CPC Definition - Subclass B21D

Last Updated Version: 2021.02
WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL (working or processing of wire B21F)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes and apparatus for the mechanical working of sheet metal or metal tubes, rods or profiles without essentially removing material.

Processes and apparatus for punching, i.e. press-cutting, sheet metal or other metal stock material, as a particular mechanical working which removes material.

It further covers the following parts and devices related to those apparatus:

Tools as parts of those machines;

Feeding, positioning or storing devices combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, those apparatus;

Ejecting or stripping-off devices arranged in those machines or tools;

Associations of cutting devices with those apparatus;

Special measures to adapt those apparatus for working metal foils, e.g. gold foils;

Safety devices protecting the machine or the operator, specially adapted for those apparatus.

The mechanical working covers treatments characterised by their function, comprising methods for

straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions,

bending or twisting,

corrugating, bending into wave form or forming single grooves,

edge treatments, e.g. for flanging tubes

shaping without cutting by stamping, spinning, deep-drawing or by applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces,

shaping by press cutting, i.e. punching, e.g. for cutting-out or perforating,

stretching sheet metal of limited length,

stabbing, piercing, expanding, hammering, beating, peen forming or other methods,

processes combining those methods.

The processing of sheet metal or metal tubes, rods or profiles covers the application of those mechanical metal-working treatments or methods for the following particular purposes

in order to connect objects or parts,

in order to expand tubes,

in order to alter the diameter of tube ends,

in the manufacture of finished or semi-finished articles, comprising rigid structural elements or units, hollow objects and other particular articles,

for sheathing or stiffening objects.

Relationships with other classification places

Input products

B21B covers rolling of metal. B21C covers the manufacture of metal sheets, rods, tubes, profiles or like semi-manufactured products otherwise than by rolling. Operations of the kind involved in the manufacture of metal sheets or metal tubes, rods or profiles are therefore covered by subclasses B21B and B21C. However, the semi-finished products manufactured by the operations of B21B (e.g. sheet metal coils, tubes, profiles) or B21C (e.g. tubes, concrete rods, profiles) may be input products for the metal-working and processing covered by B21D as for example straightening, bending, corrugating, forming single grooves, flanging or edge treatment, shaping by stamping, spinning or deep-drawing, stretching, press-cutting or perforating.

The mechanical working of wire, which is a further semi-finished product manufactured by the operations of B21C, is covered by the specific subclass B21F.

The mechanical working of metal foils in a manner analogous to the working of paper is covered by B31F, except for the perforating, cutting, or otherwise severing, of metal foils, or thin metal sheets, which is covered by B26D and B26F. Other special measures in connection with working metal foils, e.g. for adapting apparatus of B21D therefore, are covered by main group B21D 33/00.

Presses

Presses in general, e.g. characterised by their pressing member or the drive there for, and details thereof, or accessories there for (e.g. the construction of the frame or control arrangements) are covered by B30B. The special adaptation of presses for the purposes of stamping, deep-drawing or punching sheet metal or metal tubes, rods or profiles is covered by B21D, especially by main group B21D 24/00 for special deep-drawing arrangements in, or in connection with, presses.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Working or processing of wire, e.g. for making wire fabrics

B21F

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Making nails, pins or the like by cutting from strips or sheet material

B21G 3/26

Making chains or chain parts

B21L

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Rolling of metal in general

B21B

Manufacture of metal sheets, rods, tubes, profiles or like semi-manufactured products otherwise than by rolling; Auxiliary operations used in connection with metal-working operations without essentially removing material

B21C

Forging; Hammering; Pressing; Riveting

B21J

Making forged or pressed products

B21K

Working metal by removing material there from

B23B

Shearing or similar cutting of metal, e.g. tubes or profiles

B23D

Other working of metal; Combined Operations; Universal machine tools

B23P

Features of cutting or severing devices or machines in general

B26

Presses in general, e.g. safety devices there for

B30B

Safety devices in general

F16P

Glossary of terms

In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:

Profile

a load supporting metal bar with a particular cross section different from those of tubes or rods, e.g. an I-beam

Straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom (B21D 3/00 takes precedence); Stretching sheet metal combined with rolling (working sheet metal of limited length by stretching B21D 25/00; by localised hammering B21D 31/06)
Definition statement

This place covers:

All aspects related to straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom (e.g. straightening uncoiled bands or strips, removing bumps in sheet metal structures like cars, airplanes, etc ... , straightening structures, e.g, crashed vehicle bodies).

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Working sheet metal of limited length by stretching

B21D 25/00

Working sheet metal of limited length by localised hammering

B21D 31/06

Flattening hollow objects for transport and reforming

B21D 51/14

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Servicing, repairing vehicles

B60S 5/00

Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts (straightening of well casings in situ E21B; {straightening rails or rail joints E01B 31/08})
Definition statement

This place covers:

All aspects related to straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles and specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts (e.g crankshafts).

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Straightening by twisting only

B21D 11/14

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Straightening rails or rail joints

E01B 31/08

Straightening of well casings in situ

E21B

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Repairing methods or devices of turbine blades

F01D 5/005

Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves (B21D 11/06 - B21D 11/18 take precedence; corrugating sheet metal B21D 13/00; as edge treatment B21D 19/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for bending sheet metal along straight lines

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Corrugating sheet metal

B21D 13/00

Bending sheet metal as edge treatment

B21D 19/00

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Manufacture of tubes or metal hoses by bending sheet metal

B21C 37/06

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Bending of plastics

B29C 53/00

Bending rods, profiles, or tubes (B21D 11/02 - B21D 11/18 take precedence; using mandrels or the like B21D 9/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for bending metal rods, profile or tubes

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Bending tubes using mandrels or the like

B21D 9/00

Corrugating tubes by bending

B21D 15/00

Bending tubes or profiles as edge treatment

B21D 19/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Working and processing of wire

B21F

Bending of plastics

B29C 53/00

Bending tubes using mandrels or the like (B21D 11/02 - B21D 11/18 take precedence)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for bending tubes using mandrels or the like.

The group also covers the bending mandrels as such.

Mandrels are used to keep the cross sectional shape of the tube in the bending area (i.e. to avoid unwanted deformations).

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Corrugating tubes by bending

B21D 15/00

Bending tubes as edge treatment

B21D 19/00

Bending not restricted to forms of material mentioned in only one of groups B21D 5/00, B21D 7/00, B21D 9/00; Bending not provided for in groups B21D 5/00 - B21D 9/00 (corrugating or bending into wave form B21D 13/00, B21D 15/00; flanging B21D 19/00); Twisting
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for bending not restricted to either sheet metal, tubes, rods or profiles. This covers:

Bending by stretching or pulling over a die

Bending into special geometrical forms, e.g: helical, spiral, serpentine

Bending by altering the thickness of part of the cross-section of the work

Bending specially adapted to produce specific articles, e.g. leaf springs, reinforcements for concrete

Twisting

Joggling

Special bending methods and devices not covered by other subgroups in B21D

Auxiliary bending equipment, e.g. positioning devices, heating devices

References
Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Making leaf springs by bending

B21D 53/886

Processes for producing ornamental structures by bending

B44C 3/087

References out of a residual place

Examples of places in relation to which this place is residual:

Bending sheet metal along straight lines

B21D 5/00

Bending rods, profiles, or tubes

B21D 7/00

Bending tubes using mandrels or the like

B21D 9/00

Corrugating or bending into wave form

B21D 13/00, B21D 15/00

Flanging

B21D 19/00

Working sheet metal of limited length by stretching

B21D 25/00

Corrugating sheet metal, rods or profiles; Bending sheet metal, rods or profiles into wave form (tubes B21D 15/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for corrugating or bending into wave form of sheet metal, rods or profiles. Corrugating here also means forming embossments/dimples all over the surface of a metal sheet.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Corrugating tubes by bending

B21D 15/00

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Machines or apparatus for embossing decorations or marks in sheet metal

B44B 5/00

Pressing or stamping ornamental designs on surfaces of sheet metal

B44C 1/24

Corrugating tubes (wrinkle-bending using mandrels or the like B21D 9/14)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for corrugating or bending into wave form of tubes.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Wrinkle-bending using mandrels or the like

B21D 9/14

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Corrugating tubes annularly with thinning

B21C 37/205

Forming single grooves in sheet metal or tubular or hollow articles
Definition statement

This place covers:

Forming grooves by deformation of the sheet only, without variation of the thickness (i.e. the grooves are not obtained by crushing the metal).

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Grooving or notching of bolts, studs or the like

B21K 1/54

Flanging or other edge treatment, e.g. of tubes (connecting by making use of folds B21D 39/00; flaring-out tube ends B21D 41/02)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for applying flanges on edges or holes of metal sheets or tubes.

Edge treatments like edge deburring or smoothing by sheet metal working techniques without removing material

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Connecting by making use of folds

B21D 39/00

Flaring-out tube ends

B21D 41/02

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Chamfering or deburring the ends of tubes

B23B 5/16

Combined processes according to methods covered by groups B21D 1/00 - B21D 19/00
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes combining two or more metal working methods from the following list:

Strai ghtening,

bending,

corrugating,

forming single grooves,

flanging or other edge treatment.

Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing (otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads B21D 26/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

All kinds of methods and devices for shaping sheet metal or tubes by

Stamping using rigid devices or tools: the sheet stock is shaped between a punch and a die.

Stamping using yieldable or resilient pads: the shaping member is yieldable or resilient and is forced against the sheet stock; there may be a die against which the sheet stock is pressed, but not necessarily.

Spinning: spinning is used to make axis-symmetric parts by relative rotation of a piece of sheet stock and rollers or rigid tools. The rollers or rigid tools are pressed against the stock, stretching it, until the stock takes the required shape. The stock may be pressed against a mandrel but not necessarily.

Deep drawing: deep drawing is, as for stamping, a process of forming sheet metal through a forming die with a punch. In deep-drawing, the material undergoes high plastic deformations: deep drawing is often used to produce metal objects that are more than half their diameters in height; if the height is less than half their diameter we talk about drawing (which is also covered by this subclass). Often but not always, the blank is holded by a blank-holder to control the flow of material and to prevent the formation of wrinkles.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Special deep-drawing arrangements in, or in connection with, presses

B21D 24/00

Marking devices by stamping

B21C 51/005

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Pressing or stamping ornamental designs on surfaces of sheet metal

B44C 1/24

Processes for producing ornamental structures by stamping sheet metal

B44C 3/085

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Bending by stretching or pulling over a die

B21D 11/02

Shaping sheet metal over a die without external former

B21D 25/02

Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads

B21D 26/00

Special deep-drawing arrangements in, or in connection with, presses
Definition statement

This place covers:

General aspects of the deep-drawing apparatus as such.

Special deep-drawing arrangements in presses as for example feeding, centering of the blanks, guiding the tools.

Multi-stage deep-drawing presses.

The special devices for holding the metal sheet during deep-drawing (blank-holders and die cushions) as well as the devices for controlling or operating them during deep-drawing.

Blank holders: mechanisms which hold the borders of the blanks in order to control the flow of material during the drawing operation and to prevent wrinkles.

Cushioning arrangements: they are utilized for absorbing the force from the upper die so that the blank holder is moved downwardly, together with the punch, in a controlled manner.

Additional equipment in association with the deep-drawing tools e.g. for shearing, for trimming.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Trimming deep-drawn products

B23D 31/001

Presses, drive of the presses in general, details of the presses (frame, table, ...)

B30B

Gas springs in general

F16F 9/00

Numerical control of the blank holders

G05B 19/00

Working sheet metal of limited length by stretching, e.g. for straightening
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for working sheet metal of limited length by stretching, e.g. for straightening, by pulling over a die. It also covers the clamping arrangements needed to apply the stretching force to the sheet metal.

Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces (stamping using resilient pads B21D 22/10)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for shaping sheet metal by the effect of non rigid means which are

fluids or

magnetic forces including shaping by a kinetic energy of a fluid or field and explosive shaping

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Stamping using yieldable or resilient pads

B21D 22/10

by applying fluid pressure
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming sheet metal blanks in the form of sheets or thin plates, of tubes with or without bottom, or of profiles, by applying fluid pressure.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Making other parts for vehicles, e.g. cowlings, mudguards

B21D 53/88

Treating or finishing surfaces by applying fluid pressure (Autofrettage)

B23P 9/00

Modifying the physical properties of steel by deformation (Autofrettage)

C21D 7/00, C21D 8/00

Glossary of terms

In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:

Fluid

Comprises gas, liquids, fluent particulate materials (e.g. sand) and materials which easily show plastic flow (e.g. soft metals such as lead)

Deforming sheet bodies
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming sheet metal in the form of flat sheets or thin plates, whether layered or not, by applying fluid pressure.

Special rules of classification

When the invention is characterised by the shape of the bodies to be deformed in combination with a particular material feature of the bodies to be deformed, the invention shall also be classified in B21D 26/053 and subgroups thereof.

including an additional treatment performed by fluid pressure, e.g. perforating
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming sheet bodies by fluid pressure and performing a piercing, perforating, caulking, marking or other additional treatment by applying fluid pressure to the bodies being deformed.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Shaping by press-cutting

B21D 28/00

Perforating by punching

B21D 28/24

Stabbing or piercing

B21D 31/02

Combined processes according to methods covered by groups B21D 1/00- B21D 31/00

B21D 35/00

Application of shaping procedures without cutting in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than plating

B21D 39/00

Uniting components by forging or pressing to form integral members

B21K 25/00

Press-fitting, force-fitting, or shrinking in general

B21P11/00

Means for controlling the clamping or opening of the moulds
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control means characterised by the control of clamping the mould and opening the mould, e.g. control of the pressure to be applied on the moulds when clamping or opening moulds.

Means for controlling fluid parameters, e.g. pressure or temperature
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control means for controlling supply pressure, temperature or other variables of the fluid at the time of supply. Means for merely controlling pumps are not included.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Pumps or control of pumps per se

F04B

Closing or sealing means
Definition statement

This place covers:

Means and details that are relevant for the sealed or airtight closing of the mould.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Sealings

F16J 15/00

Mould construction (B21D 26/025 - B21D 26/029 take precedence)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Constructional features or details of the mould, e.g. a mould of which some portion is movable, which are not covered by other subgroups of B21D 26/021.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Means for controlling the clamping or opening of the moulds

B21D 26/025

Means for controlling fluid parameters, e.g. pressure or temperature

B21D 26/027

Closing or sealing means

B21D 26/029

Deforming tubular bodies (corrugating tubes by applying fluid pressure B21D 15/03, B21D 15/10)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming sheet metal in the form of metal tubes, e.g. cylinders, with or without bottom, by applying fluid pressure.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Corrugating tubes by applying fluid pressure

B21D 15/03, B21D 15/10

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Tube expanders

B21D 39/08

Special rules of classification

When the invention is characterised by the shape of the bodies to be deformed in combination with a particular material feature of the bodies to be deformed, the invention shall also be additionally classified in B21D 26/053 and subgroups thereof.

including an additional treatment performed by fluid pressure, e.g. perforating
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming tubular bodies by fluid pressure and performing a piercing, perforating, caulking, marking or other additional treatment by applying fluid pressure on the bodies being deformed.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Shaping by press-cutting

B21D 28/00

Perforating by punching

B21D 28/24

Stabbing or piercing

B21D 31/02

Combined processes according to methods covered by groups B21D 1/00- B21D 31/00

B21D 35/00

Application of shaping procedures without cutting in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than plating

B21D 39/00

Uniting components by forging or pressing to form integral members

B21K 25/00

Press-fitting, force-fitting, or shrinking in general

B21P11/00

Forming branched tubes
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming metal tubular bodies by applying fluid pressure specially adapted to obtain branched tubes

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Making branched tube fittings, e.g. T-pieces for connecting pipes

B21C 37/29

Means for controlling the clamping or opening of the moulds
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control means characterised by the control of clamping the mould and opening the mould, e.g. control of the pressure to be applied on the moulds when clamping or opening moulds.

Means for controlling fluid parameters, e.g. pressure or temperature
References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Pumps or control of pumps per se

F04B

Special rules of classification

Control means for controlling supply pressure, temperature or other variables of the fluid at the time of supply. Means for merely controlling pumps are not included.

Means for controlling the axial pusher
Definition statement

This place covers:

Control means characterised by the control of the axial movement (speed, timing, steps) of, the counter-pressure applied to, or other variables of the axial pusher during the deformation process.

Closing or sealing means
Definition statement

This place covers:

Details of the sealed or airtight closing of the mould.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Sealings

F16J 15/00

Mould construction (B21D 26/037 - B21D 26/045 take precedence)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Constructional features or details of the mould, e.g. a mould of which some portion is movable, which are not covered by other subgroups of B21D 26/033.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Forming branched tubes

B21D 26/037

Means for controlling the clamping or opening of the moulds

B21D 26/039

Means for controlling fluid parameters, e.g. pressure or temperature

B21D 26/041

Means for controlling the axial pusher

B21D 26/043

Closing or sealing means of the mould

B21D 26/045

Deforming bodies having a closed end
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming metal tubular bodies having a bottom, i.e. a closed end, by applying fluid pressure.

Special rules of classification

When an invention is characterised by the shape of the bodies to be deformed in combination with a particular material feature of the bodies to be deformed, the invention shall additionally be classified in B21D 26/053 and subgroups thereof.

Deforming double-walled bodies
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming metal double-walled tubular bodies by applying fluid pressure.

Special rules of classification

When an invention is characterised by the shape of the bodies to be deformed in combination with a particular material feature of the bodies to be deformed, the invention shall be classified in B21D 26/053 and subgroups thereof.

characterised by the material of the blanks
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods for deforming metal bodies by applying fluid pressure which are characterised by the material, composition or constituents of the bodies to be deformed.

Special rules of classification

When an invention is characterised by the adaptation to deforming metal bodies with a particular material feature in combination with the shape of the bodies to be deformed, the invention shall also be classified in B21D 26/021 or B21D 26/033 and their subgroups.

Blanks having super-plastic properties
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods adapted for deforming metal bodies comprising a material having super-plastic properties, e.g. a super-plastic alloy, by applying fluid pressure.

Tailored blanks
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods adapted for deforming metal bodies preassembled from different pieces, e.g. pieces of different materials or pieces of different thickness, by applying fluid pressure.

Layered blanks
Definition statement

This place covers:

Devices and methods adapted for deforming layered blanks by applying fluid pressure.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Layered products essentially comprising metal

B32B 15/00

Glossary of terms

In this place, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated:

Layered blank

Blank consisting of several layers of material comprising at least one metal layer, e.g. a blank from a sheet metal coated with resins or a laminate of sheet metals with different degrees of hardness.

Shaping by press-cutting; Perforating
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for shaping sheet metal by press-cutting comprising:

Specific aspects of the drive of press-cutting tools.

Explosive cutting and perforating.

Centering the work, positioning the tools.

Making more than one part out of the same blank or strip.

Incompletely punching in such a manner that the parts are still coherent with the work.

Punching using rotatable carriers (e.g., turret punch presses).

Blanking dies.

Shoulder or burr prevention, which particularly covers fine-blanking.

Yieldable punching pads.

Applications of drive in order to reduce noise and/or wear.

Notching the peripheries or circular blanks.

Methods and devices for perforating, i.e. punching holes in metal profiles, sheets or flat parts, tubes or hollow bodies, annular parts, other articles of special shape (means that the shape is so that cam systems are necessary to access the perforating location).

Specific aspects of the drive of perforating tools and explosive perforating.

Perforating tools and die holders.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Ejecting or stripping-off devices arranged in punching machines or tools

B21D 45/00

Cutting nails or pins from strips or sheet material

B21G 3/26

Shearing or nibbling metal sheets, tubes or profiles

B23D

Cutting non-metallic sheet material and metal foil in general

B26D

Special rules of classification

When no shape is given to an article (simply separating two articles) it is considered to belong to shearing (B23D).

Other methods for working sheet metal, metal tubes, metal profiles (deforming one surface of tubes helically by rolling B21H 3/00; upsetting B21J 5/08; working metal by removing material therefrom B23; embossing B44B)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices other than straightening, bending, corrugating, stamping, spinning, deep-drawing, stretching, punching.

For example:

shaping with a tool pressed against a sheet stock and without die or counter tool (e.g.: single point forming);

stabbing or piercing with the thrust of a pointed tool, e.g. for making sieves;

expanding after slitting for making expanded metal, gratings;

deforming by sequential impacts like hammering, beating.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Expanding tube ends

B21D 41/02

Deforming one surface of tubes helically by rolling

B21H 3/00

Upsetting

B21J 5/08

Special measures in connection with working metal foils, e.g. gold foils (cutting or perforating of metal foil analogous to paper B26)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Special measures to adapt sheet metal working apparatus according to subclass B21D for working metal foils, e.g. gold foils

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Manufacturing of metal foils from a thick stock

B21C

Perforating, cutting or severing of metal foils in a manner analogous to the working of paper

B26

Bending, corrugating, stamping metal foils in a manner analogous to the working of paper

B31

Combined processes according to {or processes combined with} methods covered by groups B21D 1/00 - B21D 31/00 (B21D 21/00 takes precedence)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processes combining two or more metal working methods covered by the above groups and listed below:

  • straightening,
  • bending,
  • corrugating,
  • forming single grooves,
  • flanging or other edge treatment,
  • stamping,
  • spinning,
  • deep-drawing,
  • stretching,
  • shaping by applying fluid pressure or by applying magnetic forces,
  • punching blanks, perforating,
  • other methods for working sheet metal (single point forming, stabbing or piercing, expanding, hammering,...),
  • special measures in connection with working metal foils.
Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass (forms or constructions of tools uniquely adapted for particular operations, see the relevant groups for the operations)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass (forms or constructions of tools uniquely adapted for particular operations in the relevant groups for the operations).

Selection of materials for the tools.

Die constructions enabling assembly of the die parts in different ways: the shape of the tool can be changed by moving or exchanging certain parts of the tool.

Movable or exchangeable mountings for tools: all systems to hold, clamp, lock the tools in their working place.

Dies with different parts for several steps in a process: e.g., progressive stamping dies, succession of tools for shaping in several steps, succession of a blanking station and drawing stations.

Dies sets: complementary dies which cooperate by the means of guiding means; the die sets are adapted to be mounted between the ram and the table/bolster of a press.

Pillar guides: details of guiding arrangements of die sets.

Particular arrangements for handling and holding in place complete dies in order to install them for example in a press.

Heating or cooling the tools.

Lubricating of the tools or tools including lubricating of the workpiece.

Making tools by operations not covered by a single other subclass, by using techniques of the present subclass: e.g. cutting tools obtained by bending a metal strip.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Yieldable or resilient stamping tools

B21D 22/10

Additional equipments in association with the tools for deep-drawing

B21D 24/16

Mounting of simple tools like perforating punches

B21D 28/34

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Lubricating or coating of blanks for deep-drawing

B21D 22/201

Coating metal sheets (with oil or others)

B05B

Mounting of dies, platens or press rams

B30B 15/026

Loading or unloading of dies

B30B 15/028

Guides for presses

B30B 15/041

Press plates with heating or cooling means

B30B 15/064

Heating or cooling presses and parts thereof

B30B 15/34

Lubricating in general

F16N

Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating ({joining mitred profiles B21D 53/745; } riveting B21J; uniting components by forging or pressing to form integral members B21K 25/00; welding B23K; press-fitting, force-fitting, or shrinking in general B23P 11/00, B21D 19/00; by adhesives F16B 11/00 {; Connections as such F16L, F16B}); Tube expanders
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for connecting objects or parts by sheet metal deformation:

coating objects or parts with sheet metal,

connecting sheet metal with sheet metal,

connecting metal tubes with metal tubes (also tube-like fittings),

connecting tubes with rods,

connecting of tubes in openings,

as well as tube expanding devices as such.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Riveting

B21J

Uniting components by forging or pressing to form integral members

B21K 25/00

Welding

B23K

Force-fitting, or shrinking in general

B23P 11/00

Connecting by adhesives

F16B 11/00

Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Joining mitred profiles

B21D 53/745

Connecting metal panels in roof working

E04D 15/04

Setting of casings, screens, liners in wells

E21B 43/10

Expanding tools specially adapted for wellbores

E21B 43/105

Crimping electrical connections

H01R 43/04

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Flanging

B21D 19/00

Joining sub-units of motor vehicles or trailers

B62D 65/02

Connections as such in roof coverings obtained by forcing together the marginal portions of adjacent slabs or sheet

E04D 3/368

Connections as such in general (products)

F16L, F16B

Application of procedures in order to alter the diameter of tube ends (B21D 39/00 takes precedence {; plastic tubes B29C 57/08})
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for enlarging, reducing or closing tube ends.

Feeding, positioning or storing devices combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, apparatus for working or processing sheet metal, metal tubes or metal profiles; Associations therewith of cutting devices (cutting devices associated with the tool, see the relevant group for the tool)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Methods and devices for feeding, positioning or storing combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with the apparatus for mechanical working of sheet metal or metal tubes, rods or profiles without essentially removing material or with the apparatus for press-cutting, sheet metal or other metal stock material. Associations of cutting devices with the above feeding, positioning or storing devices.

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Cutting devices not associated with the feeding, positioning or storing device but with the tool itself

See the relevant group, e.g. B21D 24/16

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Feeding wire or rods

B21F

Feeding, positioning in machine tools and in metal-working not otherwise provided for

B23Q

Manipulators

B25J

Transport or storage in general

B65G

Handling thin or filamentary material

B65H

Ejecting or stripping-off devices arranged in machines or tools dealt with in this subclass
Definition statement

This place covers:

Ejecting or stripping-off devices arranged in machines or tools dealt with in this subclass and corresponding methods.

Ejecting covers ejecting the worked part or the scrap out of the tool or transporting them out of the working device.

Stripping-off covers separating the worpiece from a perforating punch after punching or from a punching die after forming.

Making rigid structural elements or units, e.g. honeycomb structures
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processing sheet metal or metal tubes, or processing metal profiles according to any of groups B21D 1/00- B21D 45/00, in the manufacture of finished or semi-finished articles for making statical constructions as for example honeycomb structures, beams or pillars.

Sheathing or stiffening objects (by winding wire or tape thereon B65H 54/00, B65H 81/00; specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables H01B 13/26)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processing sheet metal or metal tubes, or processing metal profiles according to any of groups B21D 1/00- B21D 45/00 for sheathing or stiffening objects.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Sheathing or stiffening objects by winding wire or tape thereon

B65H 54/00, B65H 81/00

Sheathing or stiffening objects specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables

H01B 13/26

Making hollow objects (from thick-walled or non uniform tubes B21K 21/00)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processing sheet metal or metal tubes, or processing metal profiles according to any of groups B21D 1/00- B21D 45/00, in the manufacture of hollow objects, e.g. hollow objects not characterized by the particular use or hollow objects characterized by the particular use (e.g, vessels, high pressure containers, cans or tins, collapsible or like thin-walled tubes, inlet or outlet arrangements, can ends or closures there for, boxes, cigarette cases or the like, cartridge cases).

References
Limiting references

This place does not cover:

Re-forming tubes from doubled flat material

B21C 37/14

Making hollow objects from thick-walled or non-uniform tubes

B21K 21/00

Making closures, e.g. caps folded of thin metal foils in the way of making paper caps

B31D 5/00

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Making heat exchangers

B21D 53/02

Closing containers or receptacles after filling

B65B 7/00

Containers

B65D

Making closures in conjunction with applying same

B67B

Making other particular articles (making wire fabrics B21F; making chains or chain parts B21L)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Processing sheet metal or metal tubes, or processing metal profiles according to any of groups B21D 1/00- B21D 45/00, for making other particular articles. The processes covered by this group are special processes for producing a specific article (e.g. heat exchangers, wheels, parts for vehicles, etc...). Processes in general are covered by the relevant group of this subclass.

References
Application-oriented references

Examples of places where the subject matter of this place is covered when specially adapted, used for a particular purpose, or incorporated in a larger system:

Making chains or chain parts

B21L

Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Saw chains per se

B27B 33/14

Safety devices protecting the machine or the operator, specially adapted for apparatus or machines dealt with in this subclass (for presses in general B30B; safety devices in general F16P)
Definition statement

This place covers:

Safety devices and methods for protecting the machine or the operator, specially adapted for apparatus or machines dealt with in this subclass. Noise reducing measures are also covered.

References
Informative references

Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search:

Safety devices for presses

B30B

Safety devices in general

F16P

Special rules of classification

Only safety devices for press-cutting tools for shaping or tools for perforating by punching are covered in this group and they may be hand held or ground supported.