CPC Definition - Subclass B21J

Last Updated Version: 2020.08
FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES (rolling of metal B21B; making particular products by forging or pressing B21K; cladding or plating B23K; finishing surfaces by hammering B23P 9/04; compacting surfaces by blasting with particulate material B24C 1/10; general features of presses, presses for consolidating scrap B30B; furnaces in general F27)
Definition statement

This place covers:

General metal forging or pressing methods, devices and furnaces. Riveting is traditionally part of forging.

Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping in the thickness of a solid metal billet using localized compressive forces at a temperature below fusion.

This subclass subdivides into:

Methods

B21J 1/00- B21J 5/00

Machines

B21J 7/00- B21J 13/00

Furnaces; Blacksmiths requisites

B21J 17/00- B21J 19/00

Riveting

B21J 15/00

Relationships with other classification places

Example: a forging process for manufacturing a coupling member with splines by closed-die forging, would be classified in B21K 1/762 (making a forged coupling member), in B21J 5/12 (forging profiles) and B21J 5/02 (die forging).

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Methods of forging specific products

B21K 1/00- B21K 23/04

Finishing surfaces by hammering

B23P 9/04

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Rolling of metal

B21B

Bending or deep-drawing

B21D

Uniting components by forging

B21K 25/00

Handling devices for forging

B21K 27/00

Heating or cooling devices for forging

B21K 29/00

Control devices for forging

B21K 31/00

Casting

B22C, B22D

Powder metallurgy

B22F

Cladding or plating

B23K

Compacting surfaces by blasting with particulate material

B24C 1/10

Working of plastic material

B29

Presses in general

B30B

Embossing for making artistic work

B44B

Furnaces in general

F27

Preparing metal stock {or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling (pretreatment for rolling B21B 1/02, B21B 15/0035)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging processes for producing elementary billet shapes, either as rough forging or as preliminary forging; heating and cooling processes

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Pretreatment by rolling

B21B 1/02, B21B 15/0035

Preliminary treatment of metal stock without particular shaping, e.g. salvaging segregated zones, forging or pressing in the rough (modifying the physical properties by deformation C21D 7/00, C22F 1/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes for preliminary treatment of metal stock without particular shaping, e.g. salvaging segregated zones, descaling by forging, changing the material structure.

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Remark: The title of this group mentions "forging in the rough", which is the subject of B21J 1/04. Thus it is considered that B21J 1/04 takes precedence.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Forging or pressing in the rough

B21J 1/04

Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation or heat treatment

C21D 7/00, C22F 1/00

Shaping in the rough solely by forging or pressing
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes for shaping in the rough, i.e. making basic shapes (square, round), especially for billets leaving the continuous casting line.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Preliminary treatment of metal stock without particular shaping

B21J 1/02

Combination of metal rolling and forging

B21B 15/0035

Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations {(B21J 5/063 takes precedence)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes for heating or cooling before or during forging

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Friction heat forging

B21J 5/063

Forging furnaces

B21J 17/00

Arrangements for heating or cooling during forging

B21K 29/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Cooling or heating metal sheets for or during bending or deep drawing

B21D 37/16

Lubricating during forging or pressing (lubricating in general F16N)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes for lubrication forging material or dies.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Arrangements for lubricating during forging

B21K 29/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Lubricating during pressing metal sheets

B21D 37/18

Lubricating other machines

B23Q 11/10

Lubricating presses in general

B30B 15/0088

Lubricants

C10M

Lubricating in general

F16N

Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing (for working sheet-metal or metal tubes, rods, or profiles B21D; for working wire B21F); Special equipment or accessories therefor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Method for forging using open dies.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Preliminary forging

B21J 1/02

Shaping in the rough

B21J 1/04

Working wire by forging

B21F

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Working metal sheet, tubes, rods, or profiles

B21D

Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies {; Punching during forging}
Definition statement

This place covers:

  • Method for forging using closed dies.

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  • Trimming using dies.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Extrusion of metal

B21C 23/00

by directly applied fluid pressure or explosive action
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for forging, hammering or pressing by directly applied fluid pressure or explosive action

for performing particular operations
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for forging, hammering or pressing by performing particular operations

{Friction heat forging (friction heat riveting B21J 15/027)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for forming a workpiece by pressing, a portion of the workpiece being locally heated by friction against the working tool

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Friction heat riveting

B21J 15/027

Uniting components by friction heat forging

B21K 25/005

Friction stir welding

B23K 20/12

{Flow drilling}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for forming a hole into a workpiece by pressing a forming tool rotating at high speed, the pressed area being locally heated by friction

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Forming branched tubes by flow drilling

B21C 37/298

{Shaving, skiving or scarifying for forming lifted portions, e.g. slices or barbs, on the surface of the material}
Definition statement

This place covers:

All aspects relating to shaving, skiving or scarifying for forming lifted portions, e.g. slices or barbs, on the surface of the material.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Making helical or similar guides in or on tubes without removing material, e.g. by drawing same over mandrels, by pushing same through dies

B21C 37/20

Other methods for working sheet metal, metal tubes, metal profiles

B21D 31/00

Making heat exchangers, e.g. radiators, condensers, of metal tubes

B21D 53/06

Making heat exchangers

B23P 15/26

Attachment of friction linings

F16D 69/04

Tubular elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area being integral with the element

F28F 1/26, F28F 1/422

Plate-like elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area with recesses, grooves, or microchannels

F28F 3/048

Details of semiconductor with cooling facilitated by foil-like cooling fins or heat sinks

H01L 23/3672

Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating of electrical apparatuses

H05K 7/20

Upsetting
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for increasing the cross section of an elongated workpiece by axial forging or pressing

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Upsetting presses

B21J 9/06- B21J 9/08

Piercing billets (in combination with extrusion B21C 23/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for piercing a billet using a forging or pressing tool

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Piercing presses

B21J 9/04

Piercing in combination with extrusion

B21C 23/00

Forming profiles on internal or external surfaces (making screw-thread by forging, pressing, or hammering B21K)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods for making profiles, e.g. grooves, splines, on internal or external surfaces of a workpiece

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Methods for forging gears

B21K 1/30

Methods for forging screw-threads

B21K 1/56

Methods for forging profiles on thin or sheet like metal billets

B21K 23/00

Special rules of classification

Reference B21K is non-limiting in the subgroup B21J 5/12. CPC will be updated/corrected once this inconsistency is resolved in IPC.

Hammers; Forging machines with hammers or die jaws acting by impact (hand hammers B25D; electrical features in section H)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging hammers. Hammers act by impact against the workpiece, each hammer stroke lasting about some milliseconds.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Forging presses

B21J 9/00

Deforming metal sheet by hammering

B21D 31/06

Hand hammers

B25D

Special design or construction
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging hammers of particular design or construction

Power hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers with a drive to accelerate the fall of the tool.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Drives for power hammers

B21J 7/22

Drop hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers without a drive to accelerate the fall of the tool. Acceleration is only due to gravity.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Drives for drop hammers

B21J 7/36

with rigidly-guided hammer
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drop hammers with rigidly guided hammer.

with both drive and hammer connected to a fulcrumed lever, e.g. tail hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers characterised by the fact that drive and hammer a connected via a fulcrumed lever, e.g. tail hammer

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the lever being a spring, i.e. spring hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers characterised by the fact that drive and hammer a connected via a fulcrumed lever, said fulcrumed lever being a spring, e.g. spring hammers.

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Forging machines working with several hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers of the type having more than one moving hammer.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Hammers with both hammer and anvil moving

B21J 7/34

{the hammers being driven by a rotating annular driving member}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers of the type having several radially striking hammers, actuated by the rotation of an annular member. Although this is not excluded, the hammers are usually not rotating.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Hammers in rotary arrangements

B21J 7/16

in rotary arrangements
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers of the type having several radially striking hammers, actuated by their rotation inside an annular member. Although this is not excluded, the annular member is usually not rotating.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Hammers actuated by a rotating member

B21J 7/145

Forging machines working with die jaws, e.g. pivoted, movable laterally of the forging or pressing direction, e.g. for swaging
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hammers of the type carrying die jaws, e.g. pivoted, movable laterally of the forging or pressing direction.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Preliminary treatment by forging

B21J 1/02

Forging in the rough

B21J 1/04

for power hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for hammers of the type accelerating the tool towards the workpiece.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Power hammers

B21J 7/04

operated by steam, air, or other gaseous pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer drives of the type operated by steam, air or other gaseous pressure.

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operated by internal combustion
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer drives of the type operated by internal combustion, e.g. a diesel engine.

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operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer drives of the type operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure, e.g. water

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operated by electro-magnets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer drives of the type operated by electro-magnets

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Power hammers operated by an electric motor

B21J 7/32

operated by rotary drive, e.g. by electric motor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer drives of the type operated by a rotary drive, e.g. by electric motor.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Power hammers operated by electro-magnets

B21J 7/30

operating both the hammer and the anvil, so-called counter-tup
Definition statement

This place covers:

Power hammer of the type the hammer and the anvil are operated

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Machines working with several hammers

B21J 7/14

for drop hammers
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for drop hammers, i.e. of the type lifting the hammer after the forging stroke (falling movement of the hammer is only due to gravity)

equipped with belts, ropes, cables, chains
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drop hammers operated by rotary drive, the hammer being linked to the drive via a belt rope, cable, chain or board.

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Control devices specially adapted to forging hammers, not restricted to one of the preceding subgroups
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control devices specially adapted to forging hammers

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Control devices for tool carriers

B21K 31/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Cyclically operated valves

F01L

Automatic controllers

G05B 11/00

Forging presses
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses. Presses act on the workpiece by the sole action of pressing, a pressing stroke lasting about some seconds.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Forging hammers

B21J 7/00

Special design or construction
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses of particular design or construction

{multi-stage forging presses (handling devices B21K 27/00)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging press carrying several dies, each die corresponding to a workpiece manufacturing step.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Bolt, rivet, nut forging processes

B21K 1/44- B21K 1/70

Handling devices

B21K 27/00

{with rolling or wobbling dies}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses carrying rolling or wobbling dies

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Riveting machine of the wobbling type

B21J 15/12

Piercing presses
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses specially designed for piercing workpieces

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Piercing billets

B21J 5/10

Swaging presses; Upsetting presses
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses specially adapted for swaging.

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Forging presses specially adapted for upsetting.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Methods of upsetting

B21J 5/08

equipped with devices for heating the work-piece (electric heating elements H05B)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forging presses specially adapted for upsetting and equipped with devices for heating the workpiece.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Electric heating elements

H05B

operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for forging presses operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure

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in conjunction with steam or gas power
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for forging presses operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure in conjunction with steam or gas power. Are also classified there drives for forging presses operated by steam or gas power.

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operated by making use of gearing mechanisms, e.g. levers, spindles, crankshafts, eccentrics, toggle-levers, rack bars
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for forging presses operated by gearing mechanisms (levers, spindles, crankshafts, eccentrics, toggle-lever, rack bars...)

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Control devices specially adapted to forging presses not restricted to one of the preceding subgroups
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control devices specially adapted for forging presses.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Control devices for tool carriers

B21K 31/00

Cyclically operated valves

F01L

Automatic controllers

G05B 11/00

Forging hammers combined with forging presses; Forging machines with provision for hammering and pressing
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines combining aspects of forging hammers and forging presses

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Forging hammers per se

B21J 7/00

Forging presses per se

B21J 9/00

Details of machines for forging, pressing, or hammering
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of forging hammers or presses, e.g. dies, die mountings, frames, guides, hammer tups, anvils, accessories for handling work or tools.

Dies or mountings therefor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Particular aspects of dies, e.g. die constructions, specific features.

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Die mountings
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of die mountings

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Handling of tools

B21J 13/085

Frames; Guides
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of frames of guides in forging machines.

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Hammers tups; Anvils; Anvil blocks
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of hammer tups, anvils, anvil blocks.

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Accessories for handling work or tools
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of the accessories for handling heavy workpieces, e.g. benches.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Handling light workpieces in multi-stage presses

B21J 9/02

Handling light workpieces

B21K 27/00

{handling of tools}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of the accessories for handling tools.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Die mountings

B21J 13/03

Manipulators (in general B25J)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of devices for manipulating heavy workpieces.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Handling light workpieces in multi-stage presses

B21J 9/02

Handling light workpieces

B21K 27/00

Manipulators in general

B25J

Turning means
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices adapted to turn heavy workpieces during forging.

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Ejecting devices
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices for ejecting the workpieces from the forming die.

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Riveting
Definition statement

This place covers:

All aspects of riveting. This group can be considered independent from the remaining of B21J. It is structured as follows:

Riveting methods

B21J 15/02 - B21J 15/08

Riveting machines

B21J 15/10 - B21J 15/365

Riveting accessories

B21J 15/38 - B21J 15/48

Removing rivets

B21J 15/50

A rivet is an element(1) specially(4) designed to connect two or more(2) workpieces under plastic deformation(3) of said element. See explanations of (1)-(4) in the glossary.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Chirurgical riveting

A61B 17/00

Plastic riveting

B29C 65/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Buttons

A41H 37/00

Sealing

B05C 17/00

Clinching workpieces

B21D 39/00

Feeding elements

B23P 19/00

Setting pierce-nuts

B23P 19/06

Setting screw-threaded nuts

B25B 27/00

Riveted connections

F16B 5/00

Adhesive

F16B 11/00

Rivets

F16B 19/04

Electrical elements

H01R 24/00, H05K 13/00

Glossary of terms

In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:

Element

Workpieces connected without use of an additional element are not riveted (e.g. a first metal sheet pressed into the hole of a second metal sheet is clinched, but not riveted, see picture).media50.jpg

Connect two or more

Elements that do not connect two or more workpieces, but still are designed to be inserted into a single workpiece by deformation of said element are normally not considered as rivets (e.g. connecting nuts, see picture).media51.jpg

Plastic deformation of said element

An element that does not undergo plastic deformation is not a rivet (e.g. a screw, a nail do not deform).

Specially

Elements that usually have a different use (e.g. a tube, a gear) but still are used to connect two or more workpieces by the deformation of said element are usually not considered being rivets (such connections are usually in B21K 25/00 , see picture).media52.jpg

Riveting procedures
Definition statement

This place covers:

Riveting procedures. The procedure mainly depend on the type of rivet. So each group from B21J 15/02 - B21J 15/08 mainly correspond to a different type of rivet.

B21J 15/02 relates to setting the "standard" rivets, i.e. solid cylindrical piece of metal having or not a head at one end thereof. These rivets are riveted by applying axial pressure to form the end(s) having no head into a head.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Solid rivets per se

F16B 19/06

{Setting rivets by means of swaged-on locking collars, e.g. lockbolts}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets of the "lock bolt" or "swaged on locking collar" type: the rivet is made of a stem / mandrel having grooves on the periphery, and having a head at one end. A ring is pressed from the opposite side, along the cylinder body into the grooves (see figure 1a before setting, figure 1b after setting).

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Bolts fastened by swaged-on collars per se

F16B 19/05

{Setting self-piercing rivets}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets of the "self-piercing" type: the workpieces to be joined have no hole drilled in advance. The rivet is punched by axial pressure into the workpieces, either partially or completely.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Clinching

B21D 39/00

Setting pierce nuts

B23P 19/06

Self-piecing rivets per se

F16B 19/086

{Setting rivets by friction heating}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets of the "friction heating" type: deformation of the rivet is obtained by pressing and turning a tool (or the rivet) to such a speed, that part of the rivet is heated above melting point.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Friction heat forging

B21J 5/063

Making connections by friction heat forging

B21K 25/005

Friction stir welding

B23K 20/12

Riveting hollow rivets mechanically
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting hollow rivets, e.g. of the type where a first hollow semi rivet is inserted from a first side of the workpieces into a second hollow semi rivet inserted into the workpieces from the opposite side.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Hollow rivets, multi-parts rivets per se

F16B 19/08

{by pushing a drive-pin}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting hollow rivets of the type where a mandrel is pushed into a rivet in order to expand said rivet.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Blind rivets fastened by a drive-pin

F16B 19/1081

{by pulling a mandrel}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets by pulling a (usually breakable) mandrel, which deforms the head of the rivet (and usually breaks, see e.g. pop rivets). If the mandrel belongs to the machine, and can be screwed / unscrewed inside the rivet head, then these rivets belong to B25B 27/00: screw-threaded nuts.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Hand tools for setting screw threaded nuts

B25B 27/00

Hollow rivets fastened by a pull-mandrel per se

F16B 19/1045

{and swaging locking means, i.e. locking the broken off mandrel head to the hollow rivet}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets using swaged locking means, usually an additional ring, or an additional part of the mandrel is expanded into the rivet body (see ring 11 in the attached figure).

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{by edge-curling}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets by "edge curling": the rivet is hollow, like a small tube, and the ends of the rivets are rolled backwards. An alternative is a hollow rivet having an end closed, said end being expanded by means of a hook.

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{Setting self-drilling hollow rivets}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting of "self-drilling" rivets: the rivet is provided with a small drilling head, and is rotated to drill the hole it should be inserted into.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Self-drilling rivets per se

F16B 19/083

Riveting hollow rivets by means of hydraulic, liquid, or gas pressure {(portable riveters B21J 15/105)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Setting rivets, wherein a fluid pressure, e.g. hydraulic, liquid or gas, is fed directly inside the rivet in order to deform it.

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Riveting by applying heat {, e.g.} to the end parts of the rivets to enable heads to be formed {(B21J 15/027 takes precedence)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Applying additional heat to the rivet or to the workpiece.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Setting rivets by friction heating

B21J 15/027

Electrical heating

H05B

Riveting machines (electric heating elements H05B)
Definition statement

This place covers:

All aspects relating to riveting machines.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Machines for setting pierce nuts

B23P 19/04

Machines in general

B23Q

{Portable riveters (pliers for riveting B21J 15/386)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Riveting hand tools operated by hydraulic, liquid, gas, or electricity, i.e. any force which is not the force of the hand.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Pliers, i.e. riveting tools actuated by the force of the hand

B21J 15/386

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Screw threaded nuts setting machines

B25B 27/00

with tools or tool parts having a movement additional to the feed movement, e.g. spin {(B21J 15/027 takes precedence)}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines having an additional movement to the feed movement, e.g., vibration, rotation (wobble die).

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Setting rivets by friction heating

B21J 15/027

Setting self-drilling rivets

B21J 15/048

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Forging presses with wobbling dies

B21J 9/025

specially adapted for riveting specific articles, e.g. brake lining machines
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines for manufacturing brake lining machines, turbines, riveting into composite, and everything relating to aerospace construction (usually machines having specific frames for airplanes or associated with a drilling tool). The picture represents typical brake lining.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Aeroplanes, helicopters

B64C

Ground or aircraft-carrier deck installations

B64F

{Aerospace structures}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines for manufacturing aerospace structures, mainly either machines having a working head with multiple tools (e.g. driller, riveter, sealer) or machines designed to work on large structures (e.g. riveting an airplane ring or airplane section).

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Source: EP1884313; US2011119897

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Frames, beds, pillars of machine tools

B23Q 1/00

Assembling or manufacturing aircrafts

B64F 5/10

{Turbines}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines for manufacturing turbines.

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Source: JP61189837

{Composite articles}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Machines for riveting composite articles.

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Source: DE102009037245

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

General aspects of joining of plastics

B29C 66/00

Drives for riveting machines; Transmission means therefor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Motors being used as drives for riveting and transmissions therefore, e.g. in machines working with chains or belts.

operated by air pressure or other gas pressure, e.g. explosion pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Air or gas motors for riveting machines.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Drives operated by gas and hydraulic or liquid pressure

B21J 15/22

{by explosion pressure}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Riveting by explosion.

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operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for riveting using hydraulic or liquid pressure.

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{Riveting tools having hand operated pumps for building up the hydraulic pressure}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for riveting where the pressure comes from a hand operated pump.

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operated by both hydraulic or liquid pressure and gas pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for riveting combining air (or gas) and hydraulic (or liquid) pressure, usually by means of an intensifier. This combination is common in riveting hand tools, where a piston actuated by a primary pressurised air circuit (coming from pipes in the factory) is used to build pressure into a hydraulic circuit of the riveting tool, which serves to deform the rivet. The following figure discloses such an intensifier 22, 25, 26.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Drives operated by gas and hydraulic or liquid pressure

B21J 15/18

Drives operated by hydraulic or liquid pressure

B21J 15/20

operated by electro-magnets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for riveting using electromagnets (e.g. a capacitor is suddenly discharged into an electromagnet to create a sudden repulsion force of a permanent magnet). Electric actuators not belonging to B21J 15/26.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Drives for riveting using an electric motor

B21J 15/26

operated by rotary drive, e.g. by electric motor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Drives for riveters using an electric motor.

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Control devices specially adapted to riveting machines not restricted to one of the preceding subgroups
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control devices, which are understood to be any device influencing the sequence of operation of the machine in addition to basic machine movement command. As example, control includes checking positioning of the rivet or the workipece, checking the operator's security.

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{for controlling the rivet upset cycle}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Controls the rivet deformation parameters during setting, e.g. force vs. time, strain vs. time...

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Devices for inserting or holding rivets in position with or without feeding arrangements
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices for feeding rivets, anywhere from the storage bowl to the riveting head.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Feeding welding pins

B23K 9/20

Feeding articles for assembling machines

B23P 19/00

Magazines for machine tools

B23Q 7/10

Feeding screws

B25B 23/04

Articles attached to webs

B65D 73/02

Conveying articles through pipes

B65G 51/02

Nails or staples formed in integral series

F16B 15/08

Devices for fastening nails, bolds or nuts

F16B 27/00

{using a carrier strip}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices for feeding rivets, attached to a carrier strip.

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Source: EP0928650

{Broken-off mandrel collection}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices for collecting broken-off mandrels or stems.

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Source: WO2004048011

for installing {multiple-type} tubular rivets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Feeding tubular rivets of the multiple rivet type.

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Source: GB642664

Rivet sets, i.e. tools for forming heads; Mandrels for expanding parts of hollow rivets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of die forming heads or rivet forming parts.

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{Mandrels for expanding parts of hollow rivets}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of mandrels for forming hollow rivets.

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Setting rivets by means of a mandrel

B21J 15/043

Hollow rivets fastened by a pull mandrel

F16B 19/1045

Accessories for use in connection with riveting, e.g. pliers for upsetting; Hand tools for riveting
Definition statement

This place covers:

Accessories in connection to riveting. Hand actuated tools and rivet removing equipments are considered accessories.

{Hand tools for riveting}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hand tools used for or in connection with riveting, which are actuated without energy supply: the force comes from the hand.

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Source: EP0447901

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Portable riveters

B21J 15/105

Pliers for riveting

B21J 15/386

{Pliers for riveting}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Pliers for riveting, i.e. actuated without energy supply: the force comes from the hand.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Portable riveters

B21J 15/105

for forming rivet heads
Definition statement

This place covers:

Accessories for forming rivet heads.

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Special clamping devices for workpieces to be riveted together, e.g. operating through the rivet holes
Definition statement

This place covers:

Special clamping devices: specific tools to press the workpieces one against the other before riveting.

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Pressing device integrated into the riveting tool

B21J 15/10, B21J 15/14

Rivet hole positioners
Definition statement

This place covers:

Riveting holes positionners to position the tool with regard to the hole.

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Positioners for rivets for making tube joints
Definition statement

This place covers:

Positionners for rivets when making tube joints.

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Devices for caulking rivets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices for caulking rivets, i.e. re-working the rivet head after setting, to change the shape, or push the button sides into the workpieces.

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Removing or cutting devices for rivets
Definition statement

This place covers:

Removing rivets which are installed and need to be removed, e.g. by cutting, shaving or drilling

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References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Jigs for drilling rivets

B23B 47/284

Removing sleeves

B25B 27/06

Hand cutting tools

B26D17/00

Forge furnaces (furnaces for heat treatment C21D 9/00; furnaces in general F27)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of the furnaces specifically adapted for forging

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Heating or cooling methods

B21J 3/00

Furnaces for heat treatment of ferrous or non-ferrous metals or alloys

B21K 29/00

Furnaces for heat treatment

C21D 9/00

electrically heated (electric heating elements H05B)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of the electrically heated furnaces specifically adapted for forging

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References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Electric heating elements

H05B

Blacksmiths requisites not otherwise provided for
Definition statement

This place covers:

Blacksmiths requisites, i.e. requisites for hand forging

Hearths; Air supply arrangements specially adapted therefor
Definition statement

This place covers:

Hearths; Air supply arrangements specially adapted therefor

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{Tyre heaters}
Definition statement

This place covers:

Tyre heaters, e.g. for heating train wheels.

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Anvils; Associated items
Definition statement

This place covers:

Anvils and associated items

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