walls to hold up the material, the material is fluent. Thus, for example, coal is necessarily fluent in a pail or bin but not necessarily fluent in a pile.
An atom or molecule with at least one more or less electrons than protons. Electrons, per se, are not considered ions.
The process of adding to or removing from an electrically neutral atom or molecule one or more of its electrons. Note: Ionization, as sometimes used to denote the process of increasing the energy level of an atom or molecule to some state short of the above, is not encompassed by this definition. Such processes in this class are considered partial or incomplete ionization.
A term implying a source of radiant energy, and/or means to irradiate an object by said source and a detector responsive to radiation from the object to provide a signal representing some characteristic of the object.
A material subjected to radiation for treatment or whose response to or effect on the radiation is used to indicate something about the material.
A detector used to sense light incident thereon and generate a signal representative of some aspect of the light such as intensity, phase, coherence, mode distribution, interference pattern characteristics, etc.
See Photocell
See Photocell
See Photocell
Energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves, or traveling subatomic, atomic or molecular particles.
Exhibiting spontaneous nuclear disintegration with emission of particulate or electromagnetic radiations.
SIGNALING MEANS, ELECTRIC AND NONELECTRIC
Detectors that produce in response to incident radiant energy either an increase or decrease in electric potential or current flow (Electric) or some other perceivable change (Nonelectric). The nonelectric change may be immediately perceived or may require development to be perceived, e.g., photographic changes.
Glossary Terms for Class 256 FENCES
As used herein, this term applies to any relatively rigid slat or bar member used as an element of a fence.
As used herein, this term includes not only metallic but also any nonmetallic rope, cord, or strand.
Glossary Terms for Class 257 ACTIVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES (E.G.,TRANSISTORS, SOLID-STATE DIODES)
An atom or ion different from or foreign to, but present in, a semiconductor material and which has insufficient valence electrons to complete the normal bonding arrangement in the semiconductor crystal structure. An acceptor impurity accepts an electron from an adjacent atom to create a hole. Acceptor impurities are also referred to as p-type impurities. Common acceptor impurities in silicon or germanium are boron, gallium, and indium.
Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, E, Fm, Mv, No, Lw.
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
ACTIVE solid-state ELECTRONIC DEVICE
An electronic device or component that is made up primarily of solid materials, usually semiconductors, which operates by the movement of charge carriers - electrons or holes - which undergo energy level changes within the material and can modify an input voltage to achieve rectification, amplification, or switching action. Active solid-state electronic devices include diodes, transistors, thyristors, etc., but exclude pure resistors, capacitors, inductors, or combinations solely thereof. The latter class of devices is characterized as passive.
A fused junction produced by combining one or more elemental impurity metals with a semiconductor. Typical alloyed junctions include indium- germanium and aluminum-silicon.
A transistor in which the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are alloy junctions.
A sudden change from high dynamic electrical resistance to very low dynamic resistance in a reverse biased semiconductor device, e.g., a reverse biased junction between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, wherein current carriers are created by electrons or holes which have gained sufficient speed to dislodge valence electrons. Avalanche breakdown can cause structural damage to a semiconductor device.
A wire lead coming from the end of and along the axis of a resistor, capacitor, or other component.
The bonding of active chips to a substrate using the back of the chip opposite the side containing active solid-state devices.
A bond formed by a round, ball-shaped lead on a semiconductor device.
An active solid-state electronic device in which an active layer is present through which carriers* pass, wherein the active layer is thinner than the mean free path of the carriers* in the material in that layer, so that carriers* can pass through the layer without scattering. Carriers* are typically injected into the ballistic transport layer as ghoth carriers*, having an energy, in the case of electrons, substantially greater than the minimum of the conduction band*, or in the case of holes, substantially lower than the maximum of the valence band. Ballistic electron injectors include heterojunctions, tunnel barriers, and punchthrough (e.g., planar doped or camel) barriers.
The difference between the energy levels of electrons bound to their nuclei (valence electrons) and the energy levels that allow electrons to migrate freely (conduction electrons). The band gap depends on the particular semiconductor involved.
A region which extends on both sides of a semiconductor junction in which all carriers are swept away from the junction region. The region is depleted of carriers. This is also referred to as a depletion region.
Barrier injection transit time diode. A bipolar or device in which a type of breakdown known as punchthrough occurs and wherein the punchthrough structure device is operable at microwave frequencies. In bipolar transistors a direct current path is formed from emitter to collector due to the formation of a depletion region throughout the base region and charge carriers from the emitter punch through to the collector. Carriers flowing from the emitter to the collector take a controlled time to pass through the depletion layer, leading to a controlled delay in current after a voltage is applied, and effective negative impedance.
The region between the emitter and collector of a bipolar transistor into which minority carriers are injected by the emitter.
The electrical current that flows in the base terminal of a bipolar transistor.
Flat, metallic leads which extend beyond the edges of a chip component like wooden beams extend from a roof overhang. Beam leads are used to interconnect a component to film circuitry.
A direct current or voltage applied to an active solid-state device that establishes certain operating characteristics of the device.
An active solid-state electronic device that contains both bipolar and field effect transistors.
A characteristic of an active solid-state electronic device that permits it to support current flow in opposite directions.
A substance that always contains the same two elements in a fixed atomic ratio.
An active solid-state electronic device in which both positive and negative current carriers are used to support current flow.
An active solid-state electronic device with a base electrode and two or more junction electrodes in which both positive and negative current carriers are used to support current flow.
The effective wavelength of electrons in a semiconductor crystal, sometimes referred to as a wave packet or wave function. It can be an order of magnitude larger than the de broglie wavelength of electrons having the same energy.
The area, defined by the extent of a metallization land or the top surface of a terminal, to which a lead is or is to be bonded.
A metallized area to which an electrical connection is to be made. It is also called a bonding island or a controlled collapse chip connection.
Fine wire for making electrical connections in hybrid circuits between various bonding pads on the semiconductor device substrate and device terminals or substrate lands.
A sudden change from high dynamic electrical resistance to a very low dynamic resistance in a reverse biased semiconductor device, e.g., a reverse biased junction between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, wherein reverse current increases rapidly for a small increase in reverse applied voltage, and the device behaves as if it had negative electrical resistance.
The voltage value at which breakdown occurs.
The start of current flow in a silicon controlled rectifier.
A charge transfer device in which only a portion of the charge carriers (electrons or holes) at each storage site are transferred to the next storage site.
A term used to describe, typically, solder bumps on a chip or substrate which are found on only one side of the chip or substrate as, for example, on a flip-chip.
A charge coupled device in which charge is stored and transferred below the surface of the device.
An active solid-state device made up of a semiconductor material whose electrical characteristics and electronic properties are exhibited throughout the entire body of the material, rather than in just a localized region thereof, e.g., the surface.
See BULK-CHANNEL CCD.
The collector-base junction of a bipolar transistor.
A component used in electrical and electronic circuits which stores a charge of electricity, usually for very brief periods of time, with the ability to rapidly charge and discharge. A capacitor is usually considered a passive component since it does not rectify, amplify, or switch and because charge carriers do not undergo energy level changes therein, although some active solid-state devices function as voltage variable capacitors.
A mobile free electron or hole.
The number of electrical charge carriers in a given volume, usually a cubic centimeter, of semiconductor material.
An individual integrated circuit element located on a large, or master chip of, semiconductor material.
A path for conducting current between a source and drain of a field effect transistor.
Operating characteristics of FETs which depend on the length (distance between source and drain) of the channel regions. Such effects include switching speed change and threshold voltage change with channel length change.
Operating characteristics of FETs which depend on the width (horizontal distance perpendicular to channel length and parallel to upper surface of device) of the channel. Such effects include conductance and threshold voltage change with channel width change.
Means for limiting channel formation in a semiconductor device by surrounding the affected area with a ring of highly doped, low resistivity semiconductor material. In a field effect transistor, it is a region of highly doped material of the same type as the lightly doped substrate used to prevent leakage paths along the chip surface from developing. Also referred to as gchanstop.h
The location in a current channel portion of a field effect transistor (FET) where the current is reduced to a minimum value due to its diameter being reduced to a minimum.
A graph showing the relationship between two or more changing parameters, e.g., current and voltage of an electronic device.
A mobile conduction electron or hole in a semiconductor.
Restriction of electrical charge carriers, e.g., electrons or holes, to specified locations, e.g., by quantum wells, gate electrode potentials, etc.
A charge transfer device in which all carriers (electrons or holes) are transferred from one storage site to the next upon application of a shifting voltage.
A field effect device in which storage sites for packets of electric charge are induced at or below the surface of an active solid-state device by an electric field applied to the device and wherein carrier potential energy per unit charge minima are established at a given storage site and such charge packets are injected into the device substrate or into a data bus. This type device differs from a charge transfer device in that, in the latter, charge is transferred to adjacent charge storage sites in a serial manner, whereas, in a charge injection device, the charge is injected in a non-serial manner to the device substrate or to a data bus.
A semiconductor device in which discrete packets of electrical charge are transferred from one location to another. Examples of charge transfer devices include charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and bucket-brigade devices (BBDs).
A single crystal substrate of semiconductor material on which one or more active or passive solid-state electronic devices are formed. A chip may contain an integrated circuit. A chip is not normally ready for use until packaged and provided with external connectors.
A package with terminals, for solid-state electronic devices, including chips which facilitates handling of the chip during assembly of the chip to other electronic elements.
A circuit element (active or passive) for use in microelectronics. Besides integrated circuits, the term includes diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
A number of devices interconnected in a one or more closed paths to perform a desired electrical or electronic function.
A higher band gap material which encases a lower band gap material that defines the walls of a quantum well.
See COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR.
The typical distance an electron can travel before it is scattered (e.g., by a phonon, a defect, or an impurity).
A term which encompasses both active and passive type devices, the passive type being a resistor whose resistance decreases when subjected to a high frequency signal, and the active type being a rectifier which is made up of active solid-state particles which conduct and rectify current when connected into a cohesive element but which loses that characteristic when the particles are separated (e.g., by shaking a container in which the particles are located).
That end region of a bipolar transistor which forms one of the main current regions and which is reverse biased in operation with respect to the base region.
The current which flows through the terminal of the collector region of a bipolar transistor.
COLLECTOR DIFFUSION ISOLATION (CDI)
An electrical isolation technology used for bipolar devices which employs an epitaxial layer, which forms transistor base regions, laid on a substrate of the same conductivity type (p or n) as the epitaxial layer, with an opposite conductivity type region, more heavily doped than the epitaxial base layer and located between the layer and the substrate, forming the collector and isolating the transistor from the substrate.
A bipolar transistor in which the base region is common to both the input and output circuit. This is also known as a grounded-base bipolar transistor circuit.
COMMON-COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
A bipolar transistor in which the collector region is common to both the input and output circuit. It is also known as an emitter-follower bipolar transistor circuit.
A unipolar transistor in which the drain region is common to both the input and output circuit.
A bipolar transistor in which the emitter region is common to both the input and output circuit. It is also known as a grounded-emitter bipolar transistor circuit.
A unipolar transistor in which the gate region is common to both input and output circuits.
COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR (CMOS)
Both n-type and p-type metal oxide semiconductor devices, e.g., transistors, formed on the same substrate.
An electronic device - active or passive - which has distinct electrical characteristics and has terminals for connection to other components to form a circuit.
A homogeneous material which has definite proportions of chemically combined atoms or ions.
A difference in dopant concentration (p- or n-type) from one position to another in a semiconductor.
A partially filled energy band in which electrons can move freely, permitting a material to carry electric current where electrons are the current carriers.
In a conductor or n-type semiconductor, outer shell electrons that are bound so loosely that they can move freely in the conduction band of a solid material under the influence of an electric field.
The ability of a material to conduct electric current. Its converse is resistivity.
A material which offers comparatively little resistance to the flow of current.
The distance between adjacent edges (not centerline to centerline) of isolated conductive patterns in a conductor layer.
That portion of metallized conductors used for providing external electrical connections from a component to a chip or other component.
The parts of a conductor designed to touch or be touched by other such parts of an electrical conductor to carry current to or from the conductor.
An opening in an insulating layer to expose an underlying conductor to permit electrical contact thereto. It is also called a via hole.
The sharing of electrons by atoms in which each atom contributes one of a pair of electrons shared by another atom and forming a bond between those two atoms.
An active solid-state device which operates at cryogenic temperatures, i.e., at temperatures at or below 77 degrees Kelvin, by avalanche breakdown caused by impact ionization of device impurities.
A solid substance whose atoms are arranged with periodic geometric regularity, called a lattice.
Any nonuniformity in a crystal lattice. There are four categories of crystal defects: (1) point defects, (2) line defects, (3) area defects, and (4) volume defects. Point defects include any foreign atom at a regular lattice site (substitutional site) or between lattice sites (interstitial site), anti-site defects in compound semiconductors, e.g., Ga in As or As in Ga, missing lattice atoms, and host atoms located between lattice sites and adjacent to a vacant site (Frenkel defects). Line defects, also called edge dislocations, include extra planes of atoms in a lattice. Area defects include twins or twinning (a change in crystal orientation across a lattice) and grain boundaries (a transition between crystals having no particular positional orientation to one another. Volume defects include precipitates of impurity or dopant atoms caused by volume mismatch between a host lattice and precipitates.
A minimum value of voltage or current applied to an active device which stops the device from operating in a particular manner.
The wavelength of a particle, based on L.V. de Broglie"s theory that particles exhibit wavelike characteristics.
The condition in which a depletion layer formed in a MOS active device due to voltage applied to the gate electrode of the device, is deeper than the maximum depth at which inversion would normally be expected to occur at room temperature in a semiconductor device at the surface closest to the gate electrode, without formation of an inversion layer.
Electrical isolation of adjacent devices in a single monolithic semiconductor chip by grooves extending deeply into and below the surface of the chip between the devices.
Energy levels that can act as traps located in the forbidden band of a semiconductor material that are not near the conduction or valence band edges.
Doping of a semiconductor to such an extent that the Fermi level lies within the conduction band (N+ semiconductor) or within the valence band (P+ semiconductor). Also, in circuit applications, negative feedback between two or more active solid-state devices.
See DEPLETION REGION.
The operation of a field-effect transistor having appreciable channel conductivity for zero gate- source voltage and whose channel conductivity may be increased or decreased according to the polarity of the applied gate-source voltage, by changing the gate-to-source voltage from zero to a finite value, resulting in a decrease in the magnitude of the drain current.
The region extending on both sides of a reverse biased semiconductor junction in which free carriers are removed from the vicinity of the junction. It is also called a space charge region, a barrier region, or an intrinsic semiconductor region.
The physical realization of an individual electrical element in a physically independent body which cannot be further divided without destroying its stated function. Examples are transistors, pnpn structures, and tunnel diodes.
A tiny piece of semiconductor material, separated from a semiconductor slice, on which one or more active electronic components are formed. Sometimes called a chip.
Attachment of a semiconductor chip to a substrate or chip carrier or package, usually with an epoxy, eutectic, or solder alloy.
A junction between two different conductivity regions within a semiconductor and which is formed by diffusion of appropriate impurity atoms into the material.
A transistor in which the emitter and collector junctions are formed by diffusion of dopant atoms into the semiconductor material.
(1) The movement of carriers from a region of concentration to one of lower concentration; (2) a process of adding impurities to a semiconductor material to change its electrical characteristics.
An obstacle to the diffusion of charge carriers in an active solid-state device.
Current caused by charge carriers diffusing from a volume of high carrier concentration to a volume of lower carrier concentration in a solid-state material.
In a homogeneous semiconductor material, the average distance minority carriers move during their lifetime (i.e., between generation and recombination).
An electronic device which has two terminals and an asymmetrical or nonlinear voltage-current characteristic.
A technique in which a high electrical resistance between an integrated circuit element and its substrate is achieved by surrounding the element with a reverse biased pn junction.
A chip carrier or package consisting of a plastic or ceramic body with two rows of vertical leads in which a semiconductor integrated circuit is assembled and sealed. The leads are typically inserted into a circuit board and secured by soldering.
A semiconductor material in which an electron transition from the conduction to the valence band, or vice versa, does not require a change in crystal momentum for the electron. Gallium arsenide is a direct band gap semiconductor material.
A circuit which has an individual identity and which is fabricated prior to installation, or is separately packaged and is not part of an integrated circuit.
A region in a crystal in which the atoms are not arranged in a perfect lattice-like structure. See CRYSTAL DEFECT for examples of crystal defects/dislocations.
Depletion type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor. Such devices are normally in the on condition with no applied gate voltage.
An element which when added to a semiconductor provides unbound or free electrons to the semiconductor which may serve as current carriers. Typically, donors are atoms which have more valence electrons than the atoms of the semiconductor material into which they are introduced in small quantities as an impurity or dopant. Since such donor impurities have more valence electrons than the semiconductor, a semiconductor doped with donor impurities is an n-type semiconductor.
An impurity added to a semiconductor material to change its electrical conductivity or other characteristics. N-type (negative) dopants, such as phosphorus, for a group IV semiconductor such as silicon typically come from group V of the periodic table. When added to silicon n-type dopants create a material that contains conduction electrons. P-type (positive) dopants, such as boron, for a group IV semiconductor such as silicon, typically come from group III and result in holes.
The point to point concentration throughout a semiconductor of an impurity atom doped into the semiconductor.
A metal oxide semiconductor having diffused junctions in which successive diffusions of different impurity types are made in the same well-defined region of the semiconductor.
The electrode of a field effect transistor which receives charge carriers which pass through the transistor channel from the source electrode.
The flow of charge carriers in the drain region of a field effect transistor.
DRAIN-SOURCE SATURATION CURRENT
The maximum amount of current carried by the drain of a field-effect transistor when the gate- source voltage equals zero volts.
Current produced in a solid-state electronic device by charge carriers (e.g., holes or electrons) drifting in the direction of an applied electric field.
A type of electrical isolation of functional elements of an integrated circuit comprised of two distinct unused areas of chip surface area adjacent to the elements desired to be electrically isolated.
See DIP.
DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (DRAM)
solid-state memory in which the information decays over time and needs to be periodically refreshed.
Emitter base junction in a bipolar transistor.
The negatively charged particle in an atom that orbits the nucleus in specific energy levels.
Movement of electrons from a source of negative potential to a positive potential.
A positive charge carrier (i.e., hole) and a negative charge carrier (i.e., electron) considered together as being created or destroyed as part of one and the same event.
The region of a bipolar junction transistor from which charge carriers flow through the emitter-base junction into the base region of the device.
The amount of current flowing from the emitter across the emitter-base junction into the base region of the device.
Enhancement mode metal oxide semiconductor device. See ENHANCEMENT MODE and MOSFET.
The possible energy values that an atom or molecule or subatomic particle (e.g., an electron) can have.
The operation of a field effect transistor which has a channel formed therein between its source and drain regions and which normally does not conduct current through its channel with zero voltage applied to its gate electrode. Voltage of the correct polarity will accumulate minority carriers in the channel to permit conduction of current in the channel, thus turning on the transistor.
The growth of a crystal of one substance on the surface of a crystal of the same or another substance so that the crystal lattice of the base substance controls the orientation of the atoms in the grown crystal.
An added layer of crystal that takes on the same crystalline orientation as the substrate crystal.
A heavily doped pn junction diode where conduction occurs through the junction potential barrier due to a quantum mechanical effect even though the carriers which tunnel through the potential barrier do not have enough energy to overcome the potential barrier. Esaki tunneling involves a tunneling barrier formed by a macroscopic depletion layer between n-type and p-type regions. It does not involve a resonant tunneling barrier using controlled quantum confinement, a layer located between junctions, nor a thin superlattice layer.
Charge carriers present in a semiconductor in excess of those present in thermal equilibrium.
A semiconductor whose charge carrier concentration and, therefore, electrical properties depend on impurity, atoms introduced therein.
A chip mounting technique wherein semiconductor chips are provided with small mounting pads, turned face down, and bonded directly to conductors on a substrate.
Leads placed through a package wall at closer intervals than normal and radiated (fanned) out on the exterior of the package until a desired center-to-center lead spacing is achieved.
Acronym for field effect transistor.
A unipolar transistor in which current carriers are injected at a source terminal and pass to a drain terminal through a channel of semiconductor material whose conductivity depends largely on an electric field applied to the semiconductor from a control electrode. There are two main types of FET, a junction FET and an insulated-gate FET. In the junction FET, the gate is isolated from the channel by a pn junction. In an insulated-gate FET, the gate is isolated from the channel by an insulating layer, so that the gate and channel form a capacitor with the insulating layer as the capacitor dielectric.
A thin (on a macroscopic scale) film made up of an oxide of a material which overlies a device substrate to reduce parasitic capacitive coupling between conductors overlying the oxide and the substrate or devices below the oxide layer (e.g., in the substrate).
An integrated circuit package with leads extending from it in the same plane as that of the package. It has a low profile.
A term which describes the situation wherein a semiconductor device which has all terminations on one side thereof in the form of bump contacts, has a passivated surface and has been flipped over and attached to a matching substrate.
A region of a semiconductor device in which impurity atoms have been doped and which is electrically floating, that is, has no direct electrical connection.
A gate electrode that is electrically floating, that is, has no direct electrical connection.
Also called a land pattern. It is a combination of lands used to mount a surface mount component. Metal pads on a substrate surface are arranged in the same pattern as the leads or pads on the component itself.
FORBIDDEN ENERGY BAND/REGION/GAP
The energy band of a material which is located between a solid material"s conduction and valence bands. It is defined by the amount of energy that is needed to release an electron from its valence band to its conduction band. Electrons cannot exist in this gap. They are either below it, and bound to an atom, or above it, and able to move freely.
An external voltage applied in the conducting direction of a pn junction. A positive potential is connected to the p-type material and a negative potential to the n-type semiconductor material.
The value of positive terminal voltage at which a regenerative device (e.g., a silicon controlled rectifier), with its gate circuit open, becomes conductive.
The current which flows across a semiconductor junction when a forward bias is applied across the junction.
A semiconductor diode with three junctions and only two terminals connected to the outer layers forming the junctions. This includes two terminal pnpn thyristors.
A charge coupled device having four electrode sets and four gate voltages.
The situation wherein there are leads through all four sides of an integrated circuit package.
A charge coupled device area imager array with a separate image area, storage area, and read-out register area, the storage area being located between the image area and the readout area. This is distinguished from an interline-transfer CCD in which the sensing and storage/readout function areas are located next to each other.
An electron not bound to a particular atom, but free to circulate among the atoms of a solid material.
The ratio of the magnitude of the electrical output of a device to the magnitude of its electrical input.
A semiconducting chemical compound which is often used in active solid-state devices.
The control electrode or region of a field effect transistor, located between the source and drain electrodes, and regions thereof.
A repeating geometric arrangement of groups of active solid-state devices, each group being connectable into a logic circuit, in one integrated, monolithic semiconductor chip.
The electrical charge on a gate electrode.
A three terminal semiconductor diode with the ability to be turned on or off by a pulse applied to its gate electrode.
The amount of current needed to commence gate current flow in a four layer semiconductor device (e.g., a thyristor).
The amount of voltage needed to begin gate current flow in a four layer semiconductor device (e.g., a silicon controlled rectifier).
A semiconductor material used in active solid-state devices.
The name given to lead configurations of some surface mounted devices. Gull wings extend from the side of a component package and have an L-shaped bend at component ends, which extend down to the substrate surface and away from the component.
A diode in which electrons under the influence of sufficiently high electric fields are transferred between energy valleys of different momentum in the conduction band of the active semiconductor device material or holes under the influence of sufficiently high electric fields are transferred between energy valleys of different momentum in the valence band of the active semiconductor device material. A Gunn diode does not normally have a pn junction and cannot be used as a rectifier.
An inter valley transfer effect wherein electrons under the influence of sufficiently high electric fields are transferred between energy valleys of different momentum in the conduction band of the active semiconductor device material, or holes under the influence of sufficiently high electric fields are transferred between energy valleys of different momentum in the valence band of the active semiconductor device material.
An active solid-state device in which a current is flowing and is in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current, and in which a voltage is produced that is perpendicular to both the current flow direction and the magnetic field direction.
F, Cl, Br, I, At.
A slab-like or flat plug-in base for a package that is designed to be used with a cover or lid.
Devices used to absorb or transfer heat away from heat sensitive devices or device components.
Metals other than light metals - see LIGHT METALS.
HETEROJUNCTION /HETEROINTERFACE
An interface between two dissimilar semiconductor materials. For example, one material may by InAs and the other may be InAlAs, or one material may be GaAs and the other material may be GaAlAs.
See HETEROJUNCTION.
HIGH ELECTRON (HOLE) MOBILITY TRANSISTOR (HEMT)
A heterojunction field effect transistor with impurity ions located on the side of the hetero junction with lower affinity for the charge carriers (holes or electrons) injected at the source that pass to the drain via a channel adjacent the hetero junction.
The minimum current needed to maintain a generative type active solid-state device (e.g., a thyristor) in an gonh or conducting condition.
An empty energy level in the valence band of a semiconductor crystal which exhibits properties of a real particle and can act as a mobile positive charge carrier.
The current in a semiconductor material due to the movement of holes therein.
