Compositions which react chemically, usually with oxygen in air, to produce heat in controllable amounts or which are dispersed in air for explosive combustion in an engine or which produce light along with heat upon combustion, i.e. liquid carbonaceous fuels, gaseous fuels, natural gas, synthetic natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, solid fuels and fuels produced by solidifying fuels

Treatment of fuels to improve their combustion

Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes, e.g. for reducing smoke development, for minimising corrosion or incrustation, for facilitating soot removal or for improving the octane number or the low temperature properties of the fuel

Fire-lighters, i.e. easily-combustible compositions or shaped products which are designed to initiate the combustion of a larger body of fuel and methods or apparatus for their manufacture

Most of the liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an inorganic additive and an organic additive have been classified in C10L 1/10, the organic additive being macromolecular or not.

The additive composition per se comprising the compound(s) can be classified in other subclasses, especially if the preparation, the chemical composition, the property, the function or the physical state of the additive composition are important per se independently of the use of the composition as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.

The particular purpose(s) for which the additive is used in the fuel is classified in C10L 10/00.

1. In groups C10L 1/12 - C10L 1/1291 and C10L 1/16 - C10L 1/308, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is always classified in the last appropriate place.

2. A metal salt or an ammonium salt of a compound is classified as that compound, e.g. a chromium sulfonate is classified as a sulfonate in group C10L 1/24 and not in group C10L 1/30. But a salt of a quaternary ammonium compound is classified in C10L 1/2222 .

3. In this group it is mandatory to add the Indexing Codes relating to individual additional components. The Indexing Codes are chosen from groups C10L 1/12 - C10L 1/308.

4. Mixtures of additives are classified in the corresponding main group, individual additives being indexed using the Indexing Code according to point 3.

C-Sets of Indexing Codes may be used:

4.a. For a well-defined polymer: A polymer of ethylene and alkylacrylate is classified in (C10L 1/1963 , C10L 1/1641), starting with the Indexing Code corresponding to the polymer last in the classification scheme.

4.b. For a well-defined composition: A composition comprising a polyethylene and a polyalkylacylate is classified in (C10L 1/1641, C10L 1/1963 ); the Indexing Codes are in the same order as in the classification scheme.

4.c. A composition comprising a polyethylene and a polypropylene is classified in (C10L 1/1641, C10L 2300/20).

5. When several alternatives for the same individual additive are mentioned, e.g. as a Markush-formula, classification may be done in the corresponding main group only, the alternatives being indexed using codes mentioned in point 3; the very relevant main alternatives may be separately classified in the corresponding groups.

Liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an anti-knock additive stabilised by an other additive or compound; the deterioration with time of the anti-knock agent is prevented; the anti-knock agent may be maintained uniformly dispersed in the fuel.

The anti-knock additive and the other additive or compound can be both organic compounds. The fuel may contain no inorganic additive.

Use of a stabilised anti-knock agent as additive in a liquid carbonaceous fuel.

Most of the liquid carbonaceous fuels comprising an inorganic additive and an organic additive have been classified in C10L 1/10, the organic additive being macromolecular or not.

The combination of the additives does not belong to a group lower than C10L 1/143 (special rule of classification 4 within C10L 1/10).

The combination of the different macromolecular groups does not belong to a group lower than C10L 1/146 (special rule of classification 4 within C10L 1/10).

A salt of a quaternary ammonium compound is classified as the quaternary ammonium compound.

Amine salts of certain phosphorus-containing compounds are classified in C10L 1/2625 or C10L 1/2658.

The additive is an organic compound which contains at least one element different from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or silicon; the additive is for example an organic metal complex.

Fuel compositions which are a mixture of solid coal or biomass particles with a hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic phase.

Coal particles including biomass particles

Solid coal particles in an oil phase to form an oily slurry.

Slurries comprising solid coal and water (or another hydrophilic phase) and oil.

Solid coal particles in a water phase to form a slurry.

Fuel emulsion compositions and/or preparations therefore (clearly indicating fuel composition though) comprising a hydrophobic phase and a hydrophilic phase, usually comprising water but also including and/or a (short-chained) alcohol.

The type of emulsion, if indicated, should be classified (w/o or o/w or w/o/w or bicontinuous) using the Indexing Code: C10L 2250/08 or subgroups.

Any gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuel, which is not covered by a subgroup or has too little detail or too much of a deviating detail from the titles of subgroups to be included therein.

Gaseous fuel compositions comprising additives such as a marker, non detectable by senses, which could be to increase heat value or storage stability.

Adding colour or smell to a gas for recognition, or aesthetic reasons.

Acetylene comprising gas fuel compositions which could be used e.g. for welding tools, mixed with other compounds to e.g. increase heat value or improve storage.

Additives used to improve storage of acetylene, e.g. as an absorbing mass in a container

Details of natural gas (NG), e.g. transport, storage, or alteration which is not considered working-up according to C10L 3/10 or production according to C10L 3/08, e.g. pipeline transport or hydrate formation or prevention.

Processes of synthetic natural gas, e.g. production of biogas through e.g. anaerobic digestion or by methanation from syngas.

Further treatment of natural gas (no matter what the origin of the gas stream), not exhaust gases.

With regard to overlap with F25J it is noted that when the NG treatment is done upstream of the liquefaction (LNG production) and whereby NG is treated still as a gas (or partly gas), it should be classified in this group.

removal of contaminants, e.g. unwanted heavy hydrocarbons.

Removal of acid compounds in general, other than S or CO₂ or when no detail is given at all.

Removal of S-containing compounds in particular.

When both S compounds and CO₂ are removed from the gas stream, both symbols C10L 3/103 and C10L 3/104 should be given.

Removal of CO₂-containing compounds in particular.

When both S compounds and CO₂ are removed from the gas stream, both symbols C10L 3/103 and C10L 3/104 should be given.

Denitrification of natural gas.

Dehydration of natural gas.

Methods for removal or inhibition of gas hydrate formation.

Methods to produce gas hydrates, e.g. for transport.

LPG compositions (mainly a composition comprising propane and butane), characteristics, production and/or upgrading.

A solid matter which is of mineral origin, e.g. coal or non-mineral origin, e.g. wood and which is clearly usable as a fuel.

In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place.

Briquettes or other solid shapes of carbonaceous material.

The type of mineral feed material is an object of the invention.

When a briquette comprises both mineral and non-mineral origin matter, it should be classified in both subgroups of mineral and non-mineral origin, i.e. C10L 5/04 and C10L 5/40 or lower, depending on the origin.

The method of forming the solid fuel, e.g. briquettes, pellets or logs, independently of the origin of the fuel.

This group should be allocated in addition to the origin of the fuel, i.e. the material used, which has to be classified separately in C10L 5/02 or C10L 5/40 or subgroups.

Briquettes are formed and bound e.g. by the action of pressing itself or heat, but without addition of a binding agent.

Methods where the solid fuel composition includes a composition which functions to keep the briquette in shape. This is valid for compositions both of mineral origin or non-mineral origin, which feature is to be classified separately in C10L 5/02 or C10L 5/40, or subgroups.

Organic binders. mixed with inorganic binders

An inorganic compound usually being an ionic compound added to the solid fuel to serve as a binder.

An organic compound could be any compound comprising at least partly a hydrocarbon structure, which is added to the solid fuel to serve as a binder. Either naturally occurring or a (side) product.

Lignin binders mainly used in biomass fuels as it is itself derived from biomass (mainly wood).

Binders comprising longer chain alkanes (paraffins) which are solid at room temperature, e.g. waxes.

Binders with bituminous binders, e.g. tar, pitch or other heavy hydrocarbonaceous fractions used to bind the briquettes.

binders comprising naphthalene, (molecular formula C₁₀H₈).

Organic binders comprising hydrogen sulfite.

Details of the specific application of the binder to the fuel, either method or apparatus

Dust combating either by a process step or alteration of briquetting process or by addition of a compound which reduces dust formation

Any process steps applied after the briquetting to serve a particular purpose such as improving storage or transport stability.

When heating is done after briquettes are formed in order to coke them and stabilize their structure.

When cooling is done in a particular way which is an object of the invention, e.g. after a briquetting process from which the briquettes emerge at too high a temperature.

Cating of briquettes either superficially or including also impregnation with a certain compound.

Any detail other than the shape or size of the briquette.

Shape or also including specific dimensions being part of the object of the invention.

When size is merely mentioned as additional information in the application, Indexing Code should be assigned for size: C10L 2250/06.

Briquettes, e.g. such as used for barbecues.

Pellets as produced by pelletizer.

Log-shaped fuel, e.g. to imitate actual wood logs.

Powdered fuel as the end product, which could be pulverised pellets or briquettes, to be used e.g. in powdered coal fuelled combustor.

The bundling or collecting of individual pieces of fuel, e.g. logs or briquettes, by e.g. a rope around them or putting them in bags or any other type of container.

The composition of the briquettes comprises several components and each of them is applied in a separate layer, e.g.details on layer thickness.

Any solid fuel which includes material of non-mineral origin.

When a briquette comprises both mineral and non-mineral origin matter, it should be classified in both subgroups of mineral and non-mineral origin, i.e. C10L 5/04 and C10L 5/40 or below, depending on the origin.

Fuel produced from paper waste, e.g. pulp or black liquor.

Solid fuel based at least partly on plastic (waste) material.

Meat or bone waste from a slaughterhouse.

Excrement or manure waste.

Biomass, as broadly defined as possible, but not including animal substances, usable as a fuel.

In case of combination of biomass and sewage/municipal waste covered by C10L 5/46, both symbols should be allocated.

If animal substances such as manure or bone waste are claimed as biomass, they should be classified in C10L 5/42.

Solid fuel based explicitly on wood or wood waste, i.e. a further limitation over biomass.

Solid fuel based on biomass comprising different agricultural waste other than wood.

Solid fuels based on e.g. charcoal or other biomass which has been carbonised before treatment to solid fuel.

House or town refuse, i.e. residential mixed wastes. Also includes pretreated house or townrefuse, which fraction is known as RDF (refuse derived fuel) or SRF (solid recovered fuel).

Waste on industrial level.

Gel or gellified fuels. Compositions or process of manufacture thereof.

Fuels when the fuel is solidified from a liquid fuel not based on an alcohol.

Fuels when the fuel is solidified from a liquid fuel based on an alcohol (of any chain).

Residual group for special applications which really cannot possibly be classified anywhere else.

Treatments of solid fuels after they have been formed, specifically to improve combustion in some way, e.g. heat value or contaminants in flue gas.

Means when chemicals are added and/or a chemical reaction is required to treat the solid fuel in order to improve combustion characteristics.

Methods of treating solid fuels by addition of hydrogenating compounds.

Methods of treating solid fuels by addition oxidising compounds.

Treatments which consist mainly of heating the solid in order to improve its combustion characteristics.

Torrefaction or bertinisation whereby the solid (waste) feed is treated around 150-350°C under low oxygen atmosphere to produce a more dense and valuable solid fuel product, e.g. low temperature- or pre-pyrolysis.

Hydrothermal carbonization, which can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxylation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours.

Treating solid fuels when any kind of additive is mixed with the solid to improve its combustion.

Compounds that facilitate oxidation or generate oxygen at combustion.

Use of the additive for a specific purpose which is not one mentioned in one of the groups C10L 10/02 - C10L 10/18.

Use of the additive which is not a detergent or dispersant (C10L 10/18) to prevent, decrease or clean deposits (keep-clean, clean-up), antifouling additive.

The mechanical aspects of the combustion conditions, places, apparatuses where the fire or combustion take place are classified, when relevant, in section F of the CPC; the mechanical aspects of cleaning combustion emissions, residues, deposits in the combustion apparatus, exhaust, chimneys, are also classified, when relevant, in section F.

A combustion improver which decreases deposits from the combustion of a fuel containing it relatively to the deposits from the combustion of the same fuel but without the combustion improver, is classified in this group.

When an additive or an additive composition are used for several purposes of interest, each purpose is classified in the corresponding group.

If the additive is added to the fuel, the fuel composition is classified in C10L 1/10-C10L 1/308, and/or eventually in C10L 1/32-C10L 1/328, C10L 3/00 - C10L 9/00.

A combustion improver which decreases emissions from the combustion of a fuel containing it relatively to the emissions from the combustion of the same fuel but without the combustion improver, is classified in this group.

A lubricating additive composition well described can be also classified in C10M.

The use of an additive for improving several low-temperature properties of a fuel, among which properties is decreasing the pour-point of the fuel, is classified in C10L 10/14 and in C10L 10/16.

When the use of the additive to decrease the pour-point of the fuel is mentioned in it, the document is classified in C10L 10/16; If the improvement of an other low-temperature property is mentioned in the document, it is also classified in C10L 10/14.

The detergent compositions per se, if relevant, can be classified in C11D.

Firelighter compositions, usually solid or gel/liquid.

Firelighter which is fire resistant itself and does not or hardly burn along.

Compositions meant to start a fire and to burn along with it, e.g. barbecue lighters.

Firelighters when the shape of the firelighter is special, i.e. not common and one of the main objects of the invention.

if shape or dimension is not the main object, but just additionally mentioned, this feature should not be classified here, but the Indexing Code should be used: C10L 2250/06.

Apparatus for the production of firelighters and details thereof.