Ferrous and non ferrous alloys, radioactive alloys, amorphous alloys, alloys containing fibres or filaments.

It covers also cermets, master alloys, metal matrix composites, methods of making amorphous alloys as well as methods of making alloys by melting, by powder metallurgy, by removing material from alloys to produce alloys of different constitution.

Therefore, the term "alloys" includes:

a) metallic composite materials containing a substantial proportion of fibres or other somewhat larger particles;

b) ceramic compositions containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides, other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C, etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well (see informative references for some of them).

The phrase "based on" means in general at least 50% by weight of the specified constituent or of the specified group of constituents.

The base of the alloy in a broader sense is interpreted as the metallic element which is the major constituent of the alloy, whether the content of that element is more or less than 50 wt%. For example in an alloy with Ni 40 wt%, Fe 30 wt% Co 30 wt%, the base of the alloy is Ni.

It is possible for an alloy to have more than one base major constituent.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, i.e. alloy with more than one base, then in addition to the C22C corresponding to the major constituent(s) at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

In C22C 5/00-C22C 30/00, C22C 37/00-C22C 45/00, C22C classes are given for both inventive and additionally disclosed alloys, whether in the claims, description, figures or inventive examples

The compositions of amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 45/00. The methods of making Fe-based amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 33/003. The methods of making amorphous alloys (other than Fe-based ones) are classified in C22C 1/11. Semi-amorphous alloys are classified both as amorphous and as crystalline ones (C22C 45/00 and C22C 5/00-C22C 38/00). The compositions of cast-iron alloys are classified in C22C 37/00. The methods of making cast-iron alloys are classified in C22C 33/08-C22C 33/12.

Alloys based on a metal not provided for in the groups C22C 5/00- C22C 45/10 e.g. Ga-based, In-based alloys etc. are classified in C22C 28/00.

In the groups C22C 5/00-C22C 30/00, C22C 37/00-C22C 45/00, the last place rule is followed (classification in the last appropriate place) combined with multiple classifications, for a classification of a 100% disclosed alloy composition.

In this subclass a computerised search system is available for online searching via the database "Alloys" of EPOQUE. This system, used as a search aid, contains all patent documents classified in groups C22C 1/04 and C22C 5/00 - C22C 49/14 and provides information on the composition of the alloys, their uses and characteristics.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database and different records are created for all disclosed alloy composition on the basis of:

a) the claims taken in combination with the description of the application as well as b) the inventive examples (individual examples, tables). In this case fictive elemental ranges are created with lower limits and upper limits as disclosed in the inventive examples disclosed in the table(s).

Rules for indexing compositions, composites and layers in C22C and B22:

Classes: C22C 1/04+, C22C 1/05+, C22C 1/10+, C22C 26/00+, C22C 29/00+, C22C 32/00+, C22C 33/02+, B22F.

Indexed are the claims, usually not the entire document.

In case the claims are rather broad, examples are being indexed.

As a rule only the end products are indexed, not disclosed method or intermediates products.

However, if those methods or intermediate products are significants, they may be indexed as well.

The word "particles" used throughout this document covers both powder and fibre (or other geometrical) forms, unless indicated specifically otherwise.

Particles and mixtures of particles are indexed only by a combination of Indexing-codes which form a string. Specific compositions (by specific ranges) are also classified in the Alloys database of EPOQUE. If the particles are processed into a product having a specific composition, that is one with specific ranges, then the document should be classified in the corresponding C22C class. If the composition is not specific and different from the original particle composition (e.g. due to mixing or reaction with other materials during processing) then this should be indexed by an Indexing Code-string.

Definitions:

Metals: elements other than non-metals.

Note: a silicide, selenide or telluride is not an intermetallic according to our coding, even though much scientific litterature designates them as such.

A constituent out of an intermetallic or a complex compound is described in one string with the other constituents.

E.g. a Ni alloy with Co which includes an IM out of Al and Ti.

B22F 2303/01, B22F 2301/15, B22F 2303/10, B22F 2301/15, B22F 2303/15;

B22F 2303/15, B22F 2301/052, B22F 2301/205;

E.g. a Ni alloy with an IM of Al and Ni and Potassium aluminate

B22F 2303/01, B22F 2301/15, B22F 2303/10, B22F 2303/15, B22F 2302/35;

B22F 2303/15, B22F 2301/052, B22F 2301/15;

B22F 2302/35, B22F 2302/25, B22F 2301/052, B22F 2301/054;

An IM and a complex oxide in sequence is also possible.

A complex compound as above comprises two or more metallic elements with a non-metallic element(s).

The indexing follows the same rules as for IM (intermetallic)

e.g.: an Al alloy which includes a complex carbide comprising Mo and W:

B22F 2303/01, B22F 2302/35;

B22F 2302/35, B22F 2302/10, B22F 2301/20;

or which includes a complex boride comprising Ti and Zr:

B22F 2303/01, B22F 2302/35;

B22F 2302/35, B22F 2302/05, B22F 2301/205 ;

or which includes a complex carbonitride comprising Ta and Ti:

B22F 2303/01, B22F 2302/35;

B22F 2302/35, B22F 2302/15, B22F 2301/20, B22F 2301/205;

e.g. carbon nanotubes coated with iron

B22F 2302/403, B22F 1/17, B22F 2301/35

or an iron particle coated with carbon nanotubes

B22F 2301/35, B22F 1/16, B22F 2302/403

Classification aspects:

The alloying elements of the particle, fibre, mix or layer can be disclosed either as obligatory or as optional. These codes can be connected with other code words like "coating alloy".

The elements are listed according to their wt%.: highest weight first, for a range the lowest limit of that range. If not specified: alphabetically.

The main component is not necessarily over 50%. If more elements can be the main component, they are listed in sequence. When some of the elements could be an alloying element as well, they must be repeated in a sentence with alloy.

A coating is used only for material that covers the surface of a particle or fibre. It is indexed by including the corresponding class (B22F 1/16 or B22F 1/17) followed by the elements/components making up the coating (see example above).

If multiple coatings are applied the corresponding class is repeated within the string.

When the coating is formed of individual particles or fibres, then the appropriate Indexing Code is indicated in the string as well.

For fibres the corresponding class (B22F 1/0547 or B22F 1/062) is put in the string.

A molten metal infiltrating a metal preform will be indicated in addition to the overall composition.

note: when molten metal infiltrates a preform out of ceramic material, not being fibre, the ceramic material is described as a compulsory alloy component with the metal as the main component (or vice versa in case of a cermet being formed).

Each layer in a layered product is indexed in a separate string. When one of the layers has the function of a support layer and which is not made by powder metallurgy, this is indicated as "support layer" together with the layer composition to which it is attached.

e.g. a layered product comprising two layers formed by powder metallurgy on top of a cast metal support: A first layer of Al, a second layer of an Al alloy having 4 compulsory alloy components and optionally carbides, oxides or nitrides as alloying components, supported by a steel sheet (not made by powder metallurgy).

B22F 2303/40, B22F 2301/052;

B22F 2303/40, B22F 2301/052, B22F 2303/05, B22F 2301/10, B22F 2301/20, B22F 2302/40+, B22F 2302/45, B22F 2303/10, B22F 2302/105, B22F 2302/253, B22F 2302/10, B22F 2302/20+, B22F 2302/205, B22F 2303/405, B22F 2301/35, B22F 2303/05, B22F 2302/40;

When a mixture of metal or non-metallic (compounds) forms a final composition which is not the aggregate of the "ingredients", the composition of the different parts of the mixture is indexed. Each new mixture is in a different paragraph. The coding is likely to occur in the classes C22C 33/0207-C22C 33/0228 and class B22F 1/09.

e.g. A mixture of two powders is isostatically pressed and sintered.

One powder consists of tungsten carbide with 5% of a Co binder, alloyed with Ni.

Its size is from 10 to 50 micron. This powder constitutes the major part of the mixture.

The second powder consists mainly of zirconium oxide and some aluminium-phosphate. Its size is more than 100 microns.

This gives the following indexing:

B22F 2303/45, C22C 29/08, B22F 2303/05, B22F 2301/15, B22F 2304/10;

B22F 2303/45, B22F 2302/25, B22F 2302/45, B22F 2304/10, B22F 2304/15;

The size of the used powders may be of interest. If this is claimed or given as extra information in the text, the size "range" is indicated to avoid/surpass different nomenclature.

Methods for making non-ferrous alloys.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically disclosed process, then the process is also classified, e.g. in subclasses C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C.

Methods of making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments are classified in group C22C 47/00.

Non-ferrous alloys made by powder metallurgy containing only metallic or intermetallic constituents.

Subclass B22F covers processes of making or treating metallic powders, working metallic powders, and making workpieces or articles therefrom.

The alloys are classified according to their main component in one of the subgroups C22C 1/0408 - C22C 1/0483:

Making non-ferrous alloys by using mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder as starting materials. Non-metallic powders include hard compounds, graphene, sulfides, organic materials, etc.

When specific processes or process steps of powder metallurgy are not covered by any of the subgroups of group C22C 1/05 and covered by subclass B22F, classification should be made in both parent group C22C 1/05 and in the relevant groups of subclass B22F, in order not to lose potentially relevant information.

Hard compounds that are generated in situ in the matrix by reaction during the preparation process.

In situ formation of hard compounds by reacting with carbon during the preparation process.

In situ formation of hard compounds by reacting with gas during the preparation process.

In situ formation of a second phase, e.g. metal phase, other than hard compounds by solid state reaction sintering during the preparation process.

Preparation of alloys based on metals and containing less than 5% by weight of dispersed reinforcing phases.

Porous products obtained by processes involving a molten metal bath.

Processes for making alloys containing metal or non-metallic compounds wherein the metal is the major constituent. The processes cover both wet and dry processes as well as pre-treatments of the added compounds and after-treatments.

Spray casting composite powder, including fibres : C22C 1/1042

When a filler material can only be of a fibrous nature, classification is made in group C22C 47/00, C22C 49/00. When the filler material is chosen from alternatives which can be fibrous or non-fibrous, classification is made in group C22C 1/10. When both fibrous and non-fibrous fillers are present, classification is made in group C22C 47/00, C22C 49/00 and also in group C22C 32/00 if the composition is of importance.

When the composition of a product is expressed in ranges and is the basis of the invention or when specific examples are given in the description, the composition, respectively the examples, should also be classified in the database Alloys. When the composition is expressed in general terms or is not the basis of the invention, the composition is indexed by deep-indexing according to the scheme of B22F and in accordance with the rules presented in the annex.

methods of separation of constituents of alloys such as purification, recovery, removing of undesirable material(s) etc.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

Noble metal based alloys i.e. with the noble metal (Ag, Au, platinum group) as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C23C, C23D, B23K, C25B, B22D, C25D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In C22C 5/06-C22C 5/10 the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

For example a silver alloy with Cu as the next major constituent is classified in C22C 5/08 (last place rule).

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with a noble metal being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 5/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

For example for an alloy with 45-55 wt% Au, 35-45 wt% Cu and the rest other metallic constituents, both classes C22C 5/02 and C22C 30/02 are given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Mercury based alloys i.e. with Hg as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C23C, C23D, B23K, C25B, B22D, C25D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Hg being a major constituent, then in addition to the C22C 7/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Copper metal based alloys i.e. with Cu as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C23C, C23D, B23K, C25B, B22D, C25D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on the next major constituent to Cu, the corresponding C22C 9/00 class(es) is/are given.

For example: in a Cu alloy consisting of 30 wt% Sn, 30 wt% Zn, the balance being Cu, both classes C22C 9/02 and C22C 9/04 are given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Cu being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 9/00 class the class C22C 30/02 class is given and depending on the remaining main alloying elements C22C 30/00 and/or C22C 30/04 and/or C22C 30/06 may also be given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Lead based alloys i.e. with Pb as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In C22C 11/08-C22C 11/10 the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

A lead alloy with Bi as the next major constituent and comprising Sn is classified in C22C 11/10 (last place rule).

For example: in a Pb alloy consisting of 25 wt% Cu, 25 wt% Sn, the balance being Pb, both classes C22C 11/04 and C22C 11/06 are given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Pb being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 11/00 class the class C22C 30/04 class is given and depending on the rest of the main alloying elements C22C 30/00 and/or C22C 30/02 and/or C22C 30/06 may also be given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Antimony or bismuth based alloys i.e. with Sb or Bi as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Sb or Bi being a major constituent, then in addition to the C22C 12/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Tin based alloys i.e. with Sn as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

A tin alloy with Bi as the next major constituent is classified in C22C 13/02 (last place rule).

For example: in a Sn alloy consisting of 25 wt% Bi, 25 wt% Zn, the balace being Sn, both classes C22C 13/00 and C22C 13/02 are given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Sn being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 13/00 class the class C22C 30/04 class is given and depending on the rest of the main alloying elements C22C 30/00 and/or C22C 30/02 and/or C22C 30/06 may also be given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Titanium based alloys i.e. with Ti as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Ti being a major constituent, then in addition to C22C 14/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is given depending on the rest of the main alloying element(s).

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Zirconium based alloys i.e. with Zr as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Zr being a major constituent, then in addition to C22C 16/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is given depending on the rest of the main alloying element(s).

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Zinc based alloys i.e. with Zn as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

For example: in a Zn alloy consisting of 20 wt% Cu, 20 wt% Al, the balance being Zn, both classes C22C 18/02 and C22C 18/04 are given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Zn being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 18/00 class the class C22C 30/06 class is given and depending on the rest of the main alloying elements C22C 30/00 and/or C22C 30/02 and/or C22C 30/04 may also be given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Nickel or cobalt based alloys i.e. with Ni or Co as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. In C22C 19/05-C22C 19/058 multiple classes may be given for Ni-based alloys depending on the Cr content and the presence of Mo, W in it.

For example a nickel alloy with 8-32 wt% Cr comprising also Mo is classified in C22C 19/057, C22C 19/056, C22C 19/055 and C22C 19/053. Depending on the composition C22C 19/002-C22C 19/007 may also be given.

Cobalt alloys are classified in C22C 19/07. Depending on the composition C22C 19/002-C22C 19/007 may also be given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Ni or cobalt being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 19/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Cadmium based alloys i.e. with Cd as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

In an alloy consisting of 40-50 wt% Cd, 40-50 wt% Pb and the rest other metallic constituents, the classes C22C 20/00 and C22C 30/00 are given. (A class/at least one class is also given in C22C 11/00 for the lead-base).

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Cd being a major constituent, then in addition to C22C 20/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Aluminium based alloys i.e. with Al as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on the next major constituent to Al, the corresponding C22C 21/00 class is given. In a case of more than one next major constituent(s), then more than one C22C 21/00 classes are given.

An Al-alloy with Cu as the next major constituent comprising in addition Si, Mg and Zn as alloying elements is classified in C22C 21/14, C22C 21/16 and C22C 21/18.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Al being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 21/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the remaining main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Manganese based alloys i.e. with Mn as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc.

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Mn being a major constituent, then in addition to C22C 22/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database. examples/tables.

Magnesium based alloys i.e. with Mg as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on the next major constituent to Mg, the corresponding C22C 23/00 class is given. In a case of more than one next major constituent(s), then more than one C22C 23/00 classes are given.

For example in a Mg alloy consisting of 20 wt% Zn, 20 wt% Al, the balance being Mg, both classes C22C 23/02 and C22C 23/04 are given.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Mg being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 23/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Alkali or alkaline earth metal based alloys i.e. with Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with an alkali or alkaline earth metal being a major constituent, then in addition to corresponding C22C 24/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Beryllium based alloys i.e. with Be as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Be being a major constituent, then in addition C22C 25/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

In case there are other compounds present apart from the main compound, this additional information concerning the composition of the further compound will be given by an Indexing Code ;

fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are also indicated by means of an Indexing Code.

When the composition of a product is expressed in ranges and is the basis of the invention or when specific examples are given in the description, the composition, respectively the examples, should also be classified in the database Alloys. In case the composition is expressed in general terms or is not the basis of the invention, the composition is indexed by deep-indexing according to the scheme of B22F and in accordance with the rules presented in the annex.

Rhenium or refractory metal based alloys other than Ti-, Zr- based alloys i.e. with Re, V, Cr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W as the major constituent i.e. the base of the alloy.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on the base of the alloy the appropriate C22C 27/00 class is given.

Vanadium based alloys are classified in C22C 27/025.

Niobium, tantalum based alloys are classified in C22C 27/02.

Alloys based on Re, Hf are classified in C22C 27/00.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Re,V, Cr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 27/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

alloys not otherwise provided for, such as alloys based on Ga, Ge, In, Rare earth metals etc.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, then in addition to C22C 28/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

alloys containing more than 50wt% of carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, oxynitrides, sulfides etc., i.e. cermets

Depending on the composition of either the matrix or the main metallic or non-metallic compound, the composition is classified in one of the subgroups of C22C 29/00.

When the composition of a product is expressed in ranges and is the basis of the invention or when specific examples are given in the description, the composition, respectively the examples, should also be classified in the database Alloys. When the composition is expressed in general terms or is not the basis of the invention, the composition is indexed by deep-indexing according to the scheme of B22F and in accordance with the rules presented in the annex.

Alloys of multiple bases, i.e. with more than one element as major constituents.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on whether the alloy contains Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn the corresponding C22C 30/00 class is given. When the alloy comprises more than one of Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn, more than one C22C 30/00 are given.

For example an alloy consisting of 40 wt% Cu, 40 wt% Sn and 20% Zn is classified in C22C 30/02, C22C 30/04, C22C 30/06.

In addition to the corresponding C22C 30/00 class other C22C classes may also be given based on the specific embodiments.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Dispersion hardened alloys with less than 5wt% of dispersed compounds, e.g. ODS aluminium are also classified in this group.

Depending on the composition of the main metallic or non-metallic compound, the composition is classified in one of the subgroups of C22C 32/00.

Exception: ODS steels (including those containing less than 5wt% Oxide Dispersions) are classified in C22C 33/0261 when the oxide dispersions are the single non-metallic constituent.

All other ferrous alloys obtained by powder metallurgy and having metallic or non-metallic compounds therein are classified in C22C 33/0214 - C22C 33/0228 or C22C 33/0292.

When a filler material can only be of a fibrous nature, classification is made in groups C22C 47/00 and C22C 49/00. When the filler material is chosen from alternatives which can be fibrous or non-fibrous, classification is made in group C22C 1/10. When both fibrous and non-fibrous fillers are present, classification is made in groups C22C 47/00 and C22C 49/00 and also in group C22C 32/00 if the composition is of importance.

Methods of making ferrous alloys, cast irons, amorphous ferrous alloys not provided in any of C21D, C22B, C21B. Use of master alloys for the production of ferrous alloys.

The compositions of the amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 45/00.

The methods of making amorphous alloys (other than Fe-based ones) are classified in C22C 1/11.

Methods of changing the physical structure of ferrous alloys are classified in C21D.

The cast iron compositions are classified in C22C 37/00.

Master alloy compositions are classified in C22C 35/00.

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

Iron or steel alloys containing metal or non-metallic compounds are classified as follows:

If less than 5wt% of graphite is present as essential feature then classify in C22C 33/0228 nevertheless; if not index.

When the composition of a product is expressed in ranges and is the basis of the invention or when specific examples are given in the description, the composition, respectively the examples, should also be classified in the database Alloys. When the composition is expressed in general terms or is not the basis of the invention, the composition is indexed by deep-indexing according to the scheme of B22F and in accordance with the rules presented in the annex.

Master alloys used for the production of iron/steel

Ferrous alloys, steels are classified in C22C 38/00.

The cast iron compositions are classified in C22C 37/00.

Methods of changing the physical structure of ferrous alloys are classified in C21D.

Making ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys is classified in C22C 33/06.

Fe-based master alloys are classified in C22C 35/005.

The master alloy compositions are indexed in the Alloys database.

Cast iron alloy compositions

Making cast iron alloys C22C 33/08 – C22C 33/12.

If the cast iron contains spheroidal, nodular graphite, then it is classified in C22C 37/04.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications. Depending on whether the cast iron contains Cr, Al or Si, the corresponding C22C 37/00 classes are given.

When a cast iron contains spheroidal graphite as well as Cr, Ni and Si the classes C22C 37/04, C22C 37/08 and C22C 37/10 are given.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Iron based alloys and all types of steels (low alloy steels, dual-phase steels, tool steels, spring steels, maraging steels, stainless steels, ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, bainitic, pearlitic etc.).

Cast iron compositions are classified in C22C 37/00.

Fe-based amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 45/02.

Methods of changing the physical structure of ferrous alloys are classified in C21D.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

In these groups, the last place rule is followed combined with multiple classifications.

Ferrous alloys/steels containing Cr (and no Ni) are classified in C22C 38/18-C22C 38/38. It is noted that depending on the alloying elements present in the composition the classes C22C 1/11-C22C 16/00, C22C 38/60 may also be given in addition to the ones of C22C 38/18-C22C 38/38.

Ferrous alloys/steels containing Cr and Ni are classified in C22C 38/40-C22C 38/58. It is noted that depending on the alloying elements present in the composition the classes C22C 1/11 -C22C 16/00, C22C 38/60 may also be given in addition to the ones of C22C 38/40-C22C 38/58

Due to lack of IPC entry, Steels/Ferrous alloys containing Cr with Ni with more than 1.5 wt% of Si are classified at C22C 38/34, i.e. using the class for Steels/Ferrous alloys containing Cr with more than 1.5 wt% of Si.

For example a stainless steel consisting of by mass %, C: 0.03-0.12%, Si: 0.1-1%, Mn: 0.1-2%, Cr: 20% to 28%, Ni: 15-35%, W: 4-10%, Ti: 0.01-0.3%, Nb: 0.01-1%, sol. Al: 0.0005-0.04%, B: 0.0005-0.01%, REM 0.0005-0.2% and the balance Fe and impurities; is classified in:

C22C 38/02; C22C 38/04; C22C 38/58; C22C 38/44; C22C 38/50; C22C 38/48; C22C 38/005; C22C 38/54.

When that the ferrous alloy/steel contains Cr, whereas Ni is being optionally added, then if specific examples exist with Cr without Ni as well as with Cr and Ni, the composition is classified in both in C22C 38/18-C22C 38/38 and C22C 38/40-C22C 38/58.

In the class C22C 38/004 are classified very low carbon steels i.e. with carbon content less than 0.01 wt%, when: a) the carbon range discloses a specific low limit being less than 0.01 wt% or b) the examples disclose carbon contents less than 0.01 wt%. Specific disclosures therefore such as C 0.0001- 0.0050 wt% (or 1-50 ppm) are classified in C22C 38/004. General disclosures however such as C 0-0.03 wt% not accompanied by specific carbon contents less than 0.01 wt% are not classified in C22C 38/004.

In the class C22C 38/002 are classified ferrous alloy/steel which contain elements for which no entry is provided in the groups C22C 38/001, C22C 38/004-C22C 38/60, such as P, In, Mg, precious metals etc.

It is noted that class C22C 38/60 is an one dot entry.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, with Fe being a major constituent, then in addition to the corresponding C22C 38/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The ferrous alloy/steel composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

alloys which are radioactive or contain an element with radioactive isotopes, e.g. uranium, promethium, technetium etc.

When the alloy is produced by a specifically described method (examples, claims) then the method is classified as well (C22F, C21D, B22F, C23C, B23K, C25D, C25B, B22D, B21J, B21B, B21C etc).

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/ product is classified as well.

When the alloy contains less than 50 wt% of each constituent, then in addition to C22C 43/00 class at least one C22C 30/00 class is also given depending on the rest of the main alloying elements.

The alloy composition(s) is/are indexed in the Alloys database.

Amorphous alloys and metallic glasses.

The methods of making Fe-based amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 33/003.

Semi-amorphous alloys are classified both as amorphous and as crystalline ones having a corresponding C22C 45/00 subclass and C22C 5/00 - C22C 38/00 subclasses.

When the alloy is intended for a particular use/product then the use/product is classified as well.

Depending on the major constituent, i.e. the base of the alloy, the corresponding C22C 45/00 subgroup is given.

Fe-based amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 45/02.

Ni or Co-based amorphous alloys are classified in C22C 45/04.

Amorphous alloys with a major constituent which is not disclosed in any of C22C 45/001-C22C 45/10 classes are classified in the C22C 45/00.