Manual of U.S. Patent Classification
as of June 30, 2000

Class
435
CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

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Subclass definitions may be accessed by clicking on the subclass number, below.

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Subclass		Title
ClassTitle		===> CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
1.1		DIFFERENTIATED TISSUE OR ORGAN OTHER THAN BLOOD, PER SE, OR DIFFERENTIATED TISSUE OR ORGAN MAINTAINING; COMPOSITION THEREFOR
1.2		. Including perfusion; composition therefor
1.3		. Including freezing; composition therefor
2		MAINTAINING BLOOD OR SPERM IN A PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE STATE OR COMPOSITIONS THEREOF OR THEREFOR OR METHODS OF IN VITRO BLOOD CELL SEPARATION OR TREATMENT
3		CONDITION RESPONSIVE CONTROL PROCESS
4		MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESS INVOLVING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS; COMPOSITION OR TEST STRIP THEREFORE; PROCESSES OF FORMING SUCH COMPOSITION OR TEST STRIP
5		. Involving virus or bacteriophage
6		. Involving nucleic acid
7.1		. Involving antigen-antibody binding, specific binding protein assay or specific ligand-receptor binding assay
7.2		. . Involving a micro-organism or cell membrane bound antigen or cell membrane bound receptor or cell membrane bound antibody or microbial lysate
7.21		. . . Animal cell
7.22		. . . . Parasite or protozoa
7.23		. . . . Tumor cell or cancer cell
7.24		. . . . Leukocyte (e.g., lymphocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, etc.)
7.25		. . . . Erythrocyte
7.3		. . . Flagellar-antigen or pili-antigen
7.31		. . . Fungi (e.g., yeast, mold, etc.)
7.32		. . . Bacteria or actinomycetales
7.33		. . . . Staphylococcus
7.34		. . . . Streptococcus
7.35		. . . . Salmonella
7.36		. . . . Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, etc.)
7.37		. . . . Escherichia coli
7.4		. . To identify an enzyme or isoenzyme
7.5		. . Involving avidin-biotin binding
7.6		. . Involving a modified enzyme (e.g., abzyme, recombinant, chemically altered, etc.)
7.7		. . Assay in which a label present is an apoenzyme, prosthetic group, or enzyme cofactor
7.71		. . Assay in which a label present is an enzyme inhibitor or functions to alter enzyme activity
7.72		. . Assay in which a label present is an enzyme substrate or substrate analogue
7.8		. . Involving nonmembrane bound receptor binding or protein binding other than antigen-antibody binding
7.9		. . Assay in which an enzyme present is a label
7.91		. . . Enzyme produces product which is part of another reaction system (e.g., cyclic reaction, cascade reaction, etc.)
7.92		. . . Heterogeneous or solid phase assay system (e.g., ELISA, etc.)
7.93		. . . . Competitive assay
7.94		. . . . Sandwich assay
7.95		. . . . Indirect assay
8		. Involving luciferase
9		. Geomicrobiological testing (e.g., for petroleum, etc.)
10		. Involving uric acid
11		. Involving cholesterol
12		. Involving urea or urease
13		. Involving blood clotting factor (e.g., involving thrombin, thromboplastin, fibrinogen, etc.)
14		. Involving glucose or galactose
15		. Involving transferase
16		. . Involving transaminase
17		. . Involving creatine phosphokinase
18		. Involving hydrolase
19		. . Involving esterase
20		. . . Involving cholinesterase
21		. . . Involving phosphatase
22		. . Involving amylase
23		. . Involving proteinase
24		. . Involving peptidase
25		. Involving oxidoreductase
26		. . Involving dehydrogenase
27		. . Involving catalase
28		. . Involving peroxidase
29		. Involving viable micro-organism
30		. . Methods of sampling or inoculating or spreading a sample; methods of physically isolating an intact micro-organism
31		. . Testing for sterility condition
32		. . Testing for antimicrobial activity of a material
33		. . . Using multifield media
34		. . Determining presence or kind of micro-organism; use of selective media
35		. . . Using radioactive material
36		. . . Streptococcus; staphylococcus
37		. . . Nitrate to nitrite reducing bacteria
38		. . . Enterobacteria
39		. . . Quantitative determination
40		. . . . Using multifield media
40.5		. Involving fixed or stabilized, nonliving microorganism, cell, or tissue (e.g., processes of staining, stabilizing, dehydrating, etc.; compositions used therefore, etc.)
40.51		. . Involving a monolayer, smear or suspension of microorganisms or cells
40.52		. . Involving tissue sections
41		MICRO-ORGANISM, TISSUE CELL CULTURE OR ENZYME USING PROCESS TO SYNTHESIZE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION
42		. Process involving micro-organisms of different genera in the same process, simultaneously
43		. Preparing compound having a 1-thia-4-aza-bicyclo (3.2.0) heptane ring system (e.g., penicillin, etc.)
44		. . By desacylation of the substituent in 6-position
45		. . By acylation of the substituent in 6-position
46		. . In presence of phenyl acetic acid or phenyl acetamide or their derivatives
47		. Preparing compound having a 1-thia-5-aza-bicyclo (4.2.0) octane ring system (e.g., cephalosporin, etc.)
48		. . Di-substituted in 7-position
49		. . Cephalosporin C
50		. . By acylation of the substituent in the 7-position
51		. . By desacylation of the substituent in the 7-position
52		. Preparing compound containing a cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene nucleus; nor-, homo-, or D-ring lactone derivatives thereof
53		. . Containing heterocyclic ring
54		. . Acting on D-ring
55		. . . Acting at 17-position
56		. . . . Hydroxylating at 17-position
57		. . . Hydroxylating at 16-position
58		. . Hydroxylating
59		. . . At 11-position
60		. . . . At 11 alpha position
61		. . Dehydrogenating; dehydroxylating
62		. . . Forming an aryl ring from "A" ring
63		. Preparing compound containing a prostaglandin nucleus
64		. Preparing compound other than saccharide containing a tetracycline nucleus (e.g., naphacene, etc.)
65		. Preparing compound other than saccharide containing a gibberellin nucleus (i.e., gibbane)
66		. Preparing compound other than saccharide containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus
67		. Preparing compound containing a carotene nucleus (i.e., carotene)
68.1		. Enzymatic production of a protein or polypeptide (e.g., enzymatic hydrolysis, etc.)
69.1		. Recombinant DNA technique included in method of making a protein or polypeptide
69.2		. . Enzyme inhibitors or activators
69.3		. . Antigens
69.4		. . Hormones and fragments thereof
69.5		. . Lymphokines or monokines
69.51		. . . Interferons
69.52		. . . Interleukins
69.6		. . Blood proteins
69.7		. . Fusion proteins or polypeptides
69.8		. . Signal sequence (e.g., beta-galactosidase, etc.)
69.9		. . . Yeast derived
70.1		. Using tissue cell culture to make a protein or polypeptide
70.2		. . Fused or hybrid cells
70.21		. . . Producing monoclonal antibody
70.3		. . Animal tissue cell culture
70.4		. . . Blood (lymphoid) cell culture
70.5		. . . . Producing interferons
71.1		. Using a micro-organism to make a protein or polypeptide
71.2		. . Procaryotic micro-organism
71.3		. . . Antibiotic or toxin
72		. Preparing compound containing saccharide radical
73		. . Preparing S-glycoside (e.g., lincomycin, etc.)
74		. . Preparing O-glycoside (e.g., glucosides, etc.)
75		. . . Oxygen of the saccharide radical is directly bonded to a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring or a fused- or bridged-ring system which contains a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring (e.g., coumermycin, novobiocin, etc.)
76		. . . . The hetero ring has eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms (e.g., erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin, etc.)
77		. . . Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is directly linked through only acyclic carbon atoms to a nonsaccharide heterocyclic ring (e.g., bleomycin, phleomycin, etc.)
78		. . . Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is directly bonded to a condensed ring system having three or more carboxyclic rings (e.g., dauomycin, adriamycin, etc.)
79		. . . Oxygen atom of the saccharide radical is bonded to a cyclohexyl radical (e.g., kasugamycin, etc.)
80		. . . . Cyclohexyl radical is substituted by two or more nitrogen atoms (e.g., destomycin, neamin, etc.)
81		. . . . . Cyclohexyl radical is attached directly to a nitrogen atom of two or more N-C(=N)-N radicals (e.g., streptomycin, etc.)
82		. . . . . Having two saccharide radicals bonded through only oxygen to adjacent ring carbons of the cyclohexyl radical (e.g., ambutyrosin, ribostamycin, etc.)
83		. . . . . . Containing three or more saccharide radicals (e.g., liquidomycin, neomycin, lividomycin, etc.)
84		. . Preparing nitrogen-containing saccharide
85		. . . N-glycoside
86		. . . . Cobalamin (i.e., vitamin B12, LLD factor)
87		. . . . Nucleoside
88		. . . . . Having a fused ring containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same ring (e.g., purine nucleosides, etc.)
89		. . . . Nucleotide
90		. . . . . Dinucleotide (e.g., NAD, etc.)
91.1		. . . . . Polynucleotide (e.g., nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, etc.)
91.2		. . . . . . Acellular exponential or geometric amplification (e.g., PCR, etc.)
91.21		. . . . . . . Involving the making of multiple RNA copies
91.3		. . . . . . Polynucleotide contains only ribonucleotide monomers
91.31		. . . . . . . Involving catalytic ribonucleic acid
91.32		. . . . . . . Prepared from virus, prokaryotic acid
91.33		. . . . . . . . Involving virus
91.4		. . . . . . Modification or preparation of a recombinant DNA vector
91.41		. . . . . . . By insertion or addition of one or more nucleotides
91.42		. . . . . . . Involving deletion of a nucleotide or nucleotides from a vector
91.5		. . . . . . Acellular preparation of polynucleotide
91.51		. . . . . . . Involving RNA as a starting material or intermediate
91.52		. . . . . . . Involving a ligase (6.)
91.53		. . . . . . . Involving a hydrolase (3.)
92		. . . . . Having a fused ring containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same ring (e.g., purine based mononucleotides, etc.)
93		. . Mashing or wort making
94		. . Produced by the action of an isomerase (e.g., fructose by the action of xylose isomerase on glucose, etc.)
95		. . Produced by the action of a beta-amylase (e.g., maltose by the action of beta-amylase on amylose, etc.)
96		. . Produced by the action of an exo-1.4 alpha glucosidase (e.g., dextrose by the action of glucoamylase on starch, etc.)
97		. . Produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma-cyclodextrins by the action of glycosyl transferase on starch, etc.)
98		. . Produced by the action of an alpha-1, 6-glucosidase (e.g., amylose debranched amylopectin by the action of pullulanase, etc.)
99		. . Produced by the action of a carbohydrase (e.g., maltose by the action of alpha amylase on starch, etc.)
100		. . Disaccharide
101		. . Polysaccharide of more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
102		. . . Pullulan
103		. . . Dextran
104		. . . Xanthan; i.e., xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides
105		. . Monosaccharide
106		. Preparing alpha or beta amino acid or substituted amino acid or salts thereof
107		. . Proline; hydroxyproline; histidine
108		. . Tryptophan; tyrosine; phenylalanine; 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine
109		. . Aspartic acid (asparaginic acid); asparagine
110		. . Glutamic acid; glutamine
111		. . . Utilizing biotin or its derivatives
112		. . . Utilizing surfactant fatty acids or fatty acid esters (i.e., having seven or more atoms)
113		. . Methionine; cysteine; cystine
114		. . Citrulline; arginine; ornithine
115		. . Lysine; diaminopimelic acid; threonine; valine
116		. . Alanine; leucine; isoleucine; serine; homoserine
117		. Preparing heterocyclic carbon compound having only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms
118		. . Containing two or more hetero rings
119		. . . Containing at least two hetero rings bridged or fused among themselves or bridged or fused with a common carbocyclic ring system, (e.g., rifamycin, etc.)
120		. . Nitrogen or oxygen hetero atom and at least one other diverse hetero ring atom in the same ring
121		. . Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom
122		. . . Containing six-membered hetero ring
123		. . Oxygen as only ring hetero atom
124		. . . Containing a hetero ring of at least seven ring members (e.g., zearalenone, macrocyclic lactones, etc.)
125		. . . Containing six-membered hetero ring (e.g., fluorescein, etc.)
126		. . . Containing five-membered hetero ring (e.g., griseofulvin, etc.)
127		. Preparing compound containing at least three carbocyclic rings
128		. Preparing nitrogen-containing organic compound
129		. . Amide (e.g., chloramphenicol, etc.)
130		. Preparing sulfur-containing organic compound
131		. Preparing organic compound containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, or halogen
132		. Preparing oxygen-containing organic compound
133		. . Containing quinone nucleus (i.e., quinoid structure)
134		. . Fat; fatty oil; ester-type wax; higher fatty acid (i.e., having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group); oxidized oil or fat
135		. . Carboxylic acid ester
136		. . Containing a carboxyl group
137		. . . Sugar acid having five or more carbon atoms (i.e., aldonic, keto-aldonic, or saccharic acid)
138		. . . . Alpha-ketogulonic acid (i.e., 2-ketogulonic acid)
139		. . . Lactic acid
140		. . . Acetic acid
141		. . . Propionic or butyric acid
142		. . . Polycarboxylic acid
143		. . . . Having keto group (e.g., alpha-ketoglutaric acid, etc.)
144		. . . . Tricarboxylic acid (e.g., citric acid, etc.)
145		. . . . Dicarboxylic acid having four or less carbon atoms (e.g., fumaric, maleic, etc.)
146		. . . Hydroxy carboxylic acid
147		. . Containing carbonyl group
148		. . . Ketone
149		. . . . Cyclopentanone or cyclopentadione containing compound
150		. . . . Acetone containing product
151		. . . . . Substrate contains grain or cereal material
152		. . . . . Substrate contains protein as nitrogen source
153		. . . . . Substrate contains inorganic nitrogen source
154		. . . . . Substrate contains inorganic compound, other than water
155		. . Containing hydroxy group
156		. . . Aromatic
157		. . . Acyclic
158		. . . . Polyhydric
159		. . . . . Glycerol
160		. . . . Butanol
161		. . . . Ethanol
162		. . . . . Multiple stages of fermentation; multiple types of micro-organisms or reuse of micro-organisms
163		. . . . . Produced as by-product, or from waste, or from cellulosic material substrate
164		. . . . . . Substrate contains sulphite waste liquor or citrus waste
165		. . . . . . Substrate contains cellulosic material
166		. Preparing hydrocarbon
167		. . Only acyclic
168		. Preparing element or inorganic compound except carbon dioxide
169		. Using actinomycetales
170		. Using bacteria
171		. Using fungi
440		PROCESS OF MUTATION, CELL FUSION, OR GENETIC MODIFICATION
441		. Mutation employing a chemical mutagenic agent
442		. . By replacement of standard nucleic acid base with base analog (e.g., 5-bromouracil, etc.)
443		. . By use of intercalating agent (e.g., acridine orange, etc.)
444		. . By use of alkylating agent (e.g., nitrosoguanidine, etc.)
445		. . By use of oxidative deamination agent (e.g., nitrous acid, etc.)
446		. Mutation employing radiation or electricity
447		. . X-ray irradiation
448		. . Ultraviolet irradiation
449		. Fusion of cells
450		. . Employing electric current
451		. . One of the fusing cells is a human antibody-producing cell
452		. . One of the fusing cells is a mouse antibody-producing cell
453		. . One of the fusing cells is a plant cell
454		. . One of the fusing cells is a microorganism (e.g., prokaryote, fungus, etc.)
455		. Introduction of a polynucleotide molecule into or rearrangement of nucleic acid within an animal cell
456		. . The polynucleotide is encapsidated within a virus or viral coat
457		. . . Helper virus is present
458		. . The polynucleotide is coated with or encapsulated within a lipid containing material (e.g., liposome, etc.)
459		. . Involving particle-mediated transfection (i.e., biolistic transfection)
460		. . Involving laser treatment of the cell before or during transfection
461		. . Involving electroporation
462		. . Involving site-specific recombination (e.g., Cre-lox, etc.)
463		. . Involving general or homologous recombination (e.g., gene targeting, etc.)
464		. . Involving gene duplication within the cell (e.g., amplification, co-amplification, etc.)
465		. . Involving co-transfection
466		. . The polynucleotide is a shuttle vector or a transiently replicating hybrid vector
467		. . Introducing an oncogene to establish a cell line
468		. Introduction of a polynucleotide molecule into or rearrangement of a nucleic acid within a plant cell
469		. . Introduction via Agrobacterium
470		. . Introduction via electroporation, particle, fiber or microprojectile mediated insertion, or injection
471		. Introduction of a polynucleotide molecule into or rearrangement of nucleic acid within a microorganism (e.g., bacteria, protozoa, bacteriophage, etc.)
472		. . The polynucleotide is encapsidated within a bacteriophage, bacteriophage coat, or transducing particle
473		. . The polynucleotide contains a transposon
474		. . The polynucleotide is a cosmid
475		. . The polynucleotide is unencapsidated bacteriophage or viral nucleic acid
476		. . The polynucleotide is a plasmid or episome
477		. . . Plasmid or episome contains DNA targeting homologous recombination to bacteriophage, viral, or chromosomal DNA within a microorganism
478		. . . Plasmid or episome contains at least part of a gene encoding a restriction endonuclease or modification enzyme
479		. . . Plasmid or episome confers the ability to utilize directly a compound which a wild type microorganism is unable to utilize
480		. . . Plasmid or episome contains at least part of a gene encoding a toxin or encoding for virulence or pathogenicity
481		. . . Plasmid or episome contains a gene which complements a nutritional deficiency mutation
482		. . . Plasmid or episome contains a gene which confers resistance to metal, silicon, selenium, or tellurium toxicity
483		. . . Yeast is a host for the plasmid or episome
484		. . . Mycelial fungus is a host for the plasmid or episome
485		. . . Microorganism of the genus Bacillus is a host for the plasmid or episome
486		. . . Microorganism of the genus Streptomyces is a host for the plasmid or episome
487		. . . Microorganism of the genus Brevibacterium or the genus Corynebacterium is a host for the plasmid or episome
488		. . . Microorganism of the genus Escherichia is a host for the plasmid or episome
489		. . . Plural nonidentical plasmids are introduced into a host microorganism or culture thereof (e.g., plasmid is part of a library, etc.)
490		. . The polynucleotide is an unbranched linear fragment
173.1		TREATMENT OF MICRO-ORGANISMS OR ENZYMES WITH ELECTRICAL OR WAVE ENERGY (E.G., MAGNETISM, SONIC WAVES, ETC.)
173.2		. Enzyme treated
173.3		. Modification of viruses (e.g., attenuation, etc.)
173.4		. Cell membrane or cell surface is target
173.5		. . Membrane permeability increased
173.6		. . . Electroporation
173.7		. . Lytic effect produced (e.g., disruption of cell membrane for release of subcellular parts; e.g., nucleic acids, etc.)
173.8		. Metabolism of micro-organism enhanced (e.g., growth enhancement or increased production of microbial product)
173.9		. Concentration, separation, or purification of micro-organisms
174		CARRIER-BOUND OR IMMOBILIZED ENZYME OR MICROBIAL CELL; CARRIER-BOUND OR IMMOBILIZED CELL; PREPARATION THEREOF
175		. Multi-enzyme system
176		. Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an inorganic carrier
177		. Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an organic carrier
178		. . Carrier is carbohydrate
179		. . . Carbohydrate is cellulose or derivative thereof
180		. . Carrier is synthetic polymer
181		. . . Attached to the carrier via a bridging agent
182		. . . Enzyme or microbial cell is entrapped within the carrier (e.g., gel, hollow fibre)
183		ENZYME (E.G., LIGASES (6. ), ETC.), PROENZYME; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROCESS FOR PREPARING, ACTIVATING, INHIBITING, SEPARATING, OR PURIFYING ENZYMES
184		. Enzyme inactivation by chemical treatment
185		. Malt
186		. Pancreatin
187		. Preparing granular- or free-flowing enzyme composition
188		. Stablizing an enzyme by forming a mixture, an adduct or a composition, or formation of an adduct or enzyme conjugate
188.5		. Catalytic antibody
189		. Oxidoreductase (1. ) (e.g., luciferase)
190		. . Acting on CHOH group as donor (e.g., glucose oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase (1.1))
191		. . Acting on nitrogen-containing compound as donor (1.2, 1.5, 1.7)
192		. . Acting on hydrogen peroxide as acceptor (1.11)
193		. Transferase other than ribonuclease (2.)
194		. . Transferring phosphorus containing group (e.g., kineases, etc.(2.7))
195		. Hydrolase (3. )
196		. . Acting on ester bond (3.1)